ABB TrainingCOLOBIA Inverters February2016 FINALE PDF

BU DMPC, solar inverters, Giovanbattista Napolitano, February 2016
Training on solar inverters

Focus on residential and commercial
solution for PV with String Inverters
© ABB Group
February 9, 2016 | Slide 1
Fundamentals in solar radiation
© ABB Group
The photovoltaic effect § SOLAR RADIATION: energy in the form of
Definitions an electromagnetic field generated by solar
processes of nuclear fusion.
§ POWER DENSITY: solar radiation per unit of
area. On the Earth's surface at sea level and
under optimum weather conditions, that is
about 1000W/m2.
§ As the electrical energy that is collected is
proportional to the solar radiation which
strikes on the panel, the azimuth and tilt
angle of the modules must be selected to
maximize direct sun incidence.
§ Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI): GHI is
the most important parameter for calculation
of PV electricity yield. In simple language,
Global Horizontal Irradiation
(GHI) = Direct Horizontal Irradiation (DHI) +
Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation (DIF)
South
§ Optimal orientation, azimuth (ϒ):
Bogota optimal configuration: • Deviation from the optimal direction
Tilt: 10° • Optimal ϒ: SOUTH for north hemisphere
Azimuth: south 0°
• Optimal ϒ: NORTH for south hemisphere
(due to the proximity to the equator an azimuth angle
of ±90° means only 1% loss by respect to the Optimum) § Optimal tilt angle(β): it depends on the
© ABB Group
latitude of the site.
The photovoltaic effect
Solar irradiation map (Latin America)
© ABB Group
Solar irradiation map (Colombia)
© ABB Group
PV Technology basics
© ABB Group
Basics
§ When a light flow strikes the crystal surface of

a semiconductor, there follows the transition
in the conduction band of a given number of
electrons which corresponds to an equal
number of holes that pass into the valence
band.
§ Charge carriers are therefore available and
they can generate a current flow.
© ABB Group
Behavior of solar cell
I ID
In this quadrant the cell
behaves as a simple
diode in direct conduction
VD
Characteristic at dark
Vm V ID
Reverse
conduction Characteristic when
In this quadrant the irradiated
quadrant
cell becomes a
generator of electric VD
Im power
Maximum Power Point (MPP)
© ABB Group
I-V and P-V characteristic of solar cell
I [A] P [W]
I-V Characteristic P-V Characteristic
1.00
Im 0.40
0.75
0.30
MPP
0.50
Pm = Vm x Im 0.20
0.25 0.10
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 Vm 0.60 V
[V]
© ABB Group
Dependency of I-V characteristic from temperature
I [A]
1.00
0.75
Short Circuit
Current ICC (V=0)
0.50 -40°C
-20°C
0°C
0.25 20°C
Open Circuit
Voltage – Voc 40°C
(I=0) 60°C
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72 V [V]
© ABB Group
Typical coefficient
values
(Silicon cell)
α Isctyp ≈ + 0,04 [%/°C]
β Voctyp ≈ - 0,35 [%/°C]
γ Pmptyp ≈ - 0,45 [%/°C]
© ABB Group
At constant cell temperature

the module’s power and current
are proportional to the irradiance.
Open circuit voltage decrease

significantly only at low solar
radiation (below 200W/m2)
© ABB Group
Dependency of I-V characteristic from irradiance
I [A]
3.5
1000 W/m2
3.0 900 W/m2
800 W/m2
2.5
700 W/m2
2.0 600 W/m2
500 W/m2
1.5
1.0
0.5
Maximizing the performance of Photovoltaic Inverters for the feed-in tariff
0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 V [V]
© ABB Group
Common problem: shadows
Systematic shadows (chimneypots,trees, etc…), seasonal shadows, or
unexpected clouds can change the I-V characteristic and Power Curve
Absolute MPP Relative MPPs
Shadows can compromise the overall perfomances. It is important to

take into account the shadows problem during the design of a PV
system
Note: in the ABB inverters section will be showed a technique to mitigate this problem
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Structure of PV generator
Table (more panels mounted on
common mechanical structure)
Cell Module String (panels series

or Panel connected)
Generator
(strings paralleled to obtain the
desired installed power)
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Datasheet Example
Inverter size: 0.8 to 1.3 Pdc_STC
Type (TL, isolated)
Vdc_max @ Tmin (string length)

Vmp_typ (configuration optimization)
Isc_max (number of strings in parallel)
Imp_max (configuration optimization)
Protection strings in parallel

NOCT (Normal Operating Cell
Temperature)*
Inverter working voltage limits
(*) NOCT = Normal Operating Cell Temperature

Irradiance = 800 W/m²
Ambient temperature = 25°C
Air moving = 1 m/s
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Example of 60 cells monocrystalline silicon panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Example of 60 cells monocrystalline silicon panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Example of 60 cells polycrystalline silicon panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Example of CIS technology panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Example of CIS technology panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Example of amorphous silicon technology panel
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Panel Technology vs Inverter Tipology
All-back
TL String inverter
CdTe
1 phase
TL-1ph
TL/3 phase String inverter
c-Si
TF_superstrate (mono,poly)
TL-3ph
HF isolated inverter
HF trafo
1 phase
HF-iso
LF isolated inverter String/Central

CIS
1/3 phase
LF trafo
TF_substrate
LF-iso
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic panel
Panel Technology vs Inverter Tipology
Module typology Compatible inverters
Crystalline silicon [c-Si] All (TL-1ph/3ph; HF-ISO, LF-ISO)
With transformer (HF-ISO, LF-ISO)

Thin Film (TF) – superstrate
+ Negative ground terminal
CdTe (First Solar) All (subject to verification of FS)
Thin Film (TF) – substrate

All (TL-1ph/3ph; HF-ISO, LF-ISO)
(Unisolar-like, without metal parts nearby)
With transformer (HF-ISO, LF-ISO)

Unisolar or similar glued on metal
+ TL in “quiet rail” technology
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic plants
Basic structure
PV generator
DC panel
Inverter
AC panel DC connections
Distribution network AC connections
© ABB Group
Inverter: basics of energy conversion
© ABB Group
Photovoltaic plants
Inverter for grid connected plant
L Electronic equipment that converts the

direct current supplied by the photovoltaic
generator (modules) into alternating current
in phase and at the same frequency of the
grid voltage.
CURRENT GENERATOR whose amplitude

is proportionate to the energy made
available by the modules and whose
frequency and phase are controlled by the
N grid/network voltage.
Photovoltaic inverters
Basic functions
Transformation / DC-AC Conversion
© ABB Group
Basic functions
Automatic adjustment of the working point by

MPPT algorithm
7
Conventional P&O
6
Power
3
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Voltage
• Maximize the energy harvested from the PV field
• Inverter find the optimum working point in real time in such a way that the
modules always operate in their maximum power point (Maximum Power
Point Tracking).
• “Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance” are two

techniques that use most conventional tracking algorithms.
Basic functions
Protection and interface device in compliance
with safety and grid standards
• Function of monitoring the electrical parameters of the grid
• AUTOMATIC and PROMPT disconnection from the grid in case of

perturbations, failures or malfunctions of the public grid
• Galvanic separation of the inverter from the grid

© ABB Group
String Inverters Architecture
© ABB Group
Single-phase TL string inverters: Internal Architecture
© ABB Group
Three-phase TL string inverters: Internal Architecture
© ABB Group
String inverters: dual stage & dual MPPT topology
Input (DC/DC) Output (DC/AC) § DC/AC converter can feed power into the grid
converters converter only in case input voltage is greater than grid
peak voltageà single stage inverter provides
reduced configuration flexibility.
§ Input DC/DC converters allow to boost the input

voltage to the correct level to allow the proper
operation of DC/AC even in case of reduced
input voltage à DC/DC input converters allow
wider input voltage range than single stage
inverters.
§ Input DC/DC converters allow obtain flat

efficiency curves à optimal inverter behavior
in all load conditions.
§ Multiple input channel technology allows multiple

independent input channels combined in a single
Single-phase inverters: inverter to increase the management possibilities
- PVI-3.0/3.6/4.2-TL-OUTD of independent strings with different
- PVI-5000/6000-TL-OUTD characteristics (configuration and/or installation).
Three-phase inverters: § The two MPPTs can be configured as
- TRIO-7.5/8.5-TL-OUTD
- PVI-10.0/12.5-TL-OUTD
independent (double MPPT – multistring) or in
© ABB Group - TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD parallel (single MPPT).
String inverters: dual stage & single MPPT topology
Input (DC/DC) Output (DC/AC) § DC/AC converter can feed power into the grid
converter converter only in case input voltage is greater than grid
peak voltageà single stage inverter provides
reduced configuration flexibility.
§ Input DC/DC converters allow to boost the input

