C HAPTER 9

Section 9-1: Transfer Function

Problem 9.1 Determine the resonant frequency of the circuit shown in Fig. P9.1,
given that R = 100 Ω, L = 5 mH, and C = 1 µ F.

Zi C R

Figure P9.1: Circuit for Problem 9.1.

Solution:
 
1
Zi = R k + jω L
jω C
R
jω C
= + jω L
R + jω1C
R
= + jω L
1 + jω RC
R(1 − ω 2 LC) + jω L 1 − jω RC
= ×
1 + jω RC 1 − jω RC
[R(1 − ω 2 LC) + ω 2 RLC] + j[ω L − ω R2C(1 − ω 2 LC)]
=
1 + ω 2 R2C2
R + jω [L − R2C + ω 2 R2 LC2 ]
= .
1 + ω 2 R2C2
At resonance, the imaginary part of Zi is zero. Thus,

ω [L − R2C + ω 2 R2 LC2 ] = 0,

which gives two solutions, a trivial resonance at ω = 0, and

r
1 1
ω0 = − 2 2
LC R C
r
1 1
= −3 −6
− 4 = 104 rad/s.
5 × 10 × 10 10 × 10−12

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Problem 9.2 Determine the resonant frequency of the circuit shown in Fig. P9.2,
given that R = 100 Ω, L = 5 mH, and C = 1 µ F.

Zi L R

Figure P9.2: Circuit for Problem 9.2.

Solution:
1
Zi = (R k jω L) +
jω C
jω LR 1
= +
R + jω L jω C
−ω 2 RLC + R + jω L
= .
−ω 2 LC + jω RC
After a few steps of algebra, the expression simplifies to

ω 4 RL2C2 − jω [ω 2 (L2C − R2 LC2 ) + R2C]

Zi = .
ω 4 L2C2 + ω 2 R2C2
At resonance, the imaginary part of Zi is zero. Thus,

ω [ω 2 (L2C − R2 LC2 ) + R2C] = 0,

which gives ω0 = 0 (trivial resonance) and

s
R2
ω0 =
R2 LC − L2
s
104
=
104 × 5 × 10−3 × 10−6 − 25 × 10−6
= 2 × 104 rad/s.

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Problem 9.3 For the circuit shown in Fig. P9.3, determine (a) the transfer function
H = Vo /Vi , and (b) the frequency ωo at which H is purely real.

C V1 L2

+ +
Vi L1 R Vo
_ _

Figure P9.3: Circuit for Problem 9.3.

Solution:
(a) KCL at node V1 gives:
V1 − Vi V1 V1
+ + = 0,
ZC Z L1 R + Z L2

where ZC = 1/ jωC, ZL1 = jω L1 , and ZL2 = jω L2 .

Also, voltage division gives
V1 R
Vo = .
R + j ω L2
Solving for the transfer function gives

Vo −ω 2 RL1C
H= = .
Vi R(1 − ω 2 L1C) + jω (L1 + L2 − ω 2 L1 L2C)

(b) We need to rationalize the expression for H:

−ω 2 RL1C
H=
R(1 − ω 2 L1C) + jω (L1 + L2 − ω 2 L1 L2C)
R(1 − ω 2 L1C) − jω (L1 + L2 − ω 2 L1 L2C)
×
R(1 − ω 2 L1C) − jω (L1 + L2 − ω 2 L1 L2C)
−ω 2 R2 L1C(1 − ω 2 L1C) + jω 3 RL1C(L1 + L2 − ω 2 L1 L2C)
= .
R2 (1 − ω 2 L1C)2 + ω 2 (L1 + L2 − ω 2 L1 L2C)2

The imaginary part of H is zero if ω = 0 (trivial solution) or if

r
L1 + L2
ω0 = .
L1 L2C

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Problem 9.4 For the circuit shown in Fig. P9.4, determine (a) the transfer function
H = Vo /Vi , and (b) the frequency ωo at which H is purely real.

R1

+ +
Vi _ L C R2 Vo
_

Figure P9.4: Circuit for Problem 9.4.

Solution:
(a) KCL at mode V0 :
 
Vo − Vi 1 1
+ Vo + jω C + = 0.
R1 jω L R2

Solution leads to
Vo jR2 ω L
H= = .
Vi R1 R2 (1 − ω LC) + jω L(R1 + R2 )
2

(b) Rationalizing the expression for H:

jR2 ω L R1 R2 (1 − ω 2 LC) − jω L(R1 + R2 )

H= ×
R1 R2 (1 − ω 2 LC) + jω L(R1 + R2 ) R1 R2 (1 − ω 2 LC) − jω L(R1 + R2 )
ω 2 R2 L2 (R1 + R2 ) + jω LR1 R22 (1 − ω 2 LC)
= .
R21 R22 (1 − ω 2 LC)2 + ω 2 L2 (R1 + R2 )2

The imaginary part of H is zero when ω = 0 (trivial resonance) or when

1
ω0 = √ .
LC

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Problem 9.6 The corner frequency of the highpass filter circuit shown in Fig. P9.6
is approximately 1 Hz. Scale the circuit up in frequency by a factor of 105 , while
keeping the values of the inductors unchanged.

1F 0.3 F 1F
1Ω
+ +
Vs _ 0.04 H 0.04 H 1Ω Vo
_

Figure P9.6: Circuit for Problem 9.6.

Solution:
L′ Km
=1= ,
L Kf
Kf = 105 =⇒ Km = 105 .
C′ 1
= = 10−10 .
C Km Kf
R′
= Km = 105 .
R
100 pF 30 pF 100 pF
100 kΩ
+ +
Vs _ 0.04 H 0.04 H 100 kΩ Vo
_

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Problem 9.9 Circuit (b) in Fig. P9.9 is a scaled version of circuit (a). The scaling
process may have involved magnitude or frequency scaling, or both simultaneously.
If R1 = 1 kΩ gets scaled to R′1 = 10 kΩ, supply the impedance values of the other
elements in the scaled circuit.

j10 Ω j20 Ω

L1 C1 −j5 Ω L2 C2 −j50 Ω
R1 1 kΩ R2 2 kΩ

(a) Original circuit

L1 C1 L2 C2

R1 10 kΩ R2

(b) Scaled circuit

Figure P9.9: Circuits for Problem 9.9.

Solution:
R′1
Km = = 10.
R1
From the original circuit,
ZL1 = jω L1 = j10 Ω.
For the scaled circuit,
Km
ZL′1 = jω ′ L′1 = jKf ω · L1 = jKm ω L1 = j10 × 10 = j100 Ω,
Kf
ZL′2 = j200 Ω,
1 − jKm Kf − j10
ZC1′ = = = = − j50 Ω,
jω ′C1′ Kf ωC1 ωC1
ZC2′ = − j500 Ω,
R′2 = Km R2 = 10 × 2 kΩ = 20 kΩ.

j100 Ω j200 Ω

−j50 Ω −j500 Ω

10 kΩ 20 kΩ

Scaled circuit

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