Training Objective

HUAWEI

WAN Protocol Overview

Principles and Configurations of HDLC Protocol

Principles,Configurations and Maintenance of PPP

and MP Protocol

Principles, Configurations and Maintenance

of X.25

Principles, Configurations and Maintenance of

Frame Relay

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 WAN Overview
HUAWEI

LAN WAN LAN

TheWideAreaNetworkis called WANfor short, whichis acomputer communicationnetwork

establishedinawiderange
The WANis a kind of cross-regiondatacommunication network, which uses the equipments
suppliedbytelecomcarriersasthedatatransferplatform
TheWANis mainlyusedtoconnecttheLANsliesindifferentplaces

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 Main WAN Connection Technologies
HUAWEI

Point-to-point connection

H D LC , P P P , S L I P

Connection through packet switching network

X.25, Frame Relay, ATM

Service
Provider

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 High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)
HUAWEI

Control Information Frame Check Sequence

Flag Address Flag
info FCS
F A C F

Characteristics:
Bit-oriented protocol
Transparent transmission: zero bit filling
method
Run on synchronous serial lines

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 Configurations of the HDLC Protocol
HUAWEI

Encapsulate the HDLC protocol at the

interface mode
encapsulation hdlc

Set the keepalive time to detect the link

status
keepalive time

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 PPP Protocol Introduction
HUAWEI

Ａｃｃｅｓｓ　Ｓｅｒｖｅｒ
ＰＳＴＮ／ＩＳＤＮ

PPPEncapsulation

PPP

PPPprotocolisdevelopedonthebasisofSLIP
PPPprotocolislocatedatthedatalinklayer,thesecondlayerofOSImodel
Thephysicallayercaneitherbethesynchronousorasynchronousphysicalmedia　

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 PPP Composition
HUAWEI

PPPusesNCPtosupportmultipleNetwork
protocols

TCP/IP
Novell IPX PPP

LCP is used to
establish and maintain
links

ThePPPprotocolismainly composedof theLCP,NCPsandPAP,CHAPfor network

security.

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 PPP Protocol Stack
HUAWEI

IP IPX Other network

protocols
Network Layer
IPCP IPXCP Other NCPs
ＰＰＰ
NCP
Link Layer
Authentication, other options

LCP

Physical media
( synchronous / asynchronous ） Physical Layer

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 PPP Negotiation Procedure
HUAWEI

Ｂｏｔｔｏｍ Ｌａｙｅｒｕｐ
ＬＣＰ　ｕｐ
Authenticate
Dead Stage Establish Stage Stage
Ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　
ｐａｓｓｅｄ
Ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　 ｏｒ
Ｆａｉｌ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｎｏ　ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎ

ＤＯＷＮ Terminate
Stage Network Stage
Ｃｌｏｓｅ

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 PAP Authentication
HUAWEI

Ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｅｄ　 Authenticating
Ｐａｒｔｙ Party

User name＋Pasworｄ

ACK / NAK

Ｕｓｅｒ　ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ

Ｔｈｅ　ＰＡＰ　ｉｓ　ｔｗｏ　ｈａｎｄｓｈａｋｅ　ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌ．　
Ｔｈｅ　ｐａｓｓｗｏｒｄ　ｉｓ　ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｔｅｄ　ｉｎ　ｐｌａｉｎ　ｔｅｘｔ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　
ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｅｄ　ｐａｒｔｙ　ｆｉｒｓｔ　ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｓ　ｔｈｅ　
ａｕｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔ．
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 CHAP Authentication
HUAWEI
Authenticated Authenticating
Party Party

Host name＋random
message

Host name＋encrypted
message

Ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ　／　
Ｕｓｅｒ　ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ
Ｆａｉｌ User database

CHAPisa3-handshakeauthenticationprotocol.Itdoesnotsendanypassword. The
authenticatingpartyoriginatestheauthenticationrequest,andithashighersecuritythan
PAP.

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 Brief Introduction to MultiLink PPP Protocol
HUAWEI

NegotiatewhethertouseMPornotattheLCPstage
ThenperformthePPPauthenticationtoobtaintheusernameof
theremotepartyandfindthevirtualinterfacetemplate specified for
theuseraccordingtotheusername
Thenegotiationparametersinclude:MRRU,SSNHFandendpoint
discriminator
Therearetwoflagsusedforbundling:usernameandtheendpoint
discriminator

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 PPP Configuration Commands
HUAWEI

Encapsulate PPP
encapsulation ppp

Configure authentication method

ppp authentication {pap|chap}

Configure user name and password

user username password {0|7} password

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 PAP Configuration Command
HUAWEI