voltage to the correct level to allow the proper
operation of DC/AC even in case of reduced
input voltage à DC/DC input converters allow
wider input voltage range than single stage
inverters.
§ Input DC/DC converters allow obtain flat

efficiency curves à optimal inverter behavior
in all load conditions.
§ Single input channel can be used in case

homogeneous installation conditions are present:
no multiple orientations, same number of panels
each string, same kind of panels, reduced
Single-phase inverters:
shadowing problems.
- UNO-2.0/3.0-TL-OUTD
Three-phase inverters:
- TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD
© ABB Group
- TRIO-50.0-TL-OUTD
String inverters: single stage & single MPPT topology
Single DC/AC
converter
§ DC/AC converter can feed power into the grid
only in case input voltage is greater than grid
peak voltageà minimum input voltage for
current injection into the grid is defined by
the grid voltage.
§ Single stage converters show maximum

efficiency at lower input voltage à during the
configuration of the PV arrays, it’s important
to keep in mind the possibility of a power
limitation due to MPP at too low voltage.
§ Single stage converters usually show higher

efficiency than dual stage converters.
§ Single input channel can be used in case

homogeneous installation conditions are present:
no multiple orientations, same number of panels
each string, same kind of panels, reduced
Single-phase inverters: shadowing problems.
- UNO-3.6/4.2-TL-OUTD
Three-phase inverters:
- PRO-33.0-TL-OUTD
© ABB Group
Integrated protections: R-iso and Ileak protections
DC / DC 1
L
DC / DC 2
N
PV1
PV2
PE
R-iso
DC + AC
GFCI
The requirements are more stringent for transformerless systems since the AC voltage is
superimposed on the DC component at the ends of the PV generator (array).
In "transformerless" systems the system is not "immune" to the first ground fault!
VDE0126-1-1 standard requires a protection system equivalent to an advanced residual
current device:
§ Before the connection to the grid: inverter measures the insulation resistance (R-
iso) to ground of the PV generator. Connection is only possible if R-iso is higher than
a preset limit.
§ During the grid parallel operation: monitoring of ground leakage current (AC + DC
component) – advanced residual current device
§ Redundancy: Each measurement was carried out and controlled by two separate
CPUs, each of which controls a separate interface protection device (relay)
© ABB Group
Integrated protections: R-iso and Ileak protections
Limitations of the Intervention time
Parameter
VDE 0126 (VDE 0126)
Leakage Current (AC + DC) Ileakage < 300 mA < 300 ms
Δ Ileakage = 30mA / sec < 300 ms
Leakage Current (AC + DC)
Fast transistors
≥ 1kΩ/V no connection to the

Insulation resistance (R-iso)
network if it is below the
of panels (before connection) (but ≥ 500kΩ) limit
Isolation resistance (R-iso):

The measurement must be carried prior to each connection to the grid (measure made
with DC). The limit must be proportional to the array voltage: 1kOhm each 1V of input
voltage.
Leakage current:
Absolute "static" limit of 300mA.
Rapid variation detect: three variation rate thresholds 30mA/sec, 60mA/sec, 150mA/sec
to avoid risk of electrocution of maintenance personnel exposed to the risk of leaking
photovoltaic panels.
The leakage current induced by the capacitance coupling of the array to ground is not
negligible, especially in case of wet season.
© ABB Group
String inverters for residential applications
Product portfolio: brief models overview
© ABB Group
PV inverters for residential & commercial applications
string inverters portfolio: From EU to US Version
© ABB Group
1-PH STRING INVERTERS – EU versions
Single phase inverters

(EU versions)
§ AC rated power: from 2kW up to 6kW

(up to 45°C)
§ AC max power: +10% respect rated power
(except 5kW/6kW model)
UNO-2.0-I-OUTD(-S)
§ Multi-country selectors
UNO-2.5-I-OUTD(-S)
§ Multi-MPPT (except 2kW/2,5kW models)
§ Network connections:
§ 230V/50Hz
§ 220V/60Hz
§ Outdoor installations (suitable for indoor

installations too)
§ Two available versions:
§ Basic
§ -S with integrated DC switch
PVI-3.0-TL-OUTD(-S)
PVI-3.6-TL-OUTD(-S) PVI-5000-TL-OUTD(-S)
PVI-4.2-TL-OUTD(-S) PVI-6000-TL-OUTD(-S)
© ABB Group
1-PH STRING INVERTERS –US versions
Single phase inverters

(US version)
§ AC rated power: from 2kW up to 8,6kW

(up to 45°C)
(except 5kW/6kW models)
§ Multi-MPPT (except 2kW/2,5kW models) UNO-2.0-I-OUTD(-S) PVI-3.0-OUTD(-S)-US(-A)
UNO-2.5-I-OUTD(-S) PVI-3.6-OUTD(-S)-US(-A)
§ Network connections: PVI-3.8-OUTD(-S)-US(-A)
§ Single-phase Two-Wires 208V/60Hz PVI-4.2-OUTD(-S)-US(-A)
§ Split-phase Three-Wires 240V/60Hz
§ Single-phase Two-Wires 277V/60Hz (*)

(*) Not available for UNO-8.6-TL.
installations too)
§ Multiple versions available (**):
§ Basic
§ With integrated DC switch
§ With arc fault detector

(**) Check on datasheet/installation manual.
PVI-5000-OUTD-US(-M)(-A)
© ABB Group
PVI-6000-OUTD-US(-M)(-A)
PVI-3.0/3.6/4.2-TL-OUTD(-S)
PVI-3.0/3.6/3.8/4.2-OUTD(-S)-US(-A)
TransforermLess Inverters IP 65 chassis

for Home Applications for outdoor installation
and front heatsink with solar screen
Natural Convection
Cooling
(internal fans only for
inside air mixing)
Installer-friendly connection
system
Country-code
On-site selection
(by display)
Double MPPT
Wide input voltage range
(VMPPT max=580V,
Vmax=600VDC) SEPARATE SWITCH BOX
Flat efficiency curve
FOR US MODELS ONLY
Different configurations
for the highest flexibility
(single/Double MPPT)
© ABB Group
PVI-5000/6000-TL-OUTD(-S)
PVI-5000/6000-OUTD-US(-A)
TransformerLess
Inverters
for Home Applications
IP65 chassis
for outdoor installation
and
front heatsink with solar screen
Natural Convection
Cooling
(internal fans only for inside
air mixing)
Installer-friendly connection system
Country-code
On-site selection
(by display)
Double MPPT
(VMPPT max=580V, Vmax=600VDC)
SEPARATE SWITCH BOX

FOR US MODELS ONLY
© ABB Group (single/Double MPPT)
UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD(-S)
UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD(-S)-US(-A)
HF Isolated Inverters
for Home Applications
Swing Cover for easy
installation and
commissioning
Semi-graphic user friendly

Display
Natural Convection
Cooling
SEPARATE SWITCH BOX (internal fans only for
FOR US MODELS ONLY inside air mixing)
Installer-friendly connection system

Grounding of Negative/Positive DC
Country-code
Terminal or Floating configuration
On-site selection
(Grounded Negative Pole by Default)
(by internal rotary switch)
SINGLE MPPT
(VMPPT max=520V, Vmax=520VDC)
© ABB Group
UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD(-S)
UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD(-S)-US(-A)
The cover moves up to enter the

configuration (rotary switches for
installation country selection and
grounding option) and the connection
area (AC side and communication)
© ABB Group
3-PH STRING INVERTERS – EU versions
Three phase inverters

(EU versions)
§ AC rated power: from 5,8kW up to 33kW (up

to 45°C)
(except 5,8kW/7,5kW/8,5kW/33kW models)
§ Multi-country selectors
§ Multi-MPPT (except 5,8kW model) TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD(-S) PVI-10.0-TL-OUTD(-S)(-FS)
TRIO-7.5-TL-OUTD(-S) PVI-12.5-TL-OUTD(-S)(-FS)
§ Network connections:
TRIO-8.5-TL-OUTD(-S)
§ 400V/50Hz
§ 380V/60Hz

installations too)
§ Multiple versions available to provide the
integrated protection devices.
TRIO-20.0-TL-OUTD(-S2)(-S2F)(-S2X) PRO-33.0-TL-OUTD(-S)(-SX)
TRIO-27.6-TL-OUTD(-S2)(-S2F)(-S2X)
© ABB Group
TRIO-5.8\7.5\8.5-TL-OUTD
The solution for three-phase residential installations
2 Independent MPPT for TRIO-7.5/8.5

