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ZHAO, B. Modélisation Numériques Des Poutres Et Portiques Mixtes Acier-Béton Avec
ZHAO, B. Modélisation Numériques Des Poutres Et Portiques Mixtes Acier-Béton Avec
ZHAO, B. Modélisation Numériques Des Poutres Et Portiques Mixtes Acier-Béton Avec
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4 Lqwurgxfwlrq 58
414 Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58
415 Ìwdw gh od txhvwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:
41514 Sureoëph sodq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:
41515 Sureoëph vsdwldo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<
416 Frqwhqx gh o*ìwxgh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63
5 Prgìolvdwlrq pìfdqltxh 66
514 K|srwkëvhv jìqìudohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
51414 Jìqìudolwìv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
51415 Prgìolvdwlrq gh od vwuxfwxuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67
51416 Glvfuìwlvdwlrq gh od vwuxfwxuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 69
51417 Skdvdjh gh frqvwuxfwlrq 0 Fkdujhphqw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;
515 Ìwxgh gh od suìfrqwudlqwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;
51514 Jìqìudolwìv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;
51515 Jìrpìwulh gh od suìfrqwudlqwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
51516 Shuwhv lqvwdqwdqìhv gh suìfrqwudlqwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
47 Wdeoh ghv pdwlëuhv
6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh 76
614 Od ghvfulswlrq odjudqjlhqqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 76
61414 Phvxuh ghv gìirupdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 78
61415 Phvxuh ghv frqwudlqwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 79
615 Od ghvfulswlrq frurwdwlrqqhooh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7<
61514 Phvxuh ghv gìirupdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83
61515 Phvxuh ghv frqwudlqwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83
616 Sulqflsh ghv wudydx{ yluwxhov olqìdulvì 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85
61614 Hq G1O1D1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85
617 Ohv frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 86
61714 Ìoìphqw gh srxwuh sodq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 86
61715 Frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv gdqv o*hvsdfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8:
618 Prgìolvdwlrq sdu ìoìphqwv qlv gh w|sh srxwuh gìsodfhphqw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :<
61814 Xq h{hpsoh = od srxwuh 5G gh Ehuqrxool 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :<
61815 Ìoìphqw gh srxwuh fodvvltxh 6G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;4
619 Prgìolvdwlrq sdu ìoìphqwv qlv gh w|sh srxwuh vhpl0lqyhuvh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;6
7 Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh ;8
714 Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;8
71414 Pdwìuldx gh od pdwulfh gh od vhfwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;8
71415 Pdwìuldx ghv euhv gh od vhfwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <7
71416 Frqfoxvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <9
715 Ìwxgh g*xqh vhfwlrq gurlwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <9
71514 K|srwkëvhv hw qrwdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <9
71515 Ohv gìirupdwlrqv qrupdohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <:
71516 Ohv gìirupdwlrqv wdqjhqwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <;
71517 Ohv gìirupdwlrqv ghv dupdwxuhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <;
71518 Ohv vroolflwdwlrqv lqwhuqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <;
71519 Ohv vroolflwdwlrqv h{whuqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 437
7151: Ìtxloleuh gh od vhfwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 438
7151; Irupdwlrq gh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh od vhfwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 438
7151< Uìvroxwlrq lwìudwlyh gh o*ìtxloleuh gh od vhfwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43;
715143 Ohv olplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43<
716 Lqwìjudwlrq oh orqj gh o*ìoìphqw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 443
71614 Uhodwlrq hqwuh ohv vroolflwdwlrqv ghv vhfwlrqv hw ohv hruwv ìoìphqwdluhv 443
71615 Uhodwlrq hqwuh ohv gìsodfhphqwv ìoìphqwdluhv hw ohv gìirupdwlrqv ghv
vhfwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 445
Wdeoh ghv pdwlëuhv 48
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gh vwuxfwxuh grlw íwuh oxl0píph qrq olqìdluh1 Hq rxwuh/ ohv fdofxov dx{ ìwdwv olplwhv xowlphv
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suhqguh hq frpswh ohv ghx{ w|shv gh qrq0olqìdulwìv/ fh txl qh srvh soxv dxfxq sureoëph
sudwltxh gh qrv mrxuv/ oh prlqguh plfur0ruglqdwhxu glvsrvdqw g*xqh sxlvvdqfh gh fdofxo
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sdv fròqflghu dyhf o*d{h gh uìiìuhqfh gh o*ìoìphqw1 O*dssurfkh hvw wdqjhqwh/ hw ohv orlv gh
frpsruwhphqw vrqw grqqìhv srlqw sdu srlqw +pxowl0olqìdluhv,1 Od uljlglwì gx eìwrq whqgx
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oh fkdps gh gìsodfhphqwv/ hw hq gìgxluh ohv txdqwlwìv Nf / N hw N2 uìvxowdqw g*xqh
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sulvh hq frpswh ghv hhwv glìuìv hw gh od suìfrqwudlqwh1 Fhwwh ghuqlëuh hvw lqwurgxlwh
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hvw frpsoëwh1 Ohv hhwv gxv ã o*hruw wudqfkdqw hw dx prphqw gh wruvlrq vrqw lqwurgxlwv/
pdlv hq idlvdqw o*k|srwkëvh g*xq frpsruwhphqw olqìdluh gx pdwìuldx vrxv vroolflwdwlrqv wdq0
jhqwhv1 Sdu frqwuh/ od qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh q*hvw txh sduwlhoohphqw dssuìkhqgìh1 Hq
hhw/ ohv gìsodfhphqwv grlyhqw uhvwhu prgìuìv/ hw ohv urwdwlrqv shwlwhv1 Oh surjudpph hvw
ydolgì vxu gh qrpeuhx{ fdv h{sìulphqwdx{/ d|dqw qìdqprlqv ghv gìsodfhphqwv prgìuìv1
Ohv gìyhorsshphqwv ohv soxv uìfhqwv vxu oh eìwrq dupì frqfhuqhqw od irupxodwlrq gh
qrxyhoohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw v*dssx|dqw vxu od wkìrulh gh o*hqgrppdjhphqw1 Fhwwh
dssurfkh hvw glfwìh sdu oh fdofxo dx vìlvph/ srxu ohtxho oh fkdujhphqw hvw f|foltxh1 Oh
prgëoh g*hqgrppdjhphqw txl idlw uìiìuhqfh hq Iudqfh hvw fhoxl gìyhorssì sdu Oderu0
ghulh ^Ode<4`/ idlvdqw vxlwh dx{ wudydx{ gh Pd}duv ^Pd};7`1 Fh prgëoh hvw lvvx g*xqh
irupxodwlrq wkhuprg|qdpltxh ghv plolhx{ frqwlqxv1 Od orl gh frpsruwhphqw/ gdqv oh fdv
"
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prgëoh qìfhvvlwh o*lghqwlfdwlrq/ sdv wrxmrxuv dlvìh/ gh < sdudpëwuhv1 O*hqgrppdjhphqw
hq frpsuhvvlrq hvw glvwlqjxì gh fhoxl hq wudfwlrq1
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xqh dssurfkh vhpl0joredoh = o*ìoìphqw srxwuh tx*lo xwlolvh hvw hq idlw glvfuìwlvì hq euhv
sdudooëohv ã od oljqh pr|hqqh gh o*ìoìphqw1 Fkdtxh euh glvsrvh g*xqh orl gh frpsruwhphqw/
g*xq hqgrppdjhphqw hw g*xq klvwrultxh1 Fhw ìoìphqw hvw lqvìuì gdqv xqh ghvfulswlrq
frurwdwlrqqhooh dq gh suhqguh hq frpswh ohv hhwv gh od qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh1
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sodqwhu gdqv xq surgxlw h{lvwdqw/ oh v|vwëph SFS +Srqwv Frqvwuxlwv sdu Skdvhv, ohv irupx0
odwlrqv qrq olqìdluhv ghv ìoìphqwv gh w|sh srxwuh1 Dx gìsduw/ SFS hvw xq surjudpph
gh fdofxo olqìdluh g*rxyudjhv g*duw/ glvsrvdqw gh wrxwhv ohv irqfwlrqqdolwìv qìfhvvdluhv ã od
vlpxodwlrq gh od frqvwuxfwlrq ghv rxyudjhv = fkdujhphqwv txhofrqtxhv/ skdvdjh gh frq0
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ghv kdxedqv111 O*hqvhpeoh gh fhv irqfwlrqqdolwìv ghydlw elhq hqwhqgx íwuh pdlqwhqx gdqv
oh fdguh g*xq fdofxo qrq olqìdluh1
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416 Frqwhqx gh o*ìwxgh 64
Prgìolvdwlrq pìfdqltxh
51414 Jìqìudolwìv
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fhuwdlq qrpeuh gh irqfwlrqqdolwìv shuphwwdqw gh phqhu ghv fdofxov glwv qrq olqìdluhv1
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g*dxwuh sduw od qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh1
Oh v|vwëph SFS +Srqwv Frqvwuxlwv sdu Skdvhv, hvw xq orjlflho jìqìudo gh fdofxo gh
vwuxfwxuhv sduwlfxolëuhphqw ghvwlqì ã o*ìwxgh hw ã od yìulfdwlrq uìjohphqwdluh ghv rxyudjhv
g*duw ^Sfs<9`1
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vrlw o*dflhu1
Oh v|vwëph SFS vh fdudfwìulvh sdu =
z
0
y
0
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od vhfwlrq ruljlqh/ hw srxu qúxg h{wuìplwì Mf / oh fhqwuh gh judylwì gh od vhfwlrq h{wuìplwì1
514 K|srwkëvhv jìqìudohv 68
Oh uhsëuh orfdo gh uìiìuhqfh olì ã od srvlwlrq lqlwldoh gh o*ìoìphqw vhud qrwì {f |f }f1
O*ruljlqh gx v|vwëph g*d{hv hvw hq Lf hw o*d{h {f srlqwh yhuv Mf1 O*rulhqwdwlrq gx uhsëuh
dxwrxu gh {f gìfrxoh gh fhooh g*xq uhsëuh pr|hq/ txl hvw od pr|hqqh hqwuh oh uhsëuh
sulqflsdo g*lqhuwlh gh od vhfwlrq ruljlqh gh o*ìoìphqw +hq Lf , hw oh uhsëuh sulqflsdo g*lqhuwlh
gh od vhfwlrq h{wuìplwì gh o*ìoìphqw +hq Mf ,1
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flvdloohphqw/ pdlv ohv hhwv gxv dx{ elprphqwv vrqw qìjoljìv1 Fhwwh k|srwkëvh hvw
oìjlwlph gdqv oh fdv ghv surov ihupìv1
Glvfuìwlvdwlrq orqjlwxglqdoh
z
0
I0
y
Trapèze élémentaire 0
516,1 Ohv whuphv gh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh od vhfwlrq vrqw rewhqxv sdu lqwìjudwlrq vxu
wrxv ohv wudsë}hv frqvwlwxwliv gh od vhfwlrq ã o*dlgh g*xq pdloodjh g|qdpltxh txl vhud gìfulw
soxv wdug dx fkdslwuh 71
Oh v|vwëph SFS shuphw gh vlpxohu xq judqg qrpeuh g*rsìudwlrqv txl h{lvwhqw oruv gh od
uìdolvdwlrq g*xq rxyudjh/ ã vdyrlu =
oh srlgv sursuh>
51514 Jìqìudolwìv
Od suìfrqwudlqwh hvw gìqlh jìrpìwultxhphqw fåeoh sdu fåeoh/ srxwuh vsdwldoh sdu srxwuh
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ghuqlëuh1
515 Ìwxgh gh od suìfrqwudlqwh 6<
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wldohv/ dyhf oh fdv ìfkìdqw/ ghv wdqjhqwhv lpsrvìhv1 Gx idlw gx fdudfwëuh wulglphqvlrqqho
gx sureoëph/ fkdtxh wurqêrq gh fåeoh fruuhvsrqgdqw ã xq ìoìphqw hvw lqwhusroì sdu ohv
ìtxdwlrqv sdudpìwultxhv vxlydqwhv =
srxu w 5 ^d > e `1 Oh sdudpëwuh duelwudluh w hvw who txh o*rq sdufrxuw gh idêrq elmhfwlyh oh
fåeoh oruvtxh w sdufrxuw o*lqwhuydooh ^d > e `1 Ohv 45 sdudpëwuhv shuphwwhqw gh yìulhu ohv
frqglwlrqv lpsrvìhv dx{ srlqwv gh sdvvdjhv1
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gdqv oh fåeoh yd vxelu ghv shuwhv lqvwdqwdqìhv txh o*rq shxw fodvvhu hq ghx{ fdwìjrulhv1
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&n
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Vt Vt
k+1 k+2
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i = frh!flhqw gh iurwwhphqw hq frxueh gh o*dupdwxuh vxu od jdlqh udg3 >
* = frh!flhqw gh shuwh gh whqvlrq sdu xqlwì gh orqjxhxu p3 >
v = devflvvh fxuyloljqh gx srlqw rü o*rq fdofxoh od whqvlrq gdqv oh fåeoh>
+v, = vrpph ghv ydohxuv devroxhv ghv gìyldwlrqv dqjxodluhv hqwuh o*ruljlqh hw oh
srlqw g*devflvvh fxuyloljqh v1
41 Oh fåeoh hvw whqgx sdu o*ruljlqh rx sdu o*h{wuìplwì = rq d doruv xq dqfudjh dfwli txl
hvw fhqvì íwuh vlwxì ã jdxfkh/ hw xq dqfudjh sdvvli txl hvw vlwxì ã gurlwh>
515 Ìwxgh gh od suìfrqwudlqwh 74
51 Oh fåeoh hvw whqgx sdu ohv ghx{ h{wuìplwìv1 O*ruguh gh uhoåfkhphqw ghv fåeohv hvw
doruv sulprugldo hw o*rq vxssrvhud txh o*dqfudjh gh jdxfkh hvw uhoåfkì oh suhplhu1
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wudlwhphqw gx fdv suìfìghqw/ pdlv hq ghx{ irlv1
Oh gldjudpph gh whqvlrq lvvx gh od orl gh Frroh| hvw olqìdulvì sdu prufhdx{/ ã o*dlgh
gh srlqwv gh wdexodwlrq1 Rq glvsrvh dlqvl g*xqh oljqh eulvìh txl uhsuìvhqwh oh gldjudpph
gh od frqwudlqwh hq irqfwlrq gh o*devflvvh fxuyloljqh1 Srxu fkdtxh srlqw gh wdexodwlrq/ rq
wudqviruph oh gldjudpph gh od idêrq vxlydqwh +jxuh 518, =
σ (s)
Diagramme initial
Diagramme transformé
41 Wrxv ohv vhjphqwv gh shqwh qìjdwlyh vlwxìv ã jdxfkh gx srlqw gh wdexodwlrq vrqw
wudqvirupìv hq vhjphqwv ã shqwh rssrvìh1
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Rq fkhufkh oh suhplhu srlqw gx gldjudpph who txh =
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ghv devflvvhv fxuyloljqhv1
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gh suìfrqwudlqwh1 Od suìfrqwudlqwh dlqvl gìqlh hvw dssoltxìh vxu fkdfxqh ghv vhfwlrqv gh
od srxwuh vsdwldoh sdu od pìwkrgh lqwhuqh gìfulwh sdu Idxfkduw ^Idx:5`1 Od suìfrqwudlqwh
h{hufh vxu od vhfwlrq gx eìwrq xq hruw gh frpsuhvvlrq ìjdo hw rssrvì ã o*hruw gh wudfwlrq
gdqv oh fåeoh1 Fhw hruw hvw dssoltxì vxlydqw od wdqjhqwh ã od oljqh pr|hqqh gx fåeoh dx
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gh frqwudlqwh gdqv oh fåeoh gxh dx jolvvhphqw vhud dssoltxìh ã od vhfwlrq gh eìwrq1
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udssruwdqw ã od frqjxudwlrq / txl hvw lqfrqqxh d sulrul1 Rq grlw grqf vh udphqhu ã
f
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Hq G1O1W1/ o*h{suhvvlrq +6156, ghylhqw =
]
n{ n{ f n{
f V H g Y @ Z +615<,
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] ] # $
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n{ % g Y @ n{ n{ M& V&, M, 5 C n{
. g Y
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f
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C {, C {& f
C {& C {, f f
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Fhfl prqwuh txh oh whqvhxu ghv frqwudlqwhv gh Slrod0Nlufkkr 5/ V / hw oh whqvhxu ghv
gìirupdwlrqv gh Juhhq0Odjudqjh/ H / vrqw ìqhujìwltxhphqw frqmxjxìv1
615 Od ghvfulswlrq frurwdwlrqqhooh 7<
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x ,x ,x
0 τ τ+∆τ 3 3 3
x 3 ,x 3 ,x3 0 τ
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g*d{hv lqlwldo dxtxho rq d idlw vxelu xqh wudqvodwlrq hw xqh urwdwlrq +jxuh 615,1 Ohv
f f n{
n{
frqjxudwlrqv / hw vh wudqviruphqw hq / hw uhvshfwlyhphqw1 Gdqv oh
f n{
qrxyhdx v|vwëph g*d{hv/ ohv frrugrqqìhv g*xq srlqw pdwìulho vhurqw qrwìhv { / { / hw { 1
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f f
hoohv vrqw gìwhuplqìhv gh whooh pdqlëuh txh od qrxyhooh srvlwlrq gh / txl hvw / vrlw oh soxv
f f
surfkh srvvleoh gh od frqjxudwlrq frxudqwh 1 Gdqv oh fdv g*xqh srxwuh/ o*d{h { hw
vhurqw frqirqgxv dyhf od frugh gh / f*hvw0ã0gluh oh vhjphqw uholdqw ohv qúxgv ruljlqh hw
h{wuìplwì gh 1 Od ghvfulswlrq frurwdwlrqqhooh hvw glwh wrwdoh +G1F1W1, vl od frqjxudwlrq
f
gh uìiìuhqfh hvw / hw dfwxdolvìh +G1F1D1, vl od frqjxudwlrq gh uìiìuhqfh hvw 1
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f
{ @{f +616;,
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Vl h hw h vrqw ohv yhfwhxuv xqlwdluhv dwwdfkìv dx{ d{hv { hw { / doruv rq d =
$f $f
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rü U& hvw od pdwulfh gh urwdwlrq txl wudqviruph hq / ã od wudqvodwlrq suëv1 Rq gìqlw
doruv oh whqvhxu mdfrelhq gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
n{ n{
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n{ n{
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Hq G1F1W1/ rq gìqlw oh whqvhxu gh frqwudlqwhv gh Slrod0Nlufkkr 5 =
n{ n{ C {f n{ C {f
V @ M f n{
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615 Od ghvfulswlrq frurwdwlrqqhooh 84
hw rq prqwuh txh =
n{ n{
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f f
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n{ 4 n{ n{ n{
@ n{ M& V&, M, +617;,
f f f
Mf
Ghv uìvxowdwv dqdorjxhv vh prqwuhqw hq G1F1D1
Oh sulqflsh ghv wudydx{ yluwxhov v*ìfulw wrxmrxuv vhorq +6156,1 Rq prqwuh txh =
n{
n{
% @ U6 U? %6? +617<,
dyhf =
3 4
n{ 4 C Cx Cx D
% @ . +6183,
5 C n{
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n{
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n{ n{
Rq vdlw ìjdohphqw txh gY @ gY gx idlw gh od qdwxuh gh prxyhphqw gh frusv uljlgh gh
od wudqvirupdwlrq1 Hq xwlolvdqw fhwwh ìjdolwì dlqvl txh +617<, hw +6178,/ rq d =
] ] n{
n{ n{ n{ n{
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% g Y @ n{ U& &, U, U6 U? %6? g Y
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n{ n{ r n{
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T 7
] n{ n{ ] n{ n{
@ n{ i x g Y . n{ ir x g V
+6185,
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Hq G1F1W1/ rq d =
] ] n{ n{ f
n{ n{ f n{
f V H gY@ f V H g Y @ Z +6186,
T f f T f f
61614 Hq G1O1D1
Oh S1W1Y1 v*ìfulw srxu gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
] ] ]
% g Y @ i x g Y . ir x g V +6187,
T T 7
n{
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]
n{ n{ n{
V H g Y @ Z +6188,
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Y y y e
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θi J
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0
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θ 0 v j
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Ìtxdwlrqv g*ìtxloleuh
Gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo [\ / rq srvlwlrqqh oh uhsëuh orfdo {f|f gh o*ìoìphqw olì ã od srvlwlrq
lqlwldoh gh fhoxl0fl1 Vrxv o*hhw gx fkdujhphqw/ oh qúxg Lf +uhvshfwlyhphqw Mf , gh o*ìoìphqw
v*hvw gìsodfì hq L +uhvshfwlyhphqw M ,1 Rq lqwurgxlw od qrwlrq gh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh/ qrwì {|
grqw oh suhplhu d{h uholh oh qúxg L dx qúxg M 1 Fh uhsëuh hvw o*xq ghv uhsëuhv frurwdwlrqqhov
srvvleohv1 Gdqv oh sodq/ o*d{h | vh gìgxlw gluhfwhphqw gh o*d{h {1 Ohv lqfrqqxhv qrgdohv
vrqw dx qrpeuh gh 9 = +x > y > f , srxu oh qúxg ruljlqh/ hw +x > y > f , srxu oh qúxg
h{wuìplwì1 Qrwrqv dx sdvvdjh txh +x > y , +uhvshfwlyhphqw +x > y ,, vrqw ohv frpsrvdqwhv
$ $
gx yhfwhxu Lf L +uhvshfwlyhphqw Mf M , gdqv oh uhsëuh {f |f hw txh f +uhvshfwlyhphqw f ,
hvw od urwdwlrq gx qúxg L +uhvshfwlyhphqw M , gdqv oh píph uhsëuh1 Wrxwh frqjxudwlrq
hvw gìfulwh sdu ohv vhxohv lqfrqqxhv txl fuìhqw xqh gìirupdwlrq1 Fhv lqfrqqxhv vrqw ohv
frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv/ rx frrugrqqìhv qdwxuhoohv1 Hoohv vrqw dx qrpeuh gh 6 srxu xqh
srxwuh sodqh =
Qrwrqv txh hw vrqw ohv urwdwlrqv txl shuphwwhqw gh sdvvhu gx uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh dx
uhsëuh wdqjhqw ã od srxwuh gìirupìh hq L hw M uhvshfwlyhphqw1 Ohv uhodwlrqv hqwuh ohv frru0
617 Ohv frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv 88
3 4
x
E F
3 4 E y F
h E
E
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grqqìhv frqyhfwìhv V? @ E
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F hw ohv frrugrqqìhv odjudqjlhqqhv orfdohv V, @ E F
E
E x F
F
E F
C y D
f
vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv =
t
h @ +Of . x x ,2 . +y y ,2 Of +619;,
y y
@ f dufwdq +619<,
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y y
@ f dufwdq +61:3,
Of . x x
Vl o*rq gìqlw od pdwulfh ^E` +6 9, sdu =
CV?
E @ +61:4,
CV,
Doruv rq d =
+Of . x x ,
^E `c @ t +61:5,
+Of . x x ,2 . +y y ,2
y y
^E `c2 @ t +61:6,
+Of . x x ,2 . +y y ,2
^E `c @ 3 +61:7,
+Of . x x ,
^E `ce @ t +61:8,
+Of . x x ,2 . +y y ,
y y
^E `cD @ t +61:9,
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^E `cS @ 3 +61::,
y y
^E `2c @ +61:;,
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^E `2c2 @ +61:<,
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^E `2c @ 4 +61;3,
y y
^E `2ce @ +61;4,
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^E `2cD @ +61;5,
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^E `2cS @ 3 +61;6,
89 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
y y
^E`c @ +61;7,
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^E`c2 @ +61;8,
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y y
^E`ce @ +61;:,
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^E`cD @ +61;;,
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^E`cS @ 4 +61;<,
E
Q F
odwlrq hw gh urwdwlrq1 Ohv hruwv fruuhvsrqgdqw ã V? vrqw qrwìv I? @ C P F
E
D gdqv oh
P
3 4
I%f
E F
E
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I+f F
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uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh1 Gdqv oh uhsëuh orfdo/ ohv hruwv frqmxjxìv ã V, vrqw I, @ E F1
E
E I%f F
F
E F
C I+f D
Pf
Od uhodwlrq hqwuh I? hw I, hvw rewhqxh hq h{sulpdqw txh oh wudydlo yluwxho ghv hruwv I?
hvw lghqwltxh ã fhoxl ghv hruwv I, 1 Rq d grqf =
| V =I @ | V? =I? +61<4,
, ,
@ | V, =| ^E ` =I? +61<5,
Fhfl hvw yudl txhooh txh vrlw od yduldwlrq gh fkdps gh gìsodfhphqwv flqìpdwltxhphqw
dgplvvleoh | V, 1 Rq hq gìgxlw txh =
I, @ | ^E ` =I? +61<6,
Fhwwh ìtxdwlrq hvw irqgdphqwdoh srxu h{sulphu oh uìvlgx g*ìtxloleuh gdqv oh uhsëuh
orfdo gh o*ìoìphqw1
Pdwulfh wdqjhqwh
O*h{suhvvlrq gh od pdwulfh wdqjhqwh yd íwuh rewhqxh hq glìuhqfldqw o*ìtxdwlrq +61<6,1 Lo
ylhqw =
gI, @ | ^E` =gI? . |g ^E ` =I? +61<7,
617 Ohv frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv 8:
Od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*ìoìphqw ^N? ` gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh hvw gìqlh sdu =
I? @ ^N? ` =V? +61<8,
Hq srvdqw =
^N, ` @ | ^E ` = ^N?| ` = ^E ` . ^G` +61436,
rq gìqlw od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv vrq uhsëuh orfdo1 Fhwwh pdwulfh ghyud
íwuh suì0 hw srvw0pxowlsolìh sdu od pdwulfh gh urwdwlrq txl shuphw gh sdvvhu gx uhsëuh
joredo dx uhsëuh orfdo hw vrq lqyhuvh1
dxwrxu gh o*d{h {f / rq vh edvh vxu xq uhsëuh pr|hq grqw o*rulhqwdwlrq gìfrxoh gh fhooh gh
od pr|hqqh ghv uhsëuhv sulqflsdx{ g*lqhuwlh ghv vhfwlrqv ruljlqh hw h{wuìplwì gh o*ìoìphqw1
Vrlw x / y /
z +uhvshfwlyhphqw x / y / z ,/ ohv frpsrvdqwhv gdqv oh uhsëuh orfdo {f |f }f
$ $
gx yhfwhxu gìsodfhphqw Lf L +uhvshfwlyhphqw Mf M ,1
Rq qrwh %f / +f hw 5f +uhvshfwlyhphqw %f / +f hw 5f , ohv urwdwlrqv gx qúxg L
+uhvshfwlyhphqw M , uhvshfwlyhphqw dxwrxu ghv d{hv {f/ |f hw }f 1
3 4 3 4
I%f x
E F E F
E
E I+f F
F
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F
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F
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F
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F
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F
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P+f F
F
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F
E P5f F E 5f F
Iu @ E
E
F
F hw Vu @ E
E
F
F1
E
E I%f F
F
E
E x F
F
E F E F
E I+f F E ym F
E F E F
E
E I5f F
F
E
E z F
F
E F E F
E
E
P%f F
F
E
E
%f F
F
E P+f F E +f F
C D C D
P5f 5f
93 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
3 4 3 4
I%f x
E F E F
E
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F
E
E y F
F
E F E F
E I5f F E z F ;
E F E F
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F
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F
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? x @ x x
E
Rq srvh = I @ E
E
P+f F
F hw
F
V @ E
E
E
+f F
F dyhf
F A
y @ y y 1
A
E
E P5f F
F
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F
= z @ z z
E F E F
E
E
P%f F
F
E
E
%f F
F
E F E F
C P+f D C +f D
P5f 5f
Rq d grqf =
V @ ^Wf ` =Vu +61437,
dyhf 5 6
4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3
9 :
9 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 :
9 :
9
9
9
3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 :
:
:
9
9 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
:
^Wf ` @ 9
9 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
: +61438,
9 :
9 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
9 :
9 :
9
9
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 :
:
9 :
7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
Od frqglwlrq g*ìtxloleuh gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh orfdo {f |f }f v*ìfulw =
Wudydloohu dyhf ohv yhfwhxuv V hwI shuphw gh pdqlsxohu xq v|vwëph uìgxlw/ txl d ìolplqì
od wudqvodwlrq gh frusv uljlgh gdqv od wudqvirupdwlrq txl dvvrflh LM ã Lf Mf 1
Dsuëv gìirupdwlrq gh o*ìoìphqw/ ohv gluhfwlrqv sulqflsdohv ghv vhfwlrqv gurlwhv ydulhqw
g*xqh vhfwlrq ã xqh dxwuh1 Rq qrwh sdu h% / h+ / h5 +uhvshfwlyhphqw h% / h+ / h5 , oh uhsëuh
ruwkrqrupì gluhfw/ olì dx qúxg L +uhvshfwlyhphqw M ,1 O*d{h h% +uhvshfwlyhphqw h% , hvw
wdqjhqw hq L +uhvshfwlyhphqw M , ã od euh pr|hqqh gh o*ìoìphqw dsuëv gìirupdwlrq1 Ohv
d{hv h+ / h5 +uhvshfwlyhphqw h+ / h5 , uhsuìvhqwhqw ohv d{hv sulqflsdx{ g*lqhuwlh gh od vhfwlrq
ruljlqh +uhvshfwlyhphqw h{wuìplwì, gh o*ìoìphqw dsuëv gìirupdwlrq +jxuh 618,1
Gdqv o*dqdo|vh ghv judqgv gìsodfhphqwv ghv rvvdwxuhv vsdwldohv/ o*ìwdw gìirupì gx qúxg
$ $
L +uhvshfwlyhphqw M , hvw uhsuìvhqwì sdu oh yhfwhxu LfL +uhvshfwlyhphqw MfM , gh frpsrvdqwhv
x / y / z +uhvshfwlyhphqw x / y / z , grqqìhv gdqv oh uhsëuh orfdo {f|f}f hw od pdwulfh gh
sdvvdjh ^Sf ` +uhvshfwlyhphqw ^Sf `, gx uhsëuh orfdo {f |f }f dx uhsëuh irupì sdu ohv d{hv
h% / h+ / h5 +uhvshfwlyhphqw h% / h+ / h5 ,1 Fhv pdwulfhv gh sdvvdjhv vrqw gìqlhv sdu =
617 Ohv frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv 94
^Sf ` hw ^Sf ` vrqw ghv pdwulfhv +6 6, ruwkrjrqdohv1 Frpph od irupxodwlrq v*hhfwxh gdqv
oh fdguh ghv judqgv gìsodfhphqwv hw ghv judqghv urwdwlrqv/ lo hvw qìfhvvdluh gh gìqlu dyhf
suìflvlrq fh txh o*rq hqwhqg sdu judqghv urwdwlrqv1
Hq jìqìudo/ oruvtxh o*rq pëqh ghv fdofxov 6G hq shwlwv gìsodfhphqwv/ hw grqf hq shwlwhv
urwdwlrqv/ rq qh vh vrxflh jxëuh ghv frqyhqwlrqv fdu ohv urwdwlrqv vrqw shwlwhv/ dgglwlyhv
hw shupxwdeohv1 Od pdwulfh gh sdvvdjh ^Sf ` vhud dlqvl gìqlh sdu 6 urwdwlrqv = %f / +f
hw 5f txl vrqw uhvshfwlyhphqw ohv dqjohv gh urwdwlrq dxwrxu ghv d{hv {f / |f hw }f 1 Rq d
doruv/ hq shwlwhv urwdwlrqv =
5 6
9
4 5f +f :
^Sf ` @ 9
7 5f 4 %f :
8 +6143<,
+f %f 4
3 4
E
%f
F
Rq pdqlsxoh oh yhfwhxu urwdwlrq E +f F txl hvw pxowlsolì sdu od pdwulfh gh sdvvdjh ^Sf `
C D
5f
gx uhsëuh orfdo dx uhsëuh joredo1
Hq judqghv urwdwlrqv/ srxu gìqlu ^Sf `/ oh suhplhu uì h{h hvw gh gìqlu xq ruguh g*ds0
solfdwlrq ghv3urwdwlrqv1
4 Oh sureoëph vh srvh doruv gh vdyrlu txho vhqv d oh idlw g*dssoltxhu
E %f F
dx yhfwhxu C + F D xqh urwdwlrq whooh txh fhooh gìqlh sdu ^Sf `1 Hq hhw/ gx idlw gh
E
f
5f
o*ruguh g*dssolfdwlrq ghv urwdwlrqv/ rq d gìql 6 urwdwlrqv/ dyhf 6 dqjohv txh vrqw %f / +f
hw 5f / pdlv txh o*rq qh shxw sdv frqvlgìuhu frpph xq yhfwhxu/ hw txh o*rq qh shxw sdv
pdqlsxohu frpph rq oh idlvdlw hq shwlwhv urwdwlrqv1
Od ghx{lëph idêrq gh gìqlu xqh urwdwlrq hvw gh frqqdñwuh vrq d{h hw vrq dpsolwxgh1
Od vhxoh idêrq gh srxyrlu gìqlu od pdwulfh gh judqghv urwdwlrqv ^Sf ` ã sduwlu ghv 6 uìhov
%f / +f hw 5f wrxw hq dvvxudqw od srvvlelolwì gh pdqlsxohu fhv 6 uìhov frpph xq yhfwhxu
hvw od vxlydqwh ^Lsvl<9` = %f / +f
hw 5f vrqw ohv frpsrvdqwhv g*xq yhfwhxu gluhfwhxu gh
t
o*d{h gh od urwdwlrq/ hw o*dpsolwxgh gh od urwdwlrq hvw f @ 2%f . 2+f . 25f / f*hvw0ã0
95 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
3 4
E
%f F
gluh od qruph gx yhfwhxu E
C +f F1 Od urwdwlrq hvw frpswìh srvlwlyhphqw gdqv oh vhqv
D
5f
3 4
E
%f F
wuljrqrpìwultxh dxwrxu gx yhfwhxu E +f F = Fhwwh gìqlwlrq hvw ìjdohphqw dgrswìh gdqv
C D
5f
oh orjlflho S|orvwde ^S|o<:`/ txl fdofxoh ohv slohv hw s|o÷qhv dx dpehphqw vrxv vroolflwdwlrqv
qrupdohv +hruw qrupdo hw 5 prphqwv ìfklvvdqwv,1 Euhkphu ìwdlw frqiurqwì dx píph
sureoëph g*ruguh g*dssolfdwlrq ghv 5 urwdwlrqv fruuhvsrqgdqw dx{ 5 prphqwv ìfklvvdqwv1
à od vxlwh g*xqh uì h{lrq frppxqh/ f*hvw fhwwh gìqlwlrq vlpsoh hw dvwxflhxvh ghv urwdwlrqv
txl d ìwì xwlolvìh gdqv ohv ghx{ orjlflhov1 k l
Rq frqvwuxlw od pdwulfh dqwlv|pìwultxh f =
5 6
k l 9
3 5f +f :
f @ 9
7 5f 3 %f :
8 +61443,
+f %f 3
Rq prqwuh doruv txh = k l
wf
^Sf ` @ h +61444,
Hq gìyhorssdqw +61444,/ rq d =
vlq f k l 4 frv f k l2
^Sf ` @ ^L ` . f . f +61445,
f 2f
Oh gìyhorsshphqw olplwì gh ^Sf ` ã o*ruguh 4 hq f grqqh =
5 6
k l 9
4 5f +f :
^Sf ` @ ^L ` . f @ 9
7 5f 4 %f :
8 +61446,
+f %f 4
Rq uhwurxyh doruv od pdwulfh elhq frqqxh ghv shwlwhv urwdwlrqv1 Qxpìultxhphqw/ o*ìyd0
oxdwlrq gh +61445, srvh xq sureoëph oruvtxh f hvw idleoh/ doruv txh pdwkìpdwltxhphqw/
lo q*| d dxfxqh dpeljxòwì1 Rq d frqvwuxlw dlqvl 5 h{suhvvlrqv gh ^Sf ` hq irqfwlrq gh od
k l k l2
ydohxu gh f 1 Vl f hvw idleoh/ doruv ^Sf ` @ ^L ` . f . 2 f 1 Vlqrq/ ^Sf ` hvw ìydoxì
dyhf +61445,1
Rq frqvwuxlw ìjdohphqw =
vlq f k l 4 frv f k l2
^Sf ` @ ^L ` . f . f +61447,
f 2f
dyhf 5 6
k l 9
3 5f +f :
f @ 9
7 5f 3 %f :
8 +61448,
+f %f 3
617 Ohv frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv 96
hw
t
f @ 2%f . 2+f . 25f +61449,
G*rü hq Lf =
2%f
^Sf `c @ +4 frv f , . frv f +6144:,
2f
%f +f
^Sf `c2 @ +4 frv f , 5f vlq f +6144;,
f
2 f
%f 5f
^Sf `c @ +4 frv f , . +f vlq f +6144<,
f
2 f
%f +f
^Sf `2c @ +4 frv f , . 5f vlq f +61453,
f
2 f
2+f
^Sf `2c2 @ +4 frv f , . frv f +61454,
2f
+f 5f
^Sf `2c @ +4 frv f , %f vlq f +61455,
f
2 f
%f 5f
^Sf `c @ +4 frv f , +f vlq f +61456,
f
2 f
+f 5f %f
^Sf `c2 @
2f
+4 frv f , .