Authenticating party configuration

Configure authentication method
ppp authentication pap
Configure user list
user username password [0/7] password
Authenticated party configuration
Configure the PAP user name
ppp pap sent-username username
password{0|7} password
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 CHAP Configuration
HUAWEI Command
Authenticating party configuration:
Configureauthenticationmethod
pppauthentication chap
Configurelocalhostname
pppchaphosthostname
Addtheremoteusernameandpasswordtothelocaluserlist
userusername password[0/7]password
Authenticated party configuration:
Configurethelocalhostnameandtheremoteusernameandpassword
pppchaphosthostname
user username password[0/7] password

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 Typical PPP Configuration Example I
HUAWEI

Authenticatingparty Authenticatedparty
PAPauthentication
Ｓ０
Ｓ０
Quidway#1 Quidway#2

Quidway(config)# user quidway2password0 Quidway(config)# interface serial 0

uidway Quidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp pap sent-username
Quidway(config)# interface serial 0 quidway2password0 quidway
Quidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp authentication pap

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 Typical PPP Configuration Example II
HUAWEI

Authenticatingparty Authenticatedparty
CHAP authentication
Ｓ０
Ｓ０
Quidway#1 Quidway#2

Quidway(config)# user quidway2password0 hello Quidway(config)# user quidway1password0 hello

Quidway(config)# interface serial 0 Quidway(config)# interface serial 0
Quidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp chap host quidway1 Quidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp chap host quidway2
Quidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp authentication chap

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 MultiLink PPP Configuration Command
HUAWEI

Basic MP configuration tasks include:

Configure the MP work mode of the interface
bundled in the virtual template
ppp multilink
Establish the relationship between the PPP
users and the virtual template
multilink-user user-name bind virtual-template number
The higher level MP configuration task include:
Configure the maximum number of bind MP
links
multilink max-bind binds

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 Typical MP Configuration Example
HUAWEI

Ｒｏｕｔｅｒ　Ｂ

ＤＤＮ
Ｒｏｕｔｅｒ　Ａ
Ｒｏｕｔｅｒ　Ｃ

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 PPP Monitor and Maintenance
HUAWEI

Operation Command

Show the local user list show user

Show the interface configuration and status show interface interface-name

Show the interface information of the MP show ppp multilink

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 PPP Troubleshooting
HUAWEI

Fault 1: the link can never be converted to

the UP status
The configuration of the PPP authentication
parameters is not correct

Fault 2: the physical link cannot be

converted to the UP status
The command "show interface serial
number" is used to view the interface status

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 X.25 Overview
HUAWEI

X.25 X.25 X.25

DTE DCE DCE DTE
Protocol Protocol

The X.25 recommendation is the interface specifications between the DTE and the DCE.
Itsmainfunctionistodescribehowtoset upvirtual circuits, transmissionpackets, set up
links, transmit data, releaselinks andtoclear thevirtual circuitsbetweenthe DTEandthe
DCE , and in the meantime, it wil implement the error control, flow control, statistics, etc.

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 X.25 Network Model
HUAWEI

DTE
PSE DCE

DTE DCE PSE

PSE DCE
DTE
PSN

DTE Data Terminal Equipment

DCE Data Circuit-terminating Equipment）
PSE Packet Switching Equipment
PSN Packet Switching Network

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 Hierarchy of X.25
HUAWEI

OSIRM

Application
Higher-level protocol with
Presentation remote DTE
Upper-level
Session Layer Protocol

Transport Layer

Network Layer Packet Layer Packet Layer

Data Link Layer X.25 Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer

DTE DCE
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 Transmission of IP Packet through X.25
HUAWEI
Network

IP
Header User Data

LAN LAN
Packet IP Packet
Header

Frame
Header X.25 Packet Frame tail

Router X.25 Router

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 X.25 Virtual Circuit
HUAWEI

Statistic time-division multiplexing

SVC (virtual switching circuit) and PVC

(permanent virtual circuit)

An interface can be configured with 4095

virtual circuits at maximum

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 Link Layer Protocol LAPB
HUAWEI

The main functions of the Link Layer are as follows:

Effectively transmit data between the DTE
and the DCE
Guarantee the information synchronization
between the receiver and the transmitter
Detect and correct errors occurred during
transmission
Identify and report protocol errors to the
higher-level protocols
Notify the Link Layer status to the Packet
Layer www.huawei.com
 X.25 Configuration
HUAWEI

