Annex B1 Annex B1.5 Annex B1.5 Results (Tables) :mathematics Performance Among 15-Year-Olds Version 1 - Last Updated: 05-Dec-2016

PISA 2015 Results (Volume I): Excellence and Equity in Education - © OECD 2016
Annex B1 Annex B1.5 Annex B1.5 Results (tables):Mathematics performance among 15-year-olds
Version 1 - Last updated: 05-Dec-2016
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TOC PISA 2015 Results (Volume I): Excellence and equity in education
Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Chapter 5 Mathematics performance among 15-year-olds
Table I.5.1a Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics

Table I.5.1b Percentage of 15-year-olds at each proficiency level in mathematics
Table I.5.2a Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2003 through 2015
Table I.5.2b Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics among all 15-year-olds, 2003 through 2015
Table I.5.2c Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2003 through 2015, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.5.3 Mean score and variation in mathematics performance
Table I.5.4a Mean mathematics performance, 2003 through 2015
Table I.5.4b Distribution of mathematics scores, 2003 through 2015
Table I.5.4c Variation in mathematics performance, 2003 through 2015
Table I.5.4d Distribution of mathematics scores among 15-year-olds, 2003 through 2015
Table I.5.4e Mean mathematics performance, 2003 through 2015, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.5.4f Distribution of mathematics scores, 2003 through 2015, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.5.5 Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics, by gender
Table I.5.6a Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender (PISA 2015)
Table I.5.6b Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender (PISA 2003)
Table I.5.6c Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender (PISA 2012)
Table I.5.6d Change between 2003 and 2015 in the percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender
Table I.5.6e Change between 2012 and 2015 in the percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender
Table I.5.7 Mean score and variation in mathematics performance, by gender
Table I.5.8a Mathematics performance, by gender (PISA 2015)
Table I.5.8b Mathematics performance, by gender (PISA 2003)
Table I.5.8c Mathematics performance, by gender (PISA 2012)
Table I.5.8d Change between 2003 and 2015 in mathematics performance, by gender
Table I.5.8e Change between 2012 and 2015 in mathematics performance, by gender
Annex B1 Annex B1.5 Annex B1.5 Results (tables):Mathematics performance among 15-ye
Table I.5.1a
Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics
All students
Level 1 Level 2
Below Level 1
(from 357.77 to (from 420.07 to
(below 357.77
less than 420.07 less than 482.38
score points)
score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 7.6 (0.4) 14.4 (0.4) 22.6 (0.7)
Austria 7.8 (0.7) 13.9 (0.7) 21.3 (0.8)
Belgium 7.2 (0.6) 12.9 (0.6) 18.8 (0.8)
Canada 3.8 (0.4) 10.5 (0.5) 20.4 (0.6)
Chile 23.0 (1.1) 26.3 (1.0) 25.5 (0.8)
Czech Republic 7.4 (0.7) 14.3 (0.8) 23.3 (0.9)
Denmark 3.1 (0.3) 10.5 (0.7) 21.9 (1.0)
Estonia 2.2 (0.3) 9.0 (0.7) 21.5 (0.9)
Finland 3.6 (0.5) 10.0 (0.7) 21.8 (0.8)
France 8.8 (0.7) 14.7 (0.7) 20.7 (0.9)
Germany 5.1 (0.6) 12.1 (0.8) 21.8 (0.9)
Greece 15.1 (1.3) 20.7 (1.0) 26.0 (0.9)
Hungary 11.3 (0.8) 16.6 (0.8) 23.1 (1.0)
Iceland 8.4 (0.6) 15.2 (0.9) 23.7 (1.1)
Ireland 3.5 (0.5) 11.5 (0.6) 24.1 (0.9)
Israel 15.0 (1.0) 17.1 (0.8) 21.1 (1.0)
Italy 8.3 (0.6) 14.9 (0.8) 23.3 (0.8)
Japan 2.9 (0.4) 7.8 (0.6) 17.2 (0.9)
Korea 5.4 (0.6) 10.0 (0.7) 17.2 (0.8)
Latvia 5.7 (0.6) 15.8 (0.8) 28.3 (0.9)
Luxembourg 8.8 (0.5) 17.0 (0.7) 22.5 (0.7)
Mexico 25.5 (1.1) 31.1 (0.9) 26.9 (0.9)
Netherlands 5.2 (0.5) 11.5 (0.7) 19.8 (0.7)
New Zealand 7.1 (0.5) 14.6 (0.8) 22.6 (1.0)
Norway 4.8 (0.5) 12.3 (0.7) 23.6 (0.9)
Poland 4.5 (0.5) 12.7 (0.8) 22.9 (1.0)
Portugal 8.7 (0.6) 15.1 (0.7) 21.6 (0.7)
Slovak Republic 11.6 (0.8) 16.1 (0.7) 23.5 (1.0)
Slovenia 4.4 (0.4) 11.7 (0.6) 21.4 (0.8)
Spain 7.2 (0.5) 15.0 (0.8) 24.9 (0.8)
Sweden 7.0 (0.7) 13.8 (0.8) 23.3 (1.0)
Switzerland 4.9 (0.5) 10.9 (0.8) 18.1 (0.8)
Turkey 22.9 (1.5) 28.4 (1.4) 25.3 (1.1)
United Kingdom 7.7 (0.6) 14.1 (0.7) 22.7 (0.8)
United States 10.6 (0.8) 18.8 (1.0) 26.2 (1.0)
European Union total 7.7 (0.2) 14.4 (0.2) 22.6 (0.2)
OECD total 10.9 (0.3) 17.5 (0.3) 23.4 (0.3)
OECD average 8.5 (0.1) 14.9 (0.1) 22.5 (0.1)
Partners
Albania 26.3 (1.5) 27.0 (1.5) 25.4 (1.2)
Algeria 50.6 (1.7) 30.4 (0.9) 14.2 (1.0)
Brazil 43.7 (1.3) 26.5 (0.8) 17.2 (0.7)
B-S-J-G (China) 5.8 (0.7) 10.0 (0.8) 16.3 (0.9)
Bulgaria 20.8 (1.5) 21.2 (1.1) 23.7 (1.0)
CABA (Argentina) 13.8 (2.1) 20.2 (2.4) 27.0 (2.0)
Colombia 35.4 (1.3) 30.9 (0.8) 21.5 (0.8)
Costa Rica 27.4 (1.2) 35.1 (1.0) 25.8 (1.0)
Croatia 11.5 (0.9) 20.5 (0.8) 26.3 (0.9)
Cyprus1,2 20.2 (0.7) 22.4 (0.7) 25.8 (0.8)
Dominican Republic 68.3 (1.6) 22.2 (1.1) 7.7 (0.8)
FYROM 45.1 (0.7) 25.1 (0.8) 17.3 (0.9)
Georgia 31.2 (1.4) 25.9 (1.0) 22.8 (0.8)
Hong Kong (China) 2.5 (0.4) 6.4 (0.6) 13.6 (0.9)
Indonesia 37.9 (1.7) 30.7 (1.1) 19.6 (1.0)
Jordan 38.9 (1.3) 28.7 (0.9) 20.9 (0.9)
Kosovo 48.7 (1.0) 29.0 (1.3) 16.5 (0.9)
Lebanon 36.6 (1.7) 23.6 (1.2) 19.5 (0.9)
Lithuania 8.5 (0.8) 16.9 (0.8) 26.4 (1.1)
Macao (China) 1.3 (0.2) 5.3 (0.5) 15.1 (0.6)
Malta 14.7 (0.6) 14.4 (0.8) 20.0 (0.9)
Moldova 24.8 (1.0) 25.5 (1.0) 25.0 (1.1)
Montenegro 25.0 (0.7) 26.9 (0.8) 24.9 (1.0)
Peru 37.7 (1.2) 28.4 (0.9) 21.0 (0.9)
Qatar 34.7 (0.5) 24.0 (0.6) 19.9 (0.6)
Romania 16.2 (1.3) 23.7 (1.2) 27.4 (1.1)
Russia 5.1 (0.7) 13.9 (0.9) 25.5 (0.9)
Singapore 2.0 (0.2) 5.5 (0.4) 12.4 (0.6)
Chinese Taipei 4.4 (0.4) 8.3 (0.5) 14.6 (0.7)
Thailand 24.2 (1.2) 29.6 (1.1) 26.1 (0.9)
Trinidad and Tobago 28.3 (0.8) 23.9 (0.9) 22.1 (0.8)
Tunisia 47.4 (1.5) 27.4 (1.1) 16.4 (0.9)
United Arab Emirates 24.4 (1.0) 24.4 (0.7) 23.2 (0.8)
Uruguay 25.4 (1.2) 27.0 (1.0) 24.4 (0.9)
Viet Nam 4.5 (0.8) 14.6 (1.2) 26.4 (1.2)
Argentina* 26.6 (1.3) 29.4 (1.0) 26.0 (0.9)

Kazakhstan* 10.2 (1.1) 21.9 (1.4) 29.8 (1.3)
Malaysia* 13.8 (1.0) 23.7 (1.0) 29.5 (0.9)
1. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to « Cyprus » relates to the southern part of the Isla
the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is foun
the “Cyprus issue”.
2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is rec
information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
*Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia: Coverage is too small to ensure comparability (see Annex A4).
cs performance among 15-year-olds
All students
Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
Level 6
(from 482.38 to (from 544.68 to (from 606.99 to
(above 669.30
less than 544.68 less than 606.99 less than 669.30
score points)
score points) score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
25.4 (0.6) 18.7 (0.5) 8.6 (0.5) 2.7 (0.3)

24.6 (0.9) 19.9 (0.8) 9.7 (0.7) 2.7 (0.4)
23.4 (0.7) 21.8 (0.7) 12.3 (0.5) 3.6 (0.4)
27.1 (0.6) 23.0 (0.7) 11.4 (0.6) 3.7 (0.3)
17.4 (0.9) 6.4 (0.5) 1.3 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
26.2 (0.8) 18.4 (0.7) 8.1 (0.6) 2.2 (0.3)
29.5 (0.9) 23.4 (0.9) 9.8 (0.7) 1.9 (0.3)
28.9 (0.8) 24.2 (0.7) 11.3 (0.7) 2.9 (0.4)
29.3 (0.8) 23.7 (1.0) 9.5 (0.7) 2.2 (0.3)
23.8 (0.8) 20.6 (0.7) 9.5 (0.6) 1.9 (0.3)
26.8 (0.7) 21.2 (0.9) 10.1 (0.6) 2.9 (0.4)
22.1 (1.0) 12.3 (0.9) 3.4 (0.4) 0.5 (0.1)
24.5 (1.0) 16.3 (0.8) 6.7 (0.5) 1.5 (0.3)
24.8 (1.1) 17.5 (0.9) 8.1 (0.7) 2.2 (0.3)
30.0 (0.9) 21.2 (0.7) 8.3 (0.5) 1.5 (0.2)
21.7 (1.0) 16.1 (0.8) 7.1 (0.6) 1.9 (0.3)
24.7 (0.8) 18.3 (0.9) 8.1 (0.6) 2.4 (0.3)
25.8 (0.9) 25.9 (0.9) 15.0 (0.9) 5.3 (0.7)
23.7 (0.8) 22.7 (0.9) 14.3 (0.9) 6.6 (0.7)
28.8 (1.0) 16.3 (0.7) 4.5 (0.4) 0.6 (0.1)
23.6 (1.0) 18.0 (0.7) 7.8 (0.4) 2.2 (0.3)
12.9 (0.8) 3.2 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
24.9 (0.9) 23.0 (0.8) 12.3 (0.7) 3.2 (0.3)
25.3 (1.0) 19.0 (0.8) 8.6 (0.7) 2.8 (0.4)
27.7 (0.8) 21.0 (1.0) 8.7 (0.6) 1.9 (0.3)
27.1 (0.8) 20.6 (0.9) 9.3 (0.6) 2.9 (0.5)
23.9 (0.8) 19.2 (0.8) 8.9 (0.6) 2.5 (0.3)
24.3 (0.9) 16.7 (0.7) 6.6 (0.5) 1.3 (0.3)
26.8 (0.8) 22.3 (0.8) 10.4 (0.6) 3.0 (0.4)
27.5 (1.0) 18.1 (0.7) 6.3 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
26.1 (1.1) 19.4 (0.9) 8.4 (0.6) 2.0 (0.4)
23.6 (0.9) 23.3 (0.8) 14.0 (0.8) 5.3 (0.5)
16.3 (1.2) 5.9 (0.9) 1.0 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
26.0 (0.8) 18.8 (0.8) 8.3 (0.6) 2.3 (0.3)
23.8 (0.9) 14.7 (0.8) 5.0 (0.6) 0.9 (0.2)
25.4 (0.3) 19.2 (0.3) 8.5 (0.2) 2.2 (0.1)
22.9 (0.3) 16.2 (0.3) 7.1 (0.2) 2.0 (0.1)
24.8 (0.1) 18.6 (0.1) 8.4 (0.1) 2.3 (0.1)
14.8 (1.0) 5.4 (0.6) 1.0 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
4.0 (0.5) 0.8 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
8.6 (0.5) 3.1 (0.4) 0.8 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
20.5 (0.9) 21.8 (0.9) 16.6 (1.1) 9.0 (1.1)
19.3 (1.0) 10.6 (0.8) 3.6 (0.5) 0.8 (0.3)
22.3 (1.9) 12.5 (1.8) 3.5 (1.0) 0.5 (0.3)
9.5 (0.6) 2.4 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
9.4 (0.8) 2.0 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
23.0 (0.8) 13.1 (0.8) 4.6 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
18.9 (0.8) 9.5 (0.5) 2.8 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
1.5 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c
8.6 (0.6) 3.1 (0.4) 0.7 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
13.4 (0.7) 5.2 (0.5) 1.4 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
23.4 (0.9) 27.4 (1.1) 18.8 (0.9) 7.7 (0.7)
8.4 (0.7) 2.7 (0.4) 0.6 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
9.2 (0.6) 2.1 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
5.1 (0.6) 0.7 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0)
12.3 (0.9) 5.9 (0.6) 1.7 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
25.4 (1.0) 15.9 (0.9) 5.8 (0.6) 1.1 (0.2)
27.3 (0.8) 29.1 (0.7) 16.9 (0.7) 5.0 (0.5)
21.6 (0.7) 17.5 (0.8) 8.9 (0.6) 3.0 (0.3)
16.3 (0.8) 6.7 (0.6) 1.5 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
15.7 (0.7) 6.1 (0.4) 1.4 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
9.8 (0.7) 2.7 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
12.8 (0.4) 6.4 (0.3) 1.9 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)
20.1 (1.1) 9.3 (0.9) 2.8 (0.4) 0.4 (0.2)
27.5 (0.9) 19.3 (1.0) 7.3 (0.6) 1.5 (0.2)
20.0 (0.7) 25.1 (0.9) 21.7 (0.8) 13.1 (0.7)
21.2 (0.9) 23.3 (0.9) 18.0 (0.6) 10.1 (0.9)
13.8 (0.9) 4.8 (0.6) 1.2 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
15.6 (0.8) 7.5 (0.5) 2.2 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1)
6.4 (0.6) 1.8 (0.4) 0.4 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
15.9 (0.7) 8.5 (0.5) 3.1 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1)
15.3 (0.8) 6.2 (0.5) 1.5 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
27.0 (1.3) 18.2 (1.1) 7.2 (0.9) 2.1 (0.7)
13.0 (0.8) 4.2 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)

