CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Indonesia is a country which has great maritime potential. It also called as one of the
world largest maritime countries, with some 5.8 million square kilometers of sea territory,
while its land territory covers only 1.9 million square kilometers. Its coastline is some 92
thousand kilometers long, making it the second-longest after Canada. The country is the
largest archipelagic nation in the world, as around 70 percent of its total territory is water, and
it has 17,480 islands. With this large maritime territory, Indonesia has great marine resource
such as biological diversity, fish and seafood supplies, oil and gas, minerals, sand and gravel,
renewable energy resources, tourism potential, and unique ecosystems like coral reefs.

Ship is an important element in marine industry which used to carry several things
such as resource, oil, food, sand, chemical, etc. Moreover ship also used to carry people from
other location to another. There are many types of ship which divided by what they carry. We
use tanker ship to carry oil, chemical, liquid industry, etc. Refrigerator ship used to carry
food, meat and dairy produce. As a citizen in the largest maritime country, it is important for
us to know the types of ship, their use and their characteristics.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

1. What is the merchant ship?
2. What are the types of merchant ship?

1.3 The Goals

1. To know the definition of merchant ship.
2. To know the types of merchant ship.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Merchant Ship

According to Loannis G (2015), a merchant vessel or trading vessel is a ship that

transports cargo or passengers. The closely related term commercial vessel is defined by the
United States Coast Guardas any vessel (i.e. boat or ship) engaged in commercial trade or
that carries passengers for hire. This would exclude pleasure craft that do not carry
passengers for hire or warships.

2.2 Types of Merchant Ship

Merchant Ship can be classified according to what the carry. Most are designed to
carry cargo, but a few still carry passenger. Thus Merchant Ship can be divided into two
types. They are cargo ship and passenger ship.

Cargo ships also can be divided by what they carry. There are two basic types of
cargo ship. One type carries dry cargo and the other carries liquid cargo.

There are four types of dry cargo: Multi-deck vessels, dry bulk cargo, container ship
and refrigerator ship. Multi-deck vessels are a traditional type of dry cargo ship. Their holds
are divided horizontally by one or two tween decks. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriers.
These do not have tween decks. Container ships are the most modern type of dry cargo
carrier. They carry containers of standard dimension. Fruit, meat and dairy produce are
carried in refrigerated ships.

We can divide liquid cargo into three types. The most common type is oil tankers.
They are often very large. Two other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are
liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers and chemical carriers.

In comparison with cargo vessels, passenger ships are fewer in number and type.
Passenger liners are traditional type of passenger ship. Nowadays their number has been
greatly reduced. Cruise ships are another type of passenger vessel. These are converted
passenger liners. Ferries are the most common type of passenger vessel. Many of them are
also designed to carry vehicles.

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2.3 Definition and Types of Dry Cargo

Dry cargo ships are used to carry solid dry goods that have a higher tolerance to heat
and cold, such as metal ores, coal, steel products, forest products, and grains. These vessels
are equipped with on-deck cranes and other mechanism for loading and unloading of goods.
As dry cargo shipment doesn’t require special types of precautions (as required for carrying
liquid and gases), bulk carriers and container ships don’t have onboard temperature control
equipment. Today, bulk of international trade is carried out by thousands of dry cargo carriers
transporting goods to ports across the world.

Some of the vessels which carry dry cargo are:

 multi-deck vessels (with holds divided horizontally by one or two ‘tween decks)
 bulk carriers (no ‘tween decks)
 container ships (carry containers of standard dimensions)
 refrigerated ships (carry fruit, meat and dairy produce)
2.3.1 Multi-deck vessel.
These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo handling gears to load and discharge
different types of cargoes.
2.3.2 Bulk Carriers

A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to

transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and cement in itscargo holds.
Since the first 10 specialized bulk carriers was built in 1852, economic forces have fuelled
the development of these ships, causing them to grow in size and sophistication. Today's
bulkers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability.