Configure the work mode of X.25

encapsulation x25 [[ dte|dce ] | [ bfe|cisco-compatible|ddn|ietf ]]
Configure the X.121 address
x25 address x.121-address
Create the map between network address and
X.121 address
x25 map protocol protocol-addressx.121-address [option]
Create permanent virtual circuit
x25 pvc pvc-number protocol protocol-addressx.121-address[option]

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 Parameter Configuration of the X.25 Packet
HUAWEI
Layer

Configure virtual circuit scope

x25[LIC|HIC|LTC|HTC|LOC|HOC]circuit-number
Configure packet size
x25ips bytes（thedefaultvalueis128）
x25opsbytes（thedefaultvalueis128）
Configure window size
x25winpackets（thedefaultvalueis2）
x25wout packets（thedefaultvalueis2）
Configure modulo mode
x25modulo{8|128}（thedefault value is ８

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 Configure X.25 Sub-interface
HUAWEI

The sub-interface is a virtual interface, which has its own protocol address and virtual circuit.
Multiple sub-interfaces can be set up at one physical interface.
There are two types of sub-interfaces: point-to-point sub-interface and point-to-multipoint
sub-interface.

Operation Command
Enter the main interface interface serial number

Encapsulate the X25 encapsulation x25

protocol
Create the X.25 interface serial number.subinterface-number [ multipoint |
sub-interface point-to-point ]
Configure address mapping x25 map protocol protocol-address x.121-address [option]
x25 pvc pvc-number protocol protocol-address x.121-address
Configure permanent virtual [option]
circuit

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 Typical X.25 Configuration Example
HUAWEI

20112451 20112452
202.38.160.1 202.38.160.2
Serial 0 Serial 1
V.24/V.35 cable
Router A Router B

interface serial 0 interface serial 1

ip address 202.38.160.1 255.255.255.0 ip address 202.38.160.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation x25 dte encapsulation x25 dce
x25 address 20112451 x25 address 20112452
x25 map ip 202.38.160.2 20112452 x25 map ip 202.38.160.1 20112451

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 X.25 Monitor and Maintenance
HUAWEI

Operation Command
View interface information show interface [ type number ]
View the X.25 alias list show x25 alias
View the X.25 address mapping table show x25 map

View the X.25 switching routing table show x25 route

View the X.25 switching virtual circuit
show x25 switch-vc-table
table
View the X.25 virtual circuit show x25 vc lci-number
Enable debugging of all the X25
debug x25 all [ interface type number ]
packets

Enable debugging of the X25 event debug x25 event [ interface type number ]

Enable debugging of the X25 packets debug x25 packet [ interface type number ]

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 X.25 Troubleshooting
HUAWEI

The LAPB has already been in the connected status, but the X.25 protocol cannot be in "UP"
status
Check whether the DCE/DTE configuration is correct

The X.25 protocol has been in the "UP" status, but the virtual circuit cannot be set up, i.e., cannot
ping through
The local X.121 address is not configured
The address mapping is not configured
The remote X.121 address is not configured
The address mapping from the remote end to the local end is not configured
The channel scope is not correct
Carry facility options not allowed by the network

The virtual circuit can be set up, but frequent resets or clears occur in data transmission
Check whether the flow control parameters are set correctly

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 Introduction to Frame Relay
HUAWEI
Ｌｏｃａｌ　Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ
Ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ（ＬＭＩ）
ＬＡＮ ＬＡＮ

ＤＬＣＩ ＤＣＥ
ＦＲ
ＤＬＣＩ
ＤＣＥ

ＤＴＥ ＤＴＥ
ＰＶＣｓ

Ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔ　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｓ（ＰＶＣｓ）
ｕｓｅ　ｄａｔａ－ｌｉｎｋ　ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ
ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｒｓ（ＤＬＣＩｓ）

The frame relay protocol is a kind of fast packet switching technology based upon the X.25
packet switching technology, it is a kind of improved X.25 protocol.
The frame relay is based upon virtual circuits.

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 Characteristics of Frame Relay
HUAWEI

Theframerelayprotocoltransmitsdatainformationintheformof frames
Thetransmissionlinksusedbytheframerelayfordatatransmissionarelogicconnection,notthe
physicalconnections
Itadoptstwo-levelarchitecture(thePhysicalLayerandtheLinkLayer)
It implements statistic multiplexing,transparentframetransmissionanderrordetectionintheLinkLayer,
but it doesnotprovideretransmissionoperationaftertheerrorisdetected
Themaximumreservedframelengthatleastshouldreach1600bytes/frame,appropriatefor
encapsulatingLANdataunit
Itprovidesasetofreasonablebandwidthmanagementandcongestionpreventingmechanism
Theframerelayadoptstheswitchingtechnologyorientedtoconnection

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 Frame Relay Protocol Stack
HUAWEI

OSI Reference Model

Frame Relay
7 The Application Layer

6 The Presentation Layer .

.
5 The Session Layer .
.
4 The Transport Layer .