f
vlq f +61457,
25f
^Sf `c @ +4 frv f , . frv f +61458,
2f
Hw hq Mf =
2%f
^Sf `c @ +4 frv f , . frv f +61459,
2f
%f +f
^Sf `c2 @ +4 frv f , 5f vlq f +6145:,
f
2 f
%f 5f
^Sf `c @ +4 frv f , . +f vlq f +6145;,
f
2 f
%f +f
^Sf `2c @ +4 frv f , . 5f vlq f +6145<,
f
2 f
2+f
^Sf `2c2 @ +4 frv f , . frv f +61463,
2f
+f 5f %f
^Sf `2c @
2f
+4 frv f , f
vlq f +61464,
97 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
%f 5f
^Sf `c @ +4 frv f , +f vlq f +61465,
f
2 f
^Sf `c2 @ +f2 5f +4 frv f , . %f vlq f +61466,
f f
2
^Sf `c @ 25f +4 frv f , . frv f +61467,
f
z0
z
1
β
y
1
I α y
0
x J
β
α
J0
x J1
0
x1
Iljxuh 619 = Srvlwlrq gh o*d{h { gx uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh sdu udssruw dx uhsëuh orfdo {f|f}f
5 6
9
frv+ , 3 vlq+ , :
^Sq ` @ 9
7 3 4 3 :
8 +6146<,
vlq+, 3 frv+,
O*dqjoh uhsuìvhqwh od urwdwlrq dxwrxu gh od gluhfwlrq | / gdqv oh sodq shushqglfxodluh ã
o*d{h | 1
# $
z
@ dufwdq s +61473,
+Of . x,2 . y2
^Sq ` hvw gìqlh sdu =
+[ ,E%+ 5f @ ^Sq ` = +[ ,E%+5 +61474,
99 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
z
z 1
γ y
I γ
y
1
Hq srvdqw =
t
O @ +Of . x,2 . y2 . z2 +61475,
O .x
d @ f +61476,
O
y
e @ +61477,
O
z
f @ +61478,
O
rq uhpdutxh/ dsuëv vlpsolfdwlrq/ txh =
5 6
d I 3K I 3@S
9 @ 2 n K2 @2 nK2 :
^Sk ` ^Sq ` @ 9 e I @ I 3KS : +61479,
7 @ 2 n K2 s @2 nK2 8
f 3 d .e
2 2
5 6
4 3 3
9 :
^S ` @ 9
7 3 frv+ , vlq+, :
8 +6147:,
3 vlq+ , frv+ ,
rü hvw od urwdwlrq gh frusv uljlgh dxwrxu gh o*d{h {1 Fhw dqjoh hvw gìql hq suhqdqw od
pr|hqqh ghv urwdwlrqv ghv qúxgv L hw M dxwrxu gh o*d{h {f gx uhsëuh orfdo =
%f . %f
@ +6147;,
5
^S ` hvw gìqlh sdu =
+[ ,E%+ 5 @ ^S ` = +[ ,E%+5
Od pdwulfh ^Skq ` shxw grqf v*ìfuluh =
h @ O Of +61484,
% @ % % +61485,
% / + / 5 +uhvshfwlyhphqw % / + / 5 , vrqw ohv urwdwlrqv gx qúxg L +uhvshfwlyhphqw
M ,/ dxwrxu ghv d{hv {/ | hw }1 Vrlw I? oh yhfwhxu uhsuìvhqwdqw ohv hruwv lqgìshqgdqwv
9; Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
3 4
Q
E F
E
E
P+ F
F
E P5 F
I? @ E
E
F
F +61486,
E
E P% F
F
E F
C P+ D
P5
617 Ohv frrugrqqìhv frqyhfwìhv 9<
I? hvw xq yhfwhxu grqw ohv frpsrvdqwhv vrqw h{wudlwhv gx yhfwhxu I% = oh yhfwhxu ghv 45
hruwv dx{ h{wuìplwìv gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh1 Rq d =
3 4
Q
E F
E
E W+ F
F
E F
E
E
W5 F
F
E
E P% F
F
E F
E
E
P+ F
F
E P5 F
I% @ E
E
F
F +61487,
E
E Q F
F
E F
E W+ F
E F
E
E W5 F
F
E F
E
E
P% F
F
E P+ F
C D
P5
Od uhodwlrq hqwuh I? hw I% hvw gìgxlwh ghv 9 ìtxdwlrqv g*ìtxloleuh gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv oh
uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh =
I% @ | ^W ` =I? +61488,
:3 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
dyhf =
5 6
4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3
9 :
9 3
9
3 u 3 4 3 3 3 u 3
3 3 :
:
9 3
3 3 3 4 3 u 3 3 3 3 :
^W ` @ 9
9 u :
: +61489,
9 3
9 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 :
:
9
7 3 3 u 3 3 3 3 3 u 3
4 3 :
8
3 u 3 3 3 3 3 u 3 3 3 4
Hqq/ rq qrwh sdu ^S ` +uhvshfwlyhphqw ^S `, od pdwulfh +6 6, ruwkrjrqdoh gh sdvvdjh
gx uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh dx uhsëuh h% > h+ > h5 +uhvshfwlyhphqw h% > h+ > h5 , olì dx qúxg L
+uhvshfwlyhphqw M ,1 Rq vxssrvh txh o*ìoìphqw hvw vx!vdpphqw shwlw srxu idluh o*k|srwkëvh
ghv shwlwhv urwdwlrqv gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh1
Od uhodwlrq pdwulflhooh oldqw ohv dffurlvvhphqwv g*hruwv dx{ dffurlvvhphqwv ghv gìsodfh0
phqwv ghv qúxgv gh o*ìoìphqw/ gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh {|}/ hvw od vxlydqwh =
Fhfl hvw od wudgxfwlrq pdwulflhooh gx idlw txh oh prxyhphqw g*xqh sduwlfxoh hvw od frpsr0
vlwlrq g*xq prxyhphqw gh frusv uljlgh pdwìuldolvì sdu ^Skq ` hw g*xqh gìirupdwlrq sursuh
pdwìuldolvìh sdu ^S ` hq L hw ^S ` hq M1 Fh srlqw gh yxh uhmrlqw fhoxl gh od ghvfulswlrq
odjudqjlhqqh dfwxdolvìh dssurfkìh1 Qrxv yrxorqv h{wudluh gh fhv uhodwlrqv ohv frrugrqqìhv
frqyhfwìhv/ f*hvw0ã0gluh oh yhfwhxu V? 1 Rq shxw ìfuluh/ sxlvtxh ^Skq ` hvw ruwkrjrqdoh =
Fhv ghx{ uhodwlrqv pdwulflhoohv vrqw ìtxlydohqwhv ã 5 < ìtxdwlrqv vfdodluhv uholdqw % / + /
5 / % / + / 5 ã x/ y/ z/ %f / +f / 5f / %f / +f / 5f 1 Srxu oh qúxg L / sdu h{hpsoh/ qrxv
q*dyrqv hq idlw txh wurlv lqfrqqxhv = % / + hw 5 1 O*k|srwkëvh ghv shwlwhv urwdwlrqv gdqv
oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh {|} shuphw gh vlpsolhu/ hw píph gh uhqguh srvvleoh/ o*h{wudfwlrq
ghv frpsrvdqwhv gh V? 1 Oh fdofxo gh V? hvw phqì ã o*dlgh g*xq orjlflho gh fdofxo irupho/
Pdsoh Y1
Hwdqw grqqìh o*h{suhvvlrq gh ^S `/ rq yd surfìghu ã xqh lghqwlfdwlrq ghv frpsrvdqwhv
gh ^S `/ hq vh olplwdqw ã ^S `c2/ ^S `c / ^S `2c / ^S `2c / ^S `c / ^S `c21 Dsuëv gìyhorsshphqw/
fkdfxqh gh fhv frpsrvdqwhv q*d sdv oh píph frþw hq whuphv g*rsìudwlrqv dulwkpìwltxhv
rx g*ìydoxdwlrqv gh irqfwlrqv wuljrqrpìwultxhv =
^S `c2 = 56 dgglwlrqv 85 pxowlsolfdwlrqv 9 irqfwlrqv 5; dhfwdwlrqv
^S `2c = 87 dgglwlrqv 46: pxowlsolfdwlrqv 43 irqfwlrqv 84 dhfwdwlrqv
^S `c = 57 dgglwlrqv 83 pxowlsolfdwlrqv 9 irqfwlrqv 5: dhfwdwlrqv
^S `c = 87 dgglwlrqv 473 pxowlsolfdwlrqv 43 irqfwlrqv 7; dhfwdwlrqv
^S `2c = 85 dgglwlrqv 453 pxowlsolfdwlrqv 43 irqfwlrqv 84 dhfwdwlrqv
^S `c2 = 86 dgglwlrqv 46< pxowlsolfdwlrqv 43 irqfwlrqv 84 dhfwdwlrqv
^S `c2 / ^S `c/hw ^S `2c1 Od
Rq fkrlvlud grqf ohv whuphv ohv prlqv frþwhx{/ ã vdyrlu
qrq0xqlflwì gh od vroxwlrq surylhqw wrxw vlpsohphqw gx idlw txh o*h{suhvvlrq gh ^S ` d ìwì
olqìdulvìh1 Oh fkrl{ gh fhv ìtxdwlrqv q*hvw sdv lqglìuhqw srxu od irupxodwlrq1 Hq hhw/
^S ` hw ^S ` qh vrqw sdv ghv pdwulfhv ruwkrjrqdohv1 Vl o*rq dydlw frqvhuyì od irupxodwlrq
h{dfwh srxu fhv ghx{ pdwulfhv/ q*lpsruwh txho fkrl{ gh wurlv ìtxdwlrqv sdupl ohv qhxi/
derxwludlw dx píph uìvxowdw1 Lfl/ oh fkrl{ gh fhv wurlv ìtxdwlrqv vh mxvwlh sdu oh idlw
:5 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
% @ | ^Skq ` = ^Sf ` 2c +61499,
|
+ @ ^Skq ` = ^Sf ` c +6149:,
|
5 @ ^Skq ` = ^Sf ` c2 +6149;,
|
% @ ^Skq ` = ^Sf ` 2c +6149<,
|
+ @ ^Skq ` = ^Sf ` c +614:3,
|
5 @ ^Skq ` = ^Sf ` c2 +614:4,
% @ %f +614:5,
+ @ +f +614:6,
5 @ 5f +614:7,
% @ %f +614:8,
5 @ 5f +614::,
Fhfl frquph oh uìvxowdw vxlydqw = hq shwlwv gìsodfhphqwv hw shwlwhv urwdwlrqv/ ohv urwdwlrqv
shupxwhqw hw vrqw dgglwlyhv1
Od glìuhqfldwlrq ghv irqfwlrqv h/ + / 5 / % / + / 5 qrxv shuphw g*ìfuluh vrxv iruph
7
pdwulflhooh od uhodwlrq oldqw ohv dffurlvvhphqwv gh gìsodfhphqwv V? ghv qúxgv gdqv oh
uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh dx{ dffurlvvhphqwv gh gìsodfhphqwv 7V ghv qúxgv gdqv oh uhsëuh
orfdo1
Ohv yduldwlrqv ghv gìsodfhphqwv V? hw V vrqw flqìpdwltxhphqw dgplvvleohv/ sdu frq0
vìtxhqw =
| I = ^E ` =V @ | I =V +614;4,
?
Od uhodwlrq +614;5, hqwuh I hw I? hvw xqh uhodwlrq h{dfwh/ hw qrq sdv wdqjhqwh1 Hq
glìuhqfldqw/ rq rewlhqw =
G*rü =
I . D @ | ^E ` ^N? ` ^E ` =V . | ^E` =I? +614;7,
dyhf =
D @ | ^E` =D? +614;8,
:7 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
Hq qrwdqw =
^N ` @ | ^E ` ^N? ` ^E ` . ^G` +614<3,
rü ^Nu ` hvw od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì v|pìwultxh +45 45, gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh orfdo =
^Nu ` @ | ^Wf ` ^N ` ^Wf ` +614<6,
hw =
Du @ | ^Wf` =D +614<7,
Xq h{hpsoh vlpsoh
Hwxglrqv o*h{hpsoh vlpsoh txl vxlw =
u
L0
I J0
Y F v
J
P
X
G*rü =
y
Q @ S P +61533,
O2f 5f
x
I Of S y @ 4 P5f +61534,
Of
:9 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
Gdqv fhw h{hpsoh/ rq shxw gluh txh ^E` hqwuh gdqv oh fdguh ghv judqgv gìsodfhphqwv1
Oh frgh gh fdofxo yìulh o*ìtxloleuh ghv qúxgv dyhf o*h{suhvvlrq h{dfwh gh ^E `1 Rq hvw
doruv gdqv oh fdguh ghv judqgv gìsodfhphqwv hw ghv judqghv urwdwlrqv1
Od vwuxfwxuh ìwxglìh hvw uhsìuìh duelwudluhphqw gdqv xq uìiìuhqwlho joredo R[\ ] ru0
wkrqrupì gluhfw1 Srxu shuphwwuh o*dvvhpeodjh gh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh od vwuxfwxuh/ lo
hvw qìfhvvdluh gh iruphu ohv pdwulfhv gh uljlglwì ghv ìoìphqwv gìqlvvdqw od vwuxfwxuh/ gdqv
oh uhsëuh R[\ ] 1
Rq qrwh sdu If oh yhfwhxu frqwhqdqw ohv hruwv dssoltxìv dx{ h{wuìplwìv g*xq ìoìphqw/
gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo R[\ ] 1
3 4
If
E F
E
E It F
F
E F
E
E
I~ F
F
E
E Pf F
F
E F
E
E
Pt F
F
E P~ F
If @ E
E
F
F +61536,
E
E If F
F
E F
E It F
E F
E
E I~ F
F
E F
E
E
Pf F
F
E Pt F
C D
P~
Oh sdvvdjh gx uhsëuh devrox R[\ ] dx uhsëuh orfdo {f |f }f hvw lqgìshqgdqw ghv hruwv
hw ghv gìsodfhphqwv vxelv sdu o*ìoìphqw/ pdlv lo qh gìshqg txh gh o*rulhqwdwlrq lqlwldoh gh
o*ìoìphqw1 Od urwdwlrq vsdwldoh gx uhsëuh devrox R[\ ] grqqdqw oh uhsëuh orfdo {f |f }f
g*xq ìoìphqw shxw íwuh gìfrpsrvìh hq wurlv urwdwlrqv f / f hw f dx vhqv g*Hxohu1 Od
pdwulfh gh sdvvdjh ^sf ` hvw od frpsrvìh gh 6 pdwulfhv ruwkrjrqdohv ^skf `/ sq f hw s f 1
^sf ` @ ^skf ` sqf sf +61538,
dyhf 5 6
9
frv +f , vlq +f, 3 :
^skf ` @ 9
7 vlq +f , frv +f, 3 :
8 +61539,
3 3 4
5 6
9
frv + f, 3 vlq + f , :
sqf @ 9
7 3 4 3 :
8 +6153:,
vlq +f, 3 frv +f,
5 6
9
4 3 3 :
sf @ 9
7 3 frv + f, vlq +f, :
8 +6153;,
3 vlq + f, frv + f,
Od uhodwlrq pdwulflhooh uholdqw ohv gìsodfhphqwv ghv qúxgv Vf gdqv oh uhsëuh devrox hw
ohv gìsodfhphqwv ghv qúxgv Vu gdqv oh uhsëuh orfdo v*ìfulw =
dyhf 5 6
^sf` 3
9 :
9 ^sf ` :
^Sf` @ 9
9
:
: +61543,
7 ^sf` 8
3 ^sf`
^Sf` hvw xqh pdwulfh ruwkrjrqdoh =
^Sf`3 @ | ^Sf ` +61544,
G*rü =
Vu @ | ^Sf ` =Vf +61545,
G*rü =
If . Df @ ^Sf ` ^Nu ` =Vu +61547,
dyhf
Df @ ^Sf ` =Du +61548,
dyhf
^Nf ` @ ^Sf` ^Nu ` | ^Sf` +6154:,
^Nf ` @ ^Sf` | ^Wf` | ^E ` ^N? ` ^E ` . ^G` ^Wf` | ^Sf` +6154;,
rü^Nf ` uhsuìvhqwh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì +45 45, g*xq ìoìphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh devrox
R[\ ] 1
Frqfoxvlrq
Od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*ìoìphqw ^Nf ` gdqv oh uhsëuh devrox v*h{sulph hq irqfwlrq gh
od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*ìoìphqw ^N? ` gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh gh o*ìoìphqw1 Ohv pd0
wulfhv ^Sf ` hw ^Wf ` vrqw ghv pdwulfhv frqvwdqwhv/ f*hvw0ã0gluh tx*hoohv qh gìshqghqw sdv
ghv gìsodfhphqwv gh o*ìoìphqw1 Ohv pdwulfhv ^E ` hw ^G` suhqqhqw hq frpswh ohv gìsodfh0
phqwv gh o*ìoìphqw1 Od pdwulfh ^N? ` wlhqw frpswh/ txdqw ã hooh/ ghv gìirupdwlrqv sursuhv
gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv vrq uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh1 Frpph rq oh yhuud gdqv fh txl vxlw/ od qrq0
olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh qh v*h{sulph txh gdqv +61494,1 Od irupxodwlrq hq judqgv gìsodfhphqwv
hw judqghv urwdwlrqv hvw hqwlëuhphqw frqwhqxh gdqv o*h{suhvvlrq ghv pdwulfhv ^E ` hw ^G`1
618 Prgìolvdwlrq sdu ìoìphqwv qlv gh w|sh srxwuh gìsodfhphqw :<
y
θ1
V2 θ2
V1
U1 x
U2
a a
O*ìoìphqw ql suìvhqwì srvvëgh 5 qúxgv1 Ohv lqfrqqxhv qrgdohv/ dx qrpeuh gh 9/ vrqw
+X > Y > , srxu oh qúxg 4 hw +X2> Y2> 2, srxu oh qúxg 51 Oh fkdps gh gìsodfhphqwv
dgrswì hvw oh vxlydqw =
k l
x +{> |, @ Xk +{, . X2 k2 +{, | Y k +{, . ke +{, . Y2kD +{, . 2 kS +{,
+6154<,
dyhf
4
k +{, @ +61554,
5
4.
k2 +{, @ +61555,
5
6 . 5
k +{, @ +61556,
7
d
ke +{, @ 2 . 4 +61557,
7
kD +{, @
. 6 . 5 +61558,
7
d
kS +{, @ . 2 4 +61559,
7
{
@ +6155:,
d
O
d @ +6155;,
5
Ohv gìirupdwlrqv txl uìvxowhqw gh fh fkdps gh gìsodfhphqwv vrqw =
Cx +{> |,
%%% +{> |, @
C{ % &
2% +Y Y , . S%3u
4
@ +X2 X, | u 2
S%nu u 2
+6155<,
O . u2 2
4 Cx +{> |, Cy +{> |,
%%+ +{> |, @ . @3 +61563,
5 C| C{
4 Cy +{> |, Cx +{> |,
%+% +{> |, @ . @ %%+ +{> |, @ 3 +61564,
5 C{ C|
Cy +{> |,
%++ +{> |, @ @3 +61565,
C|
618 Prgìolvdwlrq sdu ìoìphqwv qlv gh w|sh srxwuh gìsodfhphqw ;4
Od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì pdwìulhooh txh o*rq rewlhqw/ vl o*rq vxssrvh oh pdwìuldx olqìdluh
ìodvwltxh/ hvw od vxlydqwh =
5 6
.
u 3 3 .
u 3 3
9 :
9
9
3 2.U
u
S.U
u2 3 2u.U S.U
u2
:
:
9
^N ` @ 9
9
3 S.U
u2
e.U
u 3 Su.U2 2.U
u
:
:
: +61566,
9
9 .
u 3 3 .
u 3 3 : :
9
7 3 2u.U Su.U2 3 2.U
u S.U :
u 8
2
3 S.U
u2
2.U
u 3 S.U
u2
e.U
u
Rq uhwurxyh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì elhq frqqxh gh o*ìoìphqw gh srxwuh lqjìqlhxu1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
5 2
3
3 4
5
Equilibre
Equilibre
ité
6
roc
cip
2 7
Ré
8
9
ité
roc
cip
10
Ré
11
4 1 12
HD
^N `.c. @ +61567,
O
45HL5
^N `HcH @ +61568,
4 . !+ O
;5 Fkdslwuh 6 Qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh
45HL+
^N `bcb @ +61569,
+4 . !5 , O
^N `fcH @ }S ^N `HcH +6156:,
^N `c @ ^N `bc +6157;,
dmrxwh dx{ 9 ghjuìv gh olehuwì fodvvltxhv xq ghjuì gh olehuwì vxssoìphqwdluh txl hvw o*dqjoh
gh jdxfklvvhphqw/ o*hruw dvvrflì ìwdqw oh elprphqw ^GhY;<`1
Ohv fkdpsv gh gìsodfhphqwv qh vrqw sdv ohv vhxov ã srxyrlu íwuh lqwhusroìv = rq shxw
doruv wudydloohu vxu ghv ghjuìv gh olehuwì txh vrqw od whpsìudwxuh/ xq fkdps ìohfwultxh/
pdjqìwltxh111/ od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*ìoìphqw q*ìwdqw soxv yudlphqw xqh pdwulfh gh
uljlglwì dx vhqv gh od uìvlvwdqfh ghv pdwìuldx{1 F*hvw fh fdudfwëuh jìqìudo gh o*dssurfkh
gìsodfhphqw txl idlw od irufh ghv ìoìphqwv qlv gh qrv mrxuv1 Wrxw hvw prgìolvdeoh
srxuyx txh o*rq irxuqlvvh xqh irqfwlrq gh iruph dgìtxdwh srxu lqwhusrohu gdqv o*ìoìphqw
oh skìqrpëqh txh o*rq ìwxglh1
Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh
arctan(E ij )
0
0
ε
traction compression
íwuh ylhloolvvdqw/ f*hvw0ã0gluh txh od ydohxu gh Hf gìshqg gh o*åjh gx pdwìuldx ã o*lqvwdqw
gx fkdujhphqw1 Oh frpsruwhphqw gx pdwìuldx hvw oh píph hq wudfwlrq hw hq frpsuhvvlrq1
Fhwwh orl hvw ìjdohphqw olqìdluh pdlv vrq gldjudpph hvw eruqì hq frpsuhvvlrq sdu od
gìirupdwlrq % hw hq wudfwlrq sdu od frqwudlqwh | 1 Vrq gldjudpph hvw uhsuìvhqwì hq jxuh
7151
Orl elolqìdluh
Fhwwh orl hvw ìjdohphqw olqìdluh/ pdlv sdu prufhdx{1 Hooh hvw fdudfwìulvìh sdu oh prgxoh
g*\rxqj ã o*ruljlqh Hf / od frqwudlqwh f / hw ohv frrugrqqìhv +% > , gx srlqw xowlph1 Oh
frpsruwhphqw hvw fhqvì íwuh oh píph hq frpsuhvvlrq hw hq wudfwlrq1 Vrq gldjudpph hvw
suìvhqwì hq jxuh 7161
714 Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw ;:
arctan(E ij )
0
0
εu ε
traction compression
σ
t
σu
arctan(E ij )
0
0
ε0 εu ε
Orl gx ESHO<4
σ
b
fc
j
fc
u
arctan(E ij)
0
0
ε ε ε
b0 bu b
traction compression
Fhwwh orl hvw lvvxh gx uëjohphqw iudqêdlv ESHO<4 ^Esho<4`1 Vrq gldjudpph hvw suìvhqwì
hq jxuh 7171 Hooh prgìolvh oh frpsruwhphqw hq frpsuhvvlrq gx eìwrq1 F*hvw srxutxrl ohv
qrwdwlrqv gh gìirupdwlrqv hw gh frqwudlqwhv vhurqw lqglfìhv dyhf e1 Hooh hvw edvìh vxu od
irupxoh vxlydqwh/ gxh ã Vdujlq ^Vdu:4`/ txl v*ìfulw/ hq uhsuhqdqw ohv qrwdwlrqv gx ESHO<4 =
n 0K . n 0K 2
4
0Kf 0Kf
K @ iS 2 +714,
4 . +n 5, 00KKf . n 00KKf
rü iS hvw od uìvlvwdqfh ã od frpsuhvvlrq gx eìwrq åjì gh m mrxuv/ grqqìh hq PSd sdu =
;
? ec.SnfcH iS2H vl m 5; mrxuv hw iS2H
A
A 9
73 PSd 9
iS @ A cefnfcbD iS2H vl m 5; mrxuv hw iS2H A 73 PSd9 +715,
A
= iS2H vl m A 5; mrxuv
%Kf hvw od gìirupdwlrq dx slf gh frqwudlqwh =
t
%Kf @ 3> 95=433 iS +716,
<3 Fkdslwuh 7 Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh
n
hvw xq frh!flhqw shuphwwdqw g*dmxvwhu o*dooxuh gx gìexw gh od eudqfkh ghvfhqgdqwh gx
gldjudpph uìho =
;
A
A
?
