Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5 Cutting Forces: R R R R R
5 Cutting Forces: R R R R R
t
each other where: n
PX … Axial force, parallel to the workpiece
Z
axis of rotation and opposing feed. P
X
P
PY … Radial force, in a horizontal plane and X Y
Y
perpendicular to the workpiece axis Tool
21
1. Tangential force PZ:
It is used for power determination and for tool design calculation
a) For calculation of required motor power
PZ v
N eff [kw]
60 1000
N eff
N mot
where PZ
PZ …. Tangential force (N)
n
Neff … Effective power (kw)
Nmot … Motor power (kw)
h
W.P
PZ L bh2
Wb
b 6
d h
h
b
h
d 3 h3 bh2
Wb Wb Wb
32 6 6
22
3. Axial force
It influences mainly the required power of
feed mechanism.
P
s X
Approximately: PX = (0.2 - 0.3) PZ
PY = (0.4 – 0.5) PZ
5.3 Determination of cutting forces:
5.3.1 By measurements
1. Direct method: Mechanical force
dynamometer
Using dynamometers either mechanical or piezo- P (dial gauge)
Z
electrical crystal. The amount of deflection is
n PY
23
3. Using empirical equations:
X PX YPX
PX C PX .t .s
X PY YPY
PY C PY .t .s
X PZ YPZ
PX C PZ .t .s
where:
All constants and exponents are given in technological tables according to workpiece
material, tool and cutting conditions.
Experimental determination of empirical equations
I. At constant depth of cut: t = to change feed (s) and measure P (PX, PY and PZ).
P C P .t X P .sYP P
at t = to
P C P .t o X P .s YP tan = YP
1
P C1 .sYP
1
log P log C1 YP log s log-log scale
s
It is a straight line (using log scale). YP can be
determined from the graph.
P C2 .t X P tan =
2 XP
2
24
5.4 Factors affecting cutting forces
1. Workpiece material: , HB P
2. Cutting conditions:
P P
Z Z
B.U.E PZ
v
, def. P
Z
B.U.E
s ,t 25 50 100 150 v
3. Tool geometry
P P
Z Z
difficult penetration PZ easy penetration PZ
P
Z P PX = Pn sin 1 PY = Pn cos 2
Z
PX PX PX
2
1
Pn
Pn PY
PY
PY
25