3 The Network Layer

2 The Data Link Layer Frame Relay

1 The Physical Layer The Physical Layer

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 Frame Relay Terms
HUAWEI

ＤＬＣＩ　３１

ＤＬＣＩ　２１
ＤＬＣＩ　３２
ＤＬＣＩ　２２
ＤＬＣＩ　２３
ＤＬＣＩ　３３
ｆｒａｍｅ　ｒｅｌａｙ　ｓｗｉｔｃｈ

DLCI: Digial Link Connection Identifier

CIR: Committed Information Rate
Bc: Burst committed
Be ： Busst excess allowed
FECN: Forward Congestion Indication
BECN ： Backward Congestion Indication
DE ： Disposable flag

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 Allocation of Frame Relay DLCI
HUAWEI

ＭＡＰ
Ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ　Ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ
ＤＬＣＩ　４８
１７２．１６．１１．３
１７２．１６．１１．２ １７２．１６．１１．３
ＤＬＣＩ　４８
ＤＳＵ／ＣＳＵ

ｆｒａｍｅ　ｒｅｌａｙ　ｓｗｉｔｃｈ

Ｔｏｋｅｎ
Ｒｉｎｇ

Obtain the allocated DLCIs from the frame relay network service
provider
Each DLCI has only local meaning
Map the remote network address to the DLCIs

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 Inverse ARP Protocol Used for Network
HUAWEI
Discovery
DLCI 48 DLCI 66
172.16.11.2 172.16.11.3
FR

Router B
Switch Notification Router A
DLCI 48
Switch Notification
Router B
DLCI 66
Notifies IP
172.16.11.26
to DLCI 66
Router A notifies IP
172.16.11.3
to DLCI 48

TheInverseARPautomaticallyfindsthenetworkaddressofthedestinationroutersoas
to simplify theframerelayconfiguration

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 LMI Supported by Quidway
HUAWEI

ANSI T1.617 Annex D

ITU-T Q.933 Annex

(CCITT) (signaling)

Cisco
Gang of Four
Compatible

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 Frame Relay Network Topology
HUAWEI

Full-meshed connection

Star architecture Partial-mesed Connection

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 Split Horizon and Frame Relay
HUAWEI

B wants to forward update routing information

to C through S0 of Router A

Router B DLCI 16 to
B
DLCI 17 to
C
s0
DLCI 18 to
D
Router C Router A

Router D

If mapping three DLCIs in the serial interface S0 of Router A to three routers, then the incoming
routing information from S0 will not be sent out from this serial interface.

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 Frame Relay Subinterface
HUAWEI

Subnet1

Router B s0.1
s0.2
s0.3
Subnet 2
Router C Router A

Subnet3
Router D

The subinterface can solve the problem of horizontal segmentation

One physical interface can contain multiple logic subinterfaces
The routers are connected through frame relay netowrk

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 Frame Relay Configuration
HUAWEI

Encapsulate the frame relay protocol

encapsulation frame-relay [cisco-compatible | ietf ]

Conmfigure the terminal type of the frame relay

interface
frame-relay intf-type ｛ dce | dte | nni ｝

Select the LMI type

frame-relay lmi-type ｛ ansi | cisco-compatible |
q933a ｝

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 Configure Frame Relay Address Mapping
HUAWEI

The frame relay address mapping sets up the

mapping relationship between the remote protocol
address and the local DLCI. This address can be
statically configured or dynamically configured.

Manually configure the static mapping:

frame-relay map { ip | ipx } protocol-address
dlci [broadcast ]

Dynamic setup: enable dynamic inverse ARP

frame-relay inverse-arp [ ip | ipx ] [dlci ]

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 Configure Local Virtual Circuits of Frame
HUAWEI
Relay

Allocate a virtual circuit number to the main

iterface
frame-relay local-dlci dlci

Allocate the virtual circuit numbers to the main

interface or the subinterfaces
frame-relay interface-dlci dlci

Difference: "local" can only allocate virtual circuits

for the main interface, but the "interface" can either
allocate for both the main interface and the
subinterfaces.
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 Configure Frame Relay Subinterface
HUAWEI

There are two types of subinterfaces: point-to-point and point-to-multipoint subinterfaces

Create frame relay subinterface and enter the subinterface configuration mode
interface type number.subinterface-number [ multipoint | point-to-point ]

Configure the virtual circuit number for the frame relay subinterfaces
frame-relay interface-dlci dlci

The command for creating the address mapping is the same as that of the physical interface, you
may either use the static or dynamic address mapping. The address mapping is only needed in
point-to-multipoint condition.