n4 srxu iS 9 63 PSd
n @A
3
DD3s
srxu iS A 88 PSd +719,
A
= +n 4, 2D S srxu 63 PSd ? iS ? 88 PSd
Oh eìwrq whqgx hvw frpsoëwhphqw qìjoljì1
Sxlvtx*lo v*djlw g*xqh orl uìjohphqwdluh/ rq qrwh o*h{lvwhqfh gh ghx{ frh!flhqwv gh
.
vìfxulwì = iS hvw uhpsodfì sdu fcHD iS / hw Hf sdu f 1 Oh frh!flhqw gh vìfxulwì K ydxw
K K
4> 68 vl o*rq pëqh xq fdofxo vwuxfwxudo/ hw 4> 8 gdqv oh fdv g*xq fdofxo gh vhfwlrq1
Orl DIUHP<9
O*h{whqvlrq ghv uëjohphqwv gh fdofxo EDHO hw ESHO<4 dx{ eìwrqv grqw od uìvlvwdqfh
dwwhlqw ;3 PSd hvw uhjurxsìh vrxv oh qrp gh orl DIUHP<9 ^Ofsf<9`1 Oh frpsruwhphqw
gx eìwrq vrxv fkdujh gh frxuwh gxuìh hvw vhqvleohphqw oh píph txh srxu od orl ESHO<41
Ohv sdudpëwuhv vrqw lghqwltxhv/ vdxi n
=
n i 63
n @ . S
+71:,
4> 98 iS 69
Orl HXURFRGHV5
Od orl ghv Hxurfrghv ^Hxu<5` v*dssxlh ìjdohphqw vxu xqh orl gh w|sh Vdujlq1 Hq uhsuhqdqw
ohv qrwdwlrqv ghv Hxurfrghv/ rq d =
2
n 00SS 0S
0S
S @ iS +71;,
4 . +n 5, 00SS
rü =
S hvw od frqwudlqwh gdqv oh eìwrq/ txl gìshqg gh od gìirupdwlrq %S gx eìwrq>
iS hvw od uìvlvwdqfh ã od frpsuhvvlrq gx eìwrq>
%S hvw od gìirupdwlrq vrxv od frqwudlqwh pd{lpdoh iS =
%S @ 3> 3355 +71<,
714 Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw <4
σ
b
Branche descendante
fc
j linéaire
fc
u
arctan(E ij)
0
0
ε ε ε
b0 bu b
traction compression
Fhwwh orl hvw od píph txh +714,/ vdxi hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv sdudpëwuhv iS / %Kf / n/ n
txl qh vrqw sdv gìqlv dxwrpdwltxhphqw1 F*hvw srxutxrl hooh uhyíw xq fdudfwëuh jìqìudo1
Vrq gldjudpph hvw suìvhqwì hq jxuh 7181 Frpph ohv dxwuhv orlv vh edvdqw vxu oh prgëoh
sursrvì sdu Vdujlq/ od sduwlh ghvfhqgdqwh gh od frxueh shxw íwuh dssur{lpìh sdu xqh
eudqfkh ghvfhqgdqwh olqìdluh uholdqw ohv srlqwv %Kf > iS hw +%K > iS ,1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ srxu
n @ 5 hw n @ 3/ rq uhwurxyh od orl elhq frqqxh sduderoh0uhfwdqjoh gx EDHO<4 ^Edho<4` hw
gx ESHO<41
Od sulvh hq frpswh gx eìwrq whqgx xwlolvh oh prgëoh gìyhorssì sdu Juhodw ^Juh:;e`1
Fh prgëoh hvw fhqvì prgìolvhu od uìvlvwdqfh gx eìwrq hqwuh ghx{ vvxuhv/ soxv frqqxh
vrxv oh qrp gh whqvlrq0vwlhqlqj1 Od sulvh hq frpswh gh fh skìqrpëqh q*hvw sdv
qhxwuh srxu oh fdofxo ghv ëfkhv/ hw srxu od uhglvwulexwlrq ghv hruwv gdqv ohv vwuxfwxuhv
k|shuvwdwltxhv vxmhwwhv dx{ hhwv gh od qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh1 Oh prgëoh gh Juhodw
<5 Fkdslwuh 7 Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh
σ
ft
ft
j
arctan(E ij)
0 0
ε ε ε
t a ft
traction
Fhwwh pìwkrgh frqvlvwh ã uhsìuhu od euh od soxv whqgxh gh od vhfwlrq/ f*hvw0ã0gluh fhooh
grqw od gìirupdwlrq hq wudfwlrq hvw od soxv lpsruwdqwh hq ydohxu devroxh1 Rq qrwhud %s|
fhwwh gìirupdwlrq1 Hqvxlwh/ rq fdofxoh od frqwudlqwh s| gh od euh od soxv whqgxh gh od
idêrq vxlydqwh =
;
A
A
?
Hf %s| srxu 3 ? %s| ? %|
i| +E00@@3300s|| ,2
2
s| @ A srxu %| ? %s| ? %@ +7144,
A
=
3 srxu %s| A %@
rü Hf hvw oh prgxoh g*\rxqj wdqjhqw ã o*ruljlqh>
i| hvw od uìvlvwdqfh ã od wudfwlrq gx eìwrq>
s
%| hvw od gìirupdwlrq gh wudfwlrq fruuhvsrqgdqw ã i| = %| @ .|f >
%@ hvw od olplwh g*ìodvwlflwì gh o*dflhu oh soxv whqgx1
Oh gldjudpph gh s| hvw suìvhqwì hq jxuh 7191 Rq dhfwh dx eìwrq whqgx xq gld0
judpph gh frqwudlqwhv fwli wuldqjxodluh ã sduwlu gh od euh qhxwuh1 Gdqv od }rqh whqgxh/
od frqwudlqwh v*h{sulph hq irqfwlrq gh od gìirupdwlrq % vhorq =
s|
@ % +7145,
%s|
714 Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw <6
σ
s
σr
σe
σl
arctan(E s)
0
2‰ εs εs
r
Fhwwh orl shuphw gh prgìolvhu oh frpsruwhphqw g*xq dflhu1 Hooh hvw lvvxh gh o*dqflhq
uëjohphqw iudqêdlv gh eìwrq dupì EDHO;6 fdu o*dfwxho/ oh EDHO<4/ d vlpsolì ohv orlv
gh frpsruwhphqw ghv dflhuv hq ohv vxssrvdqw ìodvwrsodvwltxhv sduidlwhv1 Vrq gldjudpph
hvw suìvhqwì hq jxuh 71:1 Od orl EDHO;6 d ìwì gìyhorssìh lqlwldohphqw srxu ohv dflhuv
ghv dupdwxuhv sdvvlyhv1 Hooh hvw xwlolvìh lfl srxu oh pdwìuldx frqvwlwxwli gh od vhfwlrq1 Oh
gldjudpph hvw v|pìwultxh sdu udssruw dx srlqw R/ hw vh gìfrpsrvh hq xqh sduwlh olqìdluh
hw xqh sduwlh qrq olqìdluh =
σ
s
fe
fe
__
γ
s
f
- __e arctan(E s)
-10‰ Es 0
fe
__ 10‰ ε
s
Es
-f e
Fhwwh orl hvw uhfrppdqgìh sdu oh EDHO<4 hw oh ESHO<4 srxu ohv dupdwxuhv sdvvlyhv1 Vrq
gldjudpph hvw grqqì hq jxuh 71;/ dyhf ohv qrwdwlrqv gx ESHO<41 F*hvw xq fdv sduwlfxolhu
gh od orl elolqìdluh/ dyhf xq sdolhu sodvwltxh sodw1 Oh uëjohphqw uhfrppdqgh g*hhfwxhu vxu
fhwwh orl xqh d!qlwì gh udssruw sdudooëohphqw ã od wdqjhqwh ã o*ruljlqh/ frpph lqgltxì
r
hq jxuh 71;1 Oh frh!flhqw r ydxw 4/481
714 Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw <8
σ
p
σr
σe
σl
1‰ 20‰ εp
Fhwwh orl hvw uhfrppdqgìh srxu ohv ov wuìoìv hw ohv wrurqv gh suìfrqwudlqwh1 Vrq gld0
judpph hvw grqqì hq jxuh 71<1 Hq uhsuhqdqw ohv qrwdwlrqv gx ESHO<4/ rq d =
R @ HR%R
srxu 3 ? R ? , @ jr,
D
+7148,
3> <
jR jR r
%R @
.R . 433 je srxu , ? R ? o @ j or
71416 Frqfoxvlrq
Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw gìqlhv lfl vrqw xwlolvìhv srxu ohv fkdujhphqwv lqvwdqwdqìv1 Srxu
ohv hhwv glìuìv/ rq vh uìiìuhud dx fkdslwuh 91 Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw lqvwdqwdqìhv vrqw
qrq olqìdluhv ìodvwltxhv/ l=h= ohv fkhplqv gh fkdujhphqw hw gh gìfkdujhphqw vrqw lghqwltxhv1
Fh w|sh gh orl d ìwì lpsrvì sdu ghv frqvlgìudwlrqv uìjohphqwdluhv1 Oh idlw txh ohv orlv
gh frpsruwhphqw vrlhqw sduidlwhphqw uìyhuvleohv q*hvw sdv suìmxglfldeoh gdqv oh fdv gh
fkdujhphqwv prqrwrqhv1 Oh sureoëph vh srvh srxu ohv fkdujhphqwv f|foltxhv/ oruv gh
fdofxov vlvpltxhv sdu h{hpsoh1 Gdqv fh fdv/ gx idlw txh od orl gh frpsruwhphqw qh glvvlsh
sdv g*ìqhujlh/ lo idxgud ìydoxhu dxwuhphqw o*dpruwlvvhphqw1
M
z
M
y
y
Tz
Ty M
x
G
N x
C
Sdu dloohxuv/ qrxv vxssrvhurqv txh od uhodwlrq hqwuh ohv vroolflwdwlrqv wdqjhqwhv ã od vhfwlrq
txh vrqw ohv hruwv wudqfkdqwv W+ / W5 hw oh prphqw gh wruvlrq P% F g*xqh sduw/ hw ohv
hq
gìirupdwlrqv wdqjhqwhv g*hruwv wudqfkdqwv + / 5 hw o*dqjoh gh wruvlrq % g*dxwuh sduw/
hvw olqìdluh1 Oh prphqw gh wruvlrq P% vh gìgxlw gx prphqw gh wruvlrq P% hq J gh od
idêrq vxlydqwh =
P% @ P% . }S W+ |S W5 +714;,
Ohv dupdwxuhv ìwdqw lqfolqìhv sdu udssruw ã od vhfwlrq/ ohxu gìirupdwlrq qh vhud sdv od
píph txh fhooh gh od vhfwlrq1 Rq qrwh o*dqjoh txh idlw od oljqh pr|hqqh gh o*dupdwxuh
dyhf o*d{h J{ +jxuh 7144,/ hw o*dqjoh hqwuh od surmhfwlrq gh o*dupdwxuh gdqv oh sodq gh
od vhfwlrq hw o*d{h J| 1 Gdqv oh uhsëuh J|} / rq qrwhud +|s > }s , ohv frrugrqqìhv gx srlqw gh
sdvvdjh gh o*dupdwxuh1 Doruv/ hq vxssrvdqw o*dupdwxuh sduidlwhphqw dgkìuhqwh dx eìwrq/
srxu xq dffurlvvhphqw gh gìirupdwlrqv gh od vhfwlrq =
3 4
E
%% F
%? @ E
C !+ F
D +7153,
!5
3 4
+
E F
%| @ E
C 5 F
D +7154,
%
Rq prqwuh txh o*dffurlvvhphqw gh gìirupdwlrq gdqv o*dupdwxuh %s hvw grqqì sdu =
%s @ frv2 4 > }s > |s =%?
. vlq frv frv > vlq > +|s |S , vlq +}s }S, frv =%|+7155,
Ohv ìoìphqwv frqvwlwxwliv gh od vhfwlrq/ txh vrqw od pdwulfh hw ohv euhv/ yrqw hqjhqguhu
ghv vroolflwdwlrqv txh o*rq yd vìsduhu hq ghx{ fdwìjrulhv = ohv vroolflwdwlrqv qrupdohv hw ohv
vroolflwdwlrqv wdqjhqwhv1 Rq qrwhud =
715 Ìwxgh g*xqh vhfwlrq gurlwh <<
I6? ohv vroolflwdwlrqv qrupdohv gxhv ã od pdwulfh gh od vhfwlrq +gx eìwrq hq jìqìudo,>
I6| ohv vroolflwdwlrqv wdqjhqwhv gxhv ã od pdwulfh gh od vhfwlrq>
Is? ohv vroolflwdwlrqv qrupdohv gxhv dx{ euhv gh od vhfwlrq +ohv dupdwxuhv pìwdooltxhv/
dfwlyhv rx sdvvlyhv,>
Is| ohv vroolflwdwlrqv wdqjhqwhv gxhv dx{ euhv gh od vhfwlrq1
z y
Section droite
de l'armature
hw
I6? @ ^N6? ` =%? +7164,
dyhf = 5 6
9
JD+ 3 3 :
^N6| ` @ 9
7 3 JD5 3 :
8 +7167,
3 3 JL%
rü . /
J hvw oh prgxoh gh flvdloohphqw gh Frxorpe = J @ 2En D
D+ hw D5 vrqw ohv vhfwlrqv uìgxlwhv g*hruw wudqfkdqw/
L% hvw o*lqhuwlh gh wruvlrq gh od vhfwlrq1
Frpph od uhodwlrq +7166, hvw olqìdluh/ rq d lppìgldwhphqw =
rü Qs hvw o*hruw qrupdo/ Ps+ hw Ps5 ohv prphqwv ìfklvvdqwv wrxv wurlv gxv dx{ dupdwxuhv
pìwdooltxhv wudyhuvdqw od vhfwlrq1 Vl o*rq qrwh s od frqwudlqwh qrupdoh gh o*dupdwxuh
g*ruguh l dgkìuhqwh hw wudyhuvdqw od vhfwlrq/ lo ylhqw =
3 4
?s
[
4
E F
Is? @ s = E
C }s F = frv =vs
D +716;,
' |s
rü qs hvw oh qrpeuh g*dupdwxuhv dgkìuhqwhv hw wudyhuvdqw od vhfwlrq/
+|s > }s , vrqw ohv frrugrqqìhv gx srlqw gh sdvvdjh gh o*dupdwxuh g*ruguh l gdqv oh uhsëuh
J|}/
hvw o*dqjoh h{lvwdqw hqwuh o*dupdwxuh g*ruguh l hw o*d{h J{/
vs hvw od vhfwlrq gurlwh gh o*dupdwxuh g*ruguh l1
Vl o*rq qrwh Hs oh prgxoh ìodvwltxh orqjlwxglqdo frugh/ f*hvw0ã0gluh oh prgxoh uholdqw
o*dffurlvvhphqw gh frqwudlqwh ã o*dffurlvvhphqw gh gìirupdwlrq/ gh o*dupdwxuh g*ruguh l/
doruv =
s @ Hs =%s +716<,
dyhf = 5 6
?s
[ 9
4 }s |s :
^Ns? ` @ Hs = frv =vs = 7 }s }s |s }s
9 2 :
8 +7176,
' |s |s }s |s2
hw
3 4
?s 4
[ E F
^Ns?| ` @ Hs = vlq = frv2 =vs = E
C }s F=
D frv vlq +|s |S , vlq +}s }S , frv
' |s
+7177,
715 Ìwxgh g*xqh vhfwlrq gurlwh 436
rü/ srxu pìprluh/ hvw o*dqjoh h{lvwdqw hqwuh od surmhfwlrq gh o*dupdwxuh g*ruguh l gdqv
od sodq J|} / hw o*d{h J| 1 Hq gìyhorssdqw/ rq rewlhqw =
5 6
[?s
9
frv vlq +|s |S, vlq +}s }S , frv :
7 }s frv }s vlq }s ++|s |S , vlq +}s }S , frv ,
^Ns?| ` @ Hs = vlq = frv =vs = 9
2 :
8
' |s frv |s vlq |s ++|s |S, vlq +}s }S, frv ,
+7178,
dyhf =
3 4
?s frv
[ E F
^Ns|? ` @ Hs = frv2 vlq =vs = E
C vlq F=
D 4 }s |s
' +|s |S , vlq +}s }S , frv
+7183,
437 Fkdslwuh 7 Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh
Rq uhpdutxh txh =
^Ns|? ` @ | ^Ns?| ` +7184,
Vl o*rq srvh = 3 4
E
frv F
Ys| @ E
C vlq F
D +7185,
+|s |S, vlq +}s }S, frv
od pdwulfh ^Ns| ` v*rewlhqw doruv gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
?s
[
^Ns| ` @ Hs = vlq2 = frv =vs =Ys| =| Ys| +7186,
'
Rq shxw doruv ìfuluh =
# $ % & # $
Is? N Ns?| %?
@ | s? = +7187,
Is| Ns?| Ns| %|
wudsë}hv gdqv oh uhsëuh Lf |f }f 1 Frpph qrxv idlvrqv o*k|srwkëvh txh oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh
vh gìgxlw gx uhsëuh orfdo sdu xq prxyhphqw gh frusv uljlgh/ hw frpph qrxv vxssrvrqv txh
gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh/ ohv gìsodfhphqwv hw ohv gìirupdwlrqv uhvwhqw prgìuìv/ o*lqwìjud0
wlrq vxuidfltxh gdqv oh uhsëuh J|} v*dssoltxh ã od jìrpìwulh lvvxh gx gìfrxsdjh wudsì}rògdo
gdqv oh uhsëuh Lf |f }f 1
Trapèze élémentaire
Gdqv od uhodwlrq +7163,/ o*lqwìjudoh vxu od vxuidfh V6 hvw fdofxoìh frpph ìwdqw od vrpph
ghv lqwìjudohv vxu fkdfxq ghv wudsë}hv gx gìfrxsdjh1 Srxu lqwìjuhu vxu xq wudsë}h/ qrxv
dyrqv dgrswì xq vfkìpd g*lqwìjudwlrq gh w|sh Vlpsvrq1 Dq g*rewhqlu ghv ìydoxdwlrqv
fruuhfwhv ghv whuphv gh ^N6? `/ qrxv dyrqv frqvwdwì ghv whpsv gh fdofxo wuëv lpsruwdqwv1 Hq
hhw/ oruvtxh o*rq xwlolvh ghv orlv qìjoljhdqw oh eìwrq whqgx/ od ydohxu gx prgxoh ìodvwltxh
orqjlwxglqdo frugh H6 hvw glvfrqwlqxh =
+
Hf oruvtxh % +|> } , whqg yhuv 3n
H6 @ +7195,
3 oruvtxh % +|> } , whqg yhuv 33
Srxu uìvrxguh fh sureoëph/ qrxv dyrqv plv dx srlqw xq pdloodjh dgdswdwli txl hhfwxh/
ã sduwlu gx gìfrxsdjh wudsì}rògdo lqlwldo +jxuh 7145,/ xq dxwuh gìfrxsdjh txl vìsduh
od vhfwlrq hq ghx{ }rqhv = xqh }rqh rü % +|> }, A %S hw xqh }rqh rü % +|> }, ? %S / hq
gìvljqdqw sdu %S od ydohxu fulwltxh gh od gìirupdwlrq srxu odtxhooh oh prgxoh g*\rxqj
ydulh euxvtxhphqw +jxuh 7146,1 Od ydohxu gh %S gìshqg gh od orl gx frpsruwhphqw gx
pdwìuldx hw ydxw 3 srxu wrxwhv ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw gx pdwìuldx eìwrq/ txl qìjoljhqw
oh eìwrq whqgx1 Gx idlw gh o*k|srwkëvh ghv gìirupdwlrqv sodqhv/ o*ìtxdwlrq % +|> } , @ %S hvw
uhsuìvhqwìh sdu xqh gurlwh gdqv oh uhsëuh J|} 1
Points supplémentaires
du contour
y
ε = εc
Trapèzes élémentaires
supplémentaires
Oh pdloodjh dlqvl dgrswì ydulh hq irqfwlrq gh %? / grqw od ydohxu prglh fhooh gh % +|> } ,1
Od srvlwlrq gh od gurlwh % +|> }, @ %S gìshqg gh od ydohxu frxudqwh gh %? 1 Gh fh idlw/ ohv
srlqwv g*lqwìjudwlrq qh vrqw sdv ohv píphv g*xqh lwìudwlrq ã o*dxwuh1 Rq qh shxw grqf
sdv frqqdñwuh o*klvwrultxh ghv frqwudlqwhv gh fkdfxq ghv srlqwv g*lqwìjudwlrq hw fhfl qrxv
hpsífkh gh srxyrlu xwlolvhu ghv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw k|vwìuìwltxhv/ rx ghv prgëohv ã
hqgrppdjhphqw +Oderughulh ^Ode<4`,1 Hq frqwuhsduwlh/ ohv whpsv gh fdofxo dlqvl txh od
suìflvlrq rewhqxh srxu o*ìydoxdwlrq gh ^N6? ` vrqw wuëv vdwlvidlvdqwv1
43; Fkdslwuh 7 Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh
F
s
Fs + ∆ F s
F
s
0
εs ε s+ ∆εs εs
Qrxv frqvwuxlvrqv xqh vxlwh gh yhfwhxuv gìirupdwlrqv gh od vhfwlrq %r gìqlh sdu =
rü ^Vr ` hvw od pdwulfh gh vrxsohvvh gh od vhfwlrq frugh hqwuh ohv ìwdwv gh gìirupdwlrq %r hw
%r . %r 1 Rq frqvlgëuh txh od vxlwh gh yhfwhxuv gìirupdwlrq gh od vhfwlrq %r d frqyhujì
oruvtxh =
%r
n
%r 2
? wrovhf +71:5,
%r . %r
n 2
rü wrovhf hvw od wroìudqfh gh frqyhujhqfh gh o*ìtxloleuh gh od vhfwlrq/ grqw od ydohxu hvw
{ìh sdu o*xwlolvdwhxu1 Sdu gìidxw/ qrxv dyrqv =
Frpph rq shxw oh frqvwdwhu vxu od jxuh +7147,/ oruvtxh o*rq slorwh hq irufh/ fh txl hvw qrwuh
fdv/ rq qh shxw sdv iudqfklu oh slf gx gldjudpph hruw0gìirupdwlrq1 Hq hhw/ srxu xq
hruw grqqì/ rq shxw wurxyhu soxvlhxuv gìirupdwlrqv fruuhvsrqgdqwhv1 Qrwuh pìwkrgh gh
uìvroxwlrq irxuqlw od suhplëuh gìirupdwlrq vroxwlrq1 Srxu iudqfklu oh slf/ lo hvw qìfhvvdluh
443 Fkdslwuh 7 Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh
gh slorwhu hq gìirupdwlrq/ hw grqf hq gìsodfhphqw1 Fhfl hvw grqf xqh olplwh srxu qrwuh
ìoìphqw ql gh w|sh vhpl0lqyhuvh1 Qrxv qrxv hq dffrpprgrqv ìwdqw grqqì oh fkdps
g*dssolfdwlrq gx surjudpph/ txl hvw fhqvì fdofxohu o*ìwdw gh vwuxfwxuhv gh Jìqlh flylo/
vxssrvìhv uhvwhu gdqv oh grpdlqh ìodvwltxh/ ìyhqwxhoohphqw qrq olqìdluh/ pdlv hq dxfxq
fdv gdqv oh grpdlqh srvw0slf1
Sdu dloohxuv/ od uxswxuh hvw gìwhfwìh gëv txh od pdwulfh ^Nr ` q*hvw soxv gìqlh srvlwlyh1
Srxu whvwhu fhfl/ fhuwdlqv dxwhxuv d!uphqw tx*lo vx!w gh yìulhu oh vljqh gx gìwhuplqdqw
gh ^Nr`/ txl fruuhvsrqg dx surgxlw ghv ydohxuv sursuhv gh ^Nr `1 Gdqv od soxsduw ghv
fdv/ fhod shxw vx!uh1 Pdlv qrxv dyrqv uhqfrqwuì xq fdv rü ghx{ ydohxuv sursuhv gh ^Nr `
vrqw ghyhqxhv qìjdwlyhv dx frxuv gh od píph lwìudwlrq1 Od vhfwlrq ìwdlw grqf uxlqìh/
pdlv oh whvw edvì vxu oh vljqh gx gìwhuplqdqw q*dydlw ulhq gìwhfwì1 Qrxv hhfwxrqv grqf
v|vwìpdwltxhphqw xqh dqdo|vh vshfwudoh gh ^Nr ` ã fkdtxh lwìudwlrq/ hw qrxv whvwrqv oh vljqh
gh od soxv shwlwh ghv ydohxuv sursuhv srxu gìwhfwhu od uxlqh ìyhqwxhooh gh od vhfwlrq1
Od pìwkrgh gh vxevwlwxwlrq shxw v*dyìuhu ohqwh gdqv fhuwdlqv fdv1 F*hvw srxutxrl qrxv
dyrqv lpsodqwì xq dffìoìudwhxu gh frqyhujhqfh gdqv o*dojrulwkph lwìudwli1 Ã sduwlu g*xqh
txlq}dlqh g*lwìudwlrqv/ dx olhx g*hhfwxhu vlpsohphqw od vxevwlwxwlrq/ qrxv hqfohqfkrqv od
pìwkrgh glwh gh od idxvvh srvlwlrq/ txl frqvlvwh ã frqvwuxluh %rn gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
%r i +%r , %r i %r
%rn @
3 3
+71:7,
i +%r , i %r
3
71614 Uhodwlrq hqwuh ohv vroolflwdwlrqv ghv vhfwlrqv hw ohv hruwv ìoìphq0
wdluhv
Gdqv fh sdudjudskh/ qrxv doorqv ìwdeolu od uhodwlrq h{lvwdqw hqwuh Ir / ohv vroolflwdwlrqv gdqv
xqh vhfwlrq gurlwh hw I? / ohv hruwv dx{ qúxgv gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh1
716 Lqwìjudwlrq oh orqj gh o*ìoìphqw 444
Vdfkdqw txh =
P% +{, @ P% +{, |S=W5 +{, . }S=W+ +{, +71;7,
lo ylhqw =
@ P% . |OS P+ . |OS P+ . }OS P5 . }OS P5 +71;9,
Od yduldwlrq vwdwltxhphqw dgplvvleoh I? lqgxlw xqh yduldwlrq Ir ghv vroolflwdwlrqv gdqv
ohv vhfwlrqv gh o*ìoìphqw1 Oh wudydlo yluwxho ghv vhfwlrqv v*ìfulw =
] uf
zr @ | I +{, =% +{, g{ +71<5,
r r
f
716 Lqwìjudwlrq oh orqj gh o*ìoìphqw 446
G*rü = ] uf
| I =V @ | I =| ^O +{,` =% +{, g{ +71<8,
? ? ? r
f
Frpph I? qh gìshqg sdv gh {/ lo ylhqw =
] uf
| I =V @ | I? = | ^O +{,` =% +{, g{ +71<9,
? ? r
f
Od pdwulfh gh vrxsohvvh gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh/ qrwìh ^V? `/ dssdudñw qd0
wxuhoohphqw hq srvdqw =
] uf
^V? ` @ | ^O +{,` = ^N `3 = ^O +{,` g{ +71435,
r
f
447 Fkdslwuh 7 Qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh
Od pdwulfh ^N?` dlqvl rewhqxh hvw od pdwulfh frugh uholdqw o*dffurlvvhphqw g*hruwv
ã o*dffurlvvhphqw gh gìsodfhphqwv dx{ qúxgv gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv vrq uhsëuh lqwulqvëtxh1
O*rsìudwhxu ^N? ` suhqg hq frpswh ã oxl wrxw vhxo od qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh1 Frpph qrxv
o*dyrqv yx gdqv oh fkdslwuh frqvdfuì ã od qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh/ od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì
gh o*ìoìphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo vh phw vrxv od iruph =
^Nf ` @ ^Sf` | ^Wf` | ^E ` ^N? ` ^E ` . ^G` ^Wf` | ^Sf` +71439,
rü ^Sf` hw ^Wf` vrqw ghv pdwulfhv frqvwdqwhv1 Od irupxodwlrq jìrpìwultxh/ txl dssdudñw
ã wudyhuv ohv pdwulfhv ^E ` hw ^G`/ hvw xqh irupxodwlrq wdqjhqwh1 O*rsìudwhxu txh qrxv
xwlolvrqv hvw k|eulgh = lo hvw frugh hq qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh hw wdqjhqw hq qrq0olqìdulwì
jìrpìwultxh1
Fkdslwuh 8
Qrxv doorqv suìvhqwhu qrwuh dojrulwkph jìqìudo gh uìvroxwlrq1 Qrxv doorqv g*derug gìyhors0
shu oh surfhvvxv plv hq úxyuh srxu wurxyhu o*ìtxloleuh gh od vhfwlrq/ sxlv qrxv gìfulurqv
o*dojrulwkph shuphwwdqw gh yìulhu o*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo gh od vwuxfwxuh1
mxvtx*ã frqyhujhqfh gh %r1 V*lo q*| d sdv frqyhujhqfh/ %r hvw prglì oh fdv ìfkìdqw ã
o*dlgh gh od pìwkrgh gh od idxvvh srvlwlrq/ sxlv qrxv uììydoxrqv ^Nr ` srxu uhfrpphqfhu
oh f|foh/ mxvtx*ã frqyhujhqfh1 Vl dx erxw g*xq qrpeuh g*lwìudwlrqv {ì ã o*dydqfh/ rq qh
frqvwdwh sdv gh frqyhujhqfh/ qrxv frqfoxrqv doruv ã xq ìwdw gh glyhujhqfh gh od vhfwlrq/
txl lqwhuurpsw oh surfhvvxv1
Etat équilibré:
Fs, εs
∆Fs
Αs
∆εs = 0
Formation de la matrice de
rigidité de la section Ks
Analyse spectrale de Ks
Méthode de la
λmin < 0 Test sur λmin
fausse position
λmin > 0
Résolution du système
Rupture de la section
∆Fs + Αs = Ks. ∆εs
Test sur la
Non Divergence
convergence de ∆εs
Oui
Fin
íwuh gdqv xq ìwdw ìtxloleuì vrxv xq fkdujhphqw S gìql gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo/ dyhf oh gì0
sodfhphqw fruuhvsrqgdqw V} hw ohv hruwv lqwhuqhv I} gdqv oh píph uhsëuh1 Od gìirupdwlrq
gh fkdfxqh ghv vhfwlrqv hvw ìjdohphqw frqqxh1
Od vwuxfwxuh yd vxelu xq dffurlvvhphqw gh fkdujh S / frxsoì ìyhqwxhoohphqw ã xqh plvh
hq suìfrqwudlqwh qrwìh D} / hw qrxv ghyrqv wurxyhu o*dffurlvvhphqw gh gìsodfhphqwv V}
fruuhvsrqgdqw1 Srxu fhod/ qrxv doorqv frqvwuxluh xqh vxlwh gh vroxwlrqv V} gh od idêrq
vxlydqwh = V}n hvw vroxwlrq gh o*ìtxdwlrq
rü ^N} ` hvw od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh od vwuxfwxuh/ rewhqxh dsuëv dvvhpeodjh ghv pdwulfhv
gh uljlglwì ìoìphqwdluhv ^Nf `/ ã o*ìwdsh l1 Od vxlwh hvw lqlwldolvìh dyhf =
à fkdtxh lwìudwlrq/ fkdtxh pdwulfh gh uljlglwì ìoìphqwdluh ^Nf ` hvw uhfdofxoìh gdqv oh
uhsëuh joredo/ sxlv hvw dvvhpeoìh gdqv ^N} `1 Od uhodwlrq +815, hvw lqyhuvìh1 Rq gìfoduh txh
od vxlwh d frqyhujì oruvtxh =
V} V} ? wroghs
n
+817,
nV} . V} n
rü wroghs hvw od wroìudqfh gh frqyhujhqfh hq gìsodfhphqw gh od vwuxfwxuh1 wroghs hvw {ì
sdu gìidxw ã =
wroghs @ 433D +818,
Sdu +61439, hw +61546,/ qrxv iruprqv ohv hruwv lqwhuqhv If gh fkdfxq ghv ìoìphqwv gh
od vwuxfwxuh/ hw ohxu dffurlvvhphqw fruuhvsrqgdqw If gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo1 Gh sdu od
44; Fkdslwuh 8 Dojrulwkph jìqìudo gh uìvroxwlrq
Etat équilibré:
P, F g, S g, ε
résidu = ∆ P
∆ P = ∆ P/2 ∆ Sg = 0
∆ P trop faible ∆ Fn
K n, A n
K l, A l
K X, A X
Assemblage de K g
Formation de A g
Résolution du système
résidu + A g = K g. ∆ S g
Test sur la
Divergence Non
convergence de ∆ S g
Oui
Cumul S g, F g, F l, F n , ε
résidu = (P+ ∆ P) - F g
résidu faible
Fin
frqqh{lrq ghv ìoìphqwv hqwuh hx{/ qrxv fdofxorqv ohv hruwv lqwhuqhv I} gh od vwuxfwxuh
duulydqw ã fkdtxh qúxg/ hw ohxu dffurlvvhphqw I} 1 Rq surfëgh ã xqh uììydoxdwlrq gx
uìvlgx sdu glìuhqfh hqwuh oh fkdujhphqw h{whuqh hw ohv hruwv lqwhuqhv gh od vwuxfwxuh gdqv
oh uhsëuh joredo =
uhvlgx @ S . S +I} . I} , +81:,
Fh qrxyhdx uìvlgx hvw uìlqmhfwì frpph qrxyhdx fkdujhphqw hw oh f|foh uhsuhqg1 Oruvtxh
od qruph gx uìvlgx hvw idleoh/ f*hvw0ã0gluh =
rü wrouhv hvw od wroìudqfh hq uìvlgx g*ìtxloleuh/ oh surfhvvxv v*duuíwh1 Sdu gìidxw/ qrxv
sursrvrqv =
wrouhv @ 433D +81<,
Vl ã xq prphqw grqqì/ qrxv revhuyrqv xqh uxswxuh g*xqh ghv vhfwlrqv/ rx xqh glyhujhqfh
dx qlyhdx ghv vhfwlrqv/ ghv gìsodfhphqwv gh od vwuxfwxuh rx gh vrq uìvlgx g*ìtxloleuh/
oh fkdujhphqw h{whuqh hvw glylvì sdu 51 Vl o*dojrulwkph q*duulyh sdv ã frqyhujhu píph
dsuëv dyrlu glylvì sdu 5 oh fkdujhphqw lqlwldo qgly irlv/ oh surfhvvxv v*duuíwh1 qgly hvw xq
sdudpëwuh/ txl ydxw 43 sdu gìidxw1 Oh surjudpph gìfrxsh dlqvl oh fkdujhphqw h{whuqh hq
xq fkdujhphqw soxv idleoh/ txl/ v*lo | d frqyhujhqfh/ hvw uìdssoltxì1 Sdu fh surfhvvxv/ rq
gìwhuplqh od fkdujh fulwltxh gh od vwuxfwxuh/ frpph xqh iudfwlrq gx fkdujhphqw lqlwldo1
Fhw dojrulwkph shuphw dlqvl g*dyrlu xqh judqgh delolwì gdqv od uìvroxwlrq gx fkdujh0
phqw/ hw ìylwh ã o*xwlolvdwhxu gh uhfkhufkhu pdqxhoohphqw oh sdv gh fkdujh/ dlqvl txh od
fkdujh fulwltxh1
453 Fkdslwuh 8 Dojrulwkph jìqìudo gh uìvroxwlrq
Fkdslwuh 9
Oh surjudpph SFS d ìwì frqêx lqlwldohphqw srxu ìwxglhu ohv vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq suì0
frqwudlqw1 Oh eìwrq hvw xq pdwìuldx grqw ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv ìyroxhqw dyhf oh whpsv1 Lo
hvw vxmhw dx uhwudlw dlqvl tx*dx xdjh/ f*hvw0ã0gluh ã xqh yduldwlrq gh gìirupdwlrq ã frq0
wudlqwh frqvwdqwh1 Hq rxwuh/ ohv dupdwxuhv gh suìfrqwudlqwh ìwdqw iruwhphqw whqgxhv/ rq
revhuyh xq skìqrpëqh gh uhod{dwlrq gh o*dflhu/ f*hvw0ã0gluh xqh yduldwlrq gh frqwudlqwh ã
gìirupdwlrq frqvwdqwh1 O*hqvhpeoh gh fhv skìqrpëqhv suryrtxh ohv hhwv glìuìv g*xq
fkdujhphqw1 O*remhfwli gh fh fkdslwuh q*hvw sdv gh uhirupxohu oh sureoëph gx xdjh +xqh
wkëvh qh vx!udlw sdv,/ pdlv gh idluh oh srlqw vxu ohv glìuhqwhv pìwkrghv g*lqwìjudwlrq
whpsruhooh gx xdjh dq g*hq fkrlvlu xqh hw gh od frghu1 Hq rxwuh/ qrxv qrxv olplwhurqv
dx{ suhvfulswlrqv uìjohphqwdluhv hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv orlv gh uhwudlw/ gh xdjh hw gh
uhod{dwlrq1
% @ % . %s, . %o +914,
dyhf =
% = gìirupdwlrq lqvwdqwdqìh/
%s, = gìirupdwlrq gh xdjh vrxv frqwudlqwh frqvwdqwh/
%o = gìirupdwlrq gh uhwudlw1
455 Fkdslwuh 9 Sulvh hq frpswh ghv hhwv glìuìv
o*åjh gh fkdujhphqw frqvlgìuì frpph xqh yduldeoh1 Od irqfwlrq gh xdjh M w> w hvw
4
Oh whuph uhsuìvhqwh od sduwlh lqvwdqwdqìh gh od gìirupdwlrq1 Qrxv dyrqv g*dloohxuv
H +w ,
od uhodwlrq = 4
H w @ +918,
M +w > w ,
F w> w
v*dsshooh oh
xdjh vsìfltxh hw uhsuìvhqwh vwulfwhphqw od sduwlh gh gìirupdwlrq
glìuìh> sdu gìqlwlrq F w > w @ 31 Oh xdjh vsìfltxh shxw dyrlu ghx{ gìqlwlrqv =
! w> w
F w> w @
+919,
H +w ,
rx =
!2H w> w
F w> w @
+91:,
H2H
Lo | d dlqvl ghx{ gìqlwlrqv gx frh!flhqw gh xdjh vxlydqw txh o*rq frqvlgëuh fhoxl0fl
frpph =
sdu h{hpsoh,
% +w, %o +w,
!2H w> w
@
% +5;,
4 +91;,
4 !2H w> w
M w> w @ .