General Bulk Carriers type are:

1. Geared bulk carriers are typically in the handysize to handymax size range although
there are a small number of geared panamax vessels (ship with size 60.000 to
80.000), like all bulkers they feature a series of holds covered by prominent hatch
covers. They have cranes, derricks or conveyors that allow them to load or discharge
cargo in ports without shore-based equipment. This gives geared bulkers flexibility in
the cargoes they can carry and the routes they can travel. (Photo: A typical geared
handysize bulk carrier.)

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 Pict. 1.1

2. Combined carriers are designed to transport both liquid and dry bulk cargoes. If both
are carried simultaneously, they are segregated in separate holds and tanks. Combined
carriers require special design and are expensive. They were prevalent in the 1970s,
but their numbers have dwindled since 1990. (Photo: The oil pipeline and dry bulk
hold aboard the Maya.)

Pict. 1.2

3. Gearless carriers are bulkers without cranes or conveyors. These ships depend on
shore-based equipment at their ports of call for loading and discharging. They range
across all sizes, the larger bulk carriers (VLOCs) can only dock at the largest ports,
some of these are designed with a single port-to-port trade in mind. The use of
gearless bulkers avoids the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining cranes.
(Photo:Berge Athen, a 225,000 ton gearless bulker.)

Pict. 1.3

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 4. Self-dischargers are bulkers with conveyor belts, or with the use of an excavator that
is fitted on a traverse running over the vessel's entire hatch, and that is able to move
sideways as well. This allows them to discharge their cargo quickly and efficiently.
(Photo: The John B. Aird a self-discharging lake freighter.)

Pict. 1.4

5. Lakers are the bulkers prominent on the Great Lakes, often identifiable by having a
forward house which helps in transiting locks. Operating in fresh water, these ships
suffer much less corrosion damage and have a much longer lifespan than saltwater
ships. As of 2005, there were 98 lakers of 10,000 DWT or over.[32] (Photo: Edward
L. Ryerson, a Great Lakes bulker.)

Pict. 1.5

2.3.3 Container Ships

Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal
containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a common means of
commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo.
Cargo that has been containerized is carried by container ships. Like tankers, container
ships are characterized by the absence of cargo handling gear, in their case reflecting the

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 usual practice of locating the container-handling cranes at shore terminals rather than
aboard ship.

Container ships require large hatches in the deck for stowing the cargo, which consists
of standardized containers usually either 20 or 40 feet in length. Containers are most often
measured in Twenty Feet Equivalent Units (TEU’s). Belowdecks, the ship is equipped
with a cellular grid of compartments called Rows, Bays and Tiers opening to the weather
deck; these are designed to receive the containers and hold them in place until unloading
is achieved at the port of destination.

Pict. 1.6 Bays, Rows and Tiers on a Container Ship

The rows run abeam, or athwartship; the bays run fore and aft and the tiers are
horizontal layers. The three-figure code on each container refers to this stowage system.
The ship is filled to the deck level with containers, the hatches are closed, and one or two
layers of containers, depending upon the size and stability of the ship, are loaded on the
hatch covers on deck.

2.3.4 Refrigerated Ship

Refrigerated-cargo vessels are ships that carry perishable cargoes, such as meat or
fruit. These cargoes require cooling and must be stored in spaces that have precise
temperature and humidity controls during the voyage. Reefers as these ships are also called,
are equipped with refrigerating plants.

Reefer ships may be categorized into three types:

1. Side-door vessels have water tight ports on the ships hull, which open into a cargo
hold. Elevators or ramps leading from the quay serve as loading and discharging
access for the forklifts or conveyors. Inside these access ports or side doors, pallet lifts
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 or another series of conveyors bring the cargo to the respective decks. This special
design makes the vessels particularly well suited for inclement weather operations as
the tops of the cargo holds are always closed against rain and sun.
2. Conventional vessels have a traditional cargo operation with top opening hatches and
cranes/derricks. On such ships, when facing wet weather, the hatches need to be
closed to prevent heavy rain from flooding the holds. Both above ship types are well
suited for the handling of palletized and loose cargo.
3. Refrigerated container ships are specifically designed to carry containerized unit loads
where each container has its individual refrigerated unit. These containers are nearly
always twenty-foot equivalent units (often called TEU) that are the "standard"
container cargo size that are loaded and unloaded at container terminals and aboard
container ships. These ships differ from conventional container ships in their design
and power generation and electrical distribution equipment. They need provisions
made for powering each container's cooling system. Because of their ease of loading
and unloading cargo many container ships are now being built or redesigned to carry
refrigerated containers.