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 Configure Frame Relay Switching
HUAWEI

Allow the frame relay to perform the PVC switching

frame-relay switching

Set frame relay interface type

frame-relay intf-type { dce | dte | nni }

Configure the route of frame relay PVC switching

frame-relay route in-dlci interface serial number
out-dlci
Note: If the frame relay switching is used, interface
type should be dce or nni

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 Typical Frame Relay Configuration Case 1
HUAWEI

DCE DLCI 100

DTE
Encapsulated as frame
relay
Router A Router B
IP：202.38.163.251 IP：202.38.163.252
interface interface
iserial
p a d d1r e s s 2 0 2 . 3 8 . 1 6 3 . 2 5 1 iserial
p a d d1r e s s 2 0 2 . 3 8 . 1 6 3 . 2 5 2
255.255.255.0
encapsulation 255.255.255.0
encapsulation
f r a m e - r e l a y intf-type
frame-relay f r a m e - r e l a y intf-type
frame-relay
d ce
frame-relay local-dlci dte
1 0 0
frame-relay frame-relay
inverse-arp
or frame-relay map ip inverse-arp
or frame-relay map ip
202.38.163.252 100 202.38.163.251 100

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 Typical Frame Relay Configuration Case 2
HUAWEI

LANs interconnection through frame relay networｋ

Router B
DLCI 50 IP：202.38.163.252

Frame Relay DLCI 70

Router A DLCI 60 DLCI 80

IP：202.38.163.251 IP：202.38.163.253
Router C

For detailed configuration , please refer to the teaching

materials

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 Frame Relay Monitor and Maintenance
HUAWEI
Operation Command
Show the receiving/transmitting statistics information show frame-relay lmi [ interface type number ]
of LMI frame relay messages
Show the mapping table of the protocol address and show frame-relay map
the frame relay address
Show statistic information of the frame relay PVC show frame-relay pvc

Show frame relay PVC routing table show frame-relay route

Show frame relay protocol status of each interface show frame-relay Status

Clear all the dynamically established frame relay clear frame-relay-inarp

address mapping
Switch on all the message debugging switches of the debug frame-relay all [ interface type number ]
frame relay
Switch on frame relay ARP message information debug frame-relay arp [ interface type number ]
debugging switch
Switch on frame relay event information debugging debug frame-relay event [ interface type number ]
switch
Switch on the LMI protocol information debugging debug frame-relay lmi [ interface type number ]
switch of the frame relay
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 Diagnosis and Removal of Frame Relay Fault
HUAWEI

Fault1:ThePhysicalLayerisDOWN
checkthephysicallines
checktheremoteequipment
ThePhysicalLayerisUP,buttheLinkLayerisDOWN
Protocol encapsulation
WhetherdoesDTE/DCEcorrespondstoeachother
Monitor the transmitting/receiving status of the LMI message
TheLinkLayerprotocolisUP,butitcannotpingthroughtheremoteequipment
WhethertheLinkLayerprotocolsoftheequipmentatbothendsareinUpstatus
Whethertheaddressmappingiscorrect
checktheroutingtabletoseewhetherthereisroutetotheremoteequipment

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 PPP Summary
HUAWEI

The PPP is a Data Link Layer Protocol

It supports the point-to-point connection
The Physical Layer can either be synchronous circuit or
asynchronous circuit
It has various NCP protocols such as IPCP and IPXCP, which
support the Network Layer protocol better
It has the authentication protocol PAP/CHAP so that the
network security is guaranteed

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 X.25 Summary
HUAWEI

The X.25 corresponds to the three lower layers of the OSI architecture.
The Lapb is the Data Link Layer of the X.25
the data of the other protocols (such as IP, IPX, etc.) can be encapsulated into packets and
transmitted through the X.25.
You need to perform the following operations to configure the X.25 in an interface:
Encapsulate the interface
Set the parameters
Set the X.121 address of the interface
Configure the X.25 map

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 Frame Relay Summary
HUAWEI

UsethelocalDLCIastheframerelayPVCidentifiertothedestinationend
TheQUIDWAYsupportsthreeLMItypes:
ANSI（AnnexD）
CCITT（AnnexA）b
CISCOcompatible
Define static framerelayMAP
Definesubinterfacetoavoidtheproblemofsplithorizonconcerningroutingupdate
Bydefault,theInverseARPcanfindremoteprotocoladdressforthelocalDLCIautomatically
Usethecommandsshowanddebugto monitor the framerelay

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