1 MPPT for TRIO-5.8 NOT UL CERTIFIED
5.8/7.5/8.5 3-phase Installer-friendly connection

Inverter system
Country-code
On-site selection
(by display)
Option with PMU(Power Wide input voltage range

Manager Unit) board (VMPPT max=800V,
integrated Vmax=1000VDC)
SLIDING COVER: for easy

© ABB Group installation and
commissioning
TRIO-5.8\7.5\8.5-TL-OUTD
The solution for three-phase residential installations
• Sliding cover
• Upgradeable firmware by the
means of SD card.
• Datalogger and smart grid
functionalities on expansion
slots
© ABB Group
PVI-10.0/12.5-TL-OUTD
Natural Convection
Cooling IP 65 chassis
(internal fans only for for outdoor installation
inside air mixing) and front heatsink with solar screen

(VMPPT max=850V, Installer-friendly connection
Vmax=900VDC) system
Flat efficiency curve Country-code
On-site selection
(by display)
(single/Double MPPT)
© ABB Group
PRO-33.0-TL(-S)(-SX)
The right solution for commercial plants to reduce cost
SINGLE MPPT NOT UL CERTIFIED
REDUCED SYSTEM Robust Enclosure with

COST IP65 rating
High Maximum Input Wider MPP voltage range:

Voltage: 580..850 Vdc
1100Vdc Start-up input voltage:
610Vdc
© ABB Group
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL(-S2)(-S2F)(-S2X)
The best solution for commercial plants in terms
of flexibility and system efficiency
© ABB Group
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL(-S2)(-S2F)(-S2X)
of flexisibility and system efficiency
Basic version
-S2 version
-S2F version
-S2X version
© ABB Group
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL(-S2)(-S2F)(-S2X)
Communication board with
RS485, Memory expansion slot, Input Class II Overvoltage
SD Card, Radiomodule protections Output Class II Overvoltage
expansion slot protections
AC connections
DC+AC Switch
Single String
monitoring (current
sensing and fuses DC (MC4 / WM) connectors:
status) 27.6kW: 5 pairs/MPPT
© ABB Group 20.0kW: 4 pairs/MPPT
3-PH STRING INVERTERS – US versions
Three phase inverters
(US versions)
§ AC rated power: from 20kW up to

27,6kW (up to 45°C)
§ AC max power: +10% respect rated
power TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S-US-480
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S1-US-480
§ DUAL-MPPT TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S1A-US-480
§ Network connections: TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S1B-US-480
§ 480V/60Hz TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S-US-480-A
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S1-US-480-A
§ Outdoor installations (suitable for TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S1A-US-480-A
indoor installations too) TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL-OUTD-S1B-US-480-A
§ Multiple versions available to
provide the integrated protection
devices.
§ Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)
available in all models with ‘A’ suffix
at the end of the name
© ABB Group
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL(-S)(-S1)(-S1A)(-S1B)--(A)
of flexisibility and system efficiency
-S
the Basic one with DC Disconnect
Switch
-S1
8 string DC Input Fuses and Class II
DC Surge Protection in addition to
the S version
-S1A
Class II AC Surge Protection in
addition to S1 version
-S1B
S1A with AC Fused Disconnect in
place of Class II AC Surge
Protection
© ABB Group
All models with ‘A’ suffix at the end of the model name are equipped with AFCI
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL(-S)(-S1)(-S1A)(-S1B)--(A)
Communication board with Input Class II Arc Fault Circuit
RS485, Memory expansion slot, Overvoltage Interrupter Fused AC Disconnect
SD Card, Radiomodule protections (AFCI)
expansion slot
AC
connections
DC Switch
Finger Safe DC Fuse Holders

© ABB Group
1-ph and 3-ph string inverters – COMING SOON
TRIO-50.0-TL-OUTD
UNO-2.0-TL-OUTD(-S)
UNO-3.0-TL-OUTD(-S)
UNO-3.6-TL-OUTD(-S)
UNO-4.2-TL-OUTD(-S)
© ABB Group
UNO-2.0/3.0/3.6/4.2-TL
• Cost effective for extended portfolio in

residential applications
• Single MPPT
• Transformerless topology
• Compact design
• Outdoor enclosure (IP65)
• Programmable relay : capability to pilot
priority loads to increase self
consumption
• Stand Alone output Option
© ABB Group
UNO-2.0/3.0/3.6/4.2-TL
UNO-2.0/3.0-TL
§ Double stage topology
§ Power module IGBT, input voltage range 100-600V
UNO-3.6/4.2-TL
§ Single stage topology
§ Power module Silicon Carbide (SiC), input voltage

range 350-850V
© ABB Group
TRIO-50.0-TL-OUTD
• Commercial and industrial PV
installations. IP65 enclosure (outdoor
installation)1000Vdc .
• Single MPPT
• Double Stage Topology
• Developed to reduce:
- the plant cost
- the installation cost by not requiring
any major commissioning activity.
• Light weight and construction make the
unit manageable by a reduced team of 2
people
• Multiple versions to meet plant designer
requirements
© ABB Group
TRIO-50.0-TL-OUTD
• Transformer-less (TL) topology
Separated DC compartment
Separated AC compartment
Offered in multiple versions to include:

• String fuses (monitored)
• DC and AC disconnect switch
• DC and AC Surge arrestors
• Forced air cooling with field replaceable fan tray
• No display. Only 3 functional LEDs in front cover
• Grouding Kit option
• World wide availability
© ABB Group
EU and US models
© ABB Group
EU and US models
Overview
© ABB Group
US vs EU models
Overview
There are some difference among US inverters models and EU models:
• UL certification for inverter and protections device is

different from CE certification
• Network Connections:
§ EU Models:
- 230V(400V)/50Hz
- 220V(380V)/60Hz
§ US Models
- Single-phase Two-Wires 208V/60Hz
- Split-phase Three-Wires 240V/60Hz
- Single-phase Two-Wires 277V/60Hz
- Three-phase Four-Wires 480V/60Hz
• Main difference is the Switch Box for UL models, with
presence of Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter
© ABB Group
Standard Switchbox (US Model Only)
All Single Phase US model are supplied with switchbox to comply with
UL requirements
Standard box is equipped with :
§ DC Terminals (MPPT1, MPPT2)

§ DC Ground terminals
§ Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)
§ DC Switch
§ AC Terminals
§ AC Protective Earth
© ABB Group
US vs EU models
Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)
• Arc Fault protection for photovoltaic installations was introduced in the 2011 revision
of the NEC codebook.
• The aim of this protection is to recognize arcing conditions and interrupt power
production to avoid risks of fire.
• ABB addressed the code change by developing the AFCI board
o Installed inside the wiring box
o Positive DC input cables routed through the AFCI board
© ABB Group
US vs EU models
Working Principles (No Arc Present):
DC Current
BW Filter
& Gain
ADC Numerical Elaboration Score 1
Score 2
Score 3
Score ...
FFT
Score 10
Current Frequency Spectrum
© ABB Group
US vs EU models
Working Principles (Real Arc Condition):
DC Current
BW Filter
& Gain
ADC Numerical Elaboration Score 1
Score 2
Score 3
Score ...
FFT
Score 10
Current Frequency Spectrum
© ABB Group
String Inverter Monitoring
© ABB Group
Overview
VSN700 Data Logger
VSN300 Wifi Logger Card
Plant Viewer for Mobile

Plant Portfolio Manager Plant Viewer
© ABB Group
VSN300 WiFi Logger Card
Expansion Board for string Inverter

Hyperlink link
Support for legacy inverter
Data logging function (2GB, 30 days)
Wi-Fi Certified™
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n (2,4 GHz)
Local and Remote Monitoring

Plant Portfolio Manager AURORA VISION®
Plant Viewer PLANT MANAGEMENT PLATFORM
O&M (future release)