Pict 1.6 Reefer

2.4 Definition and Types of Liquid Cargo Ship

Liquid cargo is carried mainly in: oil tankers (the most common type), LNGs
and chemical carriers. Ships that carry liquid

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 Pict 1.7 VLCC

cargo (most often petroleum and its products) in bulk are made distinctive by the absence of
cargo hatches and external handling gear. When fully loaded they are also readily
distinguishable by scant freeboard – a condition that is permissible because the upper deck is
not weakened by hatches. For safety reasons tankers must be fitted with double bottoms.
These spaces also provide storage for fuel, lubricating oil and water. Tankers are divided into
compartments by longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. Cofferdams are empty spaces
between the tanks and the double bottom. They serve as separations to prevent liquids from
leaking from one tank into another. Cofferdams often serve as pump-rooms. Pumps for
loading and discharging the cargo may be installed in these compartments. Tankers are often
loaded and discharged in the offing by means of flexible pipes. This system of wet bulk
handling reduces the number of lay days.

The types of liquid cargo are oil tankers, liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers and
chemical carriers. Each cargo has different characteristics. It is depend on what they carry.

2.4.1 Oil Tankers

Petroleum tankers are categorized into the following classed that determines theirs
size in DWT (Dead Weight Tons).

Seawaymax: DWT 10 000 – 60 000

Panamax: DWT 60 000 – 80 000
Aframax: DWT 80 000 – 120 000
Suezmax: DWT 120 000 – 200 000
VLCC (very large crude carrier): DWT 200 000 – 315 000
ULCC (ultra large crude carrier): DWT 315 000 – 520 000

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 In essence, the tanker is a floating group of tanks contained in a ship-shaped hull,
propelled by an isolated machinery plant at the stern. Each tank is substantially identical to
the next throughout the length of the ship. The tanks are fitted with heating coils to facilitate
pumping in cold weather. Within the tanks are the main, or high-suction pipes, running
several feet from the bottom to avoid sludge.

Pict. 1.8 Oil Tanker

Below them, low-suction piping, or stripping lines, removes the lowest level of liquid
in the tank. Tanks are filled either through open trunks leading from the weather deck or from
the suction lines with the pumps reversed. Because tankers, except for military-supply types,
usually move a cargo from the source to a refinery or other terminal with few maneuvers, the
machinery plant is called on only to produce at a steady rate the cruise power for the ship;
consequently, considerable use of automatic controls is possible, thus reducing the size of the
crew to a minimum. In view of the simplicity of inner arrangement, the tanker lends itself to
mass production perhaps more than any other ship type. Because of the limited crew
requirements and the low cost per ton for initial building and outfitting, the tanker has led the
way in the rapid expansion in the size of ships. The decline of crude oil prices after the
petroleum crisis of 1979 led in turn to a decline in preferred tanker size, but at that time a few
ships had reached 1,300 feet (400 metres) in length, 80 feet in loaded draft, and deadweight
of 500,000 tons.

2.4.2 Liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier

Along with the great increase in numbers and size of tankers have come
specialized uses of tankers for products other than oil. A major user is the natural gas
industry. For shipment, gas is cooled and converted to liquid at -260 F (-162 C) and is then
pumped aboard a tanker for transit in aluminium tanks that are surrounded by heavy

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insulation to prevent absorption of heat and to keep the liquid from evaporating during the
voyage. The cost of these ships is rather high, because steel cannot be used for the containers.
The cold liquid, in contact with steel, would make that material as brittle as glass. Aluminium
is therefore used, sometimes backed by balsa wood, backed in turn by steel. A special nickel-
steel alloy known as Invar also has been used in this application.