22.8 (1.3) 11.0 (1.0) 3.5 (0.6) 0.8 (0.3)
21.9 (1.0) 9.1 (0.8) 1.8 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on
and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The
of the Republic of Cyprus.
Annex B1 Annex B1.5 Annex B1.5 Results (tables):Mathematics performance among 15-year-o
Table I.5.1b
Percentage of 15-year-olds at each proficiency level in mathematics
Students at the different levels of prof

15-year-olds not Level 1
covered by the Below Level 1
(from 357.77 to
PISA sample1 (below 357.77
less than 420.07
score points)
score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 9.4 (0.8) 6.9 (0.4) 13.0 (0.4)
Austria 16.6 (1.6) 6.5 (0.6) 11.6 (0.6)
Belgium 7.1 (1.4) 6.7 (0.6) 11.9 (0.6)
Canada 16.5 (0.8) 3.2 (0.3) 8.8 (0.4)
Chile 20.2 (2.1) 18.4 (1.0) 21.0 (1.0)
Czech Republic 6.5 (2.3) 6.9 (0.7) 13.4 (0.7)
Denmark 11.0 (1.9) 2.8 (0.3) 9.3 (0.7)
Estonia 7.2 (1.6) 2.1 (0.3) 8.4 (0.6)
Finland 2.7 (2.3) 3.5 (0.5) 9.7 (0.7)
France 9.0 (0.5) 8.0 (0.7) 13.4 (0.6)
Germany 4.2 (1.7) 4.9 (0.6) 11.5 (0.8)
Greece 8.9 (3.0) 13.7 (1.4) 18.8 (1.1)
Hungary 10.4 (1.4) 10.1 (0.8) 14.9 (0.7)
Iceland 6.8 (0.4) 7.8 (0.5) 14.2 (0.8)
Ireland 3.5 (1.2) 3.4 (0.4) 11.1 (0.6)
Israel 6.3 (1.9) 14.1 (1.1) 16.0 (0.9)
Italy 19.7 (1.7) 6.7 (0.5) 12.0 (0.7)
Japan 5.3 (1.2) 2.8 (0.4) 7.3 (0.6)
Korea 8.3 (1.2) 5.0 (0.6) 9.2 (0.7)
Latvia 11.2 (1.0) 5.0 (0.6) 14.0 (0.7)
Luxembourg 12.4 (0.2) 7.7 (0.4) 14.9 (0.6)
Mexico 38.3 (1.7) 15.8 (0.8) 19.2 (0.8)
Netherlands 4.9 (1.3) 5.0 (0.5) 10.9 (0.7)
New Zealand 9.8 (1.3) 6.4 (0.5) 13.1 (0.8)
Norway 8.7 (1.0) 4.4 (0.4) 11.2 (0.6)
Poland 9.1 (0.6) 4.0 (0.5) 11.6 (0.7)
Portugal 12.4 (1.5) 7.6 (0.5) 13.2 (0.7)
Slovak Republic 10.8 (1.9) 10.4 (0.7) 14.3 (0.7)
Slovenia 7.2 (0.4) 4.1 (0.4) 10.9 (0.6)
Spain 9.1 (1.2) 6.5 (0.5) 13.6 (0.8)
Sweden 6.4 (2.1) 6.6 (0.6) 12.9 (0.8)
Switzerland 3.8 (2.7) 4.7 (0.5) 10.4 (0.8)
Turkey 30.1 (2.6) 16.0 (1.2) 19.9 (1.2)
United Kingdom 16.0 (1.1) 6.5 (0.5) 11.9 (0.6)
United States 16.5 (2.4) 8.8 (0.7) 15.7 (1.0)
OECD average 11.0 (0.3) 7.2 (0.1) 13.0 (0.1)
Partners
Albania 15.9 (3.2) 22.1 (1.3) 22.7 (1.5)
Algeria 21.2 (2.9) 39.8 (1.7) 23.9 (1.2)
Brazil 29.3 (1.2) 30.9 (1.0) 18.7 (0.6)
B-S-J-G (China) 36.1 (2.0) 3.7 (0.4) 6.4 (0.5)
Bulgaria 19.4 (1.9) 16.8 (1.2) 17.1 (0.9)
CABA (Argentina) 0.0 (1.2) 13.8 (2.1) 20.2 (2.3)
Colombia 25.4 (1.6) 26.4 (1.1) 23.1 (0.7)
Costa Rica 36.5 (1.8) 17.4 (0.9) 22.3 (0.9)
Croatia 9.2 (1.5) 10.5 (0.9) 18.6 (0.8)
Cyprus2,3 5.1 (0.2) 19.2 (0.7) 21.2 (0.7)
FYROM 5.2 (0.3) 42.8 (0.7) 23.8 (0.8)
Georgia 21.3 (1.4) 24.6 (1.2) 20.4 (0.8)
Hong Kong (China) 11.4 (1.1) 2.2 (0.4) 5.7 (0.5)
Indonesia 31.8 (2.1) 25.9 (1.3) 21.0 (1.0)
Jordan 14.0 (1.5) 33.4 (1.3) 24.6 (0.9)
Kosovo 29.2 (0.6) 34.5 (0.8) 20.5 (0.9)
Lebanon 33.9 (1.8) 24.2 (1.3) 15.6 (0.9)
Lithuania 9.8 (1.0) 7.6 (0.7) 15.3 (0.8)
Macao (China) 11.6 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 4.7 (0.4)
Malta 2.3 (0.1) 14.4 (0.6) 14.1 (0.7)
Moldova 7.1 (1.2) 23.0 (1.0) 23.7 (0.9)
Montenegro 9.9 (0.4) 22.5 (0.7) 24.2 (0.7)
Peru 25.6 (1.3) 28.1 (0.9) 21.1 (0.7)
Qatar 6.6 (0.2) 32.4 (0.5) 22.4 (0.5)
Romania 6.9 (1.4) 15.1 (1.1) 22.1 (1.2)
Russia 4.7 (3.5) 4.8 (0.7) 13.2 (1.0)
Singapore 4.1 (0.7) 2.0 (0.2) 5.3 (0.4)
Chinese Taipei 14.8 (1.1) 3.8 (0.3) 7.1 (0.4)
Thailand 29.1 (1.1) 17.2 (0.9) 21.0 (0.9)
Tunisia 7.0 (1.7) 44.1 (1.8) 25.4 (1.0)
Uruguay 28.5 (1.4) 18.2 (0.9) 19.3 (0.8)
Viet Nam 51.5 (1.7) 2.2 (0.4) 7.1 (0.6)
Argentina* 45.0 (1.4) 14.6 (0.8) 16.2 (0.7)

Kazakhstan* 8.8 (1.8) 9.3 (1.1) 20.0 (1.4)
Malaysia* 23.6 (1.5) 10.5 (0.8) 18.1 (0.9)
1. This column is estimated based on the total number of 15-year-olds (see Annex A2). The standard error assumes that there i
2. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to « Cyprus » relates to the southern part of the Island.
the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found w
3. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recogn
s at the different levels of proficiency in mathematics, as a percentage of all 15-year-olds

Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
Level 6
(from 420.07 to (from 482.38 to (from 544.68 to (from 606.99 to
(above 669.30
less than 482.38 less than 544.68 less than 606.99 less than 669.30
score points)
score points) score points) score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
20.5 (0.7) 23.0 (0.6) 16.9 (0.5) 7.8 (0.4) 2.4 (0.2)
17.7 (0.8) 20.5 (0.8) 16.6 (0.7) 8.1 (0.6) 2.3 (0.3)
17.5 (0.8) 21.7 (0.7) 20.3 (0.7) 11.4 (0.5) 3.3 (0.3)
17.1 (0.5) 22.6 (0.6) 19.2 (0.7) 9.5 (0.5) 3.1 (0.3)
20.3 (0.8) 13.9 (0.8) 5.1 (0.4) 1.0 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
21.8 (1.0) 24.5 (1.1) 17.2 (0.8) 7.6 (0.6) 2.1 (0.3)
19.5 (1.0) 26.2 (1.0) 20.8 (0.9) 8.7 (0.6) 1.7 (0.3)
19.9 (1.0) 26.8 (0.9) 22.5 (0.8) 10.5 (0.6) 2.7 (0.4)
21.2 (0.9) 28.5 (1.1) 23.0 (1.1) 9.2 (0.7) 2.1 (0.3)
18.8 (0.8) 21.6 (0.7) 18.8 (0.7) 8.6 (0.6) 1.8 (0.2)
20.9 (1.0) 25.7 (0.9) 20.3 (0.9) 9.7 (0.6) 2.7 (0.3)
23.7 (1.1) 20.1 (1.0) 11.2 (0.8) 3.1 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
20.7 (1.0) 21.9 (0.9) 14.6 (0.7) 6.0 (0.4) 1.3 (0.2)
22.1 (1.1) 23.2 (1.0) 16.3 (0.8) 7.6 (0.7) 2.1 (0.3)
23.2 (0.9) 28.9 (1.0) 20.4 (0.8) 8.0 (0.5) 1.4 (0.2)
19.8 (1.0) 20.3 (0.9) 15.1 (0.7) 6.6 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3)
18.7 (0.8) 19.8 (0.8) 14.7 (0.8) 6.5 (0.5) 2.0 (0.3)
16.3 (0.9) 24.5 (0.9) 24.6 (0.9) 14.3 (0.9) 5.0 (0.7)
15.8 (0.7) 21.7 (0.8) 20.8 (0.9) 13.1 (0.8) 6.0 (0.6)
25.1 (0.9) 25.6 (0.9) 14.5 (0.7) 4.0 (0.3) 0.5 (0.1)
19.7 (0.6) 20.7 (0.8) 15.8 (0.6) 6.9 (0.4) 1.9 (0.3)
16.6 (0.7) 8.0 (0.5) 2.0 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
18.9 (0.8) 23.7 (0.9) 21.8 (0.8) 11.7 (0.7) 3.0 (0.3)
20.4 (0.9) 22.8 (1.0) 17.1 (0.8) 7.8 (0.6) 2.5 (0.3)
21.5 (0.8) 25.3 (0.8) 19.1 (1.0) 8.0 (0.6) 1.7 (0.2)
20.8 (0.9) 24.6 (0.7) 18.7 (0.8) 8.4 (0.6) 2.7 (0.4)
19.0 (0.7) 21.0 (0.8) 16.8 (0.7) 7.8 (0.6) 2.2 (0.3)
21.0 (1.0) 21.7 (0.9) 14.9 (0.7) 5.9 (0.5) 1.1 (0.2)
19.9 (0.8) 24.8 (0.7) 20.7 (0.8) 9.7 (0.6) 2.8 (0.3)
22.6 (0.8) 25.0 (0.9) 16.5 (0.6) 5.7 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2)
21.8 (1.0) 24.4 (1.1) 18.1 (1.0) 7.8 (0.7) 1.9 (0.4)
17.4 (0.9) 22.7 (1.0) 22.4 (1.1) 13.4 (0.9) 5.1 (0.5)
17.7 (1.1) 11.4 (0.9) 4.1 (0.7) 0.7 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
19.0 (0.7) 21.8 (0.7) 15.8 (0.8) 7.0 (0.5) 2.0 (0.3)
21.9 (1.0) 19.9 (0.9) 12.3 (0.8) 4.2 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2)
20.0 (0.1) 22.3 (0.1) 16.8 (0.1) 7.6 (0.1) 2.1 (0.1)
21.4 (1.4) 12.5 (1.0) 4.5 (0.6) 0.9 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
11.2 (0.9) 3.2 (0.5) 0.6 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0)
12.2 (0.6) 6.1 (0.4) 2.2 (0.3) 0.5 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1)
10.4 (0.6) 13.1 (0.7) 13.9 (0.7) 10.6 (0.9) 5.7 (0.8)
19.1 (1.0) 15.5 (0.9) 8.5 (0.7) 2.9 (0.4) 0.7 (0.2)
27.0 (2.0) 22.3 (2.0) 12.5 (1.8) 3.5 (1.0) 0.5 (0.3)
16.1 (0.7) 7.1 (0.5) 1.8 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
16.4 (0.8) 6.0 (0.5) 1.3 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
23.9 (0.8) 20.9 (0.8) 11.9 (0.7) 4.2 (0.4) 0.9 (0.2)
24.5 (0.8) 18.0 (0.8) 9.0 (0.5) 2.7 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
5.3 (0.6) 1.0 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c
16.4 (0.9) 8.1 (0.6) 2.9 (0.4) 0.6 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
18.0 (0.7) 10.5 (0.6) 4.1 (0.4) 1.1 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
12.0 (0.8) 20.8 (0.9) 24.3 (1.0) 16.7 (0.8) 6.8 (0.6)
13.3 (0.8) 5.7 (0.5) 1.9 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
18.0 (0.8) 7.9 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
11.7 (0.7) 3.6 (0.4) 0.5 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0)
12.9 (0.7) 8.2 (0.7) 3.9 (0.4) 1.1 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
23.8 (1.0) 22.9 (1.0) 14.4 (0.8) 5.2 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
13.3 (0.6) 24.1 (0.7) 25.7 (0.6) 14.9 (0.6) 4.4 (0.5)
19.5 (0.8) 21.1 (0.7) 17.1 (0.7) 8.7 (0.6) 2.9 (0.3)
23.2 (1.1) 15.1 (0.7) 6.3 (0.5) 1.4 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
22.4 (0.9) 14.1 (0.6) 5.5 (0.4) 1.2 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
15.6 (0.8) 7.3 (0.6) 2.0 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
18.6 (0.5) 12.0 (0.4) 6.0 (0.3) 1.8 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)
25.5 (1.1) 18.7 (1.1) 8.7 (0.8) 2.6 (0.4) 0.4 (0.2)
24.3 (1.2) 26.2 (1.3) 18.4 (1.2) 6.9 (0.7) 1.4 (0.2)
11.9 (0.6) 19.2 (0.7) 24.1 (0.8) 20.8 (0.8) 12.5 (0.6)
12.5 (0.6) 18.1 (0.8) 19.9 (0.8) 15.4 (0.6) 8.6 (0.8)
18.5 (0.7) 9.8 (0.6) 3.4 (0.4) 0.9 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
16.8 (0.6) 11.9 (0.6) 5.7 (0.4) 1.6 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)
15.3 (0.8) 6.0 (0.6) 1.7 (0.4) 0.4 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
21.0 (0.8) 14.4 (0.7) 7.7 (0.5) 2.8 (0.3) 0.5 (0.1)
17.4 (0.7) 11.0 (0.6) 4.4 (0.4) 1.1 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
12.8 (0.7) 13.1 (0.8) 8.8 (0.6) 3.5 (0.4) 1.0 (0.3)
14.3 (0.6) 7.1 (0.5) 2.3 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
27.2 (1.3) 20.8 (1.2) 10.1 (0.9) 3.2 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2)
22.5 (0.9) 16.7 (0.8) 6.9 (0.6) 1.4 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
ndard error assumes that there is no uncertainty around the total number of 15-year-olds.
Table I.5.2a
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2003 through 2015
Proficiency levels in PISA 2003 Proficiency levels in PISA 2006
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2