Remote Inverter FW upgrade
Inverter settings remote configuration
© ABB Group
Solution available for all string inverters
UNO-2.5-I-OUTD-US PVI-3.0-TL-OUTD
PVI-3.8-I-OUTD PVI-5000-TL-OUTD PVI-10.0-I-OUTD
UNO-2.0-I-OUTD-US PVI-3.6-TL-OUTD PVI-12.5-TL-OUTD TRIO-20.0-TL-OUTD TRIO-5.8\7.5\8.5-TL-OUTD
UNO-2.5-I-OUTD PVI-4.6-I-OUTD PVI-6000-TL-OUTD PVI-12.0-I-OUTD TRIO-27.6-TL-OUTD
UNO-2.0-I-OUTD PVI-4.2-TL-OUTD PVI-10.0-TL-OUTD
PVI-3.8-I-OUTD-US PVI-5000-OUTD-US PVI-10.0-I-OUTD-US TRIO-20.0-TL-OUTD-US
PVI-3.0-OUTD-US PVI-4.6-I-OUTD-US PVI-6000-OUTD-US TRIO-27.6-TL-OUTD-US
PVI-12.0-I-OUTD-US
PVI-3.6-OUTD-US
PVI-4.2-OUTD-US
© ABB Group
Wi-Fi® router
Internet
• Compatible with new and legacy inverter
• IEEE 802.11 b/g/n (2,4 GHz)
• Sunspec/Modbus TCP (future release)
AURORA VISION® PLANT MANAGEMENT PLATFORM
© ABB Group
PLANT VIEWER FOR MOBILE
VSN300 WIFI LOGGER CARD
Local monitoring of the plant with smart phones and tablet through Wi-Fi
point to point connection:
• PLANT VIEWER FOR MOBILE
• WEB SERVER
© ABB Group
Remote monitoring of the plant trough internet connection:

• PLANT PORTFOLIO MANAGER /
• PLANT VIEWER /
• PLANT VIEWER FOR MOBILE
© ABB Group
PLANT VIEWER
WEB SERVER PLANT VIEWER FOR MOBILE
Direct Access with

APP/WEB SERVER Compatible with
PLANT VIEWER &
PLANT
PORTFOLIO
MANAGER
Data stored on PLANT PORTFOLIO MANAGER

CLOUD
VSN300 WIFI LOGGER CARD
© ABB Group
Easy and Fast Installation

No cable required
Wi-Fi Certified™ connection
App for point to point connection
Reduced cost
Single device for Local and Remote Monitoring
Compatible with home Wi-Fi®
External devices not necessary
© ABB Group
VSN700 Data Logger
General Specifications
• 2x RS-485 Ports
• 2x RS-232 Ports
• 2x Ethernet Ports
• 1x USB Port
• 2GB Data Logging
• Linux Kernel
• -40C to +85C
© ABB Group
VSN700 Data Logger
Description VSN700-01 VSN700-03 VSN700-05

RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL MAX
String Inverter Support ≤5* ≤10 Yes
Central Inverter Support - - Yes
Modbus TCP Gateway - - Yes
Local historical logging Yes Yes Yes
Secure communication SSL SSL SSL
Modbus RTU Yes Yes Yes
Remote firmware upgrade Yes Yes Yes
Plug-and-play installation Yes Yes Yes
Energy meter support - - Yes
Local web server Yes Yes Yes
* Only single phase or Trio-5.8/7.5/8.5-TL

© ABB Group
VSN700 Data Logger
VSN700-01
RS-485
• VSN700-01 Data Logger (Residential)

• Up to 5x 1ph string inverters or Trio-5.8/7.5/8.5-TL
Internet
• RS-485 twisted pair to inverters
• Ethernet cable to home owner’s Internet
• Plant Viewer
• CE mark, C-Tick, FCC
Plant Viewer
© ABB Group
VSN700 Data Logger VSN800
VSN700-03
§RS-485
RS-485
• VSN700-03 Data Logger (Commercial)

• Up to 10x string inverters
• Environmental sensor input in TRIO or separate weather station Internet
• RS-485 twisted pair to inverters
• Ethernet cable to facility Internet
• Plant Portfolio Manager or Plant Viewer
Plant Viewer
© ABB Group
February 9, 2016 | Slide 90 Plant Portfolio Manager
Aurora Vision® Plant Management Platform
Aurora Vision® Plant Management Platform is available in three versions accessible according to
privilege rules associated to the specific customer’s Aurora Vision ® account:
PLANT VIEWER FOR MOBILE

§It is a mobile version of Plant Viewer
Note: accessible by any Aurora Vision® account
PLANT VIEWER
Simple web interface allowing residential and commercial site owners to
monitor their own plants in an easy to view manner
Note: “Site Owner” account can access to Plant Viewer only
PLANT PORTFOLIO MANAGER
§Advanced web interface helping operators (EPC, installer,…) to manage

a portfolio of power plants
Note: “Site Owner” account cannot access to it

© ABB Group
§ Same features as Plant Viewer … but on mobile device

§ Runs on iOS and Android tablets and smart phones
§ Configuration shared with Plant Viewer
© ABB Group
Plant Viewer
(previously Aurora Easy View)
• Monitoring for casual users
• Simple browser based view
of energy produced
• Simple Monitoring Setup
• Installer setup in portfolio
• Homeowner Self Setup
• Alarming for major issues
• End User Self Registration
© ABB Group
Plant Portfolio Manager
Monitoring for Professionals
Monitors a Portfolio of Plants
Robust Alarming
Reports
Unassisted Site Installation
Manages Customer Sites
Administrate Portfolio Access
Logger firmware update
Future …
• Power Management
• Inverter firmware update
© ABB Group
Plant Portfolio Manager
Plant Portfolio Manager provides the tools needed by inverter buyers (homeowners,
installers, EPC’s and financial institutions) to:
o Perform an unassisted installation of a ABB devices such as inverters
o Troubleshooting and generate energy reports needed to manage a portfolio ABB

inverters
o Respond quickly to inverter and

other power generation issues to
minimize energy losses to maximize
power revenue
o Assists with servicing ABB inverter

resold by installers
© ABB Group
String Inverters main characteristics and
advantages
© ABB Group
String inverters: main characteristics
§ Each inverter is responsible for MPP

tracking of single string.
§ Multi-input channel technology allows
multiple independent input channels
combined in a single inverter to
increase the management possibilities
of independent strings with different
characteristics (configuration and/or
installation).
§ Plant architecture: distributed DC/AC
conversion for high immunity to single
failure.
© ABB Group
Dual input MPPT (for inverters above 2kW, with
exception of TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD)
to process two arrays independently to maximize the
energy being harvested.

wide string configuration flexibility (very short strings
to long strings).
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

finds the optimum working point to maximize the
energy harvesting
Multiple Max Power Point scanning MAIN BENEFIT OF DUAL

(MMPP) MPPT
to detect the absolute MPP against relative ones in üMixed
oriented plants (i.e. East
case of partial shadowing and West)
üDifferent tilt angles
PV generator isolation control üPartial shadowing (chimney,
detects isolation fault before the connection (R-iso trees)
measurement) and during the grid parallel operation üDifferent solar panel brands
(I-leak measurement) MPPT 1 = 10 x 190W Brand X
MPPT 2 = 5 x 235W Brand Y
DC-Injection protection
Avoid DC injection into the grid thus allow avoid
installation of external LF transformer between the
inverter and the grid
© ABB Group
String inverters: DUAL MPPT, Key feature
• Key attribute to our products
• Multiple MPPTs allows:

• Greater design flexibility
• More power production
• Greater return on investment (ROI)
• Gives the effect of two inverters in one
© ABB Group
Flat efficiency curves
Optimal performances in any load conditions: from
low converted power up to max power the efficiency
is almost constant
Natural cooling system

Absence of fans for cooling system allows highest
reliability. Internal fan just for internal air mixing to
avoid hot spots
Optimal solution for outdoor installation (no
maintenance required)
IP65 Protection Degree

Ideal for outdoor installation
Possibility of indoor installation with good air
circulation around unit
High operating temperature without

power derating
Nominal AC power available up to 50°C
Easy installation and configuration

Compact and lightweight
Display for local configuration
RS485 communication port for monitoring and
configuration
© ABB Group
Shadowing issue: importance of MMPP scanning
Absolute MPP Relative MPPs Why MMPP scanning?

In case of partial shadowing of arrays, the P(V)
characteristic of PV generator shows multiple
local maximum power point. The scanning
allows the inverter to catch the absolute MPP
against the multiple relative MPP.
How does it work?