+91<,
H +w ,
H2H
914 Ioxdjh dyhf orl gh frpsruwhphqw olqìdluh 456
Txrl tx*lo hq vrlw/ od gìqlwlrq gx xdjh vsìfltxh ìwdqw/ hooh/ xqlyrtxh/ rq d o*ìtxl0
ydohqfh =
H w
Srxu od uhod{dwlrq = ] | k l
+w, @ U w> w
g% w g%o w +9149,
f
@ H% +914:,
@ %b +914;,
Od irqfwlrq gh xdjh hvw grqqìh +vrlw sdu xq uëjohphqw/ vrlw sdu ghv phvxuhv h{sìulphq0
wdohv, hw o*rq glvsrvh gh o*klvwrultxh gh gìirupdwlrq rx gh frqwudlqwh1 Rq yhxw fdofxohu od
frqwudlqwh dfwxhooh uìvxowdqw gh fhw klvwrultxh1 Oh sureoëph ghylhqw frpsoh{h fdu o*ìtxd0
wlrq frqvwlwxwlyh ] |
% +w, %o +w, @ M w> w g w
+9156,
f
ghylhqw xqhìtxdwlrq
lqwìjudoh sxlvtxh o*lqfrqqxh jxuh vrxv oh vljqh lqwìjudoh1 Vl o*rq
uhpsodfh M w> w sdu vd ydohxu/ rq rewlhqw =
] | g w
% +w, %o +w, @ 4 . ! w> w
+9157,
f H +w ,
g w
@ g% w
+9158,
H +w ,
G*rü = ] |
% +w, %o +w, @ 4 . ! w> w g% w
+9159,
f
Dlqvl/ dyhf ohv prgëohv olqìdluhv gh xdjh hw xqh orl gh frpsruwhphqw lqvwdqwdqì olqìdluh/
oh xdjh hvw olqìdluh dxvvl elhq hq frqwudlqwh tx*hq gìirupdwlrq1
olqìdluh hq frqwudlqwh +fdv gx FHE sdu h{hpsoh, rx xq xdjh olqìdluh hq gìirupdwlrq +fdv
gx ESHO <4 sdu h{hpsoh,1
Srxu hq vdyrlu soxv/ lo hvw lqwìuhvvdqw gh frqvxowhu ohv uëjohphqwv qrq sdv dx fkdslwuh gx
xdjh/ pdlv dx{ duwlfohv frqvdfuìv ã od sulvh hq frpswh gx xdjh srxu oh dpehphqw ghv
srwhdx{1 Oh EDHO <4 lqgltxh +duwlfoh D1717/65, g*rsìuhu vxu oh gldjudpph gh od orl gh
frpsruwhphqw gx eìwrq xqh d!qlwì sdudooëoh ã o*d{h ghv gìirupdwlrqv/ gh udssruw =
[
4. ! i +w m , +915:,
?
[
% +w? , %o +w? , @ M +w? > w , 7
'
916 Glvfuìwlvdwlrq whpsruhooh 45:
?
[ 3
@ M +w? > w? , 7 ? . M +w? > w , 7 +915;,
'
?
[ 3
% +w?3, %o +w?3 , @ M +w?3> w , 7 +915<,
'
?
[ 3
7% +w?, 7%o +w?, @ M +w?> w?, 7 ? . ^M +w? > w , M +w?3> w ,` 7 +9163,
'
dyhf =
?
[
% +w? , %o +w? , @ +4 . ! +w? > w ,, 7 %
'
?3
[
@ 7%? . +4 . ! +w? > w ,, 7 %
'
@
7? . ?[3
+4 . ! +w? > w ,, 7 % +916:,
H +w , ? '
45; Fkdslwuh 9 Sulvh hq frpswh ghv hhwv glìuìv
dyhf =
% +w? , %o +w? , @
?
[
^M +w? > w , . M +w? > w 3,`
7
'
5
@ ^M +w? > w? , . M +w? > w?3 ,`
7?
5
.
?
[ 3
^M +w? > w , . M +w? > w3 ,`
7 +9178,
'
5
Sdu dloohxuv/ rq shxw ìfuluh =
% +w?3 , %o +w?3, @
?
[3
^M +w?3 > w , . M +w?3> w3,`
7 +9179,
'
5
Sdu vrxvwudfwlrq/ rq rewlhqw gh od píph idêrq txh suìfìghpphqw =
dyhf =
% +w? , %o +w?, @
?
[
^5 . ! +w? > w , . ! +w? > w 3,`
7%
'
5
! +w? > w?3,
@ 4.
5
7 %?
.
?
[ 3
^5 . ! +w? > w , . ! +w? > w3,`
7% +9185,
'
5
Ru/ frpph rq vxssrvh txh 7%? hvw dssoltxì srxu prlwlì hq w?3 hw srxu prlwlì hq w?/
o*dffurlvvhphqw gh frqwudlqwh 7 ? hvw who txh =
7 @ 7%? . 7%?
?
5M +w? > w? , 5M +w? > w?3 ,
+9186,
grqf =
7%? @ 5MM+w+?w>?w>?w3 ,
?3 ,
7 ? +9187,
4.
M +w? > w? ,
Sdu dloohxuv/ rq shxw ìfuluh =
% +w?3 , %o +w?3, @
?
[ 3
^5 . ! +w?3> w , . ! +w?3> w 3,`
7% +9188,
'
5
Sdu vrxvwudfwlrq/ rq rewlhqw gh od píph idêrq txh suìfìghpphqw =
dyhf =
917 Dqdo|vh
whuph 7 1 Hq hhw/ od orl gh frpsruwhphqw lqvwdqwdqì gx pdwìuldx ìwdqw qrq olqìdluh/
lo idxw glvfuìwlvhu hq euhv od vhfwlrq/ vwrfnhu o*klvwrultxh gh frqwudlqwh gh fkdtxh euh
g*lqwìjudwlrq gh fkdtxh vhfwlrq gh fkdtxh ìoìphqw/ srxu wrxv ohv lqvwdqwv frqvlgìuìv1 Hq
rxwuh/ od suìflvlrq gh o*lqwìjudwlrq ghv irufhv glìuìhv txh oh xdjh yd jìqìuhu hvw olìh ã od
qhvvh gx pdloodjh gh od vhfwlrq hq euhv1
Pdlv o*k|srwkëvh gx xdjh olqìdluh hq frqwudlqwh srvh xq sureoëph dvvh} lpsruwdqw olì
ã od sodqìlwì vxssrvìh gh od gìirupdwlrq wrwdoh gh od vhfwlrq1 Hq hhw/ o*dffurlvvhphqw gh
gìirupdwlrq wrwdoh 7% hvw fhqvì íwuh sodq1 O*dffurlvvhphqw gh gìirupdwlrq gh uhwudlw hvw
ìjdohphqw sodq fdu vhxoh vd frpsrvdqwh vhorq J{ hvw qrq qxooh1 Gh idlw/ oh yhfwhxu 7%
7%o +w?, @ 7%? . 7%s, +w?, hvw sodq1 Oruvtxh o*rq revhuyh ohv ìtxdwlrqv +9169, hw +9184,/
rq yrlw txh oh yhfwhxu 7%s, +w? , hvw rewhqx ã sduwlu g*xqh frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh ghv yhfwhxuv
7 / txl vrqw hx{0píphv gìgxlwv ã o*dlgh g*xqh orl gh frpsruwhphqw ìyhqwxhoohphqw qrq
olqìdluh1 Dlqvl/ ulhq qh jdudqwlw od sodqìlwì gx yhfwhxu 7%s, +w? ,1 Pdlv frpph 7%? .
7%s, +w?, hvw sodq/ fhfl vxssrvh txh o*dffurlvvhphqw gh gìirupdwlrq lqvwdqwdqìh 7%? q*hvw
sdv sodq/ fh txl sdudñw gl!flohphqw frqfhydeoh1 Qrxv dyrqv oã xqh frqwudglfwlrq gl!floh
ã ohyhu/ ã prlqv g*dgrswhu o*k|srwkëvh gx sdudjudskh vxlydqw1
rü =
+7%, hvw oh yhfwhxu gìirupdwlrq wrwdoh gh od vhfwlrq/
+7% , hvw oh yhfwhxu gìirupdwlrq lqvwdqwdqìh gx eìwrq/
+7%_s , hvw oh yhfwhxu gìirupdwlrq glìuìh gx eìwrq1
Oh fdofxo sursuhphqw glw gh +7%_s , vh idlw gh od pdqlëuh vxlydqwh =
7%_s @ +7%o , . +7%s, , +9195,
?
[ 3
7%s, +w?, @ Ns, +w , i +w? w , +7%2H +w ,, +9196,
'
7%2H +w , hvw oh yhfwhxu gh yduldwlrq frqyhqwlrqqhooh gh gìirupdwlrq lqvwdqwdqìh/ txl hvw
gìqlh frpph od yduldwlrq gh gìirupdwlrq fruuhvsrqgdqw ã od yduldwlrq gh frqwudlqwh 7 /
dssoltxìh ã sduwlu gh o*ìwdw gh frqwudlqwh dqwìulhxu =
3
[
3 @ 7& +9197,
&'
@ jsR6|
Ro}
rü R6| hvw ìjdoh ã od whqvlrq lqlwldoh gh o*dupdwxuh gdqv oh fdv gh od srvw0
whqvlrq/ hw ã od whqvlrq ã o*ruljlqh glplqxìh ghv shuwhv ã od plvh hq whqvlrq gdqv oh
fdv gh od suì0whqvlrq>
91717 Frqfoxvlrq
Vl o*rq xwlolvh xq prgëoh olqìdluh hq frqwudlqwh/ lo q*| d sdv g*dxwuh vroxwlrq txh gh pdloohu od
vhfwlrq hq euhv hw gh vwrfnhu o*klvwrultxh gh frqwudlqwh gh fkdtxh euh1 Fhfl qrxv frqgxlw
ã pdqlsxohu ghv gìirupdwlrqv lqvwdqwdqìhv hw gh xdjh qrq sodqhv1 Lo dssdudñw txh oh
prgëoh gh xdjh olqìdluh hq gìirupdwlrq hvw soxv dydqwdjhx{/ hw sduidlwhphqw frpsdwleoh
dyhf oh pdloodjh g|qdpltxh gh od vhfwlrq txh qrxv xwlolvrqv1 Qrxv o*dyrqv grqf fkrlvl/ hw fh
g*dxwdqw soxv tx*lo hvw suìfrqlvì sdu oh uëjohphqw iudqêdlv1 Fhshqgdqw/ oh xdjh v*hhfwxh
vrxv fkdujhv shupdqhqwhv/ fh txl lpsoltxh txh ohv frqwudlqwhv qh grlyhqw sdv íwuh wurs
lpsruwdqwhv hw vrqw wuëv shx qrq olqìdluhv1 Dlqvl/ od glìuhqfh ghv uìvxowdwv hqwuh xq fdofxo
idlvdqw o*k|srwkëvh gx xdjh olqìdluh hq frqwudlqwh hw xq fdofxo idlvdqw o*k|srwkëvh gx
xdjh olqìdluh hq gìirupdwlrq grlw íwuh idleoh1
Qrxv dyrqv fkrlvl g*xwlolvhu od uëjoh gx uhfwdqjoh fdu gdqv fh fdv/ H? @ H +w? ,/ fh txl
vh wudgxlud sdu oh idlw txh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh od vwuxfwxuh vhud gìqlh dyhf oh prgxoh
g*ìodvwlflwì xvxho hw tx*lo qh vhud sdv qìfhvvdluh gh od uììydoxhu1
467 Fkdslwuh 9 Sulvh hq frpswh ghv hhwv glìuìv
Gdqv oh uhsëuh g*ìwxgh gh od vhfwlrq/ o*ìtxloleuh ghv dupdwxuhv sdvvlyhv hvw oh píph txh
suìfìghpphqw hw lo hvw grqqì sdu +716<, hw +7187,1
Srxu ohv dupdwxuhv dfwlyhv/ od uhodwlrq hqwuh o*dffurlvvhphqw gh gìirupdwlrq hw gh frq0
wudlqwh q*hvw soxv grqqìh sdu +716<, pdlv hooh ghylhqw =
rü HsR hvw oh prgxoh g*\rxqj gh o*dflhu gh o*dupdwxuh dfwlyh g*ruguh l hw 4 od shuwh
sdu uhod{dwlrq gh o*dflhu1 O*ìtxloleuh ghv euhv gh od vhfwlrq v*rewlhqw gh od píph idêrq
txh gdqv +7187, =
# $ % & # $ # $
Is?
@
^Ns? ` ^Ns?| `
=
%?
7I4? +91:5,
Is| | ^N ` ^N `
s?| s| %| 7I4|
dyhf 3 4
?sR
[ E
4 F
7I4? @ 4 = E
C }sR
F = frv R =vs
D R +91:6,
' |sR
3 4
?sR frv R
[ E F
7I4| @ 4 = E
C
vlq R
F = vlq R =vs
D R +91:7,
' |sR |S vlq R }sR }S frv R
Oh yhfwhxu # $
+7I4 , @
7I4? +91:8,
7I4|
uhsuìvhqwh od irufh ìtxlydohqwh ã od shuwh gh suìfrqwudlqwh djlvvdqw vxu od vhfwlrq1
91815 Oh eìwrq
Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv/ qrxv doorqv wudydloohu vxu ohv dfwlrqv qrupdohv dx{txhoohv hvw
vrxplvh od vhfwlrq1 Gdqv oh wulëguh J{|}/ gx idlw gh o*k|srwkëvh ghv gìirupdwlrqv sodqhv/
qrxv srxyrqv ìfuluh =
7% +|> }, @ 4 } | +7%?, +91::,
dyhf 3 4
E
7%% F
+7%? , @ C 7!+
E F
D +91:;,
7!5
Wrxmrxuv hq lqwìjudqw vxu od vhfwlrq/ o*ìtxloleuh gh od vhfwlrq gh eìwrq v*ìfulw =
3 4
]
E
4 F
7
I6? @ 7
C } D gV6
6 +|> }, E F
76
|
5 6
] 4 } |
9 :
@ H6 +|> } , 7 } }2 |}
9 : gV6 =%?
8
76
| |} |2
3 4
]
E
4 F
H6 +|> }, E
C } F+
D 7%o? . 7%s,? , gV6 +91:<,
76
|
rü 7%o? hw 7%s,? vrqw ohv dffurlvvhphqwv gh gìirupdwlrqv qrupdohv gh uhwudlw hw gh xdjh
uhvshfwlyhphqw1 Sxlvtxh H6 +|> } , @ H6 +|> },/ rq uhfrqqdñw od pdwulfh ^N6? `/ hw =
3 4
]
E
4 F
7I6? @ ^N6? ` =%? H6 +|> }, E
C } F
D 7 %_s? gV6 +91;3,
76
|
Vdfkdqw txh 7%_s @ 7%o? . 7%s,? hvw sodq dlqvl txh 7%?/ rq shxw doruv ìfuluh =
7%_s +|> }, @ 4 } | 7%_s? +91;4,
hw 3 4
%%_s
E F
7%_s? @ E
C !+_s F
D +91;5,
!5_s
Doruv =
3 4 5 3 4 6
]
E
4 F 9
]
E
4 F :
H6 +|> } , E
C } F
D 7 %_s gV6 @ 9
7 H6 +|> }, E
C } F=
D 4 } | :=
8 7 %_s?
76 PK
| |
Ilqdohphqw/ rq rewlhqw =
Vl o*rq vxssrvh txh oh pdwìuldx xh gh od píph idêrq vhorq ohv frpsrvdqwhv wdqjhqwhv
ã od vhfwlrq txh vhorq ohv frpsrvdqwhv qrupdohv ã od vhfwlrq/ rq shxw ìfuluh =
O*ìtxloleuh joredo gh od vhfwlrq v*ìfulw grqf/ hq vxssrvdqw txh shqgdqw od skdvh gh xdjh/
lo q*| d dxfxqh plvh hq suìfrqwudlqwh =
# $ # $ # $ # $
Ir?
@ ^Nr ` =
%?
7I4? ^N6? ` = 7 %?_s +91;<,
Ir| %| 7I4| ^N6| ` = 7 %|_s
Fhfl shxw hqfruh v*ìfuluh =
# $ # $ # $ # $
Ir?
.
7I4? . ^N6? ` = 7 %?_s @ ^Nr` =
%?
+91<3,
Ir| 7I4| ^N6| ` = 7 %|_s %|
Rq frqvwdwh doruv txh# o*ìtxdwlrq
$ g*ìtxloleuh
# hvw gx píph
$ w|sh txh +7193,1 Od glìuhqfh
# $
^N6? ` = 7 %?_s
Oh yhfwhxu fruuhvsrqg dx{ vroolflwdwlrqv lqgxlwhv sdu od gìirupdwlrq
^N6| ` = 7 %|_s
gh xdjh fdu vhxo oh eìwrq xh/ pdlv o*hqvhpeoh gh# od vhfwlrq
$ vxelw
# fhv vroolflwdwlrqv1
$
G*xq srlqw gh yxh lqirupdwltxh/ ohv yhfwhxuv
I4? 7 hw
^N6? ` = %?_s7 vrqw
# $
I 4| 7 7
^N6| ` = %|_s
Dr?
dmrxwìv hw vwrfnìv gdqv oh píph yhfwhxu txh / fdu lov rqw oh píph u÷oh g*xq srlqw
Dr|
gh yxh dojrulwkpltxh1
Rq d grqf xqh sulvh hq frpswh qdwxuhooh gh o*lqwhudfwlrq hqwuh oh xdjh gx eìwrq hw od
uhod{dwlrq ghv dflhuv gh suìfrqwudlqwh/ fdu o*dojrulwkph yd gìwhuplqhu o*dffurlvvhphqw gh
gìirupdwlrq wrwdoh gh od vhfwlrq fruuhvsrqgdqw dx{ hhwv glìuìv1
Od judqgh glìuhqfh sdu udssruw dx fkdslwuh 7 uìvlgh gdqv oh fdofxo gx prgxoh ìodvwltxh
orqjlwxglqdo frugh H6 +|> },1 Fhoxl0fl hvw fdofxoì ã sduwlu gh od gìirupdwlrq lqvwdqwdqìh/
hw qrq sdv ã sduwlu gh od gìirupdwlrq wrwdoh =
919 Frqfoxvlrq
Od plvh hq úxyuh ghv hhwv glìuìv dx vhlq gh o*dojrulwkph gh uìvroxwlrq qrxv d frqgxlw ã
suhqguh ghv rswlrqv vlpsohv/ pdlv xqlyhuvhoohphqw uhfrqqxhv1 Oh xdjh gx eìwrq dlqvl txh
od uhod{dwlrq ghv dflhuv/ txl vrqw ghx{ skìqrpëqhv dqwdjrqlvwhv srxu oh frpsruwhphqw gh
od vwuxfwxuh/ vrqw uljrxuhxvhphqw sulv hq frpswh gëv oruv txh od glvfuìwlvdwlrq whpsruhooh
plvh hq úxyuh hvw vx!vdqwh1 Fhwwh glvfuìwlvdwlrq hvw idlwh gh idêrq dxwrpdwltxh sdu oh sur0
judpph1 O*dojrulwkph dlqvl gìfulw hvw sduidlwhphqw frpsdwleoh dyhf o*hqvhpeoh ghv orlv gh
xdjh sursrvìhv sdu oh surjudpph olqìdluh/ hw qrwdpphqw ghv ìyroxwlrqv ghv orlv gh xdjh
sursrvìhv sdu o*DIUHP hq 4<<9 ^Ofsf<9`/ frqfhuqdqw ohv eìwrqv kdxwhv shuirupdqfhv1
46; Fkdslwuh 9 Sulvh hq frpswh ghv hhwv glìuìv
Fkdslwuh :
dyhf = 5 6
3 3 3 3 3
9 :
9 3 3 3 3 3 :
9 :
9 3 3 3 3 3 :
^N ` @ 9
9
:
: +:17,
9 3 3 3 3 3 :
9 :
9
7 3 3 3 3 3 :
8
3 3 3 3 3
Od pdwulfh joredoh +45 45, gh o*duwlfxodwlrq hvw fdofxoìh gh idêrq fodvvltxh ã sduwlu gh
^N `/ hq vxssrvdqw od orqjxhxu gh o*duwlfxodwlrq qxooh +frpsoìwlrq sdu v|pìwulh hw ìtxlol0
euh,1 Rq rewlhqw = # $ % & # $
Iu ^N ` ^N ` Vu
@ = +:18,
Iu ^N ` ^N ` Vu
Sxlv fhwwh pdwulfh hvw wrxuqìh sdu o*rsìudwhxu ^Sf ` dq g*h{sulphu oh frpsruwhphqw gh
o*duwlfxodwlrq gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo1 Ilqdohphqw/ od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*duwlfxodwlrq
gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo R[\ ] v*ìfulw =
% & % &
^Nf ` ^Nf ` ^N ` ^N ` |
@ ^Sf` = = ^Sf ` +:19,
^Nf ` ^Nf ` ^N ` ^N `
Srxu uìvrxguh fh ghuqlhu sureoëph/ qrxv dyrqv frqyhqx gh gluh txh o*duwlfxodwlrq vlwxìh
hqwuh ohv qúxgv D hw E / txl rqw wrxuqì uhvshfwlyhphqw/ gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo/ gh f /
t / ~ / hw gh f / t / ~ / d wrxuqì gh nf .+4 n, f / nt .+4 n, t /
n~ . +4 n, ~ / rü n hvw xq uìho frpsulv hqwuh 3 hw 4/ {ì sdu o*xwlolvdwhxu1 Rq qrwh
^UX& ` o*rsìudwhxu pdwulflho dvvrflì ã od urwdwlrq gh o*duwlfxodwlrq1
Hq fh txl frqfhuqh oh suhplhu sureoëph/ qrxv doorqv ghyrlu ìwxglhu o*ìtxloleuh gh o*du0
wlfxodwlrq hq frqvlgìudqw oh eudv gh ohylhu dlqvl lqgxlw1
Frqfuëwhphqw/ oh fdofxo gh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*duwlfxodwlrq gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo
vh pëqh gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
à fh vwdgh/ wrxwhv ohv urwdwlrqv gh o*duwlfxodwlrq rqw ìwì sulvhv hq frpswh = rq d grqf
xqh pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh o*duwlfxodwlrq h{sulpìh gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo/ pdlv txl qh wlhqw
sdv frpswh gh o*doorqjhphqw ìyhqwxho gh o*duwlfxodwlrq1 Vxssrvrqv txh o*duwlfxodwlrq DE
If @ W If
+:144,
Srxu h{sulphu dqdo|wltxhphqw W / qrxv vrpphv reoljìv gh vìsduhu ohv frpsrvdqwhv
irufhv hw prphqwv ghv wruvhxuv If hw If 1 O*ìtxloleuh v*ìfulw/ gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo =
# $ 3 4
Ifs If
C
@ W s D +:145,
If6 If
6
;
A
$
Ifs .