(less than 420.07 (above 606.99 (less than 420.07
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 14.3 (0.7) 19.8 (0.8) 13.0 (0.6)
Austria 18.8 (1.2) 14.3 (1.0) 20.0 (1.4)
Belgium 16.5 (0.8) 26.4 (0.8) 17.3 (1.0)
Canada 10.1 (0.5) 20.3 (0.7) 10.8 (0.6)
Chile m m m m 55.1 (2.2)
Czech Republic 16.6 (1.3) 18.3 (1.2) 19.2 (1.2)
Denmark 15.4 (0.8) 15.9 (0.9) 13.6 (1.0)
Estonia m m m m 12.1 (1.0)
Finland 6.8 (0.5) 23.4 (0.8) 6.0 (0.6)
France 16.6 (1.1) 15.1 (0.9) 22.3 (1.3)
Germany 21.6 (1.2) 16.2 (0.9) 19.9 (1.4)
Greece 38.9 (1.9) 4.0 (0.6) 32.3 (1.4)
Hungary 23.0 (1.0) 10.7 (0.9) 21.2 (1.1)
Iceland 15.0 (0.7) 15.5 (0.7) 16.8 (0.8)
Ireland 16.8 (1.0) 11.4 (0.8) 16.4 (1.2)
Israel m m m m 42.0 (1.7)
Italy 31.9 (1.5) 7.0 (0.5) 32.8 (0.9)
Japan 13.3 (1.2) 24.3 (1.5) 13.0 (1.1)
Korea 9.5 (0.8) 24.8 (1.4) 8.9 (1.0)
Latvia 23.7 (1.4) 8.0 (0.8) 20.7 (1.2)
Luxembourg 21.7 (0.6) 10.8 (0.6) 22.8 (0.6)
Mexico 65.9 (1.7) 0.4 (0.1) 56.5 (1.3)
Netherlands 10.9 (1.1) 25.5 (1.3) 11.5 (1.0)
New Zealand 15.1 (0.8) 20.7 (0.7) 14.0 (0.8)
Norway 20.8 (1.0) 11.4 (0.6) 22.2 (1.2)
Poland 22.0 (1.1) 10.1 (0.6) 19.8 (0.9)
Portugal 30.1 (1.7) 5.4 (0.5) 30.7 (1.5)
Slovak Republic 19.9 (1.4) 12.7 (0.9) 20.9 (1.0)
Slovenia m m m m 17.7 (0.7)
Spain 23.0 (1.0) 7.9 (0.7) 24.7 (1.1)
Sweden 17.3 (0.9) 15.8 (0.8) 18.3 (1.0)
Switzerland 14.5 (0.8) 21.2 (1.5) 13.5 (0.9)
Turkey 52.2 (2.6) 5.5 (1.6) 52.1 (1.8)
United Kingdom m m m m 19.8 (0.8)
United States 25.7 (1.2) 10.1 (0.7) 28.1 (1.7)
OECD average-30 21.6 (0.2) 14.4 (0.2) 21.3 (0.2)
OECD average-34 m m m m 22.5 (0.2)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 75.2 (1.7) 1.2 (0.4) 72.5 (1.2)
B-S-J-G (China) m m m m m m
Bulgaria m m m m 53.3 (2.4)
CABA (Argentina) m m m m m m
Colombia m m m m 71.9 (1.6)
Costa Rica m m m m m m
Croatia m m m m 28.6 (1.2)
Cyprus1,2 m m m m m m
Dominican Republic m m m m m m
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 10.4 (1.2) 30.7 (1.5) 9.5 (0.9)
Indonesia 78.1 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1) 65.8 (3.1)
Jordan m m m m 66.4 (1.6)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania m m m m 23.0 (1.1)
Macao (China) 11.2 (1.2) 18.7 (1.4) 10.9 (0.7)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m 60.1 (1.0)
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m 87.2 (0.6)
Romania m m m m 52.7 (2.2)
Russia 30.2 (1.8) 7.0 (0.8) 26.6 (1.6)
Singapore m m m m m m
Chinese Taipei m m m m 12.0 (1.1)
Thailand 54.0 (1.7) 1.6 (0.4) 53.0 (1.3)
Trinidad and Tobago m m m m m m
Tunisia 78.0 (1.2) 0.2 (0.1) 72.5 (1.8)
United Arab Emirates m m m m m m
Uruguay 48.1 (1.5) 2.8 (0.4) 46.1 (1.2)
Viet Nam m m m m m m
Argentina* m m m m 64.1 (2.5)

Kazakhstan* m m m m m m
Malaysia* m m m m m m
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
For Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova, the change between the PISA 2009 and PISA 2015 represents change between 2
ciency levels in PISA 2006 Proficiency levels in PISA 2009 Proficiency levels in PISA 2012
Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above
(above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (above 606.99
score points) score points) score points) score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
16.4 (0.8) 15.9 (0.7) 16.4 (0.9) 19.7 (0.6) 14.8 (0.6)
15.8 (1.0) m m m m 18.7 (1.0) 14.3 (0.9)
22.3 (0.8) 19.1 (0.8) 20.4 (0.7) 19.0 (0.8) 19.5 (0.8)
17.9 (0.7) 11.5 (0.5) 18.3 (0.6) 13.8 (0.5) 16.4 (0.6)
1.5 (0.4) 51.0 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3) 51.5 (1.7) 1.6 (0.2)
18.3 (1.2) 22.3 (1.1) 11.6 (0.9) 21.0 (1.2) 12.9 (0.8)
13.7 (0.8) 17.1 (0.9) 11.6 (0.8) 16.8 (1.0) 10.0 (0.7)
12.5 (0.8) 12.6 (0.9) 12.1 (0.8) 10.5 (0.6) 14.6 (0.8)
24.4 (1.0) 7.8 (0.5) 21.7 (0.9) 12.3 (0.7) 15.3 (0.7)
12.5 (0.9) 22.5 (1.3) 13.7 (1.0) 22.4 (0.9) 12.9 (0.8)
15.4 (1.0) 18.6 (1.1) 17.8 (0.9) 17.7 (1.0) 17.5 (0.9)
5.0 (0.5) 30.3 (1.8) 5.7 (0.6) 35.7 (1.3) 3.9 (0.4)
10.3 (0.9) 22.3 (1.5) 10.1 (1.1) 28.1 (1.3) 9.3 (1.1)
12.7 (0.7) 17.0 (0.6) 13.6 (0.6) 21.5 (0.7) 11.2 (0.7)
10.2 (0.8) 20.8 (1.0) 6.7 (0.6) 16.9 (1.0) 10.7 (0.5)
6.1 (0.6) 39.5 (1.3) 5.9 (0.7) 33.5 (1.7) 9.4 (1.0)
6.2 (0.5) 24.9 (0.6) 9.0 (0.5) 24.7 (0.8) 9.9 (0.6)
18.3 (1.0) 12.5 (1.0) 20.9 (1.2) 11.1 (1.0) 23.7 (1.5)
27.1 (1.5) 8.1 (1.0) 25.6 (1.6) 9.1 (0.9) 30.9 (1.8)
6.6 (0.6) 22.6 (1.4) 5.7 (0.6) 19.9 (1.1) 8.0 (0.8)
10.6 (0.5) 23.9 (0.6) 11.4 (0.6) 24.3 (0.5) 11.2 (0.4)
0.8 (0.2) 50.8 (1.0) 0.7 (0.1) 54.7 (0.8) 0.6 (0.1)
21.1 (1.1) 13.4 (1.4) 19.9 (1.5) 14.8 (1.3) 19.3 (1.2)
18.9 (0.9) 15.4 (0.9) 18.9 (0.9) 22.6 (0.8) 15.0 (0.9)
10.4 (0.7) 18.2 (0.9) 10.2 (0.7) 22.3 (1.1) 9.4 (0.7)
10.6 (0.8) 20.5 (1.1) 10.4 (0.9) 14.4 (0.9) 16.7 (1.3)
5.7 (0.5) 23.7 (1.1) 9.6 (0.8) 24.9 (1.5) 10.6 (0.8)
11.0 (0.9) 21.0 (1.2) 12.7 (1.0) 27.5 (1.3) 11.0 (0.9)
13.7 (0.6) 20.3 (0.5) 14.2 (0.6) 20.1 (0.6) 13.7 (0.6)
7.2 (0.5) 23.7 (0.8) 8.0 (0.5) 23.6 (0.8) 8.0 (0.4)
12.6 (0.7) 21.1 (1.0) 11.4 (0.8) 27.1 (1.1) 8.0 (0.5)
22.6 (1.2) 13.5 (0.8) 24.1 (1.4) 12.4 (0.7) 21.4 (1.2)
4.2 (1.2) 42.1 (1.8) 5.6 (1.2) 42.0 (1.9) 5.9 (1.1)
11.1 (0.6) 20.2 (0.9) 9.8 (0.7) 21.8 (1.3) 11.8 (0.8)
7.6 (0.8) 23.4 (1.3) 9.9 (1.0) 25.8 (1.4) 8.8 (0.8)
13.2 (0.2) m m m m 22.2 (0.2) 12.9 (0.2)
12.5 (0.1) 22.0 (0.2) 12.5 (0.2) 23.0 (0.2) 12.5 (0.1)
12.6 (0.1) m m m m 22.9 (0.2) 12.5 (0.1)
m m 67.7 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 60.7 (1.0) 0.8 (0.2)

m m m m m m m m m m
1.0 (0.3) 69.1 (1.2) 0.8 (0.2) 68.3 (1.0) 0.7 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
3.1 (0.8) 47.1 (2.5) 3.8 (1.0) 43.8 (1.8) 4.1 (0.6)
m m m m m m 46.8 (3.5) 1.0 (0.3)
0.4 (0.2) 70.4 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) 73.8 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1)
m m 56.7 (1.9) 0.3 (0.2) 59.9 (1.9) 0.6 (0.2)
4.7 (0.5) 33.2 (1.4) 4.9 (0.7) 29.9 (1.4) 7.0 (1.1)
m m m m m m 42.0 (0.6) 3.7 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m 68.7 (1.2) 0.6 (0.2) m m m m
27.7 (1.2) 8.8 (0.7) 30.7 (1.2) 8.5 (0.8) 33.7 (1.4)
0.4 (0.2) 76.7 (1.9) 0.1 (0.0) 75.7 (2.1) 0.3 (0.2)
0.2 (0.1) 65.3 (1.9) 0.3 (0.2) 68.6 (1.5) 0.6 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
9.1 (0.9) 26.3 (1.2) 7.0 (0.7) 26.0 (1.2) 8.1 (0.6)
17.4 (0.7) 11.0 (0.5) 17.1 (0.5) 10.8 (0.5) 24.3 (0.6)
m m 33.7 (0.8) 7.7 (0.4) m m m m
m m 60.7 (1.6) 0.7 (0.2) m m m m
0.8 (0.2) 58.4 (1.1) 1.0 (0.2) 56.6 (1.0) 1.0 (0.2)
m m 73.5 (1.8) 0.6 (0.2) 74.6 (1.8) 0.6 (0.2)
0.6 (0.1) 73.8 (0.4) 1.8 (0.2) 69.6 (0.5) 2.0 (0.2)
1.3 (0.3) 47.0 (2.0) 1.3 (0.3) 40.8 (1.9) 3.2 (0.6)
7.4 (0.8) 28.6 (1.5) 5.2 (0.8) 24.0 (1.1) 7.8 (0.8)
m m 9.8 (0.6) 35.6 (0.8) 8.3 (0.5) 40.0 (0.7)
31.9 (1.4) 12.8 (0.8) 28.6 (1.5) 12.8 (0.8) 37.2 (1.2)
1.3 (0.3) 52.5 (1.6) 1.3 (0.4) 49.7 (1.7) 2.6 (0.5)
m m 53.2 (0.7) 2.5 (0.3) m m m m
0.5 (0.2) 73.6 (1.5) 0.3 (0.2) 67.7 (1.8) 0.8 (0.4)
m m m m m m 46.3 (1.2) 3.5 (0.3)
3.2 (0.5) 47.6 (1.3) 2.4 (0.4) 55.8 (1.3) 1.4 (0.3)
m m m m m m 14.2 (1.7) 13.3 (1.5)
1.0 (0.4) 63.6 (2.0) 0.9 (0.3) 66.5 (2.0) 0.3 (0.1)
m m 59.1 (1.5) 1.2 (0.4) 45.2 (1.7) 0.9 (0.3)
m m 59.3 (1.6) 0.4 (0.1) 51.8 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3)
15 represents change between 2010 and 2015 because these countries implemented the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA
Change between 2003 and 2015 Change between 2006 and 2015
Proficiency levels in PISA 2015
(PISA 2015 - PISA 2003) (PISA 2015 - PISA 2006)
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2
(less than 420.07 (above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (above 606.99 (less than 420.07
% S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
22.0 (0.6) 11.3 (0.6) 7.6 (3.2) -8.4 (2.1) 9.0 (1.6)
21.8 (1.1) 12.5 (0.9) 3.0 (3.2) -1.8 (2.3) 1.8 (2.1)
20.1 (1.0) 15.9 (0.7) 3.6 (2.7) -10.6 (2.7) 2.7 (1.7)
14.4 (0.7) 15.1 (0.8) 4.2 (2.4) -5.2 (2.7) 3.6 (1.3)
49.4 (1.3) 1.4 (0.2) m m m m -5.8 (3.7)
21.7 (1.1) 10.4 (0.8) 5.1 (3.6) -7.9 (2.0) 2.5 (2.0)
13.6 (0.9) 11.7 (0.7) -1.8 (2.8) -4.3 (2.2) -0.1 (1.7)
11.2 (0.7) 14.2 (0.8) m m m m -0.9 (1.6)
13.6 (0.8) 11.7 (0.7) 6.8 (2.3) -11.7 (2.8) 7.6 (1.3)
23.5 (0.9) 11.4 (0.7) 6.8 (3.1) -3.7 (2.8) 1.2 (1.9)
17.2 (1.0) 12.9 (0.8) -4.4 (2.9) -3.3 (2.4) -2.7 (2.0)
35.8 (1.8) 3.9 (0.5) -3.2 (6.0) -0.1 (0.9) 3.4 (3.2)
28.0 (1.2) 8.1 (0.6) 5.0 (3.6) -2.5 (1.6) 6.8 (2.0)
23.6 (1.0) 10.3 (0.8) 8.6 (3.8) -5.1 (1.6) 6.8 (1.9)
15.0 (0.9) 9.8 (0.6) -1.8 (3.3) -1.5 (1.9) -1.4 (1.9)
32.1 (1.4) 8.9 (0.9) m m m m -9.8 (2.5)
23.3 (1.1) 10.5 (0.8) -8.7 (4.0) 3.5 (1.7) -9.6 (2.0)
10.7 (0.8) 20.3 (1.3) -2.6 (1.9) -3.9 (4.3) -2.4 (1.5)
15.5 (1.1) 20.9 (1.3) 5.9 (2.2) -3.9 (3.5) 6.6 (1.6)
21.4 (1.0) 5.2 (0.4) -2.3 (4.9) -2.8 (1.3) 0.7 (2.5)
25.8 (0.7) 10.0 (0.5) 4.1 (3.6) -0.8 (1.7) 3.0 (1.7)
56.6 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) -9.3 (8.0) 0.0 (0.1) 0.1 (3.6)
16.7 (0.9) 15.5 (0.8) 5.8 (2.7) -10.0 (3.9) 5.2 (1.6)
21.6 (1.0) 11.4 (0.7) 6.6 (3.3) -9.3 (2.3) 7.6 (1.8)
17.1 (0.8) 10.6 (0.7) -3.8 (2.8) -0.7 (2.0) -5.2 (1.7)
17.2 (1.0) 12.2 (0.9) -4.9 (2.8) 2.1 (2.3) -2.7 (1.6)
23.8 (1.0) 11.4 (0.7) -6.3 (3.7) 6.1 (2.1) -7.0 (2.2)
27.7 (1.2) 7.8 (0.6) 7.8 (4.0) -4.9 (1.7) 6.8 (2.2)
16.1 (0.6) 13.5 (0.7) m m m m -1.6 (1.3)
22.2 (1.0) 7.2 (0.6) -0.8 (3.6) -0.7 (1.4) -2.5 (1.9)
20.8 (1.2) 10.4 (0.9) 3.6 (3.2) -5.4 (2.0) 2.5 (1.9)
15.8 (1.0) 19.2 (1.0) 1.2 (2.3) -2.0 (3.5) 2.3 (1.5)
51.4 (2.2) 1.1 (0.4) -0.8 (7.3) -4.4 (1.6) -0.7 (3.7)
21.9 (1.0) 10.6 (0.7) m m m m 2.1 (1.8)
29.4 (1.4) 5.9 (0.7) 3.7 (5.3) -4.2 (1.5) 1.2 (2.9)
22.9 (0.2) 10.8 (0.1) 1.3 (3.1) -3.6 (1.7) 1.6 (1.2)
23.4 (0.2) 10.6 (0.1) m m m m 0.9 (1.2)
23.4 (0.2) 10.7 (0.1) m m m m 0.9 (1.2)
53.3 (1.9) 1.1 (0.2) m m m m m m