The inverter performs a scanning of PV
generator by varying the input voltage and
«draws» the P(V) characteristic of the
generator. At the end of the procedure, the
inverter reinizializes itself in the absolute
maximum power point.
Simulation of 8 panels series connected:
6 panels with 1000W/mq
1 panel with 500W/mq
1 panel with 100W/mq
© ABB Group
MMPP Scanning: characteristics
SCANNING function in ALL ABB inverters, to remove the 'block‘ and take back the system to
the absolute maximum
Absolute Relative
Pmax Pmax
Power
INITIALIZING
SCANNING
TRACKING
§Vmin
0 Voltage Voc
MMPP Scanning Main characteristics
§ Programmable scanning frequency via display (1min/1hour)
§ Each MPPT channel performs the scanning in independent way
§ 'Disable' function to prevent losses in case of non-shaded arrays (ground-

mount PV plants)
© ABB Group
Data sheet reading and understanding
© ABB Group
Inverters Technical Data
Data-sheet reading and understanding: 1-ph example
© ABB Group
ηEuro= 0.03xη5 + 0.06xη10 + 0.13xη20 + 0.1xη30 + 0.48xη50 + 0.2xη100

ηCEC= 0.04xη10 + 0.05xη20 + 0.12xη30 + 0.21xη50 + 0.53xη75 + 0.05xη100
© ABB Group

© ABB Group
© ABB Group
© ABB Group

© ABB Group

© ABB Group
© ABB Group
Balance of System (Plant Architecture)
© ABB Group
Balance of System: Plant Architecture
PV generator Inverter AC box

junction box
PV generator junction boxes AC box

Protection of strings (diodes or fuses) Automatic circuit breaker to protect
Break-switch for entirely safe control the line against inverter failures
and intervention operations on the Disconnection function to ensure
inverter or modules safe interventions
Surge Protection (SPD) Protection against surges induced
on the grid (SPD)
DC AC
© ABB Group
Balance of System: Plant Architecture
§ Fully express the concept of decentralized production

§ High flexibility for installation and configuration
§ Concept can be used for any application
§ Power rating from 2kW up to 30kVA
© ABB Group
Types of PV inverters: string inverters
Grid
§+ Inv 1
Inv 2
Inv 3
Inv 4
N inv
PV generator
Inverter AC box
junction box
© ABB Group
Typical Electrical System Diagram with single-phase string
inverters
© ABB Group
Network connection and system
protections
© ABB Group
AC side distribution system
Network
Side
The choice of the distribution system (and of the
transformer windings in case of large plants) depends on
the choice of the state of the neutral of the system, which
also determines how the protection against indirect
contacts must be realized.
IT SYSTEM: neutral insulated from earth – metal masses

connected to earth.
IT SYSTEM àThe protection against indirect contacts is realized by the
installation of a permanent insulation controller.

Network
Side This distribution system cannot be used with string
inverters.
TN-S SYSTEM: neutral connected to earth – metal masses

connected to the protection conductor.
àThe transformer must have star windings on inverter side,
and the star centre is connected to earth.

àThe protection against indirect contacts is usually realized
TN-S SYSTEM by the installation of residual current devices.
© ABB Group
Connection to the network – EU versions
380/400ph-ph / 220/230Vph-n network
§ Three-phase inverters allow both 3 wires and 4 wires connection to

the three-phase network.
§ Multiple grid standard available (rotary switches/display selection
required during commissioning).
§ Connection of inverter to PE is mandatory.
© ABB Group
§ Network (neutral) must be referred to ground.
Connection to the network – US versions
480ph-ph / 277Vph-n network
§ Three-phase inverters allow both 3 wires and 4 wires connection to

the three-phase network.
§ Single phase inverter: 277V option should be selected during
commissioning.
© ABB Group
208Vph-ph three-phase / 120Vph-n single phase network:
allowed connections diagrams for different inverter models
3ph / 4wires 3ph / 3 wires 1ph / 2 wires 1ph / 3 wires
(with neutral) (without neutral) (phase-to-phase) (split-phase)
UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD-US UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD-US
PVI-3.0/3.6/4.2-OUTD-US PVI-3.0/3.6/4.2-OUTD-US
PVI-10.0-I-OUTD-US PVI-10.0-I-OUTD-US PVI-5000/6000-OUTD-US PVI-5000/6000-OUTD-US
UNO-7.6/8.6-TL-OUTD-US UNO-7.6/8.6-TL-OUTD-US
L1
L2
L3
PE
(connection is allowed
between L2-L3-N and
L1-L3-N too)
208ph-ph / 120Vph-n / 240ph-ph split phase network
§ Three-phase inverter (PVI-10.0-I-OUTD-US) allow both 3 wires and 4

wires connection to the three-phase network.
§ Single phase inverter: network configuration (208V 2-wires / 240V
split-phase) should be selected during commissioning.
© ABB Group
DELTA System without ground 240Vph-ph WYE Systems 120Vph-gnd, 208Vph-ph

DELTA System without ground 480Vph-ph WYE Systems 277Vph-gnd, 480Vph-ph
120V / 277V
V
80
/4
8V
20
§ Direct connection is not allowed because the § Direct connection is not allowed because the
network is not grounded. network is not grounded.
§ Possibility to use the inverter with a transformer § Possibility to use the inverter with a transformer
between the inverter and the network (one of the between the inverter and the network (one of the
previous connection diagram has to be present). previous connection diagram has to be present)
© ABB Group
0V
0V
24
48
© ABB Group
0V
0V
24
48
© ABB Group
Plant protections: DC side
1. Inverter protection devices
Protection against transient voltage surges
Protection against reverse polarity
Overcurrent protections
2. Devices for protecting the strings of PV

generator
Protection against transient voltage surges
Protection against reverse over-currents
3. Devices for disconnecting the photovoltaic

generator
If the protective devices are inside the inverter, it is
possible to remove the DC-side protection panel!
ATTENTION!
Inverters that integrate safety devices may have specific
requirements to ensure the inverter is used correctly!
The installation of external protection devices must always
be evaluated in relation to:
Installation conditions of the photovoltaic generator
Intrinsic characteristics of the inverter
Devices integrated into the inverter and their characteristics
(coordination)
© ABB Group
Plant protections: surge
Standard waveforms of external surge
Surge: huge transient voltage, originating in one impulse current
or more points in the system, that could exceed
the insulation voltage of the system.
Causes: it may be caused by activating and

introducing highly inductive or capacitive loads
or by atmospheric phenomena
External surges (lightning): originated by

lightning, for example when it strikes in the
vicinity of power lines of high, medium and low Standard waveform of
voltage. internal surge impulse
current
Internal surges (electrical operations):

originated by opening and closing devices
installed on power circuits that are highly
inductive or capacitive or by system failures.
© ABB Group
Plant protections: surge – cabling routing
Minimize the area subtended by the string cables that constitutes the wiring
Execute the wiring so that you have two rings in which the induced current
circulates in the opposite direction (surge compensation).
© ABB Group
Plant protections: surge protections
ALL string inverters integrate surge arresters as
thermally monitored and replaceable varistors.
Are the arresters inside the inverter adequate
for protecting the inverter?
àThe equipment integrated in the inverter is
designed for inverter protection and guarantees a
impulse withstand voltage of 5 kV - Impulse
withstand category III
àDue to the way they are wired inside the inverter,
the surge arresters protect against differential mode
surges and common mode surges.
Do the surge arresters inside the inverter also
protect the modules of the photovoltaic
generator?
àThe need to use external surge arresters must be
evaluated from time to time according to:
-Installation site
-Length and characteristics of the DC line
© ABB Group
Plant protections: overcurrent protections
Considered the nature of the generator
(limited current), when is it possible to talk
about overcurrent in an inverter?
When an irradiated photovoltaic generator is
connected to the inverter, and the internal
capacitors are completely discharged. In such
conditions, when the PV arrays are connected
to the inverter, the capacitors behave as a
short circuit and thus the photovoltaic
generator supplies a current equal to its own
maximum current (Isc,gen).
The inverters HAVE NOT a protection against

inrush current for this reason the datasheet
besides the maximum current for each MPPT
also includes the short circuit current value
(Isc,inv).
The following condition must be met:
Isc,gen@Tcell,max < Isc(inv)
If the configuration is verified using

stringsizer, this check is already
passed!!!
© ABB Group
Plant protections: DC-side fuses
Is there a limit to the reverse overcurrent sustained by
the modules?
The module manufacturers report in the datasheet the
indication of the Max Fuse Rating, intended as the
maximum size of the fuse to be inserted in series to the
module to create the reverse overcurrent protection.
When is it necessary to insert a reverse overcurrent

protection?
When a reverse current higher than the Max Fuse Rating
is present in the string; typically when there are more than
three strings in parallel to each other.
What are the possible reverse overcurrent