$
If @ $
3
?
$ . EE
$ $
$
= If6 . If
A
s
a If @ $
3
+:146,
6
s
G*rü = ;
A
$ $
Ifs @ If
?
$ $
$ $
= If6 @ If
A
s
. E E a If
+:147,
6
s
475 Fkdslwuh : Ìoìphqwv vsìfltxhv dx Jìqlh flylo
Ru/
3 4 3 4
$ E
X X
F E
Of F
EE@E Y Y F@E Ot F
C
D C D +:148,
Z Z O~
G*rü = 5 6
4 3 3 3 3 3
9 :
9
9
3 4 3 3 3 3 :
:
9
W @ 9
9
3 3 4 3 3 3 :
:
: +:149,
9
9 3 O~ Ot 4 3 3 :
:
9
7 O~ 3 Of 3 4 3 :
8
Ot Of 3 3 3 4
Rq prqwuh txh =
Vf @ | W =Vf
+:14:,
G*rü =
k l
If @ W =If @ W = Nf =Vf @ W = N =| W =Vf
+:14;,
^Nf ` @ W = ^Sf ` = ^UX& ` = ^N ` =| ^UX& ` =| ^Sf ` =| W
+:14<,
E
X X F
q*hvw soxv srqfwxho/ pdlv sruwì sdu oh yhfwhxu C Y Y F
E
D/ fhfl dq g*rewhqlu od
Z Z
pdwulfh gh uljlglwì 45 45 txl vhud lqwìjuìh gdqv od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì joredoh gh od
vwuxfwxuh1 Ohv hruwv dx{ qúxgv D hw E vrqw fdofxoìv vhorq =
# $ % & # $
If ^Nf ` ^Nf ` Vf
@ = +:153,
If ^Nf ` ^Nf ` Vf
Lov vrqw hqvxlwh uìlqmhfwìv gdqv oh uìvlgx g*ìtxloleuh1
J Nj
Ni
uljlglwì ^Nr ` g*xqh gh vhv vhfwlrqv vh phw grqf vrxv od iruph vxlydqwh =
5 6
3 3 3 3 3
9 :
9
9
3 3 3 3 3 3 :
:
9 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
^Nr ` @ 9
9
:
: +:154,
9
9 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
:
9 :
7 3 3 3 3 3 3 8
3 3 3 3 3 3
Lo yd vdqv gluh txh fhwwh pdwulfh hvw vlqjxolëuh = 3 hvw ydohxu sursuh gh pxowlsolflwì 81
Hq rxwuh/ elhq txh o*ìoìphqw elduwlfxoì vrlw gìql sdu vhv fdudfwìulvwltxhv gh vhfwlrq +qr0
wdpphqw vd vhfwlrq gurlwh D% , hw qrq sdv sdu od jìrpìwulh gh vd vhfwlrq/ rq shxw dvvrflhu
ã vrq pdwìuldx xqh orl gh frpsruwhphqw ìodvwltxh qrq olqìdluh1 Rq d grqf =
5 6
H=D% 3 3 3 3 3
9 :
9
9
3 3 3 3 3 3 :
:
9 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
^Nr ` @ 9
9
:
: +:155,
9
9 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
:
9 :
7 3 3 3 3 3 3 8
3 3 3 3 3 3
rü D% gìvljqh od vhfwlrq g*hruw qrupdo/ hw H oh prgxoh g*\rxqj frugh hqwuh ohv ghx{
ìwdwv gh vroolflwdwlrq frqvlgìuìv1
477 Fkdslwuh : Ìoìphqwv vsìfltxhv dx Jìqlh flylo
] uf
^V? ` @ | ^O +{,` = ^V +{,` = ^O +{,` +:157,
r
f
5 6
.% 3 3 3 3 3
uf
9 :
9 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
9 :
9 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
^N? ` @ ^V? `3 @ 9 9
:
: +:158,
9 3 3 3 3 3 3 :
9 :
9 :
7 3 3 3 3 3 3 8
3 3 3 3 3 3
Od pdwulfh ^N? ` qh shxw sdv ghphxuhu dlqvl vlqjxolëuh/ fdu dx frxuv gh od uìvroxwlrq
gh Fkrohvn| gh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì jìqìudoh gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo/ ghv slyrwv qxov yrqw
dssdudñwuh1
Rq uhsëuh ohv qúxgv uholìv h{foxvlyhphqw ã ghv ìoìphqwv elduwlfxoìv1 Fhv qúxgv yrlhqw
ohxuv 6 urwdwlrqv dxwrxu ghv 6 d{hv eortxìhv fdu hoohv q*rqw sdv gh vljqlfdwlrq sk|vltxh1
Hq hhw/ o*h{lvwhqfh g*xqh g*hoohv vljqlhudlw od suìvhqfh dx vhlq gh o*ìoìphqw elduwlfxoì gh
prphqw gh h{lrq rx gh wruvlrq/ fh txl hvw h{fox1
Rq shuwxueh sdu dloohxuv ohv whuphv gh od gldjrqdoh fruuhvsrqgdqw dx{ hruwv wudq0
fkdqwv1 Fhv whuphv/ dx olhx g*íwuh qxov/ v*h{sulphqw gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
rü sqgeld hvw xq uìho frpsulv hqwuh 3 hw 41 Soxv sqgeld hvw lpsruwdqw/ soxv o*ìoìphqw hvw
vwdeoh srxu ohv gìsodfhphqwv/ pdlv od frqyhujhqfh gh od vwuxfwxuh yhuv vd srvlwlrq g*ìtxlol0
euh hvw ohqwh1 Soxv sqgeld hvw idleoh/ soxv o*ìoìphqw hvw lqvwdeoh ylv0ã0ylv ghv gìsodfhphqwv/
pdlv soxv od frqyhujhqfh gh od vwuxfwxuh yhuv vd srvlwlrq g*ìtxloleuh hvw udslgh/ vl hooh q*hvw
sdv wurs ylrohqwh1 Od ydohxu gh 433e qrxv vhpeoh xq erq frpsurplv hqwuh od ylwhvvh gh
frqyhujhqfh gx fdofxo hw vd vwdelolwì1 Fh sdudpëwuh hvw sdu dloohxuv dmxvwdeoh sdu o*xwlolvd0
whxu1 Sdu frqwuh/ od irupdwlrq ghv hruwv dx{ h{wuìplwìv gh o*ìoìphqw elduwlfxoì vh idlw gh
idêrq sxuh/ f*hvw0ã0gluh txh o*hruw dx{ h{wuìplwìv gh o*ìoìphqw elduwlfxoì hvw sruwì sdu od
:15 Ohv ìoìphqwv elduwlfxoìv 478
frugh gh o*ìoìphqw/ hw f*hvw fhw hruw txl hvw xwlolvì srxu iruphu oh uìvlgx g*ìtxloleuh ghv
qúxgv1
2
1 I 3
II
Oh wuhloolv suìvhqwì hq jxuh :15 suìvhqwh fodluhphqw xq frxsodjh hqwuh oh fdofxo hq ìoìphqw
elduwlfxoì hw oh fdofxo hq judqgv gìsodfhphqwv1 Hq hhw/ o*hruw qrupdo hqwuh ohv eduuhv L
hw LL q*hvw prelolvì srxu ìtxloleuhu od irufh I txh vl oh gìsodfhphqw gx qúxg 5 hvw sulv
hq frpswh +jxuh :16,1 Hq rxwuh/ fh sureoëph d o*ìoìjdqfh g*dyrlu xqh vroxwlrq idflohphqw
dffhvvleoh qxpìultxhphqw1
Sdu v|pìwulh/ o*hruw qrupdo hvw oh píph gdqv ohv ghx{ eduuhv/ g*rü/ hq surmhwdqw vxu
od yhuwlfdoh =
5=Q= vlq @ I +:15:,
Ru/
Q @ H=D%% +:15;,
dyhf
Of
O O Of frv Of 4
%@ @
Of Of
@
Of
@
frv
4 +:15<,
G*rü =
4
Q @ H=D% =
frv
4 +:163,
479 Fkdslwuh : Ìoìphqwv vsìfltxhv dx Jìqlh flylo
2
1 L L 3
α
L N N L
gluhfwlrq gh od irufh olqìltxh qh vrlw sdv yhuwlfdoh1 Gdqv oh sodq qrwì R{| dlqvl gìql/ hq
vxssrvdqw txh oh srlgv olqìltxh s hvw sruwì vhorq R|/ oh vfkìpd fodvvltxh g*xq ìoìphqw
fkdñqhwwh vh suìvhqwh vrxv od iruph lqgltxìh hq jxuh :171
T
M
y
A
O x
doruv rq d =
W% P W% +P , @ 3
+:169,
W+ P W+ +P , @ s=gv
+:16:,
Rx hqfruh =
Rq hq gìgxlw doruv txh W% +P , hvw frqvwdqw hw ydxw Wf/ ydohxu srvlwlyh1 Sdu dloohxuv/ od
whqvlrq W +P , ìwdqw sruwìh sdu od wdqjhqwh ã od frxueh/ rq d =
g| g|
W+ @ W% @ Wf +:173,
g{ g{
Hq rxwuh/ rq vdlw txh =
v
g| 2
gv @ 4 . g{ +:174,
g{
G*rü =
v
g| 2
gW+ @ s 4 . g{ +:175,
g{
G*rü =
v
2
gW+ g|
@s 4. +:176,
g{ g{
Rq rewlhqw hqq =
v
2
gW+ g| 2 g|
@ Wf 2 @ s 4 . +:177,
g{ g{ g{
Rx hqfruh =
|
s
s @ +:178,
4 . | 2 Wf
O @ O O +:18;,
k @ { { A 3 +:197,
y @ | | +:198,
s
g @ k2 . y2 +:199,
Orqjxhxu ã ylgh {ìh Vl od orqjxhxu ã ylgh hvw {ìh ã xqh ydohxu Of / o*ìtxdwlrq ã
uìvrxguh hvw =
i +Wf , @ O Of O @ 3 +:19<,
Rx hqfruh =
Wf s s
i +Wf, @ vlqk +{ . { , vlqk +{ . { , Of
s Wf f Wf f
3 4
Af vlqk 2R +{ . { , . {
Wf C 2R
5H=D Af
f
D
% 2R vlqk Af +{ . {f, {
A f 2 R
@ 3 +:1:3,
O*ìtxdwlrq i +Wf , @ 3/ lvvxh gh +:193,/ +:194,/ +:195,/ +:196,/ +:19:,/ +:19;, rx +:1:3,
vhorq oh prgh gh fkdujhphqw/ hvw uìvroxh gh idêrq lwìudwlyh ã o*dlgh g*xq vfkìpd gh Qhzwrq/
dq gh wurxyhu od whqvlrq krul}rqwdoh Wf txl vdwlvidlw ã od frqglwlrq i +Wf, @ 31
Vl xq ìoìphqw fkdñqhwwh qh vxelw sdv gh fkdujhphqw/ pdlv vl od vwuxfwxuh vxelw xq
fkdujhphqw/ od uìsrqvh gh o*ìoìphqw fkdñqhwwh ã fhwwh vroolflwdwlrq v*hhfwxh hq pdlqwhqdqw
frqvwdqwh vd orqjxhxu ã ylgh1
à fkdtxh frqyhujhqfh hq gìsodfhphqwv/ ohv srvlwlrqv ghv srlqwv D hw E vrqw lqwurgxlwhv
gdqv o*dojrulwkph gh od fkdñqhwwh1 Fh ghuqlhu grqqh hq uhwrxu ohv irufhv dx{ qúxgv D hw
E/ fh txl shuphw g*ìydoxhu oh uìvlgx g*ìtxloleuh hq irufh/ o*ìoìphqw fkdñqhwwh wudydloodqw
gluhfwhphqw gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo gh od vwuxfwxuh1 Hq fh txl frqfhuqh oh prgxoh g*ìodvwlf0
lwì dssduhqw gh o*ìoìphqw/ qrxv xwlolvrqv od irupxodwlrq dssurfkìh fodvvltxh dvvlplodqw od
fkdñqhwwh ã xqh sduderoh1 Fhv ydohxuv/ frqqxhv vrxv oh qrp gh irupxoh gh Huqvw/ vrqw ohv
vxlydqwhv =
H
H|@?}e?| @ .% R2 2 EA nA
+:1:4,
4. 2eA2A2
H H
HreS@?| @ .% R2 2
rx .% R2 2
+:1:5,
4. 2A 4. 2A
Fhfl hvw olflwh gdqv od phvxuh rü fh prgxoh q*lqwhuylhqw txh srxu frqvwuxluh o*rsìudwhxu
gh frqyhujhqfh/ hw qrq sdv srxu irupxohu oh uìvlgx g*ìtxloleuh/ fh ghuqlhu ìwdqw fdofxoì gh
idêrq h{dfwh1
Fh vrqw ohv ìtxdwlrqv glìuhqwlhoohv txh grlyhqw yìulhu ohv irqfwlrqv W +v,/ { +v, hw | +v,1
Ohv vroxwlrqv vrqw gh od iruph =
W s
{ +v, . {f @ f duj vlqk +v . vf , +:1:;,
s Wf
v
2
Wf
| +v, . |f @ . +v . vf ,2 +:1:<,
s
t
W +v, @ Wf2 . s2 +v . vf ,2 +:1;3,
{ +v, @ { @ { +:1;4,
Hq E=
Wf s
{ . {f @ duj vlqk +v . O, +:1;9,
s Wf f
v
2
Wf
| . |f @ . +vf . O,2 +:1;:,
s
rü O hvw od orqjxhxu gìyhorssìh gh od fkdñqhwwh1 Sdu vrxvwudfwlrq/ rq rewlhqw =
Wf s s
{ { @ k @ duj vlqk +v . O, duj vlqk +v , +:1;;,
s Wf f Wf f
v v
2 2
Wf Wf
| | @ y@ . +vf . O,2 . v2f +:1;<,
s s
Ohv lqfrqqxhv gx sureoëph vrqw grqf Wf / od whqvlrq krul}rqwdoh/ vf o*devflvvh fxuyloljqh gh
D/ hw O od orqjxhxu gìyhorssìh gh od fkdñqhwwh1
Doorqjhphqw gh od fkdñqhwwh
Gh od píph idêrq/ rq d =
] u
W +v,
O @ gv
f H=D%
] ut
4
@ Wf2 . s2 +v . vf,2gv
H=D% f
5 t 6u
4 7 +v . vf, Wf2 . s2 +v . vf,2.
@ 8 +:1<3,
5H=D% Af2 R
R duj vlqk A +v . vf , f f
Whqvlrq krul}rqwdoh {ìh Vl od whqvlrq krul}rqwdoh Wf hvw {ìh/ doruv oh v|vwëph q*d
soxv txh 5 ìtxdwlrqv hw 5 lqfrqqxhv = vf hw O/ txh o*rq wurxyh hq uìvroydqw +:1;;, hw +:1;<,1
487 Fkdslwuh : Ìoìphqwv vsìfltxhv dx Jìqlh flylo
k y
i +Wf > vf> O, @ Wf . s=vf W @ 3 +:1<;,
g g
Vl od whqvlrq frugh hvw {ìh hq E ã od ydohxu W / o*ìtxdwlrq ã uìvrxguh hvw =
k y
i +Wf> vf > O, @ Wf . s= +vf . O, W @ 3 +:1<<,
g g
Orqjxhxu ã ylgh {ìh Vl od orqjxhxu ã ylgh hvw {ìh ã xqh ydohxu Of / o*ìtxdwlrq ã
uìvrxguh hvw =
i +Wf> vf> O, @ O Of O @ 3 +:1433,
hq irqfwlrq gh Wf / vf / hw O/ vdfkdqw txh +:1435, hvw lvvxh gh +:1<7,/ +:1<8,/ +:1<9,/ +:1<:,/
+:1<;,/ +:1<<, rx +:1434, vhorq oh prgh gh fkdujhphqw1 Qrxv xwlolvrqv xq vfkìpd gh w|sh
Qhzwrq/ f*hvw0ã0gluh txh qrxv frqvwuxlvrqv od pdwulfh mdfrelhqqh gx sureoëph =
5 6
Ys EAf crf cu Ys EAf crf cu Ys EAf crf cu
9 Ys EYA f Yrf Yu
Ys EAf crf cu :
^M ` @ 9 Af crf cu Ys EAf crf cu : +:1438,
7 YAf Yrf Yu 8
Ys2 EAf crf cu Ys2 EAf crf cu Ys2 EAf crf cu
YAf Yrf Yu
3 4
E F
Wf
hw rq rewlhqw ã fkdtxh sdv o*lqfuìphqw ã dssoltxhu dx yhfwhxu E
C vf
F srxu v*dssurfkhu
D
O
gh od vroxwlrq = 3 4 3 4
E
Wf F E
i +Wf> vf> O, F
E vf F @ ^M ` E i +Wf > vf > O, F
3
+:1439,
C D C D
O i2 +Wf> vf> O,
3 4
E
Wf F
Oruvtxh o*rq d gìwhuplqì oh yhfwhxu E
C vf F vroxwlrq gx sureoëph/ ohv hruwv dx{
D
O
h{wuìplwìv gh o*ìoìphqw vh gìgxlvhqw gluhfwhphqw1
k
k @ g +:143;,
g
y
y @ g +:143<,
g
489 Fkdslwuh : Ìoìphqwv vsìfltxhv dx Jìqlh flylo
G*rü =
k . k y . y O . O
W . W @ +W . Wf , . s= vf . vf .
g . g f g . g 5
k y O . O
@ +Wf . Wf , . s= vf . vf . +:1443,
g g 5
G*rü =
k y O
W @ Wf . s= vf . +:1444,
g g 5
O*doorqjhphqw lqqlwìvlpdo vh idlw dxwrxu gh od vroxwlrq +Wf > vf > O, yìuldqw =
rü o*ìtxdwlrq i +Wf > vf> O, @ 3 hvw fhqvìh pdlqwhqlu od orqjxhxu ã ylgh frqvwdqwh/ f*hvw0ã0
gluh gh od iruph gh +:1434,1 Hq hhfwxdqw xq gìyhorsshphqw olplwì gh i / i hw i2 dxwrxu
gh +Wf > vf > O,/ rq d =
Rq uhpdutxh doruv txh i +Wf > vf > O, fruuhvsrqg ã o*doorqjhphqw krul}rqwdo k hw i2 +Wf > vf > O,
ã o*doorqjhphqw yhuwlfdo y1 O*dffurlvvhphqw i +Wf > vf> O, grlw íwuh qxo dq gh pdlqwhqlu
od orqjxhxu ã ylgh frqvwdqwh1 Rq rewlhqw qdohphqw oh v|vwëph =
3 4 3 4
E
Wf F E
3 F
^M ` = E
C vf F@E
D C k F
D +:144;,
O y
Rq lqyhuvh oh v|vwëph dlqvl rewhqx/ hw hq qrwdqw =
3 4
E
t t2 t F
^M `3 @ E
C t2 t22 t2 F
D +:144<,
t t2 t
Rq d =
G*rü =
k y t =k . t =y
W @ +t2 =k . t =y, . s= t22=k . t2=y . 2
g g 5
k t2 y k t y
@ t2 . s t22 . k . t . s t2 . y
g 5 g g 5 g
k t2 y k k t y y
@ t2 . s t22 . g . t . s t2 . g +:1456,
g 5 g g g 5 g g
Rq rewlhqw hqq =
W g
H@RR@oe?| @
g #D% $
4 t2 _ . s t22 . ^22 _ k.
@ +:1457,
D% t _ . s t2 . ^2 _ y
Fhv gìyhorsshphqwv vxu od fkdñqhwwh q*rqw/ ã qrwuh frqqdlvvdqfh/ mdpdlv ìwì hhfwxìv1
Od ghx{lëph irupxodwlrq gx sureoëph gh od fkdñqhwwh hvw sduwlfxolëuhphqw lqgltxìh
srxu oh fdofxo ghv hruwv dx{ h{wuìplwìv ghv vxvshqwhv1 Od suhplëuh hvw uìvhuyìh dx{
ìoìphqwv fkdñqhwwhv txl qh vrqw sdv surfkhv gh od yhuwlfdoh1 Oh sdvvdjh g*xqh irupxodwlrq
ã o*dxwuh hvw sduidlwhphqw frqwlqx1
Fdofxo g*lqvwdelolwì
;14 Lqwurgxfwlrq
Gdqv fh fkdslwuh/ qrxv qrxv lqwìuhvvhurqv hvvhqwlhoohphqw dx fdofxo g*lqvwdelolwì olqìdluh1 Oh
fdofxo g*lqvwdelolwì frqvlvwh/ srxu xqh vwuxfwxuh grqqìh vrxplvh ã xqh fkdujh S / ã wurxyhu
oh idfwhxu gh fkdujh fulwltxh txh o*rq qrwhud / who txh vrxv od fkdujh S / od vwuxfwxuh
ghylhqw lqvwdeoh1 Hq jìqìudo/ vhxohv ohv ydohxuv srvlwlyhv gh vrqw lqwìuhvvdqwhv1
Oh fdofxo g*lqvwdelolwì olqìdluh shuphw gh uìvrxguh fh sureoëph hq oh olqìdulvdqw ã o*r0
uljlqh gdqv oh gldjudpph hruw0gìsodfhphqw1 hvw doruv vroxwlrq gx sureoëph dx{ ydohxuv
sursuhv vxlydqw =
^Nf` ={ @ ^Nj ` ={ +;14,
^D` ={ @ ^E ` ={ +;15,
vh uhwurxyh ìjdohphqw gdqv o*dqdo|vh g|qdpltxh ghv vwuxfwxuhv1 Hq hhw/ ohv prghv gh
yleudwlrq gh od vwuxfwxuh vrqw ohv yhfwhxuv sursuhv { dvvrflìv dx{ ydohxuv sursuhv gx
sureoëph vxlydqw =
^N ` ={ @ ^P ` ={ +;16,
493 Fkdslwuh ; Fdofxo g*lqvwdelolwì
@ f . +;17,
Sdu xq fkrl{ mxglflhx{ gh f / od uhfkhufkh ghv ydohxuv gh dqqxodqw ghw +^Nf ` . ^Nj `,
hvw soxv dlvìh/ pdlv v*dyëuh qìdqprlqv gìolfdwh1
Lfl/ rq srvh =
@ +;19,
4
Oh sureoëph v*ìfulw doruv =
Vl o*rq qrwh 3 od suhplëuh ydohxu sursuh qìjdwlyh gx sureoëph/ hw gh idêrq jìqìudoh 3
od lëph ydohxu sursuh qìjdwlyh hq sduwdqw gh 3/ rq frqvwdwh doruv txh vl A
b3 doruv
A 3 hw o*rq d 3 A 1 Hq rxwuh/ dx{ ydohxuv sursuhv srvlwlyhv/ f*hvw0ã0gluh fhoohv txl
qrxv lqwìuhvvhqw/ fruuhvsrqghqw ghv ydohxuv whoohv txh 3 9 9 k 1
Fhwwh whfkqltxh v*dyëuh ehdxfrxs soxv vwdeoh hq sudwltxh1
;15 Uìvroxwlrq gx sureoëph 494
dyhf { 9@ 3/ wrxw hq h{wud|dqw ghv ydohxuv sursuhv srvlwlyhv/ qrxv qrxv vrpphv edvìv vxu
oh idlw vxlydqw = od pdwulfh ^^Nf ` . ^Nj `` hvw vlqjxolëuh/ grqf vrq gìwhuplqdqw hvw qxo/ rx
hqfruh xqh gh vhv ydohxuv sursuhv/ txl ìwdlw srvlwlyh/ ghylhqw qxooh1 Qrxv fdofxorqv/ srxu
xqh ydohxu grqqìh gh od pdwulfh
Fhwwh pdwulfh hvw uìhooh v|pìwultxh = hooh hvw grqf gldjrqdolvdeoh hw shxw vh phwwuh vrxv od
iruph
^N ` @ ^O` ^G` | ^O` +;143,
rü ^O` hvw xqh pdwulfh wuldqjxodluh lqiìulhxuh +Orzhu, hw ^G` xqh pdwulfh gldjrqdoh/ frp0
srvìh ghv ydohxuv sursuhv gh ^N `1 Qrxv hhfwxrqv od idfwrulvdwlrq gh ^N `/ hw qrxv frps0
wrqv oh qrpeuh gh ydohxuv sursuhv qìjdwlyhv frqwhqxhv gdqv ^G`1 Dlqvl/ sdu xqh vlpsoh
glfkrwrplh/ qrxv frqqdlvvrqv ohv ydohxuv gh txl fkdqjhqw oh qrpeuh gh ydohxuv sursuhv
qìjdwlyhv/ fh txl uhylhqw ã gìwhfwhu ohv ydohxuv gh txl dqqxohqw oh gìwhuplqdqw gh ^N `1 Hq
sduwdqw gh 3/ rq shxw dlqvl h{wudluh ohv ydohxuv dssurfkìhv /111/R ghv s ydohxuv sursuhv
srvlwlyhv txl uìsrqghqw dx sureoëph srvì1
Fhshqgdqw/ fhwwh whfkqltxh qh shuphw sdv gh fdofxohu ohv yhfwhxuv sursuhv dvvrflìv ã
/111/R 1 Srxu h{wudluh oh yhfwhxu sursuh { / qrxv xwlolvrqv
dvvrflì ã od ydohxu sursuh
od pìwkrgh gh od sxlvvdqfh lqyhuvh/ hq hhfwxdqw xq gìfdodjh +vkliw, gh sdu udssruw ã
o*ruljlqh gh o*d{h ghv ydohxuv sursuhv1 Rq srvh doruv
@ . W +;144,
Qrxv srvrqv =
^Nf ` . ^Nj ` @ ^N ` +;146,
^N `3 ^N ` =t
t&n @ 3 j & +;147,
^N ` ^Nj ` =t&
495 Fkdslwuh ; Fdofxo g*lqvwdelolwì
dyhf tf txhofrqtxh srxuyx txh ntfn @ 41 Hq sudwltxh/ od qruph xwlolvìh hvw od qruph
lqqlh1 Qrwrqv dx sdvvdjh txh oh fdofxo gh ^N `3 q*hvw sdv qìfhvvdluh = lo vx!w hq idlw
g*lqyhuvhu oh v|vwëph1 Rq vdlw txh
nt& n 4
olp
nt&nn @ m m @ mWm
W
+;148,
&<n"
4
t @ olp t&
hvw xq yhfwhxu sursuh dvvrflì ã od ydohxu sursuh W @ txl hvw od soxv
&<n" W
judqgh hq prgxoh1 Rq fdofxoh doruv
;16 Frqfoxvlrq
Od whfkqltxh txh qrxv sursrvrqv d soxvlhxuv dydqwdjhv = hooh shuphw g*h{wudluh ohv ydohxuv
sursuhv hq sdufrxudqw o*d{h ghv ydohxuv sursuhv gh idêrq frqwlqxh ã sduwlu gh 3/ vdqv hq
vdxwhu1 Hq od frxsodqw ã od pìwkrgh gh od sxlvvdqfh lqyhuvh gìfdoìh/ rq rewlhqw ohv yhfwhxuv
sursuhv dvvrflìv1 Ã dxfxq prphqw qrxv qh idlvrqv g*k|srwkëvh vxu od gìqlh0srvlwlylwì ghv
pdwulfhv pdqlsxoìhv1 Qrxv xwlolvrqv vlpsohphqw oh idlw tx*hoohv vrqw uìhoohv hw v|pìwultxhv/
hw grqf gldjrqdolvdeohv1 Od frqwuh0sduwlh vh sdlh hq whpsv gh fdofxo/ fdu oh qrpeuh gh
idfwrulvdwlrqv hvw lpsruwdqw/ pdlv ohv whpsv gh fdofxo vrqw wrxmrxuv uhvwìv dffhswdeohv/
píph vxu ghv vwuxfwxuhv lpsruwdqwhv1
Fkdslwuh <
Fdofxo g|qdpltxh
<14 Lqwurgxfwlrq
Oh fdofxo g|qdpltxh ghv vwuxfwxuhv hvw oh surorqjhphqw orjltxh gx fdofxo qrq olqìdluh
vwdwltxh1 Oh fdofxo g|qdpltxh shuphw g*dssuìkhqghu fruuhfwhphqw ohv hhwv gx yhqw hw
ghv vìlvphv vxu ohv vwuxfwxuhv1 Od plvh hq úxyuh g*xq who w|sh gh fdofxo hvw sduidlwhphqw
oìjlwlph gdqv od phvxuh rü ohv vwuxfwxuhv txh o*rq ìwxglh ìwdqw gh soxv hq soxv ìodqfìhv/
hoohv ghylhqqhqw gh idlw gh soxv hq soxv vhqvleohv dx{ hhwv gx yhqw hw ghv vìlvphv1 Hq
rxwuh/ oh fdofxo ghv vwuxfwxuhv hq }rqh vlvpltxh vhpeoh íwuh xqh suìrffxsdwlrq iruwh gh od
sduw ghv dfwhxuv gx Jìqlh flylo1
Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv/ qrxv suìvhqwhurqv vxfflqfwhphqw oh fdofxo g|qdpltxh olqìdluh/
sxlv qrxv qrxv lqwìuhvvhurqv dx fdofxo g|qdpltxh whpsruho/ txl frqvlvwh ã lqwìjuhu sdv gh
whpsv sdu sdv gh whpsv/ oh prxyhphqw gh od vwuxfwxuh1
Xqh vwuxfwxuh grqw oh frpsruwhphqw hvw ìodvwltxh olqìdluh/ prgìolvìh ã o*dlgh gh eduuhv hw
frpsruwdqw xqh pdvvh dvvrflìh ã fkdfxq ghv qúxgv/ hvw hq idlw xq rvfloodwhxu pxowlsoh/
f*hvw0ã0gluh xq hqvhpeoh gh pdvvhv uholìhv hqwuh hoohv hw ã xqh edvh {h sdu ghv uhvvruwv hw
ghv dpruwlvvhxuv1
Gdqv oh uhsëuh joredo/ od vwuxfwxuh hvw fkdujìh dx{ qúxgv sdu oh yhfwhxu S +w,/ txl gìvrupdlv
hvw xqh fkdujh gìshqgdqw gx whpsv1 Srxu xq gìsodfhphqw grqqì V} ghv qúxgv/ ohv pdvvhv
dvvrflìhv ã fkdfxq ghv qúxgv vxelvvhqw ohv hruwv vxlydqwv =
497 Fkdslwuh < Fdofxo g|qdpltxh
ohv irufhv ìodvwltxhv gh udssho Io / txl fruuhvsrqghqw ã o*rssrvì ghv irufhv lqwhuqhv
gh od vwuxfwxuh I} / txl shxyhqw v*ìfuluh gdqv oh fdv olqìdluh =
Io @ I} @ ^N ` =V} +<14,
gV
Vb} @ } +<16,
gw
Vb} hvw hq idlw oh yhfwhxu ylwhvvh ghv qúxgv1
rü ^P ` hvw od pdwulfh ghv pdvvhv gh od vwuxfwxuhv hw V} od gìulyìh vhfrqgh gh V} sdu udssruw
dx whpsv w =
gV 2
V} @ 2} +<18,
gw
V} hvw hq idlw oh yhfwhxu dffìoìudwlrq ghv qúxgv1 Gh idêrq soxv fodvvltxh/ fhwwh ìtxdwlrq
vh phw vrxv od iruph vxlydqwh =
Srxu txh fhwwh uhodwlrq vrlw yìulìh ã wrxw lqvwdqw w/ lo idxw txh =
^N ` $2 ^P ` =G @ 3 +<144,
Gdqv oh fdguh g*xqh ìwxgh vlvpltxh ã o*dlgh g*xq vshfwuh gh uìsrqvh/ srxu fkdtxh prgh/
rq gìwhuplqh ohv svhxgr0dffìoìudwlrqv ã dssoltxhu dx{ pdvvhv/ hw grqf ohv irufhv vwdwltxhv
ìtxlydohqwhv1 Vrxv o*dfwlrq gh fhv irufhv vwdwltxhv ìtxlydohqwhv/ od vwuxfwxuh vxelw ghv
gìsodfhphqwv hw gìyhorssh ghv hruwv lqwhuqhv1 Dsuëv dyrlu vìohfwlrqqì ohv Q prghv hq0
jhqgudqw ghv hruwv qrwdeohv gdqv od vwuxfwxuh/ rq surfëgh doruv ã xqh vxshusrvlwlrq ghv
uìsrqvhv prgdohv gh od vwuxfwxuh1 Srxu vlpsolhu o*ìqrqfì/ rq vxssrvhud txh od yìulfdwlrq
txh o*rq pëqh hvw hhfwxìh g*dsuëv od ydohxu g*xq vhxo sdudpëwuh1
Dsshorqv s od ydohxu pd{lpdoh txh suhqg xq sdudpëwuh s srxu oh prgh gh yleudwlrq
l1 Oruvtxh ohv prghv gh yleudwlrqv vrqw lqgìshqgdqwv/ od ydohxu pd{lpdoh s gx sdudpëwuh
s hvw grqqìh sdu od pr|hqqh txdgudwltxh =
y
x
x[
s @ w s2 +<146,
'
Sdu frqwuh/ vl sdu h{hpsoh ohv prghv 4 hw 5 rqw ghv iuìtxhqfhv yrlvlqhv ã prlqv gh 43(
suëv/ rq qh shxw sdv frqvlgìuhu tx*lov vrqw lqgìshqgdqwv/ hw o*rq d =
y
x
x [
m m m m
s @ w+ s . s2 ,2 . s2 +<147,