81.0 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m m m
70.3 (1.2) 0.9 (0.2) -4.9 (4.8) -0.3 (0.5) -2.3 (2.5)
15.8 (1.2) 25.6 (1.9) m m m m m m
42.1 (1.8) 4.4 (0.6) m m m m -11.2 (3.6)
34.1 (3.2) 4.0 (1.1) m m m m m m
66.3 (1.2) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m -5.6 (3.1)
62.5 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m m m
32.0 (1.4) 5.6 (0.5) m m m m 3.5 (2.7)
42.6 (0.8) 3.2 (0.4) m m m m m m
90.5 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m
70.2 (0.8) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m m m
57.1 (1.2) 1.6 (0.4) m m m m m m
9.0 (0.8) 26.5 (1.1) -1.4 (1.6) -4.1 (6.3) -0.5 (1.3)
68.6 (1.6) 0.7 (0.2) -9.5 (7.5) 0.4 (0.2) 2.9 (4.6)
67.5 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m 1.2 (3.1)
77.7 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m
60.2 (1.6) 2.0 (0.3) m m m m m m
25.4 (1.1) 6.9 (0.7) m m m m 2.5 (2.4)
6.6 (0.5) 21.9 (0.6) -4.5 (1.6) 3.2 (6.0) -4.3 (0.9)
29.1 (0.8) 11.8 (0.7) m m m m m m
50.3 (1.2) 1.7 (0.3) m m m m m m
51.9 (1.0) 1.5 (0.2) m m m m -8.2 (3.0)
66.2 (1.4) 0.4 (0.1) m m m m m m
58.7 (0.7) 2.2 (0.2) m m m m -28.5 (2.1)
39.9 (1.8) 3.3 (0.5) m m m m -12.8 (3.6)
18.9 (1.2) 8.8 (0.7) -11.3 (3.8) 1.8 (2.1) -7.7 (2.3)
7.6 (0.4) 34.8 (0.8) m m m m m m
12.7 (0.7) 28.1 (1.2) m m m m 0.7 (1.4)
53.8 (1.6) 1.4 (0.3) -0.2 (9.1) -0.2 (0.5) 0.8 (4.1)
52.3 (0.8) 2.5 (0.3) m m m m m m
74.8 (1.2) 0.5 (0.2) -3.2 (4.1) 0.3 (0.3) 2.3 (2.5)
48.7 (1.2) 3.7 (0.3) m m m m m m
52.4 (1.2) 1.7 (0.4) 4.3 (7.0) -1.1 (0.6) 6.3 (3.2)
19.1 (1.7) 9.3 (1.3) m m m m m m
56.1 (1.7) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m -8.1 (4.0)

32.2 (2.1) 4.2 (0.8) m m m m m m
37.5 (1.6) 2.0 (0.4) m m m m m m
essment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

ge between 2006 and 2015 Change between 2009 and 2015 Change between 2012 and 2015
PISA 2015 - PISA 2006) (PISA 2015 - PISA 2009) (PISA 2015 - PISA 2012)
% dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
-5.1 (1.2) 6.1 (1.8) -5.1 (1.4) 2.3 (1.6) -3.5 (1.2)
-3.3 (1.5) m m m m 3.1 (1.8) -1.8 (1.5)
-6.5 (1.4) 1.0 (1.7) -4.5 (1.5) 1.1 (1.6) -3.7 (1.4)
-2.9 (1.4) 2.9 (1.4) -3.2 (1.4) 0.5 (1.3) -1.3 (1.4)
-0.1 (0.4) -1.7 (3.8) 0.1 (0.4) -2.2 (3.5) -0.2 (0.3)
-7.9 (1.6) -0.6 (2.1) -1.3 (1.4) 0.7 (2.0) -2.5 (1.3)
-2.1 (1.2) -3.5 (1.7) 0.1 (1.3) -3.3 (1.7) 1.7 (1.2)
1.7 (1.6) -1.4 (1.6) 2.1 (1.7) 0.7 (1.3) -0.4 (1.6)
-12.8 (1.6) 5.7 (1.4) -10.0 (1.6) 1.3 (1.3) -3.6 (1.4)
-1.1 (1.5) 1.0 (2.0) -2.2 (1.7) 1.1 (1.7) -1.4 (1.5)
-2.5 (1.5) -1.4 (1.9) -4.9 (1.5) -0.5 (1.8) -4.5 (1.5)
-1.1 (0.7) 5.4 (3.6) -1.8 (0.8) 0.1 (3.2) 0.0 (0.7)
-2.2 (1.2) 5.6 (2.3) -2.0 (1.3) -0.1 (2.1) -1.1 (1.4)
-2.3 (1.2) 6.7 (2.1) -3.3 (1.1) 2.1 (1.9) -0.8 (1.2)
-0.4 (1.2) -5.8 (1.9) 3.2 (1.1) -1.9 (1.8) -0.8 (1.0)
2.9 (1.2) -7.3 (2.4) 3.1 (1.2) -1.4 (2.5) -0.4 (1.4)
4.3 (1.1) -1.7 (2.0) 1.6 (1.1) -1.4 (1.9) 0.6 (1.1)
2.0 (2.2) -1.8 (1.4) -0.5 (2.4) -0.4 (1.4) -3.3 (2.4)
-6.2 (2.3) 7.3 (1.7) -4.7 (2.5) 6.3 (1.6) -10.0 (2.5)
-1.4 (0.8) -1.1 (2.8) -0.5 (0.8) 1.5 (2.5) -2.8 (1.0)
-0.6 (0.9) 1.9 (1.8) -1.4 (1.1) 1.5 (1.7) -1.2 (0.9)
-0.5 (0.2) 5.8 (3.9) -0.4 (0.2) 1.9 (3.5) -0.3 (0.1)
-5.6 (2.0) 3.3 (2.0) -4.3 (2.4) 1.9 (1.8) -3.7 (2.1)
-7.5 (1.4) 6.2 (1.9) -7.5 (1.5) -1.0 (1.8) -3.6 (1.4)
0.2 (1.2) -1.1 (1.6) 0.4 (1.3) -5.2 (1.6) 1.2 (1.2)
1.6 (1.4) -3.3 (1.8) 1.8 (1.6) 2.8 (1.6) -4.5 (1.8)
5.7 (1.2) 0.0 (2.1) 1.8 (1.4) -1.1 (2.2) 0.8 (1.3)
-3.1 (1.3) 6.7 (2.4) -4.9 (1.3) 0.2 (2.3) -3.1 (1.3)
-0.2 (1.3) -4.2 (1.3) -0.7 (1.3) -4.0 (1.2) -0.2 (1.2)
0.0 (0.9) -1.5 (2.0) -0.8 (0.9) -1.4 (1.8) -0.8 (0.9)
-2.2 (1.2) -0.2 (2.0) -1.0 (1.4) -6.2 (2.0) 2.4 (1.2)
-3.4 (1.9) 2.3 (1.5) -4.9 (2.2) 3.3 (1.4) -2.1 (2.0)
-3.1 (1.2) 9.2 (4.0) -4.5 (1.3) 9.4 (3.8) -4.7 (1.2)
-0.5 (1.2) 1.7 (2.0) 0.8 (1.3) 0.1 (2.1) -1.2 (1.3)
-1.7 (1.2) 6.0 (3.0) -4.0 (1.3) 3.5 (2.8) -2.9 (1.2)
-2.4 (0.7) m m m m 0.7 (1.2) -2.1 (0.7)
-1.9 (0.7) 1.4 (1.4) -1.9 (0.8) 0.4 (1.3) -1.8 (0.7)
-1.9 (0.7) m m m m 0.4 (1.3) -1.8 (0.7)
m m -14.5 (3.9) 0.7 (0.3) -7.4 (3.3) 0.3 (0.3)

m m m m m m m m m m
-0.1 (0.4) 1.1 (2.7) 0.1 (0.3) 2.0 (2.4) 0.2 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
1.3 (1.0) -5.0 (3.8) 0.6 (1.2) -1.7 (3.2) 0.4 (0.9)
m m m m m m -12.8 (5.2) 3.0 (1.2)
-0.1 (0.2) -4.2 (3.4) 0.2 (0.1) -7.5 (3.1) 0.0 (0.2)
m m 5.8 (5.1) -0.1 (0.2) 2.6 (4.7) -0.3 (0.2)
0.9 (0.8) -1.1 (3.0) 0.6 (0.9) 2.2 (2.8) -1.4 (1.3)
m m m m m m 0.6 (2.0) -0.5 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m -11.6 (3.0) 1.0 (0.5) m m m m
-1.2 (3.0) 0.2 (1.1) -4.1 (3.3) 0.5 (1.1) -7.2 (3.1)
0.3 (0.3) -8.0 (4.2) 0.6 (0.2) -7.0 (4.0) 0.4 (0.3)
0.0 (0.2) 2.3 (3.5) 0.0 (0.2) -1.0 (3.1) -0.3 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-2.2 (1.2) -0.9 (2.6) 0.0 (1.0) -0.6 (2.4) -1.1 (1.0)
4.4 (2.4) -4.3 (0.8) 4.7 (2.7) -4.1 (0.8) -2.5 (2.4)
m m -4.6 (1.6) 4.1 (1.2) m m m m
m m -10.4 (3.3) 1.1 (0.3) m m m m
0.7 (0.3) -6.5 (3.5) 0.6 (0.3) -4.8 (3.1) 0.5 (0.3)
m m -7.4 (3.4) -0.2 (0.2) -8.4 (3.1) -0.2 (0.2)
1.6 (0.2) -15.1 (2.3) 0.5 (0.3) -10.9 (2.1) 0.2 (0.3)
2.0 (0.6) -7.1 (3.7) 2.0 (0.6) -0.9 (3.5) 0.1 (0.8)
1.4 (1.3) -9.6 (2.3) 3.6 (1.3) -5.0 (2.0) 1.0 (1.3)
m m -2.3 (0.8) -0.8 (3.1) -0.7 (0.7) -5.2 (2.8)
-3.7 (2.6) -0.1 (1.2) -0.4 (2.8) -0.1 (1.2) -9.1 (2.5)
0.1 (0.4) 1.3 (4.7) 0.2 (0.6) 4.0 (4.3) -1.1 (0.6)
m m -0.9 (2.3) 0.0 (0.4) m m m m
0.0 (0.3) 1.2 (2.4) 0.3 (0.3) 7.1 (2.6) -0.3 (0.4)
m m m m m m 2.4 (2.9) 0.2 (0.5)
-1.5 (0.6) 4.9 (3.6) -0.7 (0.5) -3.4 (3.3) 0.3 (0.5)
m m m m m m 4.9 (2.9) -3.9 (2.0)
-0.2 (0.4) -7.5 (4.0) 0.0 (0.4) -10.4 (3.8) 0.5 (0.3)
m m -27.0 (3.9) 3.1 (0.9) -13.1 (3.7) 3.3 (0.8)
m m -21.8 (3.7) 1.7 (0.5) -14.2 (3.4) 0.7 (0.5)
Table I.5.2b
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics among all 15-year-olds, 2003 through 2015
Assuming that 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample would score below Level 2
Proficiency levels in PISA 2003 Proficiency levels in PISA 2006
Not in secondary Not in secondary

school, excluded school, excluded
from PISA1 or from PISA1 or
Level 5 or above
scoring below scoring below
(above 606.99
Level 2 Level 2
score points)
(less than 420.07 (less than 420.07
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