protections?
Blocking diode: the insertion of a blocking diode in series
to each string allows to prevent reverse currents from
flowing through the string.
Fuses: the insertion of a fuse in series to each string

allows to prevent harmful reverse currents from flowing
through the string.
© ABB Group
Plant protections: DC-switch (disconnector)
Disconnector: device able to ensure an

insulation between two portions of a circuit.
Specific characteristic of the disconnector is
the ability to guarantee insulation (up to a
certain voltage) between the two sectioned
portions of the circuit.
Switch: device able to ensure the opening
of an on load circuit, that is a circuit through
which current is flowing.
What is the task of the DC disconnector

in a PV system?
The disconnector must be able to section
the circuit (safety conditions) and to
interrupt the circuit also in case of
internal fault of the inverter.
© ABB Group
AC-side: connections and protections
ABB
INVERTER The inverter for grid-tied application
behaves as a power generator injecting
current into the network in phase with the
voltage, so that the inverter operates
nominally with a unitary power factor.
The inverter, therefore, 'sustains' the

network voltage and IS NOT ABLE to
modify it directly.
For connecting to the network, it is

sufficient, for the inverter, the presence
of an alternate voltage with voltage and
frequency within the range allowed by
the inverter itself.
© ABB Group
Projects Reference
© ABB Group
Pictures of installed systems
PVI-12.5-TL-OUTD-S
50kW Line Train in Austria
© ABB Group
TRIO-27.6-TL-OUTD-S2X
3MW Rooftop plant in Italy (IKEA shopping center) made with stringinverter
© ABB Group
PVI-4.2-OUTD-S-US-A
4,6kW Residential Plant in Boston, Massachusetts
© ABB Group
PVI-5000-TL-OUTD
26kW plant, Punta Helbronner Monte Bianco (Altitude: 3452 mt)
© ABB Group
TRIO-27.6-TL-OUTD-S1A-US-480
756kW Rooftop plant, Maryland (USA)
© ABB Group
PVI-12.5-TL-OUTD-S
80 kW , 2-axis Trakers, Greece
© ABB Group
TRIO-27.6-TL-OUTD-S2X
2,106 MW Tissot-Arena Stadium, Bern Switzerland
© ABB Group
Foro de Preguntas
HASTA MAÑANA…
© ABB Group
Installation notes
© ABB Group
Installation notes: positioning
Inverters are suitable for outdoor

installation, but the exposition to direct
sunlight must be avoided.
On top/bottom sides the required

distances must be observed to avoid
the reduction in the natural air flow
over the heatsink (chimney effect).
ALWAYS REFER TO QUICK INSTALLATION GUIDE (PROVIDED WITH INVERTER)

OR TO INSTALLATION MANUAL (AVAILABLE ON WEBSITE)
© ABB Group
Installation notes: positioning
Inverters with natural cooling system

require a good air circulation around the
unit; suitable for outdoor installation, they
can be installed even indoor but distances
around the unit shall be considered.
On lateral sides the required distances shall

be observed for a convenient movement of
the inverter during installation/service.
On top/bottom sides the required distances

must be observed to avoid the reduction in
the natural air flow over the heatsink
(chimney effect).

© ABB Group
Installation notes (examples): good positioning
© ABB Group
Installation notes (examples): wrong positioning
© ABB Group
Installation notes (examples): wrong positioning
© ABB Group
Installation notes: PE and AC cabling
1. PE cabling – first connection to do: the connection of the PE cable should

be the first. It is supposed the PE cable is connected to a suitable protective earth
circuit. Usually the connection of the PE is made in conjunction with AC side
cables. In some cases an additional grounding connection is required.
2. Check the AC side voltage: check the voltage on the AC side. Especially in
case of three-phase inverters this is important to identify the neutral respect the
phases.
3. Connect the AC cables to the inverter: make sure the operation is performed
with AC breaker open and, during the connection, pay attention to the tight.

© ABB Group
Single phase inverters (<5kW): AC side connections
(*)
(*) Limited to 6mm2 for

UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD

© ABB Group
Single phase inverters (5-6kW): AC side connections

© ABB Group
TRIO-5.8/7.5/8.5-TL inverters: AC side connections

© ABB Group
PVI-10.0/12.5-TL inverters: AC side connections

© ABB Group
TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL inverters: AC side connections

© ABB Group
PRO-33.0-TL inverters: AC side connections
Prepare the Connect the Mount the mechanical
cable conductors protection
ALWAYS REFER TO QUICK

INSTALLATION GUIDE (PROVIDED
WITH INVERTER)
OR TO INSTALLATION MANUAL
(AVAILABLE ON WEBSITE)
© ABB Group
Installation notes: DC cabling
1. Check the polarity: this operation should be performed before the connection
to the inverter or before the mounting of the quick-fit connectors. During this
check it would be important to measure the DC voltage and to compare with the
value in the configuration report.
1.a. Mount the quick-fit connectors: depending on the inverter model and
version different kinds of quick-fit connectors may be provided. Some one of them
(Multicontact or equivalent) requires the crimping tool for the proper installation,
others (Weidmuller – TRIO, and Sunclix – PRO) are tool-free.
2. Connect the cables to the inverter: pay attention to the polarity and to the
tight.

© ABB Group
Parallel MPPT configuration: PVI (1ph/3ph) inverters
1. Installation of jumpers
2. Selection of MPPT operating mode through “INPUT MODE” dip switch
(on main board, close to the communication terminal blocks)

© ABB Group
Parallel MPPT configuration: TRIO-5.8/7.5/8.5-TL
2. Selection of MPPT operating mode through
start-up wizard configuration or SETTINGS menu
(configuration is possible only after the activation of the inverter)

© ABB Group
Parallel MPPT configuration: TRIO-20.0/27.6-TL
2. Selection of MPPT operating mode through “INPUT MODE” dip switch
(on main board, close to the communication terminal blocks)
© ABB Group
Country Standard Setting (via Display)
PVI family, TRIO 5.8/7.5/8.5 and PRO 33, are Universal Standard and Grid Standard can be selected
during the installation by DISPLAY according to the following tables (check for the certifications
availability on the specific model)
Nation Name Grid standard Display Label
Australia AS4777 AS4777
Belgium C10-11 100% C1011 100
Belgium C10-11 110% C1011 110
Brazil ABNT NBR 16149:2013 BRAZIL
Corsica VDE01261) CORSICA
Czech Republic VDE01261) CZECH
France VDE01261) FRANCE
Germany VDE AR-N-4105 VDE 4105
Greece VDE01261) GREECE If required, the Display
Korea Korean KOREA language can be changed
Taiwan VDE AR-N-4105 TAIWAN
from the default choosing
Hungary IEC62116 + IEC61727 HUNGARY
Ireland EN50438 IRELAND between one of the
Italy CEI-021 INTERNAL Prot. CEI021 IN following: English,
Italy CEI-021 EXTERNAL Prot. CEI021 EX German, French, Italian,
Netherlands VDE01261) NETHERL.
Spanish, Czech, Dutch.
Portugal VDE0126 PORTUGAL
Romania ANRE no.30/17.V.2013 ROMANIA
Slovenia Slovenian SLOVENIA
Spain RD 1699 RD 1699
Turkey CLC/FprTS 50549 TURKEY HV
Turkey CLC/FprTS 50549 TURKEY LV
UK G83/2 UK G83
UK G59/3 UK G59 1) in accordance with local regulations
VDE 0126 VDE 0126
EN 50438 EN 50438
Brazilian, Korean and Taiwanese are 60Hz/220Vac standards

Suitable for Colombia
Country Standard Setting (rotary switch selectors)
TRIO 20/27.6 and UNO 2.0/2.5 inverters are
Universal Standard models and the Grid
Standard can be selected during the installation
using the rotary switches, according to the
following table
Rotary Switch
Selectors
Brazilian, Korean and Taiwanese are 60Hz/220Vac standards

Suitable for Colombia
© ABB Group
Commissioning procedure single phase –US models
(208V delta network)
• Connect AC conductors for the

appropriate grid according to
table below
• For transformer-less inverters,
program the AC voltage using
the display
§166
(240V split phase neutral grounded network)

appropriate grid according to
table below.
program the AC Voltage using
the display.
§167
(277V neutral grounded wye network)

appropriate grid according to the
table below.
program the AC voltage using
the display
§168
Commissioning procedure: network configuration
selection for UNO-2.0/2.5-I-OUTD-US
§For 208 Grid Voltage Prior to turning the rotary
• Upper Dial: 0 switches, ensure the
inverter is switched OFF
• Lower Dial: 2
§ Wiring Connections for 208V