Pict 1.9

2.4.3 Chemical Ships

Chemical ships are the most sophisticated of the gas tankers and have the ability to
carry not only most other liquefied gas cargoes but also ethylene at its atmospheric boiling
point of −104 °C. These ships feature cylindrical, insulated, stainless steel cargo tanks able to
accommodate cargoes up to a maximum specific gravity of 1.8 at temperatures ranging from
a minimum of −104 °C to a maximum of +80 °C and at a maximum tank pressure of 4 bar.

2.5 Passenger Ship

A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers.
The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited
numbers of passengers. Passenger ships include ferries, which are vessels for day or
overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners,
which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often
cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships, which often transport passengers on round-
trips, in which the trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal
draw.

2.5.1 Ocean Liners

Ocean liners are traditional passenger ships. An ocean liner typically has 1,500 to
2,000 seats for passengers and has facilities of saloons, swimming pools, and sports halls.

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Prior to advent of airliners, they were the primary mode of intercontinental travel. Nowadays,
just a few ocean liners are in operation, their place has been taken by ferries. Some of the
famous and most luxurious 30 ocean liners of the past are the Titanic, Olympic, and Queen
Elizabeth. The largest ocean liner today is RMS Queen Mary 2.

2.5.2 Cruise Ships

The slow demise of ocean liners by the mid-20th century opened the way for cruise
ships. Cruise ships are large passenger ships offering pleasure trips adventure seeking people.
They have onboard facilities of restaurants, bars, casinos, theaters, ball rooms, discos,
swimming pools, fitness centers, and shops that make them a complete floating resort. They
are designed in a way to negotiate almost all major ports in the world.
In comparison to liners, they serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or
islands. Among popular cruise destinations in the world include the Caribbean Sea, Alaska,
Mexico, Hawaii Island, and the Mediterranean Sea. Some of the luxurious ocean liners have
now been converted to cruise ships, example being the conversion of ocean liner “SS France”
to cruise ship “SS Norway”. At present, the two largest cruise ships are the Allure of the Seas
and the Oasis of the Seas.

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 2.5.3 Ferries

Ferries are boats or small-sized ships that are used for day or overnight short sea trips
sailing close to the coast between two or more ports. With a seating capacity ranging from 40
to 600, ferries are part of public transport systems in many waterside cities and islands. They
are categorized into the ship types such as Hydrofoil, Hovercraft, Catamaran, Cruise ferry,
Ro-ro, Pontoon ferry, Foot ferry, Cable ferry and Air ferries.

Merchant Ship Types

Cargo Ships Passenger Ships

 Passenger Liners
Dry Cargo Ships Liquid Cargo Ship
 Cruise Ships

 Ferries
 Multi-deck Vessel  Oil Tankers
 Bulk Carriers  LNG Carriers
 Chemical Carriers
 Container Ships
 Refrigerated Ships

a. Merchant Ships can be designed as two types: Cargo Ships and Passenger Ships.
b. Cargo Ships can be divided into Dry Cargo Ships and Liquid Cargo Ships.
c. Dry Cargo Ships included Multi-deck Vessels, Bulk Carriers, Container Ships and
Refrigerated Ships.
d. Oil Tankers, LNG Carriers and Chemical Carriers are examples of Liquid Cargo
Carriers.
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 e. Three types of Passenger Ships are: Ocean Liners, Cruise Ships and Ferries.

2.5.4 Summary
Merchant Ships can be designed as two types: Cargo Ships and Passenger Ships.
Cargo Ships can be divided into Dry Cargo Ships and Liquid Cargo Ships. Dry Cargo
Ships included Multi-deck Vessels, Bulk Carriers, Container Ships and Refrigerated
Ships. Oil Tankers, LNG Carriers and Chemical Carriers are examples of Liquid Cargo
Carriers. Three types of Passenger Ships are: Ocean Liners, Cruise Ships and Ferries.

2.6 Grammar

2.6.1 The, a, an, zero article

Nouns in English can be preceded by the definite article (the) or by the indefinite
article (a, an) or by not article at all.

