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<div class="innerHdn">Notes : The French
Revolution, Class 9, CBSE</div>
<span class="createdBy">Created by: <a

id="AuthorName_onemore" href="https://edurev.in/6522?public=true" data-uid="6522"
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<div class="contenttextdiv" style="clear: both; padding-left: 10px; padding-right:
10px; overflow-x: auto; font-size: 16px; color: black;"><style>td{border: 1px solid
black;}</style><p><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Causes for the French
Revolution</strong><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-
serif"> </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-
size:16px"><strong>1. Political causes (or) Louis XVI and his
problems</strong></span></p> <ul style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial,
Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;
margin-top: 0in;"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in;
color: rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span
style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Louis
XVI came to power in 1774 at the age of 20.</span></span></li> <li
class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37, 38);
line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px"><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Long years of war had drained the
financial resources of France. So the French treasury was empty.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37,
38); line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px"><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">LouisXVI helped the thirteen
American colonies to gain theirindependence from the common enemy,
Britain.</span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px
0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span
style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">France
had taken 3 billion Livres loan from moneylenders who began to charge 10%
interest.</span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px
style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">To meet
its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintainingan army, the court, running
government offices or universities, the ruler was forced to increase
taxes. </span></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px;
margin: 0px 0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height: normal; text-align:
justify;"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)">2. Social
causes(or) Division in the French Society</span></span></strong></span></p> <ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37,
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(41, 37,
38)"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">French society in the
eighteenth century was divided into three estates- Clergy, Nobility and Common
People.(I, II and III Estates)</span></span></span></span></li> <li
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Clergy and Nobility were 10% of the
population but possessed 60% of lands. III Estate was 90% of the population but
possessed 40% of the lands.</span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"
style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height:
normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Clergy and Nobility enjoyed many privileges
based on birth. The church collected taxes from people.</span></span></li> <li
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">They were exempted from paying
taxes. Nobles collected feudal dues from III Estate people.</span></span></li> <li
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Peasants were obliged to render
services to the Clergy and Nobility to work in their houses, fields, servein the
army or to participate in building roads.</span></span></li> </ul> <p
line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-
size:16px"><strong><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)">3. Economic causes (or) The Struggle to
Survive</span></span></strong></span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal"
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)"><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The population of France rose from
23 million to 28 million in 1789.</span></span></span></span></li> <li
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">This led to a rapid increase in the
demand forfood grains.</span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="padding:
0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height: normal; text-align:
justify;"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> Production of grains was less because
drought or hail reduced the harvest.</span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Most workers were employed as labourers in
workshops. Owners of the workshopsdid not increase the wages of
workers.</span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px
style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">This
led to a subsistence crisis (scarcity of food grains) which occurred
frequently in France.</span></span></li> </ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma,

Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-
indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px"><img alt=""
Notes_files/59_e6821f00-ff02-4ee9-a340-aea6ec694449_lg.jpg"> </span></div>
<p><span style="font-size:16px"><strong><span style="font-

family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)">4. Growth of
Middle Class and influence from USA</span></span></strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The eighteenth century witnessed the
emergence of social groups, termed the middle class, who earned their wealth
through trade and professions</span></span></span><strong><span style="font-
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-
serif">.</span></span></span></strong></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in; color:
rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">They were
influenced by declaration of independence of the USA.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">They were also
influenced by fundamental rights given to the citizens of the
USA.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">All of these were educated and believed that no
group in society should be privileged by birth</span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">They also believed that French society should be
based on freedom, equality and equal opportunities for
all. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0in; color: rgb(41, 37,
38); line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-
size:16px"><strong><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)">5.<span style="font-style:normal"> </span>Role
of Philosophers in the French Revolution</span></span></strong></span></p>
<ul>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-
serif">John Locke, in his book the <u>Two Treatises of
Government</u>, criticizedthe doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the
monarch.</span></span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Jean Jacques
Rousseau, in his book <u>Social Contract</u>proposed aform of government based
on a social contract between peopleand their representatives.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Montesquieu in his
book<u>The Spirit of the Laws</u>,proposed a division of power within the
government betweenthe legislative, the executive and the
judiciary.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The ideas of these
philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread
among people through books andnewspapers. The news thatLouis XVI planned to impose
further taxes generated anger and protest against the ruler and
system.</span></span></li>
</ul>
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong><u><span
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height:21px">Outbreak of the French
revolution</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height:21px">Louis XVI called a meeting of the
Estates General to pass his proposals to increase taxes. The Estates General was a
political body to which the three estates sent their representatives. The first and
second estates sent 300 representatives each and III estate sent 600
representatives. III estate representatives demanded individual voting right but
king refused to grant so they walked out.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:16px">On 20 June they assembled in the hallof an
indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles and declaredthemselves a National
Assembly and swore not to disperse till theyhad drafted a constitution for France
that would limit the powers ofthe monarch. Mirabeau,a noble and Abbé Sieyès,a
priest joined with III estate representatives</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:16px">While the National Assembly was busy at
Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France was in tension.After
spending hours in longqueues at the bakery, crowds of angry women stormed into
theshops and looted the stock.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:16px"> At the same time, the king ordered
troops to move into Paris. People of Paris organized a militia and broke many
buildings in search of weapons. On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and
destroyed the Bastille.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:16px">In the countryside rumours spread from
village to village that thelords of the manorhad hired bands of brigands who
were on theirway to destroy the ripe crops. Common people attacked nobles’ houses,
looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial dues.
A large number of nobles were killed and many fled to other countries.</span></li>
</ol>
<p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-