OECD
Australia 24.7 (1.6) 17.4 (0.7) 24.3 (1.0)
Austria 26.1 (2.4) 13.0 (0.9) 26.1 (1.9)
Belgium 22.7 (1.2) 24.5 (0.8) 18.5 (1.1)
Canada 25.5 (1.0) 16.8 (0.6) 22.5 (1.0)
Chile m m m m 65.0 (1.7)
Czech Republic 22.6 (1.6) 16.9 (1.1) 19.2 (1.4)
Denmark 26.0 (2.0) 13.9 (0.9) 26.5 (1.9)
Finland 11.7 (1.1) 22.2 (0.8) 12.8 (1.1)
France 24.3 (1.5) 13.7 (0.8) 29.0 (1.2)
Germany 27.2 (1.8) 15.1 (0.9) 23.9 (1.8)
Greece 42.3 (3.9) 3.8 (0.6) 39.3 (2.2)
Hungary 36.2 (1.4) 8.9 (0.8) 32.8 (2.0)
Iceland 19.9 (0.7) 14.6 (0.6) 20.2 (0.8)
Ireland 25.8 (1.2) 10.1 (0.7) 21.5 (1.3)
Italy 41.6 (1.3) 6.0 (0.4) 39.6 (1.3)
Japan 21.3 (1.6) 22.1 (1.5) 22.3 (1.5)
Korea 20.4 (1.5) 21.8 (1.3) 20.5 (1.7)
Latvia 31.7 (3.5) 7.1 (0.8) 32.4 (2.0)
Luxembourg 24.0 (0.6) 10.5 (0.5) 22.8 (0.6)
Mexico 83.3 (1.1) 0.2 (0.0) 76.5 (0.9)
Netherlands 15.2 (3.6) 24.3 (1.3) 14.9 (2.2)
New Zealand 25.5 (1.3) 18.1 (0.7) 28.1 (1.1)
Norway 25.4 (1.1) 10.7 (0.6) 24.5 (1.7)
Poland 29.3 (1.2) 9.1 (0.5) 24.7 (1.0)
Portugal 37.9 (3.1) 4.8 (0.4) 45.9 (2.0)
Slovak Republic 26.8 (3.2) 11.6 (0.8) 24.6 (2.2)
Spain 41.6 (1.5) 6.0 (0.5) 34.6 (1.3)
Sweden 19.1 (1.9) 15.4 (0.9) 20.4 (2.4)
Switzerland 14.5 (0.8) 21.2 (1.5) 13.5 (0.9)
Turkey 83.0 (1.3) 2.0 (0.6) 77.6 (1.2)
United States 41.2 (1.4) 8.0 (0.6) 38.7 (2.1)
OECD average-30 30.6 (0.3) 13.0 (0.2) 29.3 (0.3)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 86.1 (1.1) 0.7 (0.2) 85.1 (0.8)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 13.4 (1.2) 29.7 (1.3) 12.2 (2.4)
Indonesia 89.9 (0.8) 0.1 (0.0) 81.8 (2.1)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 30.1 (1.0) 14.7 (1.1) 10.9 (0.7)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m 88.4 (0.5)
Russia 39.8 (2.2) 6.1 (0.7) 40.8 (2.3)
Thailand 68.4 (1.5) 1.1 (0.3) 66.2 (1.1)
Tunisia 79.8 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1) 75.1 (2.1)
Uruguay 67.5 (1.6) 1.8 (0.3) 62.8 (1.2)

1. "Not in secondary school, excluded from PISA" refers to 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample (not in school; or in sc
2003 through 2015
ciency levels in PISA 2006 Proficiency levels in PISA 2009 Proficiency levels in PISA 2012

Level 5 or above Level 5 or above Level 5 or above
(above 606.99 (above 606.99 (above 606.99
Level 2 Level 2
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
14.3 (0.7) 29.2 (1.4) 13.8 (0.9) 31.0 (0.8) 12.7 (0.6)
14.6 (1.0) m m m m 28.5 (1.6) 12.6 (0.9)
22.0 (0.8) 23.7 (1.4) 19.2 (0.7) 22.6 (1.4) 18.7 (0.8)
15.6 (0.7) 26.0 (0.9) 15.3 (0.5) 28.2 (1.0) 13.7 (0.6)
1.1 (0.3) 58.2 (1.7) 1.1 (0.3) 59.6 (1.7) 1.3 (0.2)
18.3 (1.2) 27.5 (2.0) 10.9 (0.8) 32.9 (1.9) 10.9 (0.7)
11.7 (0.7) 28.4 (1.6) 10.0 (0.7) 24.5 (2.5) 9.1 (0.6)
11.8 (0.8) 20.4 (1.8) 11.0 (0.8) 17.8 (1.5) 13.4 (0.7)
22.6 (0.9) 14.4 (1.6) 20.1 (1.0) 15.7 (2.1) 14.6 (0.8)
11.4 (0.8) 30.0 (1.3) 12.4 (0.9) 31.5 (0.9) 11.4 (0.7)
14.7 (1.0) 26.7 (1.5) 16.1 (0.8) 22.0 (1.8) 16.6 (1.0)
4.5 (0.5) 36.5 (1.9) 5.2 (0.5) 43.8 (1.7) 3.4 (0.4)
8.8 (0.8) 32.3 (2.7) 8.8 (1.0) 41.3 (2.0) 7.6 (0.9)
12.1 (0.7) 22.7 (0.6) 12.6 (0.6) 27.3 (0.7) 10.3 (0.6)
9.6 (0.7) 26.2 (1.1) 6.2 (0.6) 24.3 (1.0) 9.7 (0.5)
4.6 (0.4) 49.1 (1.3) 4.9 (0.6) 39.6 (1.9) 8.5 (0.9)
5.6 (0.5) 35.2 (1.0) 7.7 (0.4) 35.1 (1.0) 8.5 (0.5)
16.4 (0.9) 19.6 (1.4) 19.2 (1.2) 19.2 (1.4) 21.5 (1.3)
23.6 (1.3) 19.3 (1.5) 22.5 (1.3) 20.2 (1.4) 27.1 (1.7)
5.6 (0.5) 37.1 (1.9) 4.6 (0.5) 31.2 (1.8) 6.9 (0.7)
10.6 (0.5) 33.5 (0.6) 9.9 (0.6) 32.5 (0.5) 10.0 (0.4)
0.5 (0.1) 70.1 (0.8) 0.4 (0.1) 71.6 (0.7) 0.4 (0.0)
20.3 (1.0) 20.1 (3.0) 18.3 (1.5) 14.8 (1.5) 19.3 (1.2)
15.8 (0.8) 26.5 (1.1) 16.4 (0.8) 31.9 (1.1) 13.2 (0.8)
10.1 (0.7) 25.9 (1.4) 9.3 (0.6) 28.9 (1.1) 8.6 (0.6)
10.0 (0.7) 26.0 (1.1) 9.7 (0.8) 23.7 (0.9) 14.9 (1.2)
4.4 (0.4) 36.1 (1.8) 8.1 (0.7) 33.7 (2.5) 9.4 (0.8)
10.4 (0.9) 24.9 (2.4) 12.1 (0.9) 33.6 (2.0) 10.0 (0.9)
12.0 (0.6) 26.4 (0.6) 13.1 (0.5) 24.4 (0.9) 13.0 (0.5)
6.3 (0.5) 31.9 (1.2) 7.2 (0.4) 32.6 (1.1) 7.1 (0.4)
12.3 (0.7) 26.6 (1.6) 10.6 (0.8) 32.2 (1.5) 7.4 (0.5)
22.6 (1.2) 22.8 (2.0) 21.5 (1.3) 20.1 (2.0) 19.5 (1.1)
2.0 (0.6) 67.2 (1.2) 3.2 (0.7) 60.3 (1.6) 4.0 (0.8)
10.4 (0.6) 30.7 (1.3) 8.6 (0.6) 27.1 (1.2) 11.0 (0.8)
6.5 (0.7) 37.0 (1.9) 8.2 (0.9) 34.2 (2.7) 7.8 (0.7)
12.1 (0.1) m m m m 31.0 (0.3) 11.6 (0.1)
11.4 (0.1) 31.4 (0.3) 11.1 (0.1) 31.5 (0.3) 11.2 (0.1)
11.5 (0.1) m m m m 31.4 (0.3) 11.3 (0.1)
m m 80.2 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1) 78.3 (0.8) 0.4 (0.1)

m m m m m m m m m m
0.6 (0.2) 81.3 (0.9) 0.5 (0.1) 78.2 (0.9) 0.5 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
2.6 (0.7) 61.9 (1.8) 2.7 (0.7) 56.5 (1.6) 3.1 (0.5)
m m m m m m 51.5 (6.0) 0.9 (0.3)
0.2 (0.1) 82.7 (1.1) 0.1 (0.0) 83.5 (1.0) 0.2 (0.1)
m m 76.9 (1.3) 0.2 (0.1) 80.1 (1.2) 0.3 (0.1)
4.0 (0.4) 40.6 (1.6) 4.4 (0.6) 33.7 (1.8) 6.6 (1.1)
m m m m m m 43.8 (0.6) 3.6 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m 76.2 (1.0) 0.5 (0.2) m m m m
26.9 (1.1) 18.9 (1.1) 27.2 (1.1) 23.3 (1.7) 28.3 (1.4)
0.2 (0.1) 87.7 (1.2) 0.0 (0.0) 84.6 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1) 69.3 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1) 73.0 (1.4) 0.5 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
8.5 (0.9) 42.4 (1.0) 5.5 (0.5) 36.5 (1.3) 6.9 (0.5)
17.4 (0.7) 29.0 (0.4) 13.7 (0.4) 27.5 (0.4) 19.8 (0.5)
m m 38.2 (0.7) 7.2 (0.4) m m m m
m m 64.5 (1.6) 0.6 (0.2) m m m m
0.7 (0.1) 62.2 (0.7) 0.9 (0.2) 61.1 (0.9) 0.9 (0.2)
m m 80.7 (1.7) 0.5 (0.2) 81.7 (1.5) 0.4 (0.2)
0.6 (0.1) 76.6 (0.4) 1.6 (0.1) 71.3 (0.4) 1.9 (0.2)
0.8 (0.2) 47.4 (2.0) 1.2 (0.3) 43.0 (2.0) 3.1 (0.6)
6.0 (0.6) 44.9 (1.7) 4.0 (0.6) 29.8 (2.3) 7.2 (0.9)
m m 14.9 (1.0) 33.6 (0.7) 12.6 (0.6) 38.1 (0.7)
31.9 (1.4) 21.3 (1.5) 25.8 (1.2) 22.3 (1.4) 33.1 (1.1)
1.0 (0.2) 65.4 (1.1) 0.9 (0.3) 64.0 (1.3) 1.8 (0.4)
m m 63.7 (0.6) 1.9 (0.2) m m m m
0.5 (0.2) 76.5 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) 70.6 (1.8) 0.7 (0.3)
m m m m m m 55.3 (1.2) 2.9 (0.2)
2.2 (0.3) 66.9 (1.1) 1.5 (0.2) 67.8 (1.4) 1.0 (0.2)
m m m m m m 52.3 (1.6) 7.4 (0.8)
0.8 (0.3) 75.0 (1.7) 0.6 (0.2) 73.3 (1.8) 0.2 (0.1)
m m 63.6 (1.6) 1.0 (0.4) 55.9 (1.9) 0.8 (0.2)
m m 68.2 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 61.7 (1.5) 1.1 (0.2)
SA sample (not in school; or in school, but in grade 6 or below, or excluded from the PISA sample due to student or school-level exclusions)
Change between 2003 and 2015 Change between 2006 and 2015
Proficiency levels in PISA 2015
Not in secondary Not in secondary Not in secondary

school, excluded school, excluded school, excluded
from PISA1 or from PISA1 or from PISA1 or
Level 5 or above Level 5 or above
scoring below scoring below scoring below
(above 606.99 (above 606.99
Level 2 Level 2 Level 2
(less than 420.07 (less than 420.07 (less than 420.07
29.3 (0.8) 10.3 (0.6) 4.6 (3.6) -7.1 (2.1) 5.0 (1.8)
34.8 (1.4) 10.4 (0.7) 8.6 (3.9) -2.6 (2.3) 8.7 (2.6)
25.7 (1.4) 14.7 (0.7) 3.0 (3.0) -9.7 (2.7) 7.2 (2.0)
28.5 (0.9) 12.6 (0.6) 2.9 (2.7) -4.2 (2.7) 6.0 (1.6)
59.6 (1.4) 1.1 (0.2) m m m m -5.4 (3.5)
26.8 (2.1) 9.7 (0.7) 4.1 (4.2) -7.3 (2.0) 7.6 (2.8)
23.1 (1.8) 10.4 (0.7) -2.9 (3.7) -3.5 (2.2) -3.4 (2.8)
17.6 (1.6) 13.2 (0.8) m m m m 0.2 (2.3)
15.9 (2.2) 11.4 (0.7) 4.2 (3.2) -10.8 (2.8) 3.1 (2.6)
30.4 (0.9) 10.4 (0.6) 6.1 (3.2) -3.3 (2.7) 1.4 (1.8)
20.6 (1.5) 12.4 (0.7) -6.5 (3.4) -2.7 (2.4) -3.3 (2.5)
41.5 (2.1) 3.6 (0.4) -0.9 (7.0) -0.2 (0.9) 2.1 (3.8)
35.5 (1.4) 7.3 (0.6) -0.7 (3.8) -1.6 (1.4) 2.6 (2.7)
28.8 (1.0) 9.6 (0.7) 8.9 (3.8) -5.0 (1.6) 8.6 (1.9)
18.0 (1.4) 9.5 (0.6) -7.9 (3.5) -0.7 (1.9) -3.5 (2.2)
36.4 (1.4) 8.4 (0.8) m m m m -19.5 (2.5)
38.4 (1.5) 8.4 (0.7) -3.2 (4.1) 2.4 (1.6) -1.2 (2.5)
15.4 (1.3) 19.3 (1.2) -5.9 (2.5) -2.8 (4.2) -6.9 (2.0)
22.5 (1.6) 19.2 (1.3) 2.0 (2.8) -2.6 (3.5) 2.0 (2.4)
30.2 (1.2) 4.6 (0.4) -1.4 (5.9) -2.6 (1.3) -2.1 (3.0)
35.0 (0.6) 8.7 (0.5) 11.0 (3.6) -1.8 (1.7) 12.3 (1.6)
73.2 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1) -10.1 (7.8) 0.0 (0.1) -3.2 (3.3)
20.8 (1.4) 14.8 (0.8) 5.6 (4.5) -9.5 (3.9) 5.9 (2.8)
29.3 (1.4) 10.3 (0.7) 3.8 (3.6) -7.9 (2.3) 1.3 (2.2)
24.3 (1.1) 9.7 (0.6) -1.1 (3.0) -1.0 (2.0) -0.2 (2.2)
24.7 (1.1) 11.1 (0.8) -4.5 (2.9) 1.9 (2.3) 0.1 (1.7)
33.2 (1.5) 10.0 (0.6) -4.7 (4.6) 5.2 (2.0) -12.7 (2.8)
35.5 (1.8) 7.0 (0.6) 8.8 (5.1) -4.6 (1.7) 10.9 (3.2)
22.2 (0.6) 12.5 (0.6) m m m m -5.5 (1.2)
29.3 (1.2) 6.6 (0.6) -12.3 (3.8) 0.6 (1.3) -5.3 (2.2)
25.9 (2.1) 9.7 (0.9) 6.8 (4.0) -5.7 (2.0) 5.5 (3.4)
19.0 (2.4) 18.5 (1.1) 4.5 (3.2) -2.7 (3.5) 5.5 (2.7)
66.0 (1.9) 0.8 (0.2) -17.0 (6.9) -1.2 (0.6) -11.6 (3.3)
34.4 (1.4) 8.9 (0.6) m m m m 9.8 (2.2)
41.0 (2.0) 4.9 (0.6) -0.2 (5.5) -3.0 (1.4) 2.3 (3.5)
30.8 (0.3) 9.9 (0.1) 0.2 (3.1) -3.1 (1.7) 1.5 (1.3)
31.1 (0.3) 9.7 (0.1) m m m m 0.5 (1.3)
31.2 (0.3) 9.7 (0.1) m m m m 0.7 (1.3)
60.7 (2.4) 0.9 (0.2) m m m m m m