The definite article (the) is used when the noun (singular or plural, countable
or uncountable) being referred to/has a particular rather than a general reference, that
is, we can identify what is being referred to.

Here are three situations when we can identify what is being referred to:

1. When the noun has been mentioned already.

e.g. Colliers are designed to carry coal. The coal is carried in bulk.

2. When words following the noun define which particular one it is.
e.g. Ships of all types use this port; the ship over there is an LNG carrier.
(Note: The phrase ‘over there’ tells us which ship is being referred to, but ‘of all
types’ does not.)

3. When there is only one of the noun in the world, or only one in the context being
referred to.
e.g. the sun, the equator (with reference to the earth)
the bridge, the captain (with reference to a ship)

4. The quality of uniqueness is also present with superlatives.

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 e.g. the largest ship, the most important port.

The indefinite article (a, an) is used in front of singular nouns when they are
used as countable nouns and when the reference is general rather than particular.
e.g. There is a ship in the port

When the noun is plural, or when the noun is used as an uncountable noun, no
article is used.
e.g. There were cadets on board.
There was oil floating on the water.
When we refer to a class of objects rather than to examples of that class, the
distinction between definite and indefinite use disappears, and there are three
possible ways of referring to countable nouns:
e.g. The container ship is designed to carry containers.
A container ship is designed to carry containers.
Container ships are designed to carry containers.
(Here all three sentences mean: All container ship are designed to carry
containers.) but there is only one way of referring to uncountable nouns:
e.g. Oil is carried in Tankers.

Exercise 1
The largest type of cargo ship is a Tanker. The tankers are designed to carry liquid
cargo such as oil. The cargo is pumped directly into the holds by the powerful
pumps. The holds are constructed as tanks. The tanks are sub-divided into a
central tank, two wing tanks, and an Expansion tank. The expansion tank allows
oil to expand in hot weather. The bridge superstructure and an engine room are
situated aft to leave more room for the cargo. A Bridge is connected to the
forecastle by the catwalk. The tankers which are over 500.000 dwts are known as
ultra large crude carriers (ULCCs).

2.6.2 Logical connectives

Here are some connecting words for joining statements: because, therefore,
however.
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1. Because gives the reason or cause.
a. Multi-deck vessels have tween decks.
b. Tween decks help stowage

a + b Multi-deck vessels have tween decks because these help stowage.

2. Therefore expresses consequence or result

a. Ships are designed for many purposes.
b. Their type and size vary considerably.

a + b Ships are designed for many purposes, therefore their type and size vary considerably.

3. However introduces a qualification or concession

a. Passenger liners carry passengers.
b. Some carry a large amount of cargo as well.

a + b Passenger liners carry passengers; however, some carry a large amount of cargo as
well.

(Exercise 1) Now join these pairs of sentences using because, therefore, however, as
appropriate:

a. Multi-deck vessels usually carry general cargo.

Some carry containers as well.
Answer: Multi-deck vessels usually carry general cargo; however, some carry
containers as well.

b. Passenger liners have high superstructures.

They need a large number of decks.
Answer: Passenger liners have high superstructures, therefore they need a large
number of decks.

c. Many ferries are designed to carry vehicles.

They have doors at the bows or stern.
Answer: Many ferries are designed to carry vehicles, therefore they have doors at the
bows or stern.

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 d. Cargo ships are usually designed to carry dry or liquid cargo.
OBO (oil, bulk ore) ships are designed to carry both.
Answer: Cargo ships are usually designed to carry dry or liquid cargo; however, OBO
(oil, bulk ore) ships are designed to carry both.

e. Bulk carries carry large quantities of loose cargo.

They have large unobstructed holds.
Answer: Bulk carries carry large quantities of loose cargo because they have large
unobstructed holds.

f. Passenger liners often operate as cruise ships for part of the year.
There is not always enough business for them on line routes.
Answer: Passenger liners often operate as cruise ships for part of the year because
there is not always enough business for them on line routes.