'
Oh yhfwhxu ghv hruwv lqwhuqhv I} +w, gìshqg gx whpsv sdu oh eldlv gx gìsodfhphqw V} +w,
gh od píph idêrq tx*hq vwdwltxh1 Srxu uìvrxguh +<148,/ rq shxw xwlolvhu ghv pìwkrghv g*lq0
wìjudwlrq gluhfwh ghv v|vwëphv gx vhfrqg ruguh1 Rq shxw flwhu od pìwkrgh ghv glìuhqfhv
qlhv fhqwudohv +pìwkrgh h{solflwh,/ od pìwkrgh gh Krxerow +lpsolflwh,/ od pìwkrgh gh Qhz0
pdun +lpsolflwh,/ dlqvl txh fhooh gh Zlovrq +lpsolflwh, ^Gkd;7`1 Qrwrqv dx sdvvdjh txh od
pìwkrgh gh Qhzpdun hvw xq fdv sduwlfxolhu gh fhooh gh Zlovrq1 Qrxv dyrqv gìyhorssì od
pìwkrgh g*lqwìjudwlrq gh Qhzpdun fdu hooh suìvhqwdlw gh qrpeuhx{ dydqwdjhv/ dxvvl elhq
gx srlqw gh yxh wkìrultxh txh gx srlqw gh yxh gh od plvh hq úxyuh1
w 2
V} +w . w, @ V} +w, . wVb} +w, . +4 e, V} +w, . eV} +w . w, +<14:,
5
<16 Fdofxo g|qdpltxh qrq olqìdluh 49:
4
Oruvtxh d@e@ / fhv dssur{lpdwlrqv frqvlvwhqw ã vxssrvhu o*dffìoìudwlrq frqvwdqwh
5
4 4
gdqv o*lqwhuydooh ^w> w . w` hw ìjdoh ã vd ydohxu pr|hqqh1 Oruvtxh d @ hw e @ / fhv
5 6
dssur{lpdwlrqv frqvlvwhqw ã vxssrvhu xqh dffìoìudwlrq yduldqw olqìdluhphqw vxu o*lqwhuydooh
^w> w . w`1
Hq srvdqw =
Rq uhwurxyh oh píph vfkìpd gh uìvroxwlrq txh gdqv oh fkdslwuh 81 Rq frqvwuxlw xqh vxlwh
gh vroxwlrqv V} +w, gh od idêrq vxlydqwh = V}n +w, hvw vroxwlrq gh
^P ` =V} +w, . ^F ` =Vb} +w, . ^N} ` =V}n +w, @ S +w, +<163,
ew2
^N} ` @ ^P ` . dw ^F ` . ^N} ` +<166,
5
Oh uìvlgx q*hvw sdv lqlwldolvì sdu S pdlv sdu =
ew2 b w2 de 2 b
S +w,.^P ` = wV} +w, . V +w, .^F ` = w V} +w, . dw V} +w, +<167,
5 5 } 5
Hq xwlolvdqw ìjdohphqw +<157, hw +<156, gdqv +<164,/ lo ylhqw =
ew2 ew2
uhvlgx @ +S +w . w, I} +w . w,,
5 5
^^P ` . dw ^F `` =V} +w,
w2
. ^P ` = wV} +w, . +4 e,
b V +w,
5 }
w2 b de
. ^F ` = +5d e, V} +w, . w V} +w, +<168,
5 5
Hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv frqglwlrqv lqlwldohv/ qrxv vxssrvrqv gh idêrq lpsolflwh txh od vwuxf0
wxuh hvw dx gìexw hq ìtxloleuh vrxv xq fkdujhphqw vwdwltxh qrwì Sr|@|^e / dyhf oh gìsodfh0
phqw V}r|@|^e fruuhvsrqgdqw1 Hooh hvw hqvxlwh h{flwìh sdu xq fkdujhphqw h{wìulhxu dxwrxu
gh fhwwh srvlwlrq g*ìtxloleuh vwdwltxh1 Qrxv dyrqv grqf =
Dlqvl/ hq xwlolvdqw +<148,/ rq fdofxoh o*dffìoìudwlrq lqlwldoh V} +3,/ txl hvw gìgxlwh gh od
uìvroxwlrq gh =
^P ` =V} +3, @ S +3, Sr|@|^e +<16;,
<17 Frqfoxvlrq
Ohv uhfrppdqgdwlrqv gh Qhzpdun srxu oh fkrl{ ghv sdudpëwuhv gh od pìwkrgh vrqw ohv
vxlydqwv =
4
d @ srxu ìolplqhu o*dpruwlvvhphqw dojrulwkpltxh +<16<,
5
4 4
e 5 >
6 5
+<173,
w 4 4
W
5 >
9 8
+<174,
rü W hvw od sìulrgh gx prgh gìgxlw gx fdofxo hq rvfloodwlrqv oleuhv txl srvvëgh od sxovdwlrq
sursuh od soxv ìohyìh1
Frpph rq shxw oh frqvwdwhu/ rq uhwurxyh h{dfwhphqw od píph orjltxh hw oh píph
vfkìpd gh uìvroxwlrq txh vrxv fkdujhphqw vwdwltxh1 F*hvw grqf oh píph dojrulwkph gh
uìvroxwlrq txl hvw hpsor|ì1 Hq sudwltxh/ fhod vljqlh txh oh frgh gh fdofxo fruuhvsrqgdqw ã
xqh uìvroxwlrq vwdwltxh d vxelw ghv wudqvirupdwlrqv vrpph wrxwh plqhxuhv dq gh srxyrlu
phqhu xq fdofxo g|qdpltxh dyhf lqwìjudwlrq whpsruhooh sdv ã sdv1 Od sulvh hq frpswh ghv
qrq0olqìdulwìv pdwìulhooh hw jìrpìwultxh hvw dlqvl wrwdoh1
Od vhxoh lqfrqqxh hq fh txl qrxv frqfhuqh hvw o*ìydoxdwlrq gh o*dpruwlvvhphqw1 Qrxv
sursrvrqv grqf ã o*xwlolvdwhxu gh gìqlu od pdwulfh g*dpruwlvvhphqw ^F ` ã o*dlgh gh ghx{
frh!flhqwv hw 2 whov txh =
^F ` @ ^P ` . 2 ^N} ` +<175,
4:3 Fkdslwuh < Fdofxo g|qdpltxh
Fkdslwuh 43
H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv
qxpìultxhv
4314 Lqwurgxfwlrq
Gdqv fh fkdslwuh/ qrxv doorqv suìvhqwhu xq fhuwdlq qrpeuh g*h{hpsohv txl rqw idlw o*re0
mhw g*ìwxghv h{sìulphqwdohv hw2rx wkìrultxhv1 Qrxv frqiurqwrqv oh uìvxowdw gh qrv fdofxov
hhfwxìv ã sduwlu gh fh txl suìfëgh/ dx{ uìvxowdwv h{sìulphqwdx{1 Qrxv wudlwhurqv gli0
iìuhqwv w|shv gh vwuxfwxuhv1 Qrxv frpphqfhurqv sdu ìwxglhu ghv vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì/
sxlv qrxv ìwxglhurqv ghv vwuxfwxuhv frpsrvìhv gh eìwrq dupì hw suìfrqwudlqw/ dlqvl txh
ghv vwuxfwxuhv pìwdooltxhv1 Qrxv phwwurqv hq úxyuh od qrq0olqìdulwì pdwìulhooh frxsoìh
ìyhqwxhoohphqw dyhf od qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh/ hw ìyhqwxhoohphqw od ylvfr0ìodvwlflwì1
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
Oh suhplhu h{hpsoh hvw wluì g*xqh vìulh gh whvwv hhfwxìv sdu Pdwwrfn ^Pdw8<` vxu ghv
srxwuhv frqwlqxhv k|shuvwdwltxhv hq eìwrq dupì1 Hooh d idlw o*remhw g*ìwxghv qxpìultxhv sdu
Juhodw ^Juh:;e` hw Qdlw0Udedk ^Qdl<3`1 Od srxwuh txh o*rq vh sursrvh g*ìwxglhu frpsruwh
ghx{ wudyìhv ìjdohv gh 45 slhgv/ vrlw 4/;5< p1 Xqh fkdujh srqfwxhooh qrwìh S hvw dssoltxìh
dx plolhx gh od suhplëuh wudyìh/ frpph lqgltxì vxu od jxuh 4314/ mxvtx*ã od uxlqh frpsoëwh1
Od vhfwlrq wudqvyhuvdoh gh od srxwuh hvw uhfwdqjxodluh/ hw idlw < srxfhv sdu 7 srxfhv/
vrlw 55/;9 fp sdu 43/49 fp1 Od srxwuh ìwxglìh fruuhvsrqg ã od srxwuh qxpìur 6 gh od
suhplëuh vìulh/ hw suìvhqwh od sduwlfxodulwì gh srvvìghu hq E hw hq F oh píph srxufhqwdjh
g*dupdwxuhv sdvvlyhv whqgxhv = 43 dupdwxuhv gh 3/58 srxfh gh gldpëwuh/ vrlw 6/49: fp2
4:5 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
B C
P
22,86cm
A C D
B
g*dflhu/ fh txl fruuhvsrqg ã 4/69( gh od vhfwlrq wrwdoh1 Fh sureoëph qh idlw lqwhuyhqlu txh
od qrq0olqìdulwì gx frpsruwhphqw gx pdwìuldx1
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Od uìvlvwdqfh hq frpsuhvvlrq gx eìwrq phvxuìh vxu ghv ìsurxyhwwhv fxeltxhv hvw gh
5</7 PSd1 Gdqv od prgìolvdwlrq sursrvìh/ od uìvlvwdqfh hq frpsuhvvlrq sulvh hq frpswh
hvw gh 3/;8 irlv od uìvlvwdqfh phvxuìh vxu ghv fxehv1 Oh prgxoh g*\rxqj gx eìwrq ã o*r0
uljlqh hvw ìydoxì ã 58 JSd1 Od orl gh frpsruwhphqw gx eìwrq hvw xqh orl gh w|sh Vdujlq
dyhf sulvh hq frpswh gx eìwrq whqgx +whqvlrq0vwlhqlqj, vhorq od pìwkrgh gh Juhodw1 Ohv
frrugrqqìhv gx slf gh frpsuhvvlrq vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv =
Uìvxowdwv
Ohv srxwuhv vrqw frqêxhv srxu xqh fkdujh gh vhuylfh qrwìh Sr ìjdoh ã 56 nQ1 Od fkdujh gh
uxswxuh phvxuìh h{sìulphqwdohphqw v*ìoëyh ã :7/54 nQ1 Oh wdeohdx 4314 grqqh od ydohxu ghv
prphqwv vrxv od fkdujh gh vhuylfh Sr vhorq xq fdofxo olqìdluh/ vhorq oh fdofxo qrq olqìdluh
sursrvì/ hw vhorq o*h{sìulhqfh1
4315 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì 4:6
Vrxv fkdujh gh vhuylfh/ rq frqvwdwh od erqqh fruuìodwlrq hqwuh oh fdofxo qrq olqìdluh hw
o*h{sìulhqfh1 O*ìfduw hqwuh oh fdofxo olqìdluh hw o*h{sìulhqfh hvw gìmã vhqvleoh/ vxuwrxw hq fh
txl frqfhuqh oh prphqw ìfklvvdqw hq F txl hvw vrxv0hvwlpì gh 49(1
O*ìyroxwlrq ghv prphqwv hq E hw hq F hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu od jxuh 43151 Rq | d
uhsuìvhqwì ohv uìvxowdwv h{sìulphqwdx{ dlqvl txh fhx{ lvvxv gh qrwuh fdofxo1
30
Mb Expérience
Mb calculé
25
Mc Expérience
Mc calculé
20
Moments (kN.m) 15
10 Ps
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Charge P (kN)
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Oh srwhdx hvw glvfuìwlvì hq 43 ìoìphqwv1 Oh prgxoh g*\rxqj gx eìwrq ã o*ruljlqh hvw ìydoxì
ã 67 JSd1 Od orl gh frpsruwhphqw gx eìwrq hvw xqh orl gh w|sh Vdujlq/ dyhf n @ 5/ hw
vdqv sulvh hq frpswh gx eìwrq whqgx1 Ohv frrugrqqìhv gx slf gh frpsuhvvlrq vrqw ohv
vxlydqwhv =
P
e=1,5cm
15mm
20mm
200mm 4HA12
2,25m
150mm
150mm
Od uìvlvwdqfh hq wudfwlrq gx eìwrq hvw qìjoljìh1 Fhfl hvw oìjlwlph gx idlw gx idleoh qrpeuh
g*dupdwxuhv sdvvlyhv gdqv od vhfwlrq = oh whqvlrq0vwlhqlqj hvw qìjoljhdeoh1 O*dflhu d xq
prgxoh g*\rxqj ã o*ruljlqh gh 533 JSd/ vd olplwh ìodvwltxh ìwdqw ìydoxìh ã 7:7 PSd1 Rq
vxssrvh od orl gh frpsruwhphqw gh o*dflhu ìodvwr0sodvwltxh sduidlwh1
Uìvxowdwv
Od frxueh fkdujh0 ëfkh hvw wudfìh vxu od jxuh 4317/ rü o*rq d uhsuìvhqwì ìjdohphqw od
frxueh prgìolvdqw od qrq0olqìdulwì jìrpìwultxh vhxoh1 Vxu fh gldjudpph/ rq d sruwì od
frxueh uhsuìvhqwdqw oh frpsruwhphqw gh od vwuxfwxuh gdqv o*k|srwkëvh g*xq frpsruwhphqw
olqìdluh ghv pdwìuldx{1 Od iruph frxueìh hvw gxh dx{ vhxov hhwv gx vhfrqg ruguh/ hw oh
idleoh ìfduw hqwuh fhwwh frxueh hw od frxueh h{sìulphqwdoh prqwuh ohxu lpsruwdqfh gdqv
fh w|sh g*h{sìulhqfh1 Vl o*rq frxsoh oh fdofxo qrq olqìdluh jìrpìwultxh dyhf xq frpsruwh0
phqw qrq olqìdluh ghv pdwìuldx{/ rq frqvwdwh txh od frxueh fdofxoìh hvw wuëv surfkh gh
o*h{sìulhqfh1
Oh wdeohdx 4316 prqwuh txh od fkdujh xowlph hvw vxuhvwlpìh gh 6(1 Qrwrqv txh od
4:9 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
800
NL géométrique
700 Expérience
Calcul
600 Ulm
500
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Flèche (mm)
uxswxuh hvw revhuyìh qrq sdv ã fdxvh gh od uxswxuh gh od vhfwlrq g*hqfdvwuhphqw +g*dloohxuv/
ohv dflhuv vrqw hqfruh gdqv ohxu gldjudpph olqìdluh,/ pdlv sdufh txh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì
gh od vwuxfwxuh d xqh ydohxu sursuh qìjdwlyh = od vwuxfwxuh hvw lqvwdeoh jìrpìwultxhphqw/
hooh dpeh1 Od ydohxu gh od ëfkh xowlph hvw wuëv surfkh gh od ydohxu h{sìulphqwdoh1
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
Qrxv doorqv ìwxglhu oh gìyhuvhphqw gh wurlv srwhdx{ hq L/ grqw ohv uìvxowdwv h{sìulphqwdx{
vrqw lvvxv g*xqh vìulh gh 47 hvvdlv hhfwxìv sdu Ehod}rxjkl ^Eho:5`1 Ohv srwhdx{ vrqw
gìqrppìv GZ4 ã GZ471 Ohv wurlv srwhdx{ ìwxglìv vrqw GZ</ GZ44 hw GZ461 Od
vhfwlrq ghv srwhdx{ hvw lghqwltxh/ hw hvw uhsuìvhqwìh hq jxuh 43181 Ohv srwhdx{ vrqw
4315 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì 4::
COUPE A A
A A 5cm
4,60m 5cm
15cm y
G
pente 1/10
5cm
17cm
31cm
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Oh eìwrq frqvwlwxwli ghv srwhdx{ d idlw o*remhw gh whvwv vxu ìsurxyhwwhv f|olqgultxhv dq
g*hq gìwhuplqhu ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv/ txl vrqw uìvxpìhv gdqv oh wdeohdx 43181 Srxu pìprluh/
4:; Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
COUPE A A
2 barres φ 8
iS hvw od uìvlvwdqfh hq frpsuhvvlrq gx eìwrq/ i| hvw vd uìvlvwdqfh hq wudfwlrq hw HKf vrq
prgxoh g*\rxqj ã o*ruljlqh1 Oh frpsruwhphqw gx eìwrq hvw prgìolvì sdu od orl gh Vdujlq
dyhf n @ 51 Dlqvl/ od gìirupdwlrq gx slf %Kf fruuhvsrqgdqw ã iS vh gìgxlw sdu =
iS
%Kf @ 5 +4318,
HKf
Ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv ghv dflhuv sdvvliv vrqw grqqìhv srxu fkdtxh srwhdx gdqv oh wdeohdx
43191
e hvw od olplwh g*ìodvwlflwì frqyhqwlrqqhooh gh o*dflhu hw o od frqwudlqwh gh uxswxuh1
Oh frpsruwhphqw ghv dflhuv hvw prgìolvì sdu od orl gx EDHO;6/ dyhf xqh frqwudlqwh ,
e +PSd, o +PSd,
Olw ã Olw Olw ã Olw ã Olw Olw ã
jdxfkh gh fhqwudo gurlwh gh jdxfkh gh fhqwudo gurlwh gh
o*d{h } o*d{h } o*d{h } o*d{h }
Srwhdx GZ< 76;/5 7<8 777/8 934/5 :54/9 99:/8
Srwhdx GZ44 7;4/8 834 773/: :9:/3 :3:/: 9;7
Srwhdx GZ46 798/3 7<: 5<6/3 :45/4 :4</8 756
Uìvxowdwv
Ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw grqqìv gdqv ohv jxuhv 431:/ 431; hw 431< vrxv od iruph gh frxuehv
uhsuìvhqwdqw o*ìyroxwlrq ghv ëfkhv hq irqfwlrq gh od fkdujh1 Od ëfkh i+ hvw qìjdwlyh fdu
od frpsrvdqwh gh o*h{fhqwuhphqw vhorq o*d{h J| hvw srvlwlyh1 Lqyhuvhphqw/ od ëfkh i5 hvw
srvlwlyh fdu od frpsrvdqwh gh o*h{fhqwuhphqw vhorq o*d{h J} hvw qìjdwlyh1 Rq frqvwdwh
xqh erqqh fruuìodwlrq hqwuh ohv frxuehv h{sìulphqwdohv hw ohv frxuehv fdofxoìhv/ hq gìslw
gx idlw txh srxu oh fdofxo/ qrxv vxssrvrqv olqìdluh oh frpsruwhphqw gx pdwìuldx ylv0ã0
ylv ghv vroolflwdwlrqv wdqjhqwhv1 O*lqhuwlh gh wruvlrq/ qrwdpphqw/ grlw uhvwhu vx!vdpphqw
lpsruwdqwh dx frxuv gh fhv h{sìulhqfhv srxu txh oh idlw gh od vxssrvhu frqvwdqwh hq gìslw
gh od vvxudwlrq gh od vhfwlrq/ qh gìjudgh sdv od txdolwì gx fdofxo1 Rq frqvwdwh ìjdohphqw
txh od ëfkh wudqvyhuvdoh i+ dxjphqwh prlqv ylwh txh od ëfkh i5 dx gìexw gx fkdujhphqw1
Fhfl hvw sduidlwhphqw qrupdo/ fdu od vwuxfwxuh hvw txdvlphqw ìodvwltxh/ hw vhxoh od ydohxu gh
o*h{fhqwuhphqw mrxh1 Gëv txh o*rq dwwhlqw ghv fkdujhphqwv soxv iruwv/ ohv hhwv gx vhfrqg
ruguh hqwuhqw hq mhx hw od ëfkh i+ ghylhqw píph qhwwhphqw soxv lpsruwdqwh txh od ëfkh
yhuwlfdoh i5 ã o*ìwdw xowlph1
Gdqv oh wdeohdx 431:/ qrxv dyrqv uhsruwì od ydohxu ghv fkdujhv xowlphv srxu fkdtxh
hvvdl1Frpph rq shxw oh frqvwdwhu/ ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw vdwlvidlvdqwv/ pdlv vrqw ìwudqjhphqw
prlqv erqv srxu oh srwhdx GZ44/ dyhf xq ìfduw gh <( sdu udssruw ã od uìdolwì1 Qrxv
shqvrqv txh od ydohxu gx prgxoh g*\rxqj sulvh hq frpswh/ ã vdyrlu 65/3 PSd hvw xq shx
idleoh/ frpph oh frquph o*dooxuh gh od frxueh gh od ëfkh i5 txl qh srvvëgh sdv od erqqh
shqwh ã o*ruljlqh/ doruv txh fhwwh shqwh hvw wrxmrxuv wuëv gëoh ã o*h{sìulhqfh srxu ohv dxwuhv
srwhdx{1
4;3 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
350
300
250
200
Charge P (kN)
150
fy Expérience
100
fy Calcul
fz Expérience
50
fz Calcul
0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Flèches (mm)
300
250
200
100
fy Expérience
fy Calcul
50 fz Expérience
fz Calcul
0
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Flèches (mm)
300
250
200
100 fy Expérience
fy Calcul
50 fz Expérience
fz Calcul
0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Flèches (mm)
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
Oh sruwltxh txh qrxv qrxv sursrvrqv g*ìwxglhu idlw sduwlh g*xq surjudpph g*h{sìulphqwd0
wlrqv phqì sdu Fudqvwrq ^Fud98`1 O*ìwxgh frqfhuqdlw kxlw sruwltxhv gh píphv glphqvlrqv/
duwlfxoìv hq slhg1
P/2 P/2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A B
H 4 17
460mm
3 18
2 As 19
76,2mm
1930mm
YAs
76,2mm
Ai YA i
1 101,6mm 20
2640mm
Oh sruwltxh ìwxglì hvw oh sruwltxh S: gh od vìulh gh kxlw/ hw vhv glphqvlrqv vrqw uhsruwìhv
vxu od jxuh 431431 Lo hvw lqwìuhvvdqw gdqv od phvxuh rü lo d idlw o*remhw g*dx prlqv 7 ìwxghv
qxpìultxhv/ sdu Od}dur ^Od}:6`/ Juhodw ^Juh:;e`/ Hvslrq ^Hvs;9d` hw Qdlw0Udedk ^Qdl<3`1
Fh sruwltxh hvw fkdujì hq wíwh gh frorqqh sdu xqh irufh K txl q*hvw sdv lqgìshqgdqwh
gh od irufh S dssoltxìh hq 5 srlqwv vxu od srxwuh fhqwudoh1 Hq hhw/ vrq lqwhqvlwì hvw
4;7 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
Uìvxowdwv
Ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw uhsruwìv vxu od jxuh 431441 Rq d uhsuìvhqwì o*ìyroxwlrq gh od ëfkh
yhuwlfdoh gh od vhfwlrq pìgldqh
dlqvl txh fhooh gh od ëfkh krul}rqwdoh gx frlq E 1
Rq frqvwdwh xqh erqqh fruuìodwlrq hqwuh o*h{sìulhqfh hw qrwuh prgìolvdwlrq1 Qrv uìvxo0
wdwv vrqw wuëv surfkhv gh fhx{ gh Juhodw hw Qdlw0Udedk/ f*hvw srxutxrl qrxv qh ohv dyrqv
sdv uhsruwìv1 Qrxv vrpphv ìjdohphqw surfkhv g*Hvslrq hq fh txl frqfhuqh hw gdqv
xqh prlqguh phvxuh srxu 1 Frpph oh uhpdutxh Qdlw0Udedk/ lo vhpeohudlw tx*Hvslrq
dlw qìjoljì od uìvlvwdqfh hq wudfwlrq gx eìwrq gh od srxwuh uholdqw ohv ghx{ frorqqhv1
4315 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì 4;8
50
45
40
35
30
Charge P (kN) 25
B
δh Expérience
20 B
δ h Calcul
15 B
δ h Espion
A
10 δ v Expérience
A
δ v Calcul
5 A
δ v Espion
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Flèches (mm)
S
K@ +431;,
433
Oh ihuudloodjh sdvvli ghv frorqqhv hvw v|pìwultxh hw hvw frpsrvì gh 5 dupdwxuhv gh gldpëwuh
6
srxfh/ vrlw </8 pp/ hq sduwlh vxsìulhxuh/ hw gh od píph txdqwlwì g*dflhu hq sduwlh
;
lqiìulhxuh1 Hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv srxwuhv/ hoohv vrqw ìjdohphqw ihuudlooìhv v|pìwultxhphqw/
4
dyhf 7 dupdwxuhv gh srxfh gh gldpëwuh/ vrlw 45/: pp/ hq sduwlh vxsìulhxuh/ hw gh od
5
4;9 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
P+H P-H
2H
Colonne
34mm
101,6mm
34mm
2133,6mm
Poutre
81mm 18,3mm
18,3mm
152,4mm
2133,6mm
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
O*dflhu sdvvli ghv srxwuhv d xq prgxoh g*\rxqj ã o*ruljlqh gh 539 JSd1 Vd orl gh frp0
sruwhphqw hvw vxssrvìh ìodvwr0sodvwltxh sduidlwh/ od frqwudlqwh sodvwltxh ìwdqw gh 743 PSd1
O*dflhu sdvvli ghv frorqqhv d oh píph prgxoh g*\rxqj/ pdlv od frqwudlqwh gx sdolhu sodv0
wltxh hvw sulvh ìjdoh ã 733 PSd1
4316 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw 4;:
Uìvxowdwv
Ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw sruwìv vxu od jxuh 431461 Rq d uhsuìvhqwì od ëfkh krul}rqwdoh gx srlqw
kdxw ghv frorqqhv/ hq irqfwlrq gh od fkdujh S dssoltxìh1 Ohv uìvxowdwv gh Qdlw0Udedk hw
g*Hvslrq vrqw wuëv surfkhv/ f*hvw srxutxrl qrxv q*dyrqv uhsruwì tx*xqh frxueh1 Od fkdujh
olplwh h{sìulphqwdoh hvw gh 473/9 nQ1 Qrxv wurxyrqv xqh fkdujh olplwh gh 476/8 nQ/ vrlw
xqh vxuhvwlpdwlrq gh 5(1
160
140
120
100
Charge P (kN) 80
60 Expérience
Calcul
40
Espion
20 Gunnin
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Flèches (mm)
Qrxv frqvwdwrqv xqh erqqh fruuìodwlrq hqwuh qrwuh prgìolvdwlrq qxpìultxh hw o*h{sìul0
hqfh/ hq uhpdutxdqw tx*Hvslrq rewlhqw od uxswxuh soxv w÷w1 Qrwrqv dx sdvvdjh txh od uxlqh
hvw rewhqxh sdu xqh lqvwdelolwì ghv srwhdx{1
o*ìyroxwlrq gh od ëfkh hq irqfwlrq gh od fkdujh1 Fhwwh frorqqh d idlw o*remhw g*xqh ìwxgh
qxpìultxh gh od sduw gh Qdlw0Udedk ^Qdl<3`1
e
P
e=38,5mm
φ 5mm
P
76,2mm
Excentricité
2052,3mm
initiale 6,35mm
12,7mm
13,0mm
51,3mm
P
Od vhfwlrq gh od frorqqh hvw uhfwdqjxodluh/ gh 5/35 srxfhv sdu 6 srxfhv vrlw 84/6 :9/5 pp1
Od kdxwhxu gh od frorqqh hvw gh ;3/; srxfhv vrlw 5385/6 pp1 Od frorqqh hvw suìfrqwudlqwh
sdu 7 ov dgkìuhqwv gh gldpëwuh 3/4<; srxfh vrlw 8/3 pp/ txl vrqw suì0whqgxv/ hw txl vrqw
uhsuìvhqwìv vxu od jxuh 431471 Ã o*åjh gh 47 mrxuv/ oh eìwrq hvw plv hq suìfrqwudlqwh hq
uhoåfkdqw ohv dqfudjhv ghv ov/ hw o*hvvdl d olhx ã o*åjh gh 5; mrxuv1 Lo gxuh 6 khxuhv hqylurq1
Rq h{hufh xqh irufh S h{fhqwuìh gh 4/848 srxfhv/ vrlw 6;/8 pp/ dx{ h{wuìplwìv du0
wlfxoìhv gh od srxwuh1 Hq rxwuh/ xq gìidxw jìrpìwultxh lqwhqwlrqqho gh 3/58 srxfh vrlw
9/68 pp grlw íwuh sulv hq frpswh srxu phqhu fruuhfwhphqw o*ìwxgh1 O*dflhu gh suìfrq0
wudlqwh hvw whqgx xqlirupìphqw ã 7;6 PSd1
4316 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw 4;<
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Uìvxowdwv
16
14
12
10
Charge P (kN) 8
6
Expérience
4 Calcul
Nait Rabah
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Flèche (mm)
Od frxueh fkdujh0 ëfkh ã pl0kdxwhxu hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu od jxuh 431481 Od fkdujh ol0
plwh h{sìulphqwdoh hvw gh 46/; nQ1 Gh qrwuh f÷wì/ qrxv dyrqv fdofxoì xqh fkdujh olplwh
gh 46/89 nQ/ vrlw xq ìfduw gh 4/:( gdqv oh vhqv gh od vìfxulwì1 Od frqfrugdqfh hqwuh
o*h{sìulhqfh hw qrwuh fdofxo hvw wuëv erqqh1
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
0,70m
0,40m
Câble 38 φ 7
0,520m 0,70m
0,375m
0,132m
13,3m
suìfrqwudlqwh hw plvh hq fkdujh ã o*åjh gh 6 mrxuv/ frpph lqgltxì vxu od jxuh 4314:1