serif"><strong><u><span style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)">France Becomes a
Constitutional Monarchy</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol start="1" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica,
FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0in;"
type="1">
<li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Louis XVI finally recognisedthe
National Assembly and accepted theconstitution. On the night of 4 August 1789, the
Assembly passed adecree (law) abolishing the feudal taxes, privileges of Nobles and
Clergy, Tithes and confiscation of church
properties.</span></span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The National
Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791. Its main object was to
limit the powers of the monarch. These powers were separated and assigned to
different institutions-the legislature, executive and judiciary. This made France a
constitutional monarchy.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The Constitution of
1791 vested the power of making laws to theNational Assembly, which was indirectly
elected by active citizens. Active citizens, who were above 25 years of age and
paying taxes worth of 3 days wages of a worker were given voting right. They voted
for a group of electors, who in turn chose the members of the National
Assembly.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The Constitution
began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the right
to life, freedom of speech,freedom of opinion, equality before law, were
established asnatural and inalienable rights. These rights were granted to only
men.</span></span></li>
</ol>
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong><u>France Abolishes
Constitutional Monarchy and Becomes a Republic</u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Louis XVI had signed the Constitution but he
entered into secret negotiations with the King of Prussia and Austria to put down
the revolution. The NationalAssembly voted to declare war against Prussia and
Austria.Thousands of volunteers joined the army and it was a war of the people
against kings and aristocracies.</span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The revolutionary
wars brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. As the Constitution of
1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections Common people established
Political clubs. The most successful of these clubs was that of the Jacobins. .
Their leader wasMaximilian Robespierre.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The members of the
Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society. They
included small shopkeepers,artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers,
printers,as well as servants and daily-wage workers. Jacobins start wearing long
striped trousers so they came to be known as thesans-culottes, literally meaning
those without knee breeches.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">In the summer of
1792 the Jacobins planned an insurrection. Parisians who were angered by the short
suppliesand high prices of food stormedthe Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the
king`s guards and heldthe king himself as hostage for several hours. Later the
Assemblyvoted to imprison the royal family.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Elections were
held. The newly elected assembly called the Convention. On 21 September 1792 it
abolished the monarchy and declared Francea republic.</span></span></li>
</ol>
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)">The Reign of
Terror</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as
the Reign of Terror because Robespierre followed a policy of severe control
andpunishment. Ex-nobles, clergy, members of other politicalparties, even members
of his own party who did not agree with his methods were arrested, imprisoned and
guillotined.</span><span style="line-height:17px">(</span><span style="line-
height:17px">The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with
which a person is beheaded. It was named after DrGuillotin who invented
it).</span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Robespierre`s
government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and
bread were rationed.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Peasantswere forced
to transport their grain to the cities and sell it atprices fixed by the
government. The use of more expensive whiteflour was forbidden; all citizens were
required to eat the equality bread.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Equalitywas also
sought to be practiced through forms of speech andaddress. Instead of the
traditional Sir and Madameall French men and women were addressed as
Citizen.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Churches were shut
down and theirbuildings converted into barracks or offices. Finally Robespierre
wasconvicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next daysent to the
guillotine.</span></span></li>
</ol>
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)">A Directory Rules
France</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38)"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-
serif">The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the middle classes to seize
power. A new constitution was introduced which denied the vote to non-tax paying
men.</span></span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">It provided for two
elected legislative councils. These then appointed a Directory,an executive made up
of five members. This was meant as a safeguardagainst the concentration of power in
a one-man executive as under Robespierre.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The Directors often
clashed with the legislativecouncils, who then sought to dismiss them. The
political instabilityof the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military
dictator,Napoleon Bonaparte.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma,

Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align:
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong><u><span style="line-height:21px">Did
Women have a Revolution?(OR) Role of women in French
revolution</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial,
Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-
align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="line-height:21px"><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Most women did not have access to
education orjob training. . They worked asseamstresses or laundresses, sold
flowers, fruits and vegetables at themarket, or were employed as domestic servants
in the houses ofprosperous people. Their wages were lower than those of
men.</span></span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">From the very
beginning women were active participants in the events of revolution. They hoped
that their involvement in revolution would provide equality and basic rights as
men. But women were not provided basic rights and voting right in the new
constitution.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">In order to discuss
and voice their interests women started their ownpolitical clubs and newspapers.
About sixty women`s clubs came upin different French cities. The Society of
Revolutionary andRepublican Women was the most famous of them. Their main
demands were equal political rights, right to vote, right to be elected to the
Assembly and to hold political office.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The revolutionary
government introduced lawsthat helped improve the lives of women.Education was made
compulsory for all girls. Their fathers could no longer force them into marriage
against their will. Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and
registered under civil law. Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by
both women and men.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">During the Reign of
Terror, the new government issued laws orderingclosure of women`s clubs and banning
their political activities. Manyprominent women were arrested and a number of them
executed.It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to
vote.</span></span></li>
</ol>
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong><u><span style="line-
height:21px">The Abolition of Slavery</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma,

Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align:
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica,
FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0in;"
type="1">
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The slave trade
began in the seventeenth century. French merchants sailed to the African coast
where they bought slaves from local chieftains. Slaves were branded, shackled and
packed tightly into ships for the three-month long voyage across the Atlantic and
sold to plantation owners in America. So this was known as a triangular slave trade
between Europe, Africa and the Americas.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Throughout the
eighteenth century there was little criticism of slavery in France. The National
Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to
all French subjects including those in the colonies. But it did not pass any laws,
fearing opposition from slave traders who paid huge tax to the French
government.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">One of the most
revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regimewas the abolition of slavery in
the French colonies. Robespierrepassed a Convention according to which in 1794 all
slaves were freed in the French colonies.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Ten years later,
Napoleon reintroduced slavery.Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in
1848.</span></span></li>
</ol>
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong><u><span style="line-
height:21px">Use of Revolutionary ideas in Everyday
Life</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="line-
height:21px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The revolutionary
governments took initiative to pass laws that would translate the ideals of
liberty, equality and fraternity into everyday practice. In 1789 the revolutionary
government abolished censorship and introduced press
freedom.</span></span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The Declaration of
the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a
natural right. Newspapers, pamphlets, books and pictures were printed in the towns
of France and they travelled to the villages.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The revolution
brought changes in dress they wear, food they eat and language they
speak.</span></span></li>
</ol>
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong><span style="color:rgb(41,
37, 38); line-height:21px"></span><u><span style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38); line-
height:21px">The rise of Napoleon</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height:21px"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself
Emperor of France. He conquered many neighbouring countries and placed members of
his family on the crownNapoleon was seen as a moderniser of
Europe.</span></span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> He introduced
manylaws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system ofweights
and measures provided by the decimal system.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Initially, manysaw
Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people.But soon the
Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading
force.</span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">He was finally
defeated at the battle of Waterloo in 1815. He was taken to St Helena where he
died.</span></span></li>
</ol>
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height:21px">Legacy of the French
Revolution</span></u></strong></span></span></p>
<ol>
style="color:rgb(41, 37, 38); line-height:21px"><span style="font-
family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The ideas of liberty, equality & fraternity
and the democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French
Revolution.</span></span></span></span></li>
size:16px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">These ideas spread
from France to all the parts of Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudal
systems, aristocracy and monarchy were opposed by the people. Even these ideas
spread to India and used for freedom struggle</span></span></li>
</ol></div> </div>
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