§ L1
§ L2
© ABB Group
switches, ensure the
• Upper Dial: 0 inverter is switched OFF
• Lower Dial: 3

§ L1
§ L2
§ N
© ABB Group
• Upper Dial: 0 switches, ensure the
inverter is switched OFF
• Lower Dial: 4

• N
• L1
© ABB Group
Model identification
Regulatory label: nominal inverter

ratings and certification
Product label: model, production part

number, sales order, serial number and
production week.
© ABB Group
Model identification
Model Designation / description
Part Number
Production Week (WWYY)
For internal reference
Serial Number ( 10 digits: YYWW+6 digits)

© ABB Group
PV Configuration: sizing concepts
© ABB Group
PV arrays configuration optimization
While the efficiency is pretty constant against output power (flat curves), it shows a
certain dependence against input voltage, so it’s important to configure in the right
way the arrays to obtain the highest performances.
Inverter Nominal Input Input Voltage

Model Voltage [V] (Efficiency)
320 – 400 (≥96,8%)
PVI-3.0-TL-OUTD 360
270 – 460 (≥96,6%)
320 – 400 (≥96,8%)
PVI-3.6-TL-OUTD 360
270 – 460 (≥96,6%)
320 – 400 (≥96,8%)
PVI-4.2-TL-OUTD 360
270 – 460 (≥96,6%)
PVI-5000-TL-OUTD 320 – 370 (≥97,0%)
360
PVI-6000-TL-OUTD 250 – 460 (≥96,8%)
510 – 660 (≥97,5%)
PVI-10.0-TL-OUTD 580
390 – 750 (≥97,0%)
510 – 660 (≥97,5%)
PVI-12.5-TL-OUTD 580
390 – 750 (≥97,0%)
Configuration target:
allow the inverter to operate in its
highest efficiency area!
© ABB Group
Typical “optimal” day input power
and voltage behavior
Input power as function of input
voltage during typ. “optimal” day
Input
Power
Input Power [% of nom]

Input
Voltage
Input Voltage [V]
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
Technical data: input OV limits
PVI-6000-TL-OUTD single MPPT power capability (Vstart=200V)
4500
4000
3500 Max absolute input voltage:

• 1ph TL: 600V
• 1ph HF-iso: 520V
3000
• 3ph TL: 900V
Input Power [W]
2500 • TRIO: 1000V
2000
Input OV threshold:
• 1ph TL: 580V
1500
• 3ph TL: 850V
1000 • 3ph HF-iso: 520V
• TRIO: 1000V
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
© ABB Group
Technical data: MPPT operation area
4500
4000
3500 Inverter MPPT operation

working area:
3000
within this area the inverter is
able to perform MPPT and to
Input Power [W]
2500
catch the PV array’s
maximum power point.
2000
This picture (and the
1500
followings too) refers to PVI-
6000-TL-OUTD: the
1000
considerations are still valid
for all the other inverters.
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
© ABB Group
Technical data: MPPT voltage range (max power)
4500
4000
3500 Input voltage range for

MPPT operation at max
3000 power:
• 1ph TL: up to 530V
Input Power [W]
2500 • 1ph HF-iso: up to 470V

• 3ph TL: up to 750V
2000 • 3ph HF-iso: up to 470V
• TRIO: up to 800V
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
© ABB Group
Technical data: input OC limitation area
4500
4000
Input power limiting range due

3500
to current limitation:
each input converter provides a
3000
certain current and power
capability. In case one of the two
Input Power [W]
2500 may be overcame, the inverter

limits the power from the PV
2000 array. At low input voltage the
current limiting mechanism may
1500 occur.
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
© ABB Group
Technical data: input OV limitation area
4500
4000
3500
Input power limiting range due

3000
to high input voltage:
Input Power [W]
in order to prevent potential

2500
damaging of active devices in
the inverter, at high voltage
2000
levels the inverter acts a linear
power limiting. This effect
1500
usually is present only in case of
huge oversizing of PV array’s
1000
power respect to input channel
power.
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
© ABB Group
Technical data: activation voltage (start-up voltage)
4500
4000
3500
3000
Activation voltage:
Input Power [W]
2500 • 1ph TL, 1ph HF-iso, 3pf HF-iso:

• Default: 200V
2000
• Adj. range: 120V÷250V
• 3ph TL, TRIO:
1500
• Default: 360V
• Adj. range: 250V÷500V
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
© ABB Group
Array configuration example (single MPPT)
MPPT1 Input Power Irr=200W/mq; T_amb=-10°C; T_cell=-3.75°C)

MPPT1 Input Power Irr=1000W/mq; T_amb=15°C; T_cell=46.25°C)
4500 MPPT1 Input Power Irr=1200W/mq; T_amb=40°C; T_cell=77.5°C)
MPPT1 Power Capability (Vstart=200V)
4000
3500
3000
Input Power [W]
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
Example: 13xTrina Solar TSM-230PC05 series connected with PVI-6000-TL-OUTD

© ABB Group

5000
4000
Input Power [W]
3000
2000
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
Example: 2 strings x 13xTrina Solar TSM-230PC05 series connected with PVI-6000-TL-OUT

input power limiting
© ABB Group

4000
3500
3000
Input Power [W]
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Input Voltage [V]
Example: 3 strings x 7xTrina Solar TSM-230PC05 series connected with PVI-6000-TL-OUT :

input current limiting
© ABB Group
Array configuration example (parallel MPPTs)
PVI-6000-TL-OUTD parallel MPPT power capability (Vstart=200V) In case of parallel configuration of

8000
MPPT1 Input Power Irr=200W/mq; T_amb=-10°C; T_cell=-3.75°C) MPPT the considerations are the
7000 MPPT1 Input Power Irr=1200W/mq; T_amb=40°C; T_cell=77.5°C) same of the independent
Inverter Input Power Capability [W] (Vstart1=200Vdc)
configuration…
6000 …only the limits are differents!
5000
• Absolute voltage range is the
Input Power [W]
same
4000
• Absolute voltage range for
3000 MPPT operation is the same
(defined by Vstart)
2000 • Input current capability is twice
• Input power limitation is not
1000
related to the single MPPT
0
capability but is defined by
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
output power capability
Input Voltage [V]
• Voltage range for MPPT
Example: 3 strings x 10xTrina Solar TSM-230PC05 series operation at maximum power is
connected with PVI-6000-TL-OUT defined by power limitation and
input current capability
© ABB Group
Wide input voltage range (double stage topology)
Double stage topology à Wide Input voltage range (many sizing possibilities)
à No shaving losses at high irradiance & temperature
à Optimal operation also with shaded arrays
à No peak shaving at high AC voltages
Input power
51.2kW
33.0kW
Input voltage
300Vdc 480Vdc 800Vdc 950Vdc
Full power range (480÷800Vdc)

Not depending on AC voltage!
January, 2016 MPP operating range (300÷950Vdc)
No shaving losses at high irradiance & temperature
260Wp / 60 cells, 9 strings / 22 in series = 51480W
1000W/m2; cell @ 5°C
80000
Cold climate (5°C) Shaving due to favorable

70000
High Irradiance (1000W/m2) Irradiance & temp conditions
60000
DC Power [W]
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
DC Voltage [V]
DOUBLE STAGE CONVERTER – TRIO-50

INPUT CAPABILITY
January, 2016
1000W/m2; cell @ 5°C
80000
Cold climate (5°C) Shaving due to favorable

70000
High Irradiance (1000W/m2) Irradiance & temp conditions
60000
DC Power [W]
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
DC Voltage [V]
TL single stage/3 phase-400Vac
SINGLE STAGE CONVERTER Same behavior than double

INPUT CAPABILITY stage in cold conditions
January, 2016
1000W/m2; cell @ 75°C
80000
70000
Hot climate (75°C) Vmpp within the input
60000 capability of the inverter
High Irradiance (1000W/m2)
DC Power [W]
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
DC Voltage [V]
No peak shaving
DOUBLE STAGE CONVERTER – TRIO-50
in hot climates
INPUT CAPABILITY
January, 2016
1000W/m2; cell @ 75°C
80000
70000
Hot climate (75°C) Vmpp below the input
60000 capability of the inverter
High Irradiance (1000W/m2)
DC Power [W]
50000
40000
30000
Shaving due to narrow

20000
input range
10000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
DC Voltage [V]
TL single stage/3 phase-400Vac
SINGLE STAGE CONVERTER Yield losses in hot climates