85.0 (1.3) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m
79.0 (1.0) 0.6 (0.2) -7.1 (4.6) 0.0 (0.3) -6.1 (2.2)
46.2 (2.1) 16.4 (1.5) m m m m m m
53.3 (2.0) 3.6 (0.5) m m m m -8.0 (3.6)
34.1 (3.4) 4.0 (1.1) m m m m m m
74.8 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m -8.3 (3.1)
76.2 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m m m
38.3 (1.5) 5.1 (0.5) m m m m -0.8 (2.7)
45.5 (0.8) 3.1 (0.4) m m m m m m
93.5 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m
71.8 (0.7) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m m m
66.2 (1.1) 1.2 (0.3) m m m m m m
19.4 (1.3) 23.5 (1.1) 6.0 (2.0) -6.1 (6.3) 7.2 (2.7)
78.6 (1.3) 0.5 (0.1) -11.3 (7.3) 0.3 (0.1) -3.2 (3.9)
72.1 (1.2) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m -5.9 (2.8)
84.2 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m
73.7 (1.3) 1.3 (0.2) m m m m m m
32.7 (1.2) 6.3 (0.6) m m m m 4.6 (2.9)
17.5 (0.5) 19.3 (0.5) -12.6 (1.4) 4.6 (6.0) 6.6 (0.9)
30.8 (0.8) 11.6 (0.7) m m m m m m
53.8 (1.3) 1.6 (0.2) m m m m m m
56.7 (0.9) 1.4 (0.2) m m m m -9.7 (2.9)
74.8 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m m m
61.4 (0.7) 2.1 (0.2) m m m m -27.0 (2.0)
44.1 (2.0) 3.0 (0.5) m m m m -24.9 (4.2)
22.8 (3.0) 8.4 (0.8) -17.0 (4.9) 2.3 (2.0) -18.0 (3.9)
11.4 (0.7) 33.4 (0.8) m m m m m m
25.6 (1.2) 24.0 (1.1) m m m m 13.7 (1.7)
67.2 (1.2) 1.0 (0.2) -1.1 (9.0) -0.1 (0.4) 1.0 (3.9)
63.7 (0.6) 1.9 (0.2) m m m m m m
76.6 (1.1) 0.5 (0.2) -3.3 (4.0) 0.3 (0.2) 1.4 (2.7)
53.4 (1.4) 3.4 (0.3) m m m m m m
66.0 (1.1) 1.2 (0.3) -1.5 (7.0) -0.5 (0.4) 3.2 (3.2)
60.8 (1.5) 4.5 (0.7) m m m m m m
75.9 (1.1) 0.5 (0.1) m m m m 4.2 (3.8)

38.1 (2.2) 3.9 (0.7) m m m m m m
52.3 (1.4) 1.5 (0.3) m m m m m m
udent or school-level exclusions).

ge between 2006 and 2015 Change between 2009 and 2015 Change between 2012 and 2015

Level 5 or above Level 5 or above Level 5 or above
(above 606.99 (above 606.99 (above 606.99
Level 2 Level 2
-4.0 (1.2) 0.1 (2.2) -3.5 (1.3) -1.7 (1.8) -2.4 (1.1)
-4.2 (1.5) m m m m 6.3 (2.4) -2.2 (1.4)
-7.3 (1.4) 2.0 (2.2) -4.5 (1.5) 3.1 (2.2) -3.9 (1.4)
-3.0 (1.3) 2.5 (1.6) -2.7 (1.4) 0.2 (1.7) -1.1 (1.3)
0.0 (0.3) 1.3 (3.8) 0.0 (0.3) 0.0 (3.5) -0.2 (0.3)
-8.6 (1.5) -0.7 (3.3) -1.2 (1.3) -6.2 (3.1) -1.2 (1.2)
-1.3 (1.2) -5.3 (2.7) 0.4 (1.2) -1.4 (3.3) 1.3 (1.1)
1.4 (1.6) -2.8 (2.6) 2.2 (1.7) -0.2 (2.4) -0.2 (1.5)
-11.3 (1.5) 1.5 (2.9) -8.7 (1.7) 0.2 (3.2) -3.3 (1.5)
-1.0 (1.5) 0.4 (2.0) -2.0 (1.6) -1.1 (1.6) -1.0 (1.4)
-2.3 (1.5) -6.1 (2.4) -3.7 (1.5) -1.3 (2.5) -4.2 (1.5)
-1.0 (0.7) 4.9 (3.8) -1.6 (0.7) -2.3 (3.5) 0.2 (0.6)
-1.5 (1.1) 3.2 (3.3) -1.5 (1.2) -5.8 (2.7) -0.3 (1.2)
-2.5 (1.1) 6.1 (2.1) -3.0 (1.1) 1.4 (1.9) -0.7 (1.1)
-0.2 (1.1) -8.2 (2.2) 3.3 (1.1) -6.3 (2.1) -0.2 (1.0)
3.8 (1.0) -12.7 (2.4) 3.4 (1.1) -3.3 (2.7) -0.1 (1.3)
2.8 (1.0) 3.2 (2.4) 0.7 (1.0) 3.3 (2.3) -0.1 (1.0)
2.9 (2.1) -4.2 (2.0) 0.1 (2.4) -3.8 (2.0) -2.2 (2.3)
-4.5 (2.2) 3.2 (2.3) -3.3 (2.3) 2.3 (2.3) -8.0 (2.4)
-1.0 (0.7) -6.8 (3.2) -0.1 (0.7) -1.0 (2.9) -2.3 (0.9)
-1.8 (0.9) 1.5 (1.8) -1.2 (1.0) 2.6 (1.6) -1.3 (0.8)
-0.2 (0.1) 3.1 (3.8) -0.2 (0.1) 1.6 (3.4) -0.2 (0.1)
-5.6 (2.0) 0.7 (3.5) -3.5 (2.4) 6.0 (2.3) -4.5 (2.1)
-5.6 (1.3) 2.8 (2.3) -6.1 (1.4) -2.6 (2.2) -2.9 (1.4)
-0.4 (1.2) -1.6 (2.1) 0.5 (1.2) -4.6 (1.8) 1.1 (1.1)
1.1 (1.4) -1.3 (1.9) 1.4 (1.5) 1.1 (1.7) -3.8 (1.7)
5.6 (1.1) -3.0 (2.8) 2.0 (1.3) -0.5 (3.2) 0.6 (1.3)
-3.5 (1.2) 10.7 (3.5) -5.1 (1.3) 1.9 (3.1) -3.0 (1.2)
0.5 (1.2) -4.2 (1.3) -0.6 (1.3) -2.2 (1.4) -0.5 (1.2)
0.3 (0.8) -2.6 (2.3) -0.6 (0.9) -3.3 (2.1) -0.5 (0.8)
-2.6 (1.3) -0.6 (2.9) -0.9 (1.4) -6.3 (2.8) 2.3 (1.2)
-4.1 (2.0) -3.8 (3.3) -3.0 (2.2) -1.1 (3.2) -1.0 (2.0)
-1.2 (0.6) -1.2 (3.6) -2.4 (0.7) 5.7 (3.5) -3.2 (0.8)
-1.5 (1.1) 3.7 (2.4) 0.4 (1.2) 7.3 (2.2) -2.1 (1.2)
-1.6 (1.0) 4.0 (3.6) -3.2 (1.2) 6.9 (3.9) -2.9 (1.1)
-2.2 (0.7) m m m m -0.2 (1.3) -1.7 (0.7)
-1.7 (0.6) -0.3 (1.5) -1.4 (0.7) -0.3 (1.3) -1.5 (0.7)
-1.8 (0.7) m m m m -0.1 (1.3) -1.5 (0.7)
m m -19.5 (4.0) 0.7 (0.2) -17.6 (3.6) 0.5 (0.2)

m m m m m m m m m m
0.1 (0.2) -2.3 (2.4) 0.1 (0.2) 0.7 (2.2) 0.1 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
1.0 (0.9) -8.6 (3.5) 0.8 (0.9) -3.2 (3.2) 0.4 (0.7)
m m m m m m -17.4 (7.2) 3.1 (1.2)
0.0 (0.1) -7.9 (3.2) 0.2 (0.1) -8.7 (2.8) 0.0 (0.1)
m m -0.7 (4.9) 0.0 (0.1) -3.9 (4.3) -0.1 (0.1)
1.0 (0.7) -2.4 (3.1) 0.7 (0.8) 4.5 (3.0) -1.5 (1.3)
m m m m m m 1.7 (2.0) -0.5 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m -10.0 (2.9) 0.8 (0.4) m m m m
-3.4 (3.0) 0.5 (1.7) -3.7 (3.3) -3.9 (2.2) -4.8 (3.1)
0.2 (0.2) -9.0 (3.8) 0.4 (0.1) -6.0 (3.6) 0.3 (0.2)
0.1 (0.1) 2.8 (3.4) 0.0 (0.2) -0.9 (3.0) -0.3 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-2.2 (1.1) -9.7 (2.5) 0.8 (0.9) -3.8 (2.5) -0.7 (0.9)
1.9 (2.4) -11.5 (0.8) 5.7 (2.7) -10.0 (0.7) -0.5 (2.4)
m m -7.4 (1.6) 4.4 (1.2) m m m m
m m -10.7 (3.3) 1.0 (0.3) m m m m
0.7 (0.2) -5.5 (3.3) 0.5 (0.3) -4.4 (3.0) 0.4 (0.3)
m m -5.8 (3.3) -0.2 (0.2) -6.9 (2.9) -0.1 (0.2)
1.5 (0.2) -15.2 (2.3) 0.5 (0.2) -9.9 (2.1) 0.2 (0.3)
2.2 (0.5) -3.3 (3.9) 1.8 (0.6) 1.1 (3.6) 0.0 (0.8)
2.4 (1.2) -22.2 (3.7) 4.3 (1.3) -7.1 (3.9) 1.2 (1.4)
m m -3.5 (1.3) -0.2 (3.1) -1.2 (0.9) -4.7 (2.8)
-7.9 (2.5) 4.3 (2.0) -1.8 (2.6) 3.3 (1.9) -9.2 (2.4)
0.1 (0.3) 1.8 (4.4) 0.1 (0.4) 3.2 (4.0) -0.8 (0.4)
m m 0.0 (2.2) 0.0 (0.3) m m m m
0.0 (0.3) 0.0 (2.4) 0.3 (0.3) 6.0 (2.5) -0.2 (0.4)
m m m m m m -1.9 (3.0) 0.5 (0.4)
-1.0 (0.4) -0.9 (3.5) -0.3 (0.4) -1.8 (3.3) 0.2 (0.4)
m m m m m m 8.5 (2.8) -2.9 (1.2)
-0.4 (0.3) 0.8 (3.7) -0.1 (0.2) 2.6 (3.5) 0.2 (0.2)
m m -25.5 (3.9) 2.8 (0.8) -17.8 (3.8) 3.1 (0.8)
m m -15.9 (3.5) 1.3 (0.4) -9.4 (3.3) 0.5 (0.4)
Table I.5.2c
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2003 through 2015, adjusted for demographic change
Adjusted percentage of students in Adjusted percentage of students in

PISA 2003 PISA 2006

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

OECD
Australia 14.9 (0.7) 19.6 (0.8) 13.6 (0.6)
Austria 20.1 (1.3) 13.2 (1.0) 22.4 (1.8)
Belgium 18.5 (0.9) 25.0 (0.8) 19.0 (1.1)
Canada 10.0 (0.5) 21.4 (0.8) 11.0 (0.7)
Chile m m m m 55.6 (2.2)
Czech Republic 15.6 (1.1) 18.0 (1.2) 20.4 (1.3)
Denmark 15.9 (0.9) 15.7 (0.9) 14.7 (1.1)
Finland 6.9 (0.5) 23.5 (0.8) 6.2 (0.6)
France 16.9 (1.2) 15.2 (0.9) 21.5 (1.3)
Germany 23.8 (1.3) 15.7 (0.9) 22.8 (1.7)
Greece 38.2 (2.0) 4.2 (0.8) 32.1 (1.5)
Hungary 22.9 (1.1) 10.7 (0.9) 21.4 (1.1)
Iceland 15.3 (0.7) 15.1 (0.7) 17.4 (0.9)
Ireland 17.8 (1.3) 11.2 (0.8) 17.5 (1.5)
Italy 32.0 (1.5) 7.2 (0.5) 33.5 (0.9)
Japan 13.5 (1.2) 24.3 (1.6) 13.1 (1.1)
Korea 9.8 (0.8) 23.9 (1.4) 8.9 (1.0)
Latvia 24.5 (1.5) 7.7 (0.8) 20.2 (1.2)
Luxembourg 23.2 (0.6) 10.9 (0.6) 25.9 (0.7)
Mexico 64.4 (1.7) 0.4 (0.1) 54.3 (1.3)
Netherlands 10.1 (1.1) 25.9 (1.4) 11.6 (1.0)
New Zealand 17.0 (0.9) 19.7 (0.7) 15.1 (0.9)
Norway 22.4 (1.2) 11.0 (0.7) 24.1 (1.4)
Poland 22.0 (1.1) 10.1 (0.6) 19.6 (0.9)
Portugal 31.8 (2.0) 5.4 (0.5) 30.9 (1.6)
Slovak Republic 20.9 (1.5) 12.4 (0.8) 21.5 (1.1)
Spain 24.7 (1.2) 7.6 (0.7) 25.6 (1.1)
Sweden 18.8 (1.0) 15.0 (0.8) 20.1 (1.1)
Switzerland 16.5 (0.9) 19.9 (1.4) 15.0 (1.0)
Turkey 53.8 (2.6) 5.0 (1.4) 52.5 (1.8)
United States 27.0 (1.3) 9.7 (0.8) 29.3 (1.7)
OECD average-30 22.3 (0.2) 14.2 (0.2) 22.0 (0.2)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 75.6 (1.8) 1.2 (0.4) 73.3 (1.2)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 10.5 (1.2) 30.9 (1.5) 9.5 (1.0)
Indonesia 78.2 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1) 67.0 (2.7)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 10.3 (1.2) 19.1 (1.5) 11.1 (0.7)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m 82.5 (0.8)
Russia 30.8 (1.9) 7.1 (0.8) 27.3 (1.7)
Thailand 53.7 (1.7) 1.7 (0.4) 52.6 (1.3)
Tunisia 78.2 (1.2) 0.2 (0.1) 72.8 (1.8)
Uruguay 49.3 (1.5) 2.8 (0.4) 46.9 (1.3)