Here are some more connecting words: although, consequently, as

a. Cargo liners sail on fixed routes and keep to timetable, consequently some are
designed to carry a few passenger.
b. Bulk carriers do not usually carry derricks as loading and unloading is done by
special cranes.
c. Although tankers sail on fixed routes, they do not carry passenger.

(Exercise 2) Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 1 above using as, consequently, although
as appropriate.

a. Multi-deck vessels usually carry general cargo.

Some carry containers as well.
Answer: Multi-deck vessels usually carry general cargo as some carry containers as
well.

b. Passenger liners have high superstructures.

They need a large number of decks.
Answer: Passenger liners have high superstructures, consequently they need a large
number of decks.
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 c. Many ferries are designed to carry vehicles.
They have doors at the bows or stern.
Answer: Many ferries are designed to carry vehicles, consequently they have doors at
the bows or stern.

d. Cargo ships are usually designed to carry dry or liquid cargo.

OBO (oil, bulk ore) ships are designed to carry both.
Answer: Cargo ships are usually designed to carry dry or liquid cargo as OBO (oil,
bulk ore) ships are designed to carry both.

e. Bulk carries carry large quantities of loose cargo.

They have large unobstructed holds.
Answer: Although bulk carries carry large quantities of loose cargo, they have large
unobstructed holds.

f. Passenger liners often operate as cruise ships for part of the year.
There is not always enough business for them on line routes.
Answer: Although passenger liners often operate as cruise ships for part of the year,
there is not always enough business for them on line routes.

Exercise 1 Cover the diagrams above and label the diagram below where indicated!

bow Fore and Midship After and stern

hull

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EXERCISE 2

a). The hull was damaged on the port bow three feet above the waterline.

b). The ship was holed on the port-side and starboard-side 1,5 meters above the

waterline.

c). The stabilizers were fitted on starboard amidships three feet above the waterline.

d). The sailors painted the hull on whole part of the ship.

e). There was thick arm our plating on the port bow two meters above the waterline

Exercise 1

a. Tugs-4 basic types (i) river, (ii) coastal, (iii) harvb, (iv) ocean going
b. Dredgers remove sand & mud fro chnls & harbrs.
c. Icebrekers imports : N & chnls frz winter.
d. Lightships look like ord ships BUT no eng : towd postn anchrd
e. Lifeboats-many types. In UK manned by vols & sup by voltry dons.
f. Pilot lunches = mtr boats for transport pilots to & fro ships.

Exercise 2

a. Tugs must be stable in all conditions, manoeuvrable and have sufficient power.
b. Dredgers are of three main types: they can be either bucket dregders, suctions
dredgers or grab dredgers.
c. Ship must use these ports all the year rounds, therefore it is necessary to keep
them open.
d. Lightships not only have a light, but also a foghorn, a radio beacon and
meteorological equipment.
e. Lifeboats must be strong, stable and manoeuvrable and their crew must be well
trained
f. Pilot launches must be seaworthy as pilots go out in all weathers.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Indonesia is one of the largest maritime countries which have great marine resources.
With some 92 thousand kilometers long of coastline, it can get many incomes from marine
tourism, and trading. To distribute the marine resources such as fish, biological diversity,
seafood supplies, meat, etc. we need ship. In the other words, ship is an important element
which can be separated to marine industry.

As a citizenship of the largest maritime country, we will be required to know and

understand about the types of ship. We can divide type of ships according to what they carry.
Merchant Ship can be divided into two types. They are cargo ship and passenger ship. There
are four types of dry cargo: Multi-deck vessels, dry bulk cargo, container ship and
refrigerator ship. We can divide liquid cargo into three types. The most common type is oil
tankers. They are often very large. Two other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing
importance are liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers and chemical carriers. In comparison
with cargo vessels, passenger ships are fewer in number and type such as passenger line,
cruise ships and ferries.

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 REFERENCES

Blakey, T.N. (1987). English for Maritime Studies. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge

Ioannis, G. (2015). Merchant Vessels. Merchant Marine Academy: Macedonia

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