INPUT CAPABILITY at high irradiance !
January, 2016
Optimal operation also with partially shaded arrays 260W / 60 cells – sizing 22 x 9 = 51480W
30% of the array is shaded
25°C – partially shaded array
800 W/m2 on 15 panels out of 22
200 W/m2 on the shaded panels (7/22)
+
top row
X9
-
bottom row
Shaded area
70
60
Power [kW]
50
40
30
§DC
20
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
DC Voltage [V] unshaded array

January, 2016
shaded array
260W / 60 cells – sizing 22 x 9 = 51480W
70
absolute maxima Vmpp within the
60 input capability of the inverter
DC Power [kW]
50
40
30
20
10 shaded array
double stage inverter
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
DC Voltage [V]
Always tracking absolute
DOUBLE STAGE CONVERTER – TRIO-50 MPP under any condition
INPUT CAPABILITY including shaded arrays
January, 2016
260W / 60 cells – sizing 22 x 9 = 51480W

70
60
Absolute maxima Vmpp
below the input capability
DC Power [kW]
50
of the inverter Power loss due to narrow
40 input range
§∆P = 15 kW (-60%)
30
20
10 shaded array
single stage converter
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
TL single stage/3 phase-400Vac DC Voltage [V]
SINGLE STAGE CONVERTER Yield losses when operating

INPUT CAPABILITY on shaded arrays !
January, 2016
SIZING EXAMPLES
• 4.5 kW plant
• 2 strings of 9 panels(250W) in series
• 2 Different orientations (East, West)
UNO 4.2 TL PVI 4.2/5000 TL

SINGLE MPPT DUAL MPPT
© ABB Group
SIZING EXAMPLES
• 3 kW plant
• 1 single orientation with fix shadows
UNO 3.0/3.6 TL PVI 3.0/3.6 TL

DUAL MPPT Possible solution with 1 string and
SINGLE MPPT
1MPPT, Solution with 2 MPPT more
flexible and able to mitigate shadow
problems
Scanning Function for all

ABB Inverters
© ABB Group
SIZING EXAMPLES
• 3 kW plant
• 1 orientation
UNO 3.0/3.6 TL PVI 3.0/3.6 TL

© ABB Group
SIZING EXAMPLES
• 1,25 kW plant
• Short string, 1 orientation
UNO 2.0 TL UNO 2.0 IT

SINGLE MPPT SINGLE MPPT
Short string require a wider input voltage

range
© ABB Group
SIZING EXAMPLES
• 36 kW plant
PRO 33 OUTD TRIO 27.6 OUTD

© ABB Group
SIZING EXAMPLES
• 66,5 kW plant
TRIO 27.6 OUTD

PRO 33 OUTD
DUAL MPPT
SINGLE MPPT
In case of Single MPPT inverter (PRO 33), 7

strings on the EAST direction have to be
connected to one PRO and the other 7 strings
on the WEST Direction have to be connected
on the other PRO
© ABB Group
PV Configuration Tools
© ABB Group
PV arrays configuration tool: www.stringsizer.abb.com
© ABB Group
View options
§STANDARD
No indication about the configuration
«goodness»
§USER FRIENDLY VERSION

In the configuration matrix indication
about the «goodness» of the
proposed configurations is provided
by means of cells coloring.
© ABB Group
Project management buttons
§Project reset
Clean-up the project and reset the
page.
§Save project
Allows to save a project as p1pj file.
The project can be saved for further
evaluation/checks. Useful especially
in case of manual editing of the PV
module data.
§Load project
Allows to open a saved project as
p1pj file.
© ABB Group
Input data
§Select languange to start to use

the tool
§Selectthe installation continent,

country and location where the
PV plant is going to be installed.
§Optimal installation conditions

and irradiance are provided for
reference: in case the installation
will not be made according to
optimal conditions the overload
of the inverter may be
considered.
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
PV Panel selection
§Select
panel brand/model from
PV panels database.
§Inform us the missing of the

panel or the need for data update
by the «Report» function.
§Incase the panel is not present,

using the «Edit» button it is
possible to manually edit the
characteristics of the panel in
order to proceed with the
configuration.
The manually entered parameters are
saved for the current session only:
saving the project allows to reload the
manually entered parameters.
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
Inverter selection
§Select grid standard

This selection is present because
depending on the grid standard the
inverter may have some limitation in
the max power.
§Select the inverter model and

version.
Depending on the version the number
of inputs or the input protections may
be different. Link to product webpage
is provided in order to double check
all the available versions for the
inverter.
§Select grounding options.

Available only for inverters which
allows the grounding of one of the
DC-side poles.
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
Results matrix
§Allthe proposed configurations

are allowed: selecting one of the
configuration, no impact on the
product warranty.
§Cells color code

Green: optimal configuration. The
configuration allows the best
performance for the inverter. This
should be the configuration target.
Yellow: allowed configuration, no
message.
Orange: allowed configuration, check
the message (possibility of power
limiting, need to change the activation
voltage from the default value).
© ABB Group
Configuration report
§Provide a summary about the selected

configuration.
§Single-page document with all the

relevant information about the selected
PV modules and inverter, PV arrays
and inverter configuration:
Number of panels/string
Number of strings/MPPT
Expected operating voltages/currents
Inverter inputs configuration
(independent/parallel)
Need for activation voltage modification
respect default.
§Useful for both designers and

installers.
© ABB Group
Energy Evaluation
Advanced PV Simulator Software: PVsyst
• Meteo and Geographical information

• Full-featured study and analysis of a project
• Hourly production simulation
• Different Simulation variant
• Losses analysis
• PVsyst file models available for all ABB inverters
© ABB Group
Energy Evaluation
PV Simulator Software: PVsyst
© ABB Group
Energy Evaluation
PV Simulator Software: Pvsyst simulation Report
© ABB Group
Foro de Preguntas
© ABB Group

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BU DMPC, solar inverters, Giovanbattista Napolitano, February 2016

Training on solar inverters

§ When a light flow strikes the crystal surface of

Maximum Power Point (MPP)

0.00 0.20 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72 V [V]

α Isctyp ≈ + 0,04 [%/°C]

β Voctyp ≈ - 0,35 [%/°C]

γ Pmptyp ≈ - 0,45 [%/°C]

At constant cell temperature

Open circuit voltage decrease

Shadows can compromise the overall perfomances. It is important to

Cell Module String (panels series

Inverter size: 0.8 to 1.3 Pdc_STC

Type (TL, isolated)

Vdc_max @ Tmin (string length)

Protection strings in parallel

Inverter working voltage limits

(*) NOCT = Normal Operating Cell Temperature

LF isolated inverter String/Central

Module typology Compatible inverters

Crystalline silicon [c-Si] All (TL-1ph/3ph; HF-ISO, LF-ISO)

With transformer (HF-ISO, LF-ISO)

CdTe (First Solar) All (subject to verification of FS)

Thin Film (TF) – substrate

With transformer (HF-ISO, LF-ISO)

L Electronic equipment that converts the

CURRENT GENERATOR whose amplitude

Transformation / DC-AC Conversion

Automatic adjustment of the working point by

• Maximize the energy harvested from the PV field

• “Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance” are two

• Function of monitoring the electrical parameters of the grid

• AUTOMATIC and PROMPT disconnection from the grid in case of

• Galvanic separation of the inverter from the grid

§ Input DC/DC converters allow to boost the input

§ Input DC/DC converters allow obtain flat

§ Multiple input channel technology allows multiple

§ Input DC/DC converters allow to boost the input

§ Input DC/DC converters allow obtain flat

§ Single input channel can be used in case

§ Single stage converters show maximum

§ Single stage converters usually show higher

§ Single input channel can be used in case

≥ 1kΩ/V no connection to the

Isolation resistance (R-iso):

Single phase inverters

§ AC rated power: from 2kW up to 6kW

§ Outdoor installations (suitable for indoor

§ -S with integrated DC switch

Single phase inverters

§ AC rated power: from 2kW up to 8,6kW

§ Single-phase Two-Wires 277V/60Hz (*)

§ With integrated DC switch

§ With arc fault detector

TransforermLess Inverters IP 65 chassis

SEPARATE SWITCH BOX

Semi-graphic user friendly

Installer-friendly connection system

The cover moves up to enter the

Three phase inverters

§ AC rated power: from 5,8kW up to 33kW (up

§ Outdoor installations (suitable for indoor

2 Independent MPPT for TRIO-7.5/8.5