Adjusted PISA results are obtained by re-weighting past PISA samples so that the demographic characteristics of these sample
background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the demograp
usted for demographic changes
ed percentage of students in Adjusted percentage of students in Adjusted percentage of students in

PISA 2006 PISA 2009 PISA 2012
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
16.2 (0.8) 16.7 (0.7) 16.3 (0.9) 19.2 (0.6) 15.0 (0.6)
14.8 (1.0) m m m m 19.5 (1.0) 13.9 (0.9)
21.0 (0.8) 20.1 (0.9) 19.8 (0.7) 19.7 (0.9) 19.2 (0.7)
17.9 (0.8) 12.1 (0.5) 18.0 (0.6) 14.4 (0.6) 16.3 (0.6)
1.4 (0.3) 51.0 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3) 51.5 (1.7) 1.6 (0.2)
17.2 (1.1) 23.3 (1.1) 10.9 (0.8) 21.1 (1.2) 12.8 (0.8)
13.5 (0.8) 17.4 (0.9) 11.5 (0.9) 17.3 (1.0) 9.9 (0.7)
12.6 (0.8) 12.9 (0.9) 11.8 (0.8) 10.6 (0.7) 14.4 (0.7)
24.5 (1.0) 8.0 (0.5) 21.5 (0.9) 12.4 (0.7) 15.2 (0.7)
13.0 (0.9) 23.1 (1.3) 13.6 (1.0) 21.9 (0.9) 13.1 (0.8)
13.9 (0.9) 18.8 (1.1) 17.6 (0.9) 17.6 (1.0) 17.7 (1.0)
5.2 (0.6) 30.3 (1.8) 5.8 (0.6) 35.8 (1.4) 3.9 (0.4)
10.2 (0.9) 22.2 (1.5) 10.1 (1.1) 28.0 (1.3) 9.5 (1.2)
12.4 (0.7) 17.6 (0.6) 13.2 (0.6) 21.1 (0.7) 11.3 (0.7)
10.1 (0.8) 21.0 (1.0) 6.7 (0.7) 17.1 (1.0) 10.5 (0.5)
5.8 (0.7) 39.0 (1.3) 6.0 (0.7) 33.0 (1.7) 9.4 (1.0)
6.2 (0.5) 25.8 (0.6) 8.8 (0.5) 24.7 (0.8) 9.9 (0.6)
18.3 (1.0) 12.5 (1.0) 20.8 (1.2) 11.1 (1.0) 23.4 (1.4)
27.0 (1.5) 8.0 (1.0) 25.6 (1.6) 9.2 (1.0) 30.7 (1.8)
6.6 (0.6) 22.6 (1.4) 5.7 (0.6) 19.9 (1.1) 7.9 (0.8)
9.5 (0.5) 26.1 (0.7) 10.7 (0.7) 25.5 (0.6) 11.0 (0.5)
0.9 (0.2) 49.3 (0.9) 0.8 (0.1) 53.6 (0.9) 0.7 (0.1)
21.0 (1.1) 13.4 (1.4) 19.8 (1.5) 15.0 (1.3) 19.2 (1.2)
18.6 (0.9) 17.1 (1.0) 18.0 (0.9) 23.9 (0.8) 14.5 (0.9)
9.9 (0.7) 20.2 (1.1) 9.8 (0.7) 23.2 (1.1) 9.2 (0.7)
10.7 (0.8) 20.3 (1.0) 10.5 (0.9) 14.4 (0.9) 16.9 (1.3)
5.9 (0.5) 24.0 (1.1) 9.6 (0.8) 24.6 (1.5) 10.7 (0.8)
10.8 (0.9) 22.4 (1.3) 12.8 (1.0) 27.8 (1.3) 10.8 (0.9)
14.0 (0.7) 20.7 (0.6) 14.2 (0.6) 20.1 (0.6) 13.8 (0.6)
7.1 (0.5) 24.3 (0.9) 7.9 (0.5) 24.1 (0.8) 7.8 (0.4)
11.9 (0.7) 23.8 (1.2) 10.7 (0.8) 28.0 (1.2) 7.8 (0.5)
21.0 (1.1) 15.0 (0.9) 22.8 (1.3) 13.7 (0.8) 20.1 (1.1)
3.9 (1.1) 42.0 (1.8) 5.7 (1.2) 42.0 (1.9) 5.8 (1.1)
10.9 (0.6) 21.9 (1.1) 9.5 (0.7) 23.2 (1.4) 11.6 (0.8)
7.3 (0.8) 24.3 (1.4) 9.6 (1.0) 26.3 (1.4) 8.6 (0.8)
12.9 (0.2) m m m m 22.4 (0.2) 12.8 (0.2)
12.2 (0.1) 22.6 (0.2) 12.3 (0.2) 23.3 (0.2) 12.4 (0.1)
12.3 (0.1) m m m m 23.2 (0.2) 12.4 (0.1)
m m 67.7 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 60.8 (1.0) 0.8 (0.2)

m m m m m m m m m m
1.0 (0.3) 70.2 (1.2) 0.8 (0.2) 69.3 (1.0) 0.7 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
3.2 (0.8) 47.3 (2.5) 3.8 (1.0) 43.9 (1.8) 4.1 (0.6)
m m m m m m 46.8 (3.4) 1.1 (0.4)
0.4 (0.2) 70.8 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) 74.0 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1)
m m 57.1 (1.9) 0.3 (0.2) 60.4 (1.9) 0.6 (0.2)
4.6 (0.5) 33.8 (1.5) 4.6 (0.6) 30.2 (1.4) 7.0 (1.2)
m m m m m m 42.3 (0.7) 3.7 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m 68.9 (1.3) 0.6 (0.2) m m m m
28.0 (1.2) 9.2 (0.7) 30.3 (1.2) 8.6 (0.8) 33.3 (1.3)
0.4 (0.2) 77.1 (1.9) 0.1 (0.1) 76.3 (1.9) 0.2 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1) 65.8 (1.9) 0.3 (0.2) 68.7 (1.5) 0.5 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
8.9 (0.9) 26.6 (1.2) 6.9 (0.7) 26.6 (1.2) 8.0 (0.6)
17.3 (0.7) 10.9 (0.6) 17.2 (0.5) 10.8 (0.5) 24.4 (0.6)
m m 34.2 (0.9) 7.6 (0.4) m m m m
m m 61.5 (1.6) 0.7 (0.2) m m m m
0.8 (0.2) 58.7 (1.1) 1.0 (0.2) 56.9 (1.0) 1.0 (0.2)
m m 72.8 (1.8) 0.6 (0.2) 74.1 (1.8) 0.6 (0.2)
1.2 (0.2) 69.1 (0.5) 2.4 (0.2) 67.5 (0.5) 2.2 (0.2)
1.3 (0.3) 47.1 (1.9) 1.2 (0.3) 40.7 (2.0) 3.3 (0.7)
7.3 (0.8) 28.9 (1.6) 5.4 (0.8) 24.5 (1.1) 7.8 (0.9)
m m 9.6 (0.6) 36.4 (0.8) 8.1 (0.5) 40.3 (0.7)
32.1 (1.4) 12.7 (0.8) 28.7 (1.5) 12.6 (0.8) 37.6 (1.2)
1.4 (0.3) 52.6 (1.6) 1.3 (0.4) 49.7 (1.7) 2.6 (0.5)
m m 53.6 (0.8) 2.6 (0.3) m m m m
0.5 (0.2) 74.0 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) 67.8 (1.9) 0.8 (0.4)
m m m m m m 45.8 (1.2) 3.6 (0.3)
3.0 (0.4) 48.4 (1.3) 2.3 (0.3) 56.2 (1.3) 1.4 (0.3)
m m m m m m 14.1 (1.7) 13.4 (1.5)
1.0 (0.3) 63.1 (1.9) 0.9 (0.3) 66.7 (2.0) 0.3 (0.1)
m m 58.8 (1.5) 1.3 (0.5) 44.7 (1.7) 1.0 (0.3)
m m 60.2 (1.6) 0.4 (0.1) 52.1 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3)
c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2015 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A5 for details). Demo
pulation matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2015 population has changed over time.
Adjusted change between 2003 and Adjusted change between 2006 and
Adjusted percentage of students in
2015 2015
PISA 2015
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2
(less than 420.07 (above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (above 606.99 (less than 420.07
22.0 (0.6) 11.3 (0.6) 7.1 (3.2) -8.2 (2.1) 8.4 (1.6)
21.8 (1.1) 12.5 (0.9) 1.7 (3.2) -0.8 (2.3) -0.6 (2.4)
20.1 (1.0) 15.9 (0.7) 1.5 (2.7) -9.2 (2.7) 1.0 (1.8)
14.4 (0.7) 15.1 (0.8) 4.4 (2.4) -6.3 (2.7) 3.4 (1.3)
49.4 (1.3) 1.4 (0.2) m m m m -6.3 (3.7)
21.7 (1.1) 10.4 (0.8) 6.1 (3.5) -7.6 (2.1) 1.2 (2.1)
13.6 (0.9) 11.7 (0.7) -2.3 (2.9) -4.1 (2.2) -1.2 (1.8)
11.2 (0.7) 14.2 (0.8) m m m m -0.7 (1.5)
13.6 (0.8) 11.7 (0.7) 6.7 (2.3) -11.8 (2.8) 7.3 (1.3)
23.5 (0.9) 11.4 (0.7) 6.6 (3.2) -3.8 (2.8) 2.0 (1.9)
17.2 (1.0) 12.9 (0.8) -6.6 (3.0) -2.8 (2.4) -5.6 (2.2)
35.8 (1.8) 3.9 (0.5) -2.4 (6.1) -0.3 (1.1) 3.6 (3.2)
28.0 (1.2) 8.1 (0.6) 5.1 (3.6) -2.6 (1.6) 6.6 (2.0)
23.6 (1.0) 10.3 (0.8) 8.4 (3.9) -4.8 (1.6) 6.2 (2.0)
15.0 (0.9) 9.8 (0.6) -2.8 (3.4) -1.4 (1.9) -2.6 (2.1)
32.1 (1.4) 8.9 (0.9) m m m m -8.7 (2.6)
23.3 (1.1) 10.5 (0.8) -8.8 (4.0) 3.3 (1.7) -10.2 (2.0)
10.7 (0.8) 20.3 (1.3) -2.8 (1.9) -4.0 (4.3) -2.4 (1.5)
15.5 (1.1) 20.9 (1.3) 5.7 (2.2) -3.0 (3.5) 6.6 (1.6)
21.4 (1.0) 5.2 (0.4) -3.1 (5.0) -2.6 (1.3) 1.3 (2.5)
25.8 (0.7) 10.0 (0.5) 2.6 (3.6) -0.9 (1.7) -0.1 (1.7)
56.6 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) -7.8 (8.0) -0.1 (0.1) 2.3 (3.5)
16.7 (0.9) 15.5 (0.8) 6.6 (2.7) -10.4 (3.9) 5.1 (1.6)
21.6 (1.0) 11.4 (0.7) 4.6 (3.4) -8.4 (2.3) 6.6 (1.8)
17.1 (0.8) 10.6 (0.7) -5.3 (2.9) -0.3 (2.0) -7.0 (1.8)
17.2 (1.0) 12.2 (0.9) -4.8 (2.8) 2.1 (2.3) -2.4 (1.6)
23.8 (1.0) 11.4 (0.7) -8.0 (3.8) 6.1 (2.1) -7.2 (2.2)
27.7 (1.2) 7.8 (0.6) 6.8 (4.0) -4.6 (1.7) 6.2 (2.2)
16.1 (0.6) 13.5 (0.7) m m m m -1.4 (1.2)
22.2 (1.0) 7.2 (0.6) -2.5 (3.6) -0.3 (1.4) -3.4 (2.0)
20.8 (1.2) 10.4 (0.9) 2.1 (3.2) -4.6 (2.0) 0.8 (1.9)
15.8 (1.0) 19.2 (1.0) -0.7 (2.3) -0.6 (3.4) 0.8 (1.6)
51.4 (2.2) 1.1 (0.4) -2.4 (7.3) -3.9 (1.5) -1.2 (3.7)
21.9 (1.0) 10.6 (0.7) m m m m 0.8 (2.0)
29.4 (1.4) 5.9 (0.7) 2.4 (5.3) -3.8 (1.5) 0.1 (2.9)
22.9 (0.2) 10.8 (0.1) 0.6 (3.1) -3.3 (1.7) 0.9 (1.2)
23.4 (0.2) 10.6 (0.1) m m m m 0.3 (1.2)
23.4 (0.2) 10.7 (0.1) m m m m 0.3 (1.2)
53.3 (1.9) 1.1 (0.2) m m m m m m

81.0 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m m m
70.3 (1.2) 0.9 (0.2) -5.4 (4.8) -0.3 (0.4) -3.1 (2.5)
15.8 (1.2) 25.6 (1.9) m m m m m m
42.1 (1.8) 4.4 (0.6) m m m m -10.5 (3.5)
34.1 (3.2) 4.0 (1.1) m m m m m m
66.3 (1.2) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m -5.7 (3.1)
62.5 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m m m
32.0 (1.4) 5.6 (0.5) m m m m 3.4 (2.7)
42.6 (0.8) 3.2 (0.4) m m m m m m
90.5 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m
70.2 (0.8) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m m m
57.1 (1.2) 1.6 (0.4) m m m m m m
9.0 (0.8) 26.5 (1.1) -1.6 (1.7) -4.4 (6.4) -0.5 (1.3)
68.6 (1.6) 0.7 (0.2) -9.5 (7.5) 0.4 (0.2) 1.6 (4.3)
67.5 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m 0.1 (3.1)
77.7 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m
60.2 (1.6) 2.0 (0.3) m m m m m m
25.4 (1.1) 6.9 (0.7) m m m m 1.9 (2.3)
6.6 (0.5) 21.9 (0.6) -3.7 (1.6) 2.8 (6.1) -4.5 (1.0)
29.1 (0.8) 11.8 (0.7) m m m m m m
50.3 (1.2) 1.7 (0.3) m m m m m m
51.9 (1.0) 1.5 (0.2) m m m m -8.2 (3.1)
66.2 (1.4) 0.4 (0.1) m m m m m m
58.7 (0.7) 2.2 (0.2) m m m m -23.9 (2.2)
39.9 (1.8) 3.3 (0.5) m m m m -12.6 (3.7)
18.9 (1.2) 8.8 (0.7) -11.8 (3.9) 1.7 (2.1) -8.4 (2.4)
7.6 (0.4) 34.8 (0.8) m m m m m m
12.7 (0.7) 28.1 (1.2) m m m m 0.9 (1.5)
53.8 (1.6) 1.4 (0.3) 0.1 (9.1) -0.2 (0.5) 1.2 (4.1)
52.3 (0.8) 2.5 (0.3) m m m m m m
74.8 (1.2) 0.5 (0.2) -3.4 (4.1) 0.3 (0.3) 2.0 (2.5)
48.7 (1.2) 3.7 (0.3) m m m m m m
52.4 (1.2) 1.7 (0.4) 3.1 (7.0) -1.1 (0.6) 5.5 (3.2)
19.1 (1.7) 9.3 (1.3) m m m m m m
56.1 (1.7) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m -8.1 (4.0)