à 4;5 mrxuv/ ohv ghx{ dssxlv g*h{wuìplwì rqw ìwì vrxohyìv gh 63 pp dq gh gìfkdujhu
sduwlhoohphqw od vhfwlrq vlwxìh dx gurlw gh o*dssxl fhqwudo/ frpph lqgltxì vxu od jxuh
4314;1 Od srxwuh d ìwì frqvhuyìh gdqv xq orfdo ã whpsìudwxuh hw k|jurpìwulh frqvwdqwhv
shqgdqw soxv gh qhxi dqv/ gh 4<:9 ã 4<;81
Q=13 x 13,7kN
13,0m
30mm
13,0m
Fhwwh srxwuh d idlw o*remhw gh soxvlhxuv vlpxodwlrqv qxpìultxhv/ gdqv oh fdguh g*xq
jurxsh gh wudydlo DIUHP Prgìolvdwlrq qxpìultxh gx xdjh/ dqlpì sdu Sdxo Dfnhu
4<5 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Oh surjudpph h{sìulphqwdo hvw gìwdlooì gdqv ^Irx;;`1 Ohv sdudpëwuhv frqfhuqdqw od
jìrpìwulh/ oh fkdujhphqw dlqvl txh od suìfrqwudlqwh rqw ìwì ìydoxìv vdqv sureoëph1 Sdu
frqwuh/ oh jurxsh d uhwhqx od orl g*ìyroxwlrq gx prgxoh g*\rxqj hw od orl gh xdjh sursrvìhv
sdu E1 Irxuì1 Od orl gh uhwudlw hvw fhooh gx ESHO1
Orl gh uhwudlw
o +u +wf , u +w,,
%o +w, @ %" +43145,
dyhf =
o @ 753> 3 43
%" 3S
+43146,
hw =
w
u +w, @ +43147,
w . 47> 47u6
Orl gh xdjh
%s, +w wf> wf , @ N +w , i +w wf, +43148,
H2H s, f
dyhf =
Ns, +wf, @ nr ne . nS n +wf, +43149,
433
n +wf, @ +4314:,
433 . wf
D
r @ r @ 3/4:( +4314;,
E
4
nr @ @ 3/<9: +4314<,
4 . 53r
ne @ 3/7 +43153,
4316 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw 4<6
453 5 433
nS @ . @ 6/3< +43154,
63 6 53 u6
sw
i +w , @ s
w . 6su6
+43155,
Uìvxowdwv
Oh surjudpph h{sìulphqwdo grqqh dffëv ã wurlv judqghxuv txl rqw ìwì ìwxglìhv sdu oh
jurxsh =
320,00
315,00
310,00
Réaction d'appui
305,00
(kN)
Expérience
300,00 PCP
Pont/Arc
EEG
295,00
ST1
FIEF
290,00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Temps (jours)
Ohv uìvxowdwv txh qrxv dyrqv rewhqxv vxvflwhqw soxvlhxuv frpphqwdluhv1 G*xqh sduw/
od sulvh hq frpswh ghv hhwv glìuìv gdqv oh qr|dx gh fdofxo qrq olqìdluh gh SFS hvw
sduidlwhphqw ydolgìh dx yx ghv uìvxowdwv1 Rq frqvwdwh xq ìfduw sduirlv lpsruwdqw hqwuh
4<7 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
310,00
305,00
300,00
295,00
Réaction d'appui
290,00
(kN)
Expérience
285,00
PCP
Pont/Arc
280,00
EEG
275,00 ST1
FIEF
270,00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Temps (jours)
Iljxuh 43153 = Ìyroxwlrq gh od uìdfwlrq g*dssxl fhqwudo hqwuh 4;5 hw 9333 mrxuv
o*h{sìulhqfh hw ohv fdofxov1 Fhw ìfduw v*h{soltxh sdu od gl!fxowì ã phwwuh dx srlqw xqh orl
gh xdjh fruuhfwh/ hw qrq sdu od glìuhqfh ghv dojrulwkphv xwlolvìv gdqv ohv glìuhqwv sur0
judpphv1 Sdu dloohxuv/ hw f*ìwdlw oã xqh ghv vxusulvhv gx jurxsh gh wudydlo/ rq frqvwdwh txh
od pìwkrgh gx whpsv ìtxlydohqw txl hvw fhqvìh plhx{ uhqguh frpswh g*xq gìfkdujhphqw/
q*dssruwh dxfxqh suìflvlrq vxssoìphqwdluh sdu udssruw ã od pìwkrgh gh vxshusrvlwlrq1
Fhfl qrxv frqiruwh gdqv oh fkrl{ txh qrxv dyrqv idlw/ hw fh g*dxwdqw soxv txh od pìwkr0
gh gh vxshusrvlwlrq hvw uhfrqqxh gdqv ohv uëjohphqwv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{/ ohv Hxurfrghv hq
sduwlfxolhu1
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
Od srxwuh txh qrxv doorqv ìwxglhu q*d sdv idlw o*remhw g*h{sìulphqwdwlrq1 Lo v*djlw hq idlw
g*xq frqfrxuv gh orjlflhov rujdqlvì sdu Ì1 Frqwl hw U1 Wdug|/ grqw ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw sxeolìv
gdqv ^Frq<6d` hw ^Frq<6e`1 Od srxwuh hvw suìvhqwìh vxu od jxuh 431581
Qrxv dyrqv vxssrvì txh od srxwuh ìwdlw frxoìh hq sodfh/ hw qrxv dyrqv phqì ghx{
ìwxghv1 O*xqh vxssrvdlw od suìfrqwudlqwh lqwìulhxuh dx eìwrq/ oh fåeoh gh suìfrqwudlqwh
4316 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw 4<8
0
Expérience
-100
PCP
-200 Pont/Arc
-300 ST1
FIEF
-400
Déformation totale
-6 -500
(10 )
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Temps (jours)
-1000
Expérience
-1100 PCP
Pont/Arc
ST1
-1200
FIEF
Déformation totale
-6 -1300
(10 )
-1400
-1500
-1600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Temps (jours)
1,95
PCP
1,9
PONT/ARC
ST1
1,85 EEG
Force de
précontrainte 1,8
(MN)
1,75
1,7
1,65
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Temps (jours)
1,75
PCP
PONT/ARC
1,7
EEG
ST1
1,65
Force de
précontrainte
(MN)
1,6
1,55
1,5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Temps (jours)
Iljxuh 43157 = Ìyroxwlrq gh od irufh gh suìfrqwudlqwh ã pl0wudyìh hqwuh 4;5 hw 9333 mrxuv
4316 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw 4<<
0,62 m
2m
0,2 m
10 m 10 m 10 m
30 m
0,2 m
2m
2m 0,6 m
10 m
vxelvvdqw doruv ohv píphv gìirupdwlrqv txh od vhfwlrq hq eìwrq1 O*dxwuh vxssrvdlw od
suìfrqwudlqwh h{wìulhxuh dx eìwrq/ oh fåeoh srxydqw doruv jolvvhu sdu udssruw ã od vhfwlrq
gh eìwrq tx*lo wudyhuvh1
Od srxwuh hvw suìfrqwudlqwh sdu xqh sdluh gh fåeohv/ d|dqw fkdfxq xqh vhfwlrq gh
8333 pp2 hw xqh whqvlrq xqliruph gh 9333 nQ dsuëv shuwhv1 Rq qrwh od suìvhqfh gh
ihuudloodjh sdvvli/ vlwxì ã 43 fp gh od euh lqiìulhxuh ghv wdorqv ghv qhuyxuhv gh od srxwuh/
hw d|dqw xqh vhfwlrq gh 5333 pp2 srxu fkdtxh qhuyxuh1
Od srxwuh hvw frqvwuxlwh hq xqh skdvh vxu flqwuh/ sxlv suìfrqwudlqwh1
Ohv fkdujhphqwv ã suhqguh hq frpswh vrqw oh srlgv sursuh/ dyhf xq srlgv yroxpltxh gh
58 nQ2p srxu oh eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw1 Xqh fkdujh I hvw dssoltxìh dx gurlw g*xqh vhfwlrq
gh gìyldwlrq gx fåeoh/ frpph lqgltxì vxu od jxuh 431581 Oh uhwudlw/ oh xdjh gx eìwrq/
533 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Od orl gh frpsruwhphqw gx eìwrq hvw lpsrvìh = lo v*djlw g*xqh orl sduderoh0uhfwdqjoh lvvxh
gx uëjohphqw iudqêdlv1 Oh prgxoh g*\rxqj ã o*ruljlqh gx eìwrq ydxw 53333 PSd/ ohv
frrugrqqìhv gx slf gh frpsuhvvlrq vrqw =
Od gìirupdwlrq xowlph hvw rewhqxh ã 3/68( srxu xqh frqwudlqwh gh 53/33 PSd1 Rq suhqg
hq frpswh xqh uìvlvwdqfh hq wudfwlrq gx eìwrq ìjdoh ã 5/7 PSd1
O*dflhu sdvvli/ txdqw ã oxl/ d xqh orl gh frpsruwhphqw ìodvwr0sodvwltxh sduidlwh/ dyhf
xq prgxoh g*\rxqj ã o*ruljlqh gh 533333 PSd/ hw xq sdolhu sodvwltxh ã 733 PSd1
3,5
2,5
2
Charge F (MN)
1,5
Calcul
1 Ulm
Garcia-Vargas
0,5 Franssen
Perisic
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Flèches (mm)
Uìvxowdwv
3,5
2,5
Charge F (MN) 2
1,5
Calcul
Ulm
1
Garcia-Vargas
0,5 Franssen
Perisic
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Flèches (mm)
Frpph rq shxw oh frqvwdwhu vxu ohv jxuhv 43159 hw 4315:/ ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw wuëv vdwlv0
idlvdqwv hw vrqw vlwxìv gdqv od erqqh pr|hqqh ghv glìuhqwv sduwlflsdqwv1 Od gl!fxowì gh
fh whvw uìvlgh hvvhqwlhoohphqw gdqv oh idlw tx*lo q*| d sdv gh uìvxowdwv h{sìulphqwdx{ srxu
wudqfkhu gìqlwlyhphqw1
535 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
Fh sureoëph hvw hq idlw lvvx gx píph frqfrxuv gh orjlflhov ^Frq<6d`/ ^Frq<6e`1 Od srxwuh
hvw suìvhqwìh vxu od jxuh 4315;1
0,582m
1,5 m
0,25 m
10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m
20 m 30 m 20 m
F
0,2 m
0,2 m
1,5 m
0,2 m
2,5 m
5m
Frpph suìfìghpphqw/ qrxv dyrqv vxssrvì txh od srxwuh ìwdlw frxoìh hq sodfh1 Qrxv
dyrqv ìjdohphqw phqì ghx{ w|shv g*ìwxghv/ o*xqh vxssrvdqw od suìfrqwudlqwh lqwhuqh/
o*dxwuh od vxssrvdqw h{whuqh1
Od srxwuh hvw suìfrqwudlqwh juåfh ã xqh sdluh gh fåeohv/ d|dqw fkdfxq xqh vhfwlrq gh
5583 pp2 hw xqh whqvlrq xqliruph gh 6333 nQ dsuëv shuwhv1 Oh ihuudloodjh sdvvli frpsuhqg/
srxu xqh sduw 6333 pp2 g*dflhu gdqv oh krxuglv vxsìulhxu gx fdlvvrq/ ã 43 fp gh od euh
4316 Vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw 536
vxsìulhxuh/ hw srxu xqh dxwuh sduw 7333 pp2 g*dflhu gdqv oh krxuglv lqiìulhxu gx fdlvvrq/
ã 43 fp gh od euh lqiìulhxuh1
Od srxwuh hvw frqvwuxlwh hq xqh vhxoh skdvh vxu flqwuh/ sxlv suìfrqwudlqwh1
Ohv fkdujhphqwv ã suhqguh hq frpswh vrqw oh srlgv sursuh/ dyhf xq srlgv yroxpltxh gh
58 nQ2p srxu oh eìwrq suìfrqwudlqw1 Xqh fkdujh I hvw dssoltxìh dx gurlw g*xqh vhfwlrq
gh gìyldwlrq gx fåeoh/ frpph lqgltxì vxu od jxuh 4315;1 Oh uhwudlw/ oh xdjh gx eìwrq/
dlqvl txh od uhod{dwlrq ghv fåeohv gh suìfrqwudlqwh vrqw qìjoljìv1
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Ohv orlv gh frpsruwhphqw ghv glìuhqwv pdwìuldx{ vrqw vwulfwhphqw ohv píphv txh fhoohv
gìfulwhv gdqv oh sdudjudskh 4316161
Uìvxowdwv
3,5
2,5
2
Charge F (MN)
1,5
1 Calcul
Ulm
0,5 Garcia-Vargas
Perisic
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Flèches (mm)
Gh píph tx*dx sdudjudskh 431616/ qrxv dyrqv ìwxglì oh gìsodfhphqw yhuwlfdo gx srlqw
vlwxì dx plolhx gh od srxwuh hq irqfwlrq gh od fkdujh1 Ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw uhsuìvhqwìv vxu
ohv jxuhv 4315< hw 431631 Qrxv wlurqv ohv píphv frqfoxvlrqv tx*dx sdudjudskh 431616/ ã
537 Fkdslwuh 43 H{hpsohv g*dssolfdwlrqv qxpìultxhv
2,5
1 Calcul
Ulm
Garcia-Vargas
0,5
Franssen
Perisic
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Flèches (mm)
vdyrlu txh ohv uìvxowdwv txh qrxv suìvhqwrqv vrqw gdqv oh ixvhdx ghv uìvxowdwv ghv dxwuhv
sduwlflsdqwv1 Pdokhxuhxvhphqw/ rq qh shxw sdv frqfoxuh gìqlwlyhphqw gx idlw gh o*devhqfh
gh phvxuhv h{sìulphqwdohv1
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
Qrxv frqvlgìurqv xq påw hqfdvwuì vrxplv ã xqh fkdujh gh frpsuhvvlrq gh gluhfwlrq frq0
vwdqwh dssoltxìh ã vrq h{wuìplwì oleuh/ frpph lqgltxì vxu od jxuh 431641 Fh sureoëph d
ìwì uìvrox dqdo|wltxhphqw sdu V1S1 Wlprvkhqnr gdqv ^Wlp99`1 Oh dpehphqw hvw hpsífkì
4317 Vwuxfwxuhv pìwdooltxhv 538
vxlydqw oh vhqv gh od shwlwh lqhuwlh1 Od irufh fulwltxh g*Hxohu gh fh påw hvw grqqìh sdu =
2HL
SSo @ +43158,
7O2
Srxu xq suroì hq dflhu gh od jdpph LSH 453/ rq d =
Srxu dprufhu oh dpehphqw/ rq frqvlgëuh xqh gìirupìh lqlwldoh vlqxvrògdoh grqw od ëfkh
pd{lpdoh fruuhvsrqg ã 3/6( gh od orqjxhxu1
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Od prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph hvw h{wuíphphqw vlpsoh fdu oh frpsruwhphqw gx pdwìuldx
hvw olqìdluh ìodvwltxh1 Ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv jìrpìwultxhv hw pìfdqltxhv vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv =
O @ 4:33 pp +4315:,
Uìvxowdwv
10
9 Timoshenko u/L
Timoshenko v/L
8
4 éléments u/L
7 4 éléments v/L
6 10 éléments u/L
Charge relative 10 éléments v/L
5
P/P cr
4
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
Flèches relatives
Ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw sruwìv vxu od jxuh 431651 Lo v*djlw hq idlw ghv ëfkhv orqjlwxglqdoh hw
wudqvyhuvdoh udssruwìhv ã O/ od orqjxhxu lqlwldoh gx påw hq irqfwlrq gx fkdujhphqw h{sulpì
frpph xqh iudfwlrq gh od fkdujh fulwltxh SSo 1 Qrxv | dyrqv idlw jxuhu ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv
sdu Wlprvkhqnr1 Qrxv dyrqv xwlolvì ghx{ w|shv gh pdloodjh1 Oh suhplhu hvw uìgxlw hw qh
frpsruwh txh 7 ìoìphqwv1 Oh vhfrqg hq d 431 Rq frqvwdwh txh oh uìvxowdw hvw qdohphqw
shx vhqvleoh ã od qhvvh gx pdloodjh hw vxuwrxw tx*lo hvw hq sduidlwh dgìtxdwlrq dyhf od
wkìrulh ìodvwltxh1
Vxu od jxuh 43166/ qrxv dyrqv ghvvlqì/ vdqv dpsolfdwlrq/ ohv gìirupìhv gx påw dx
frxuv gh vrq fkdujhphqw1 Fhfl prqwuh txh oh fdofxo vh idlw hhfwlyhphqw hq judqgv gì0
sodfhphqwv hw hq judqghv urwdwlrqv1
P/P cr = 1
P/P cr = 1,07
P/P cr = 1,1
P/P cr = 1,2
P/P cr = 1,3
P/P cr = 1,7
P/P cr = 2,5
P/P cr = 9 P/P cr = 5
Z
0,00545 rad.
Z (déformée initiale)
p = 12,41 N/m λP
Y,V
Y
X G 50,8 mm
O
2,032 m
3,15 mm
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Od srxwuh hvw gìfrpsrvìh hq 43 ìoìphqwv gh píph orqjxhxu1 Oh pdwìuldx d xq frpsruwh0
phqw olqìdluh hw vhv fdudfwìulvwltxhv pìfdqltxhv vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv =
@ 3/6 +43165,
Uìvxowdwv
Ohv uìvxowdwv fruuhvsrqghqw sduidlwhphqw ã o*h{sìulhqfh hw ã od wkìrulh/ píph dvvh} orlq
gdqv oh frpsruwhphqw srvw0fulwltxh gh od srxwuh1 Ohv ydohxuv dwwhlqwhv sdu od ëfkh
wudqvyhuvdoh vrqw gh o*ruguh gh od prlwlì gh od orqjxhxu lqlwldoh gh od srxwuh1 Qrxv vrpphv
frpsoëwhphqw gdqv oh grpdlqh ghv judqgv gìsodfhphqwv hw ghv judqghv urwdwlrqv wulglphq0
4317 Vwuxfwxuhv pìwdooltxhv 53<
35
30
25
20
Charge (N)
15
10 Expérience
Théorie
5 Calcul
FINELG
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
vlrqqhov1 Fhw h{hpsoh ydolgh frpsoëwhphqw qrwuh dssurfkh srxu wudlwhu od qrq0olqìdulwì
jìrpìwultxh1
Suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
Lo v*djlw g*ìwxglhu xq duf vxuedlvvì gh iruph flufxodluh/ hqfdvwuì ã vhv ghx{ h{wuìplwìv/ hw
vroolflwì sdu xqh fkdujh frqfhqwuìh hq foì/ frpph lqgltxì vxu od jxuh 431691 Fhw duf d
idlw o*remhw g*ìwxghv qxpìultxhv gh od sduw gh Vwroduvnl hw Eho|wvfknr ^Vwr;5` hw gh Ylooh
gh Jr|hw ^GhY;<`1 Gdqv ^Vwr;5`/ qrxv wurxyrqv od vroxwlrq wkìrultxh1
Prgìolvdwlrq gx sureoëph
Oh frpsruwhphqw gx pdwìuldx hvw olqìdluh ìodvwltxh1 Ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv jìrpìwultxhv hw
pìfdqltxhv vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv =
P,v
3 pouces
R=100,0 pouces
48,62 pouces
2 pouces
1 pouce
Uìvxowdwv
Frpph rq shxw oh frqvwdwhu vxu od jxuh 4316:/ od fruuìodwlrq hqwuh od wkìrulh hw o*h{sìulhqfh
hvw h{fhoohqwh1 G*dsuëv od vroxwlrq wkìrultxh h{wudlwh gh ^Vwr;5`/ srxu xq gìsodfhphqw gh
6/8 srxfhv/ vrlw ;;/< pp/ gh od fohi/ od fkdujh ã dssoltxhu hvw gh 5<;33 oev/ vrlw 468/4:6 nQ1
G*dsuëv qrwuh fdofxo/ srxu fh píph gìsodfhphqw/ lo idxw xqh fkdujh gh 5<896 oev/ vrlw
467/43 nQ/ fh txl fruuhvsrqg ã xq ìfduw gh 3/;(1
4317 Vwuxfwxuhv pìwdooltxhv 544
3,5
2,5
4
Charge P (10 lb) 2
1,5
1 FINELG
Calcul
0,5 Théorie
0
0 1 2 3 4
4414 Lqwurgxfwlrq
Od yìulfdwlrq frpsuhqdlw ghx{ sduwlhv glvwlqfwhv ^Zdw<:`1 G*xqh sduw/ lo idoodlw yìulhu ohv
glìuhqwv ìoìphqwv frqvwlwxdqw od qrxyhooh vxvshqvlrq +fåeohv/ vxvshqwhv/ froolhuv/ ìwulhuv/
vhoohv hq wíwh gh s|o÷qhv/ vhoohwwhv g*lq h{lrq gdqv ohv fkdpeuhv g*dqfudjh/ gìyldwhxuv111,1
G*dxwuh sduw/ lo frqyhqdlw gh v*dvvxuhu txh ohv ìoìphqwv dfwxhov vxssruwhudlhqw vdqv grp0
pdjh oh wudqvihuw gh o*dqflhqqh vxvshqvlrq yhuv od qrxyhooh/ hw txh fhx{ g*hqwuh hx{ txl
qh vhudlhqw sdv uhpsodfìv +ã vdyrlu oh wdeolhu/ ohv s|o÷qhv hw ohv wludqwv g*dqfudjh, vxs0
sruwhudlhqw ohv hruwv gh od skdvh gh vhuylfh gx srqw1 Od qìfhvvlwì gh od sulvh hq frpswh
ghv hhwv gx vhfrqg ruguh dlqvl txh gh o*hhw fkdñqhwwh ghv fåeohv d frqgxlw od Glylvlrq ghv
Judqgv Rxyudjhv gx VHWUD ã phqhu ohv frqwuh0fdofxov ã o*dlgh gh SFS1 Oh jurxshphqw
g*hqwuhsulvhv xwlolvdlw srxu vd sduw oh orjlflho JS6G1
547 Fkdslwuh 44 Xq h{hpsoh g*dssolfdwlrq uìhooh = oh Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh
Oh sulqflsh gh od uìsdudwlrq hvw gh uhpsodfhu fkdfxq ghv fåeohv sdu ghx{ fåeohv gh soxv
shwlwv gldpëwuhv +yrlu wdeohdx 4416,1 Ohv ghx{ qrxyhdx{ fåeohv vhurqw vlwxìv gh sduw hw
g*dxwuh gh o*dqflhq fåeoh hw ylhqgurqw v*dqfuhu vxu ohv wljhv g*dqfudjh h{lvwdqwhv1
Oh wudqvihuw g*xqh vxvshqvlrq ã o*dxwuh v*hhfwxh hq 43 skdvhv sulqflsdohv1 Srxu fkdfxqh
g*hqwuh hoohv/ lo frqyhqdlw gh txdqwlhu ohv gìsodfhphqwv gx wdeolhu/ ghv wíwhv gh s|o÷qhv
hw ghv fåeohv sruwhxuv/ hw gh yìulhu txh ohv hruwv ìwdlhqw dgplvvleohv gdqv oh wdeolhu/
ohv vxvshqwhv/ ohv fåeohv/ ohv vhoohv hq wíwh gh s|o÷qhv hw ohv vhoohwwhv g*lq h{lrq gdqv ohv
fkdpeuhv g*dqfudjhv1
Oh qrpeuh gh fkdujhphqwv ìwdqw dvvh} ìohyì/ srxu olplwhu ohv whpsv gh fdofxo/ qrxv
dyrqv grqf xwlolvì xq prgëoh hq ghx{ glphqvlrqv/ vlpxodqw od v|pìwulh wudqvyhuvdoh gh
o*rxyudjh1
441615 Oh prgëoh 5G
Oh prgëoh 5G frpsruwh 7<3 qúxgv hw 98< ìoìphqwv/ grqw 68: fkdñqhwwhv prgìolvdqw ohv
fåeohv hw vxvshqwhv1
Ohv ghx{ fåeohv dqflhqv vrqw prgìolvìv sdu xq fåeoh xqltxh +gh vhfwlrq ghx{ irlv soxv
4416 Ìwxgh gx wudqvihuw gh fkdujhv 548
judqgh,1 Ohv txdwuh ixwxuv fåeohv vrqw ìjdohphqw prgìolvìv sdu xq vhxo fåeoh1 Lo hq hvw gh
píph srxu ohv vxvshqwhv1
Od jìrpìwulh gh uìiìuhqfh gh o*rxyudjh hvw od jìrpìwulh wkìrultxh whooh tx*hooh d ìwì
gìqlh oruv gh od frqvwuxfwlrq gx srqw/ hw fhfl dq txh gdqv od ixwxuh skdvh gh vhuylfh/ ohv
ìoìphqwv h{lvwdqwv gh o*rxyudjh +ohv s|o÷qhv hw oh wdeolhu, qh vrlhqw sdv vroolflwìv glìuhp0
phqw gh fh txl dydlw ìwì suìyx oruv gh ohxu frqfhswlrq1
Qìdqprlqv/ xqh ìwxgh klvwrultxh gh o*rxyudjh ghsxlv vd frqvwuxfwlrq mxvtx*ã qrv mrxuv
qrxv d dssulv txh oh wdeolhu suìvhqwdlw/ vrxv fkdujh shupdqhqwh/ xqh ëfkh gh ;: fp dx
qlyhdx gx qúxg fhqwudo sdu udssruw ã vd srvlwlrq wkìrultxh1 Fhwwh ëfkh v*h{soltxh hq
judqgh sduwlh sdu xq hhw gh uhod{dwlrq ghv fåeohv dx frxuv gx whpsv1 Qrxv vdyrqv txh
od qrxyhooh vxvshqvlrq q*ìfkdsshud sdv dx píph skìqrpëqh1 Fhoxl0fl vhud soxv idleoh txh
srxu ohv fåeohv h{lvwdqwv gx idlw gx soxv idleoh gldpëwuh ghv wrurqv ìoìphqwdluhv hw gh od
soxv judqgh orqjxhxu gx sdv gh wrurqdjh1 Od ëfkh gx wdeolhu gxh ã od uhod{dwlrq d ìwì
hvwlpìh ã xqh wuhqwdlqh gh fhqwlpëwuhv1 Ã od q ghv wudydx{/ oh wdeolhu grlw dlqvl suìvhqwhu/
vrxv fkdujh shupdqhqwh/ xqh frqwuh0 ëfkh gh 63 fp sdu udssruw dx suro wkìrultxh1
Dq g*ìydoxhu dx plhx{ ohv gìsodfhphqwv hw frqwudlqwhv gdqv od vwuxfwxuh oruv gx
fkdqjhphqw gh vxvshqvlrq/ lo idoodlw whqlu frpswh ghv gìsodfhphqwv hw frqwudlqwhv tx*lo
vxelvvdlw1
Ohv wurlv fkdujhphqwv vxlydqwv shuphwwhqw gh uhwurxyhu od ëfkh gh ;: fp / dlqvl txh
549 Fkdslwuh 44 Xq h{hpsoh g*dssolfdwlrq uìhooh = oh Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh
61 Xqh glodwdwlrq wkhupltxh ghv fåeohv vlwxìv hqwuh o*dqfudjh hw od vhoohwwh ulyh jdxfkh
hqwudñqdqw xqh ëfkh gh 47 fp1
Oh wdeohdx 4414 uhwudfh ohv glìuhqwhv ìwdshv gx wudqvihuw gh fkdujhv/ dyhf ohv rsìudwlrqv
fruuhvsrqgdqwhv txdqw ã od vlpxodwlrq dyhf SFS1
Ohv mdpehv gh s|o÷qhv qh vrqw sdv yhuwlfdohv/ pdlv suìvhqwhqw xq oìjhu iuxlw wudqvyhuvdo1
Gh fh idlw/ lo h{lvwh gdqv oh s|o÷qh ghv prphqwv wudqvyhuvdx{ qrq fdofxodeohv vxu oh prgëoh
5G hw txl prglhqw srxuwdqw ohv frqwudlqwhv gh idêrq vhqvleoh1 Lo idoodlw grqf prgìolvhu
ohv s|o÷qhv hq 6G srxu frqqdñwuh dyhf suìflvlrq ohv frqwudlqwhv tx*lov vxelvvhqw oruv gx
wudqvihuw gh fkdujhv1 F*hvw srxutxrl xq prgëoh pl{wh 5G26G d ìwì frqvwlwxì/ gdqv ohtxho
ohv vxvshqvlrqv hw oh wdeolhu ìwdlhqw fhx{ gx prgëoh 5G suìfìghqw/ hw rü oh s|o÷qh ìwdlw
prgìolvì hq 6G / frpph rq oh yrlw vxu od jxuh 44161
Xqh prgìolvdwlrq frpsoëwh hq 6G d ìwì plvh dx srlqw +yrlu jxuh 4417,1 Hooh hvw elhq
hqwhqgx ehdxfrxs soxv orxugh txh ohv ghx{ suìfìghqwhv/ sxlvtx*hooh frpsruwh 4746 qúxgv
4417 Ìwxghv vsìfltxhv 54:
VUE D’ENSEMBLE
yrlvlqhv,1
Shqgdqw ohv skdvhv gh wudqvihuw gh fkdujhv/ ohv qrxyhoohv vhoohv vrqw gìsodêdeohv/ gh idêrq
ã glplqxhu ohv hruwv gdqv od vwuxfwxuh1
Dq g*ìylwhu ohv gìsodfhphqwv huudwltxhv +gxv dx wudf/ qrwdpphqw, hw glvv|pìwultxhv/
fhv vhoohv qh vrqw sdv oleuhv/ pdlv ã gìsodfhphqw krul}rqwdo orqjlwxglqdo frqwu÷oì sdu yìulqv1
Gdqv oh fdofxo/ ohv vhoohv hq wíwh gh s|o÷qhv vrqw oleuhv gh vh gìsodfhu orqjlwxglqdohphqw/
fh txl shuphw gh gìwhuplqhu oh gìsodfhphqw uhodwli hqwuh oh fåeoh hw od wíwh gx s|o÷qh
gdqv fkdtxh skdvh gh wudqvihuw1 Vxu fkdqwlhu/ dydqw fkdtxh skdvh +yrluh vrxv0skdvh,/ rq
gìsodfhud grqf ohv vhoohv gh od ydohxu gx gìsodfhphqw fdofxoì/ sxlv rq ohv eortxhud gdqv
fhwwh srvlwlrq mxvtx*dx gìexw gh od skdvh vxlydqwh1
Gx srlqw gh yxh prgìolvdwlrq/ ohv vhoohv vrqw uhsuìvhqwìhv sdu ghv duwlfxodwlrqv grqw
rq frqqdñw od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì ìoìphqwdluh/ hw txl suhqqhqw hq frpswh o*h{fhqwuhphqw
553 Fkdslwuh 44 Xq h{hpsoh g*dssolfdwlrq uìhooh = oh Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh
Ancienne suspente
Nouvelle suspente
Point d'accrochage
sur le tablier
hqwuh ohv ghx{ h{wuìplwìv gh o*duwlfxodwlrq/ srxu oh fdofxo gh od uhglvwulexwlrq ghv hruwv1
Fhwwh sulvh hq frpswh hvw qìfhvvdluh fdu/ vxlydqw ohv skdvhv/ oh gìsodfhphqw uhodwli hqwuh oh
fåeoh hw od wíwh gx s|o÷qh hvw lpsruwdqw/ hw/ frqmxjxì ã o*hruw qrupdo tx*lqgxlw oh fåeoh
sruwhxu gdqv oh s|o÷qh/ vrq hhw +hq prphqw orqjlwxglqdo, q*hvw sdv gx wrxw qìjoljhdeoh1
Oh wdeolhu uhsrvh/ dx qlyhdx ghv s|o÷qhv/ vxu ghv elhoohwwhv/ fdu od uìdfwlrq g*dssxl shxw
wuëv elhq íwuh gluljìh yhuv oh edv1
Od elhoohwwh d ìwì prgìolvìh whooh txhooh/ sdu xq ìoìphqw elduwlfxoì/ hw qrq sdv sdu xq
dssxl jolvvdqw1 Fh prgëoh/ soxv frpsoh{h g*xq srlqw gh yxh qxpìultxh/ shuphw g*íwuh soxv
surfkh gh od uìdolwì/ ã sursrv gh od gluhfwlrq gh od uìdfwlrq g*dssxl/ qrwdpphqw1
4419 Ohv sulqflsdx{ uìvxowdwv 554
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
Espacement
horizontal 1,000
(m)
0,800
0,600
0,400
Calcul GTM
0,200
Calcul SETRA
0,000
0,00 200,00 400,00 600,00 800,00 1000,00
Abscisse (m)
Od udlghxu uhodwlyh ghv dssxlv sduidlwv d qìfhvvlwì xq vrlq wrxw sduwlfxolhu txdqw dx
frqglwlrqqhphqw gh od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì1 Hq hhw/ od vwuxfwxuh ìwxglìh frqwlhqw ghv
ìoìphqwv grqw od udlghxu hvw wuëv judqgh +edvh gh s|o÷qh hqfdvwuìh,/ rx wuëv shwlwh
+vhooh oleuh hq gìsodfhphqw/ vxvshqwh,1 Od glvsdulwì ghv udlghxuv dhfwh od suìflvlrq
qxpìultxh gx uìvxowdw gh o*lqyhuvlrq gx v|vwëph1
Ohv urwdwlrqv ghv qúxgv uholìv h{foxvlyhphqw ã ghv ìoìphqwv elduwlfxoìv q*rqw sdv
gh vljqlfdwlrq sk|vltxh = rq shxw ìolplqhu ohv ìtxdwlrqv fruuhvsrqgdqw ã fhv gh0
555 Fkdslwuh 44 Xq h{hpsoh g*dssolfdwlrq uìhooh = oh Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh
juìv gh olehuwì1 Hq sudwltxh/ fhv urwdwlrqv vrqw eortxìhv dq g*ìylwhu wrxw lqflghqw
qxpìultxh1
Hq wíwh ghv s|o÷qhv gh judqgh kdxwhxu/ vxu ohvtxhov v*dssxlhqw ohv vhoohv oleuhv gh vh
gìsodfhu orqjlwxglqdohphqw/ vrqw dssduxhv ghv rvfloodwlrqv hq gìsodfhphqw1 Lo d idoox
ohv gìwhfwhu dq gh ohv wudlwhu frqyhqdeohphqw1
Sdu dloohxuv/ lo v*hvw dyìuì txh ohv uìvxowdwv hq gìsodfhphqwv ìwdlhqw wuëv vhqvleohv dx
uìjodjh lqlwldo gh od vxvshqvlrq hq whuph gh orqjxhxuv ã ylgh ghv fkdñqhwwhv = xqh prgl0
fdwlrq h{wuíphphqw idleoh gh od orqjxhxu ã ylgh/ g*xqh ydohxu wuëv lqiìulhxuh ã od suìflvlrq
gh fkdqwlhu/ prglh ohv ëfkhv gh idêrq vljqlfdwlyh1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ xqh yduldwlrq uhodwlyh
gh orqjxhxu gh 3/334( gh od vxvshqvlrq lqgxlw xqh yduldwlrq gh ëfkh hq plolhx gh wdeolhu
gh 5 fp1
Ohv uìvxowdwv vrqw suìvhqwìv vxu ohv jxuhv 441: ã 441441 Frpph rq shxw oh frqvwdwhu/ ohv
ìfduwv hqwuh od prgìolvdwlrq hw o*rxyudjh uìho uhvwhqw wuëv idleohv1 Lo idxw vrxoljqhu oh wudydlo
lpsruwdqw gh plvh dx srlqw gx prgxoh qrq olqìdluh vxu xq rxyudjh dxvvl lpsruwdqw1 Hq
hhw/ ã o*ìsrtxh/ lo v*djlvvdlw gx prgëoh oh soxv lpsruwdqw mdpdlv wudlwì sdu SFS ghsxlv vd
plvh hq vhuylfh/ oh soxv jurv prgëoh suìfìghqw ìwdqw fhoxl gx Srqw gh Qrupdqglh1 Ghsxlv/
oh prgëoh gx Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh d ìwì vxssodqwì sdu fhoxl gx Srqw gh Ploodx/ hq frxuv
g*ìwxgh dx VHWUD/ dyhf SFS1 Oh fdv whvw txh frqvwlwxh oh uhpsodfhphqw gh od vxvshqvlrq
gx Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh ydolgh gh idêrq luuìixwdeoh od sulvh hq frpswh gh od qrq0olqìdulwì
jìrpìwultxh vxu ghv vwuxfwxuhv dxvvl lpsruwdqwhv hw frpsoh{hv1
4419 Ohv sulqflsdx{ uìvxowdwv 556
ILFKH WHFKQLTXH
Suro hq orqj
Wudyxuhv = 4:9/66 p 0 93:/<55 p 4:7/938 p
Ud|rqv gh frxuexuh = 43 333 p 0 48 733 p 0 7 833 p
Suro hq wudyhuv Odujhxu hqwuh d{hv gh od vxvshqvlrq dfwxhooh = 49 p
Vxvshqvlrq dqflhqqh
Fåeohv dqflhqv = 5 fåeohv
4 fåeoh hvw irupì gh 89 wrurqv hq wudyìh fhqwudoh
93 wrurqv hq wudyìhv gh ulyh
4 wrurq hvw irupì gh 49< ov ! 7/: pp
Uìvlvwdqfh ã od uxswxuh = 4 833 PSd
Prgxoh g*ìodvwlflwì gh fdofxo = 4:3 333 PSd
Vxvshqwhv dqflhqqhv = 5 qdsshv gh vxvshqwhv
4 vxvshqwh hvw irupìh gh 593 ov ! 7/: pp wrurqqìv
vxu xq o gh ! 8/; pp
Uìvlvwdqfh ã od uxswxuh = 4 833 PSd
Prgxoh g*ìodvwlflwì gh fdofxo = 4:3 333 PSd
Vxvshqvlrq qrxyhooh
Fåeohv qrxyhdx{ =
5 5 fåeohv
4 fåeoh hvw irupì gh <3 wrurqv
4 wrurq hvw irupì gh 6: ov ! 8/87 pp +kruv jdoydqlvdwlrq,
Uìvlvwdqfh ã od uxswxuh = 4 993 PSd +frhi1 gh shuwh 3/<8,
Prgxoh g*ìodvwlflwì gh fdofxo = 4:3 333 PSd
Frqwudlqwh pd{lpdoh g*xq fåeoh hq vhuylfh 833 PSd
Vxvshqwhv qrxyhoohv =
5 5 qdsshv gh vxvshqwhv
4 vxvshqwh d xqh vhfwlrq gh 5 466 pp2
Prgxoh g*ìodvwlflwì gh fdofxo = 488 333 PSd
Uìvlvwdqfh ã od uxswxuh = 4 993 PSd +frhi1 gh shuwh 3/<,
Wudfwlrq pd{lpdoh g*xqh vxvshqwh ã o*HOV 93 w1
150
GTM
100 SETRA
CHANTIER
50
Déplacement
-50
(mm)
-100
-150
-200
-250
Déroulement du chantier
Iljxuh 441: = Gìsodfhphqw gh od wíwh gh s|o÷qh ulyh gurlwh sdu udssruw ã od yhuwlfdoh
4419 Ohv sulqflsdx{ uìvxowdwv 558
800
700
600
500
400
Position
(mm)
300
200
GTM
100 SETRA
CHANTIER
0
-100
Déroulement du chantier
Iljxuh 441; = Srvlwlrq ghv vhoohv ulyh gurlwh sdu udssruw dx s|o÷qh +od srvlwlrq qxooh hvw
fhooh gh od vhooh ã od q gh o*rsìudwlrq 5,
559 Fkdslwuh 44 Xq h{hpsoh g*dssolfdwlrq uìhooh = oh Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh
250
GTM
200
SETRA
150 CHANTIER
100
50
Déplacement
(mm)
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
Déroulement du chantier
Iljxuh 441< = Gìsodfhphqw gh od wíwh gh s|o÷qh ulyh jdxfkh sdu udssruw ã od yhuwlfdoh
4419 Ohv sulqflsdx{ uìvxowdwv 55:
900
800
700
600
500
Position
400
(mm)
300
200 GTM
100 SETRA
CHANTIER
0
-100
Déroulement du chantier
Iljxuh 44143 = Srvlwlrq ghv vhoohv ulyh jdxfkh sdu udssruw dx s|o÷qh +od srvlwlrq qxooh hvw
fhooh ã od q gh o*rsìudwlrq 5,
55; Fkdslwuh 44 Xq h{hpsoh g*dssolfdwlrq uìhooh = oh Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh
3000
2500
2000
Flèche
1500
(mm)
1000
500 GTM
SETRA
CHANTIER
0
Déroulement du chantier
Iljxuh 44144 = Yduldwlrq gh ëfkh gx wdeolhu dx qrhxg fhqwudo sdu udssruw ã vd srvlwlrq
hq q g*rsìudwlrq 5
Fkdslwuh 45
Frqfoxvlrq jìqìudoh
^D`
^Dog:7` DOGVWHGW/ H1/ EHUJDQ/ S1J1 Odujh ghirupdwlrq dqg vwdelolw| dqdo|vlv ri
uhlqirufhg frqfuhwh iudphv frqvlghulqj pdwhuldo qrqolqhdulwlhv1 ]ÿulfk = LDEVH/
4<:71 68: s1 Uhsruw 49/ Udssruw suìolplqdluh1
^Dur9;` DURQL/ Vdpxho1 Vohqghu suhvwuhvvhg frqfuhwh froxpqv1 Mrxuqdo ri wkh Vwuxf0
wxudo Glylvlrq/ DVFH/ dyulo 4<9;/ q VW7 s ;:80<371
^E`
^Edho<4` Uëjohv EDHO<4 Uëjohv whfkqltxhv gh frqfhswlrq hw gh fdofxo ghv rxyudjhv hw frq0
vwuxfwlrqv hq eìwrq dupì vxlydqw od pìwkrgh ghv ìwdwv olplwhv1 Sdulv = FVWE/
pduv 4<<51 478 s1
^Edw<3d` EDWR]/ Mhdq0Orxlv/ GKDWW/ Jrxul1 Prgìolvdwlrq ghv vwuxfwxuhv sdu ìoì0
phqwv qlv/ yroxph4/ vrolghv ìodvwltxhv1 Sdulv = Khupëv/ 4<<3/ 7;7 s1 LVEQ 50
;993405760:1
^Edw<3e` EDWR]/ Mhdq0Orxlv/ GKDWW/ Jrxul1 Prgìolvdwlrq ghv vwuxfwxuhv sdu ìoì0
phqwv qlv/ yroxph5/ srxwuhv hw sodtxhv1 Sdulv = Khupëv/ 4<<3/ 799 s1 LVEQ
50;9934058<061
^Euh<6` EUH\VVH/ G1/ HODFKDFKL/ V1P1/ FROVRQ/ D1/ DLWD/ V1/ SH0
QD]]L/ O1 Xqh pìwkrgh vlpsolìh srxu od suìglfwlrq gx frpsruwhphqw qrq
olqìdluh g*rvvdwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì1 Dqqdohv gh o*Lqvwlwxw Whfkqltxh gx Eåwlphqw
hw ghv Wudydx{ Sxeolfv/ mdqylhu 4<<6/ vìulh = wkìrulhv hw pìwkrghv gh fdofxo 666/
q 843/ s 460651
^F`
^Fdu98` FDUQHLUR/ I1O1O1E1 Qrwh vxu ohv urwdwlrqv qrq ìodvwltxhv xowlphv ghv
srxwuhv hq eìwrq dupì1 Frplwì Hxursìhq gx Eìwrq1 Vwuxfwxuhv K|shuvwdwltxhv1
Y14/ exoohwlq g*lqirupdwlrq q 85/ qryhpeuh 4<98/ s 4:8053<1
^Fdu;7` FDURO/ L1/ PXUFLD/ M1 Wudqvihu prphqwv phwkrg iru qrqolqhdu dqdo|vlv ri
iudphv = dssolfdwlrq wr uhlqirufhg frqfuhwh vwuxfwxuhv1 Surfhhglqjv ri wkh lqwhuqd0
wlrqdo frqihuhqfh rq Frpsxwhu dlghg dqdo|vlv dqg ghvljq ri frqfuhwh vwuxfwxuhv1
Vzdqvhd/ X1N1 = Slqhulgjh Suhvv/ 4<:71 s 45<<046441
Uìiìuhqfhv eleolrjudskltxhv 566
^Fgv;7` JHUEHQQH/ M1O1 Fdofxo ghv vhfwlrqv Qrwlfh g*hpsorl gx surjudpph FGV1
Edjqhx{/ VHWUD/ pduv 4<;71 Sdjlqdwlrq pxowlsoh1
^Fhe<3` FHE0ILS Prgho Frgh 4<<31 Frplwì Hxur0lqwhuqdwlrqdo gx Eìwrq1 Exoohwlq g*lq0
irupdwlrq q 5462547/ pdl 4<<61 76: s1 LVEQ 3 :5:: 49<9 71
^Fhv:;` FHVFRWWR/ V1 Ìwxgh sdu ìoìphqwv qlv ghv judqgv gìsodfhphqwv hw ghv
judqghv gìirupdwlrqv1 Dssolfdwlrq dx{ sureoëphv vsìfltxhv ghv pdwìuldx{ txdvl
lqfrpsuhvvleohv1 Wkëvh gh grfwrudw = Xqlyhuvlwì gh Olëjh/ Idfxowì ghv Vflhqfhv
Dssoltxìhv/ 4<::04<:;1 Sdjlqdwlrq pxowlsoh1
^G`
^GhY;<` Gh YLOOH gh JR\HW/ Ylqfhqw1 O*dqdo|vh vwdwltxh qrq olqìdluh sdu od pìwk0
rgh ghv ìoìphqwv qlv ghv vwuxfwxuhv vsdwldohv irupìhv gh srxwuhv ã vhfwlrq qrq
v|pìwultxh1 Wkëvh gh grfwrudw = Xqlyhuvlwì gh Olëjh/ Idfxowì ghv Vflhqfhv Ds0
soltxìhv/ 4<;;04<;<1 Sdjlqdwlrq pxowlsoh1
^Gxu:<` GXURFKHU/ Odzuhqfh O1/ NDQH/ Mdphv1 Vwlqhvv pdwul{ iru hffhqwulf
ehdp vhjphqw1 Mrxuqdo ri wkh Vwuxfwxudo Glylvlrq/ DVFH/ iìyulhu 4<:</ yro 438/
q VW5/ s 77:07831
^H`
^Hvs;9d` HVSLRQ/ Ehuqdug1 Frqwulexwlrq ã o*dqdo|vh qrq olqìdluh ghv rvvdwxuhv sodqhv
Dssolfdwlrq dx{ vwuxfwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì1 Wkëvh gh grfwrudw = Xqlyhuvlwì oleuh
gh Eux{hoohv/ 4<;91 7<8 s1
^I`
^Ihu99` IHUJXVVRQ/ S1P/ EUHHQ/ M1H1 Lqyhvwljdwlrq ri wkh orqj frqfuhwh froxpq
lq d iudph vxemhfwhg wr odwhudo ordgv1 DFL VS/ 4<99/ q 46/ s :8044<1
^Ihu:<` IHUUDUR PDLD/ D1F1 Dqdo|vh qrq olqìdluh ghv sruwltxhv sodqv hq eìwrq
dupì rx suìfrqwudlqw frpswh whqx gx frpsruwhphqw ukìrorjltxh gx eìwrq1 Wkëvh
gh Grfwhxu0Lqjìqlhxu = Xqlyhuvlwì Sdulv YL/ 4<:<1 48: s1
^Ihu;6` IHUUDUR PDLD/ D1F/ JUHODW/ E1/ IRXUÌ/ E1 Dqdo|vh qrq olqìdluh
ghv rvvdwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì rx suìfrqwudlqw frpswh whqx gx uhwudlw/ gx xdjh
hw gh od uhod{dwlrq1 Dqqdohv gh o*Lqvwlwxw Whfkqltxh gx Eåwlphqw hw ghv Wudydx{
Sxeolfv/ 4<;6/ vìulh = wkìrulhv hw pìwkrghv gh fdofxo 58;/ q 745/ s 40641
^Irx:;` IRXUÌ/ Ehuqdug1 Oh dpehphqw ghv srwhdx{ frpswh whqx gx xdjh gx eìwrq1
Dqqdohv gh o*Lqvwlwxw Whfkqltxh gx Eåwlphqw hw ghv Wudydx{ Sxeolfv/ pduv 4<:;/
vìulh = wkìrulh hw pìwkrghv gh fdofxo 547/ q 68</ s 408;1
^Irx;;` IRXUÌ/ Ehuqdug/ QXQJ/ ]hq Wdr1 Uhglvwulexwlrq ghv hruwv gxv dx xdjh
gx eìwrq gdqv xqh srxwuh suìfrqwudlqwh ã ghx{ wudyìhv1 Ìwxgh h{sìulphqwdoh1
Dqqdohv gh o*Lqvwlwxw Whfkqltxh gx Eåwlphqw hw ghv Wudydx{ Sxeolfv/ mdqylhu 4<;;/
vìulh = hvvdlv hw phvxuhv 547/ q 794/ s 44:04891
^Iud:3` IUDQNOLQ/ K1D1 Qrqolqhdu dqdo|vlv ri uhlqirufhg frqfuhwh iudphv dqg sdq0
hov1 Sk1G1 Wkhvlv = Ghsduwphqw ri Flylo Hqjlqhhulqj/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Fdoliruqld/
Ehunhoh|/ 4<:3/ 58< s1
^Iuh::` IUH\/ I1 O*dqdo|vh vwdwltxh qrq olqìdluh ghv vwuxfwxuhv sdu od pìwkrgh ghv
ìoìphqwv qlv hw vrq dssolfdwlrq ã od frqvwuxfwlrq pìwdooltxh1 Wkëvh gh Grfwrudw =
Xqlyhuvlwì gh Olëjh/ Idfxowì ghv Vflhqfhv Dssoltxìhv/ 4<::04<:;1 563 s1
^J`
^Jle;;` JLEHUW/ Uhqì0Mhdq1 Yleudwlrqv ghv vwuxfwxuhv1 Sdulv = H|uroohv/ 4<;;1 9:; s1
LVVQ 36<<074<;1
569 Uìiìuhqfhv eleolrjudskltxhv
^Juh:;d` JUHODW/ Dodlq1 Frpsruwhphqw qrq olqìdluh hw vwdelolwì ghv rvvdwxuhv hq eì0
wrq dupì1 Dqqdohv gh o*Lqvwlwxw Whfkqltxh gx Eåwlphqw hw ghv Wudydx{ Sxeolfv/
qryhpeuh 4<:;/ vìulh = wkìrulhv hw pìwkrghv gh fdofxo 556/ q 699/ s 43804591
^Juh:;e` JUHODW/ Dodlq1 Fdofxo qrq olqìdluh ghv rvvdwxuhv hq eìwrq dupì1 Wkëvh gh
Grfwhxu0Lqjìqlhxu = Xqlyhuvlwì Sdulv YL/ 4<:;1 467 s1
^Jxq::` JXQQLQ/ E1O1/ UDG/ I1Q1/ IXUORQJ/ U1Z1 D jhqhudo qrqolqhdu dqdo|0
vlv ri frqfuhwh vwuxfwxuhv dqg frpsdulvrq zlwk iudph whvwv1 Frpsxwhuv ) Vwuxf0
wxuhv/ 4<::/ yro :/ q 6/ s 58:05981
^K`
^L`
^Luy<5` LUYLQH/ Pd{1 Fdeoh Vwuxfwxuhv1 Qhz \run = Gryhu Sxeolfdwlrqv/ Lqf1/ 4<<5/
58< s1
^M`
^N`
^Ndq::` NDQJ/ \1M1 Qrq olqhdu jhrphwulf/ pdwhuldo dqg wlph ghshqghqw dqdo|vlv ri
uhlqirufhg dqg suhvwuhvvhg frqfuhwh iudphv1 Sk1G1 Wkhvlv = Ghsduwphqw ri Flylo
Hqjlqhhulqj/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Fdoliruqld/ Ehunhoh|/ 4<::1 576 s1
^Ndw;3` NDWR/ Wrvlr1 Shuwxuedwlrq Wkhru| iru Olqhdu Rshudwruv1 Ehuolq = Vsulqjhu
Yhuodj/ 4<;3/ 94< s1 Fodvvlfv lq Pdwkhpdwlfv1 LVEQ 6087308;9940[1
^Nrq;9` NRQGRK/ N1/ WDQDND/ N1/ DWOXUL/ V1Q1 Dq h{solflw h{suhvvlrq iru
wkh wdqjhqw0vwlqhvv ri d qlwho| ghiruphg 60g ehdp dqg lwv xvh lq wkh dqdo|vlv
ri vsdfh iudphv1 Frpsxwhuv ) Vwuxfwxuhv/ 4<;9/ yro 57/ q 5/ s 58605:41
^O`
^Ofsf<;` Oh xdjh gdqv ohv rxyudjhv hq eìwrq1 Exoohwlq ghv oderudwrluhv ghv Srqwv hw
Fkdxvvìhv/ Vsìfldo [[/ iìyulhu 4<<;1 <6 s1 LVVQ 459<047<91
^P`
^Phq:6` PHQHJRWWR/ P1/ SLQWR/ S1H1 Phwkrg ri dqdo|vlv iru f|folfdoo| ordghg
uhlqirufhg frqfuhwh iudphv lqfoxglqj fkdqjhv lq jhrphwu| dqg qrq0hodvwlf ehkdy0
lrxu ri hohphqwv xqghu frpelqhg qrupdo irufh dqg ehqglqj1 ]ÿulfk = LDEVH/
4<:61 64; s1 Uhsruw 46/ Udssruw suìolplqdluh1
^Q`
^S`
^Sud<8` SUDW/ Plfkho/ hw do1 Od prgìolvdwlrq ghv rxyudjhv1 Sdulv = Khupëv/ 4<<8/
::3 s1 Froohfwlrq DISF 0 Hpsorl ghv ìoìphqwv qlv hq Jìqlh flylo1 LVEQ 50
;993407;3071
Uìiìuhqfhv eleolrjudskltxhv 56<
^Sud<:` SUDW/ Plfkho/ hw do1 Fdofxo ghv rxyudjhv jìqìudx{ gh frqvwuxfwlrq1 Sdulv =
Khupëv/ 4<<:/ :9; s1 Froohfwlrq DISF 0 Hpsorl ghv ìoìphqwv qlv hq Jìqlh flylo1
LVEQ 50;993408;40<1
^U`
^Ure<5` UREHUW/ Ioruhqw1 Dqdo|vh prgdoh g*xq prgëoh vlpsolì gh srqw ã kdxedqv
sdu od iruph qrupdoh1 Udssruw gh GHD = HQWSH/ 4<<51 ;5 s1
^V`
^Vdu:4` VDUJLQ/ P1 Vwuhvv0vwudlq uhodwlrqvklsv iru frqfuhwh dqg wkh dqdo|vlv ri wkh
vwuxfwxudo frqfuhwh vhfwlrqv1 Fdqdgd = Xqlyhuvlw| ri Zdwhuorr/ 4<:41 V P Vwxg|
q 7/ Vrolg Phfkdqlfv Glylvlrq/ 49: s1
^W`
^X`
^Y`
^Z`
^Zdw<:` ZDWWHEOHG/ H1/ UREHUW/ I1/ FRUIGLU/ S1/ GHUDLV/ M10I1 Xwlol0
vdwlrq gx orjlflho SFS srxu oh frqwu÷oh gh od uìsdudwlrq gx Srqw gh Wdqfduylooh1
Exoohwlq Rxyudjhv g*Duw/ mxloohw 4<<:/ q 5:/ s ;0461
^]`
^]kd<7` ]KDR/ Elq1 Prgìolvdwlrq qxpìultxh ghv srxwuhv hw sruwltxhv pl{whv dflhu0eìwrq
dyhf jolvvhphqwv hw judqgv gìsodfhphqwv Uìvlvwdqfh ã o*lqfhqglh1 Wkëvh gh grf0
wrudw = LQVD gh Uhqqhv/ 4<<71 597 s1
^]ld9;` ]LDG/ P1 Holdv1 Gxdolw| lq qlwh hohphqw phwkrg1 Mrxuqdo ri wkh Hqjlqhhulqj
Phfkdqlfv Glylvlrq/ DVFH/ drþw 4<9;/ q HP7/ s <640<791
^]lh::` ]LHQNLHZLF]/ R1F1 Ilqlwh hohphqw phwkrg1 Vlqjdsrxu = PfJudz Kloo/ 4<::1
97; s1
Dqqh{h D
D14 Udsshov
Fodvvltxhphqw/ gdqv xqh vhfwlrq frpsrvlwh/ oruvtxh ohv fåeohv gh suìfrqwudlqwh vrqw olìv
dx eìwrq/ o*dflhu ghv fåeohv hvw vrolgdluh gh od vhfwlrq = lo qh jolvvh sdv sdu udssruw dx
eìwrq1 Rq shxw grqf gluh txh ohv fåeohv frqwulexhqw ã od uljlglwì gh od vhfwlrq hw lo vrqw
lqwìjuìv gluhfwhphqw gdqv od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh od vhfwlrq1 Fhfl suìvhqwh o*dydqwdjh gh
qh sdv dyrlu ã jìuhu ohv vxuwhqvlrqv ghv fåeohv sxlvtx*hoohv vrqw dxwrpdwltxhphqw sulvhv hq
frpswh sdu od pdwulfh gh uljlglwì gh od vhfwlrq frpsrvlwh1
Vl ohv fåeohv qh vrqw sdv olìv dx eìwrq/ lov shxyhqw jolvvhu sdu udssruw ã od vhfwlrq1 Rq
qh shxw grqf soxv frqvlgìuhu txh ohv fåeohv frqwulexhqw ã od uljlglwì gh od vhfwlrq1 Oh eìwrq
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57<
THESE SOUTENUE DEVANT L’INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES DE LYON
NOM : ROBERT
DATE de SOUTENANCE
2 avril 1999
Prénom : Florent Jean-Claude Germain
TITRE :
Contribution à l’analyse non linéaire géométrique et matérielle des ossatures spatiales en Génie civil.
Application aux ouvrages d’art.
RESUME : En Génie civil, la tendance actuelle à concevoir des structures de plus en plus élancées et le besoin
d’optimiser les quantités de matériau, conduisent les projeteurs à mener des calculs prenant en compte les non-linéarités du système. En
ouvrage d’art, considérer le couplage entre les non-linéarités matérielle et géométrique est impératif, d’où la nécessité de disposer d’outils
informatiques adaptés au métier et résolvant ce problème. Nous proposons une formulation basée sur les coordonnées convectées spatiales en
décomposant le mouvement d’une particule en un mouvement de corps rigide de grande amplitude et un mouvement modéré induisant les
déformations. Ceci permet de prendre en compte les grands déplacements et les grandes rotations pour des éléments de poutre
tridimensionnels alors que la non-linéarité matérielle repose sur l’hypothèse des petites déformations. On peut ainsi modéliser les ossatures
spatiales composées de métal, de béton armé ou de béton précontraint. Les effets différés, à savoir le retrait et le fluage du béton ainsi que la
relaxation des aciers de précontrainte, sont intégrés dans le schéma général de résolution. Pour simuler la construction des ouvrages d’art et
étudier leur schéma statique, nous développons la prise en compte des grands déplacements pour les articulations ainsi qu’un élément
simulant correctement le comportement d’un cible pesant, même lors des phases où il est détendu. Nous développons le calcul d’instabilité
élastique à partir de la matrice des contraintes initiales issue de notre formulation. Nous proposons l’extension possible de l’algorithme de
résolution du cas de chargement statique au cas dynamique. Nous validons notre approche en confrontant les résultats de nos calculs à des
mesures expérimentales ou à la solution théorique de cas tests représentatifs. Enfin, un exemple d’utilisation du programme sur un projet réel
est présenté : la simulation du remplacement du système de suspension du Pont de Tancarvillc..
MOTS-CLES : Constructions à ossatures, éléments finis, poutre, béton armé, béton précontraint, non-linéarité,
ouvrages d’art, grands déplacements.
Laboratoire(s) de recherche :
Laboratoire GéoMatériaux de I’ENTPE et le SETRA.