32.2 (2.1) 4.2 (0.8) m m m m m m
37.5 (1.6) 2.0 (0.4) m m m m m m
(see Annex A5 for details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant

ed change between 2006 and Adjusted change between 2009 and Adjusted change between 2012 and
2015 2015 2015
-4.9 (1.3) 5.2 (1.8) -5.0 (1.4) 2.8 (1.6) -3.7 (1.2)
-2.3 (1.5) m m m m 2.2 (1.9) -1.4 (1.5)
-5.2 (1.4) -0.1 (1.7) -3.9 (1.5) 0.3 (1.6) -3.3 (1.4)
-2.9 (1.4) 2.2 (1.4) -2.9 (1.4) 0.0 (1.3) -1.2 (1.4)
0.0 (0.4) -1.7 (3.8) 0.1 (0.4) -2.2 (3.5) -0.2 (0.3)
-6.8 (1.5) -1.6 (2.1) -0.5 (1.3) 0.6 (2.0) -2.4 (1.3)
-1.8 (1.2) -3.9 (1.7) 0.1 (1.3) -3.7 (1.7) 1.8 (1.2)
1.5 (1.6) -1.7 (1.6) 2.4 (1.7) 0.6 (1.4) -0.2 (1.6)
-12.8 (1.6) 5.5 (1.4) -9.8 (1.6) 1.1 (1.4) -3.5 (1.4)
-1.5 (1.6) 0.3 (2.0) -2.2 (1.7) 1.6 (1.6) -1.7 (1.5)
-0.9 (1.5) -1.6 (1.9) -4.6 (1.6) -0.4 (1.8) -4.8 (1.5)
-1.3 (0.8) 5.4 (3.6) -1.8 (0.8) -0.1 (3.2) 0.0 (0.7)
-2.1 (1.2) 5.7 (2.4) -2.0 (1.3) 0.0 (2.2) -1.3 (1.4)
-2.1 (1.2) 6.0 (2.1) -2.9 (1.1) 2.6 (1.9) -0.9 (1.2)
-0.3 (1.2) -6.1 (1.8) 3.1 (1.1) -2.2 (1.8) -0.7 (1.0)
3.1 (1.2) -6.8 (2.4) 2.9 (1.2) -0.9 (2.5) -0.5 (1.4)
4.3 (1.1) -2.6 (2.1) 1.7 (1.1) -1.4 (2.0) 0.6 (1.1)
2.0 (2.2) -1.8 (1.4) -0.4 (2.4) -0.4 (1.4) -3.1 (2.4)
-6.1 (2.3) 7.5 (1.6) -4.7 (2.5) 6.3 (1.6) -9.8 (2.5)
-1.4 (0.8) -1.2 (2.8) -0.5 (0.8) 1.5 (2.5) -2.8 (1.0)
0.5 (0.9) -0.3 (1.9) -0.7 (1.1) 0.3 (1.7) -1.0 (0.9)
-0.6 (0.2) 7.4 (3.9) -0.5 (0.2) 3.1 (3.5) -0.3 (0.1)
-5.5 (2.0) 3.3 (2.0) -4.3 (2.4) 1.7 (1.8) -3.7 (2.1)
-7.3 (1.4) 4.5 (2.0) -6.6 (1.5) -2.2 (1.8) -3.1 (1.4)
0.7 (1.2) -3.2 (1.8) 0.8 (1.3) -6.1 (1.6) 1.5 (1.2)
1.5 (1.4) -3.1 (1.8) 1.7 (1.6) 2.8 (1.6) -4.7 (1.8)
5.6 (1.2) -0.3 (2.1) 1.8 (1.4) -0.8 (2.2) 0.7 (1.3)
-2.9 (1.3) 5.3 (2.5) -5.0 (1.4) 0.0 (2.3) -3.0 (1.3)
-0.5 (1.3) -4.6 (1.3) -0.7 (1.3) -4.0 (1.2) -0.3 (1.2)
0.1 (0.9) -2.1 (2.0) -0.6 (0.9) -1.9 (1.8) -0.6 (0.9)
-1.5 (1.2) -3.0 (2.1) -0.3 (1.4) -7.2 (2.0) 2.6 (1.2)
-1.7 (1.9) 0.8 (1.6) -3.5 (2.1) 2.1 (1.5) -0.8 (1.9)
-2.8 (1.2) 9.4 (4.0) -4.6 (1.3) 9.4 (3.8) -4.7 (1.2)
-0.3 (1.2) -0.1 (2.1) 1.1 (1.3) -1.3 (2.2) -0.9 (1.3)
-1.4 (1.1) 5.1 (3.0) -3.7 (1.3) 3.1 (2.8) -2.7 (1.2)
-2.0 (0.7) m m m m 0.5 (1.2) -1.9 (0.7)
-1.6 (0.7) 0.8 (1.4) -1.6 (0.8) 0.1 (1.3) -1.7 (0.7)
-1.6 (0.7) m m m m 0.2 (1.3) -1.7 (0.7)
m m -14.4 (4.0) 0.7 (0.3) -7.5 (3.3) 0.3 (0.3)

m m m m m m m m m m
-0.1 (0.4) 0.0 (2.6) 0.1 (0.3) 0.9 (2.4) 0.2 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
1.2 (1.0) -5.2 (3.8) 0.7 (1.2) -1.8 (3.2) 0.4 (0.9)
m m m m m m -12.8 (5.1) 3.0 (1.2)
-0.1 (0.2) -4.5 (3.4) 0.2 (0.1) -7.8 (3.1) 0.0 (0.1)
m m 5.4 (5.1) -0.1 (0.2) 2.1 (4.7) -0.3 (0.2)
1.0 (0.8) -1.7 (3.0) 0.9 (0.9) 1.8 (2.8) -1.4 (1.3)
m m m m m m 0.3 (2.0) -0.4 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m -11.8 (3.0) 1.0 (0.5) m m m m
-1.4 (3.0) -0.3 (1.1) -3.7 (3.3) 0.4 (1.2) -6.8 (3.1)
0.3 (0.2) -8.4 (4.2) 0.6 (0.2) -7.6 (3.9) 0.5 (0.2)
0.0 (0.2) 1.7 (3.5) 0.0 (0.2) -1.2 (3.1) -0.3 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-2.0 (1.1) -1.2 (2.6) 0.0 (1.0) -1.2 (2.4) -1.0 (1.0)
4.5 (2.4) -4.3 (0.9) 4.7 (2.7) -4.2 (0.8) -2.6 (2.4)
m m -5.0 (1.7) 4.3 (1.2) m m m m
m m -11.2 (3.3) 1.1 (0.3) m m m m
0.7 (0.3) -6.8 (3.5) 0.5 (0.3) -5.0 (3.1) 0.5 (0.3)
m m -6.7 (3.4) -0.3 (0.2) -7.9 (3.2) -0.2 (0.2)
1.0 (0.3) -10.5 (2.3) -0.2 (0.3) -8.9 (2.1) 0.0 (0.3)
2.0 (0.6) -7.2 (3.7) 2.1 (0.6) -0.8 (3.5) 0.0 (0.8)
1.5 (1.3) -10.0 (2.4) 3.4 (1.4) -5.6 (2.0) 1.0 (1.3)
m m -2.1 (0.8) -1.6 (3.1) -0.5 (0.7) -5.5 (2.8)
-4.0 (2.6) 0.1 (1.2) -0.5 (2.8) 0.1 (1.2) -9.5 (2.5)
0.0 (0.4) 1.2 (4.7) 0.2 (0.6) 4.1 (4.3) -1.1 (0.6)
m m -1.4 (2.4) -0.1 (0.5) m m m m
0.0 (0.3) 0.8 (2.4) 0.3 (0.3) 7.0 (2.6) -0.2 (0.4)
m m m m m m 2.9 (2.9) 0.1 (0.5)
-1.3 (0.6) 4.0 (3.6) -0.6 (0.5) -3.8 (3.3) 0.3 (0.5)
m m m m m m 5.0 (2.9) -4.0 (2.0)
-0.1 (0.4) -7.0 (4.0) -0.1 (0.4) -10.6 (3.8) 0.6 (0.3)
m m -26.7 (3.9) 3.0 (0.9) -12.6 (3.7) 3.3 (0.8)
m m -22.7 (3.7) 1.7 (0.5) -14.5 (3.5) 0.7 (0.5)
ements), gender, and immigrant
Table I.5.3
Mean score and variation in mathematics performance
Mean score Standard deviation

5th
Mean S.E. S.D. S.E. Score S.E.
OECD
Australia 494 (1.6) 93 (1.2) 339 (2.8)
Austria 497 (2.9) 95 (1.8) 337 (5.7)
Belgium 507 (2.4) 97 (1.5) 341 (4.4)
Canada 516 (2.3) 88 (1.1) 368 (3.7)
Chile 423 (2.5) 85 (1.4) 284 (4.0)
Czech Republic 492 (2.4) 91 (1.7) 340 (4.8)
Denmark 511 (2.2) 81 (1.2) 376 (3.3)
Estonia 520 (2.0) 80 (1.1) 386 (3.7)
Finland 511 (2.3) 82 (1.3) 372 (5.1)
France 493 (2.1) 95 (1.5) 331 (4.5)
Germany 506 (2.9) 89 (1.4) 356 (4.9)
Greece 454 (3.8) 89 (1.8) 306 (5.7)
Hungary 477 (2.5) 94 (1.7) 321 (4.0)
Iceland 488 (2.0) 93 (1.3) 333 (3.9)
Ireland 504 (2.1) 80 (1.4) 371 (4.4)
Israel 470 (3.6) 103 (2.2) 296 (5.3)
Italy 490 (2.8) 94 (1.7) 334 (4.7)
Japan 532 (3.0) 88 (1.7) 381 (5.6)
Korea 524 (3.7) 100 (1.8) 353 (5.9)
Latvia 482 (1.9) 78 (1.2) 353 (4.4)
Luxembourg 486 (1.3) 94 (1.2) 334 (2.8)
Mexico 408 (2.2) 75 (1.3) 284 (4.1)
Netherlands 512 (2.2) 92 (1.5) 356 (3.9)
New Zealand 495 (2.3) 92 (1.3) 342 (3.8)
Norway 502 (2.2) 85 (1.1) 359 (4.0)
Poland 504 (2.4) 88 (1.7) 363 (4.5)
Portugal 492 (2.5) 96 (1.3) 332 (4.4)
Slovak Republic 475 (2.7) 95 (1.6) 312 (5.4)
Slovenia 510 (1.3) 88 (1.3) 363 (3.5)
Spain 486 (2.2) 85 (1.3) 342 (3.8)
Sweden 494 (3.2) 90 (1.7) 342 (5.0)
Switzerland 521 (2.9) 96 (1.6) 358 (5.1)
Turkey 420 (4.1) 82 (2.3) 291 (4.8)
United Kingdom 492 (2.5) 93 (1.4) 337 (4.3)
United States 470 (3.2) 88 (1.5) 323 (4.7)
European Union total 493 (0.8) 92 (0.5) 338 (1.4)
OECD total 478 (1.1) 96 (0.5) 321 (1.5)
OECD average 490 (0.4) 89 (0.3) 340 (0.8)
Partners
Albania 413 (3.4) 86 (1.6) 272 (5.7)
Algeria 360 (3.0) 71 (1.5) 247 (4.2)
Brazil 377 (2.9) 89 (1.7) 240 (3.0)
B-S-J-G (China) 531 (4.9) 106 (2.5) 351 (6.7)
Bulgaria 441 (4.0) 97 (2.4) 284 (5.6)
CABA (Argentina) 456 (6.9) 89 (3.4) 307 (9.9)
Colombia 390 (2.3) 77 (1.3) 269 (3.7)
Costa Rica 400 (2.5) 68 (1.4) 292 (2.7)
Croatia 464 (2.8) 88 (1.6) 322 (4.6)
Cyprus1,2 437 (1.7) 92 (1.1) 286 (3.4)
Dominican Republic 328 (2.7) 69 (2.0) 220 (4.3)
FYROM 371 (1.3) 96 (1.6) 217 (4.5)
Georgia 404 (2.8) 94 (2.2) 250 (4.9)
Hong Kong (China) 548 (3.0) 90 (1.5) 389 (5.8)
Indonesia 386 (3.1) 80 (2.0) 264 (4.1)
Jordan 380 (2.7) 86 (2.1) 238 (6.1)
Kosovo 362 (1.6) 75 (1.4) 238 (3.5)
Lebanon 396 (3.7) 101 (2.0) 236 (5.5)
Lithuania 478 (2.3) 86 (1.4) 337 (3.8)
Macao (China) 544 (1.1) 80 (1.1) 408 (4.4)
Malta 479 (1.7) 110 (1.4) 289 (5.9)
Moldova 420 (2.5) 90 (1.5) 271 (4.8)
Montenegro 418 (1.5) 87 (1.4) 279 (3.5)
Peru 387 (2.7) 83 (1.4) 254 (3.5)
Qatar 402 (1.3) 99 (1.0) 248 (2.6)
Romania 444 (3.8) 86 (2.1) 305 (5.1)
Russia 494 (3.1) 83 (1.3) 357 (5.5)
Singapore 564 (1.5) 95 (0.8) 399 (2.8)
Chinese Taipei 542 (3.0) 103 (1.9) 364 (4.4)
Thailand 415 (3.0) 82 (1.9) 286 (4.1)
Trinidad and Tobago 417 (1.4) 96 (1.2) 265 (3.6)
Tunisia 367 (3.0) 84 (2.3) 235 (4.7)
United Arab Emirates 427 (2.4) 97 (1.3) 275 (3.8)
Uruguay 418 (2.5) 87 (1.7) 281 (3.5)
Viet Nam 495 (4.5) 84 (2.7) 361 (5.9)
Argentina* 409 (3.1) 81 (1.5) 280 (4.3)

Kazakhstan* 460 (4.3) 82 (2.4) 329 (5.8)
Malaysia* 446 (3.3) 80 (1.7) 315 (4.4)
Percentiles
10th 25th Median (50th) 75th 90th
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E.
371 (2.5) 430 (2.0) 495 (2.1) 559 (2.1) 613 (2.8)
370 (4.5) 431 (3.9) 501 (3.6) 564 (3.4) 618 (3.7)
374 (3.9) 438 (3.5) 513 (3.0) 579 (2.5) 630 (2.5)
400 (3.2) 456 (2.9) 518 (2.5) 577 (2.6) 627 (3.2)
313 (3.5) 363 (2.9) 422 (3.0) 483 (3.5) 534 (3.6)
373 (4.2) 431 (3.4) 494 (2.8) 555 (2.9) 608 (3.6)
405 (3.2) 457 (2.9) 513 (2.7) 567 (2.5) 614 (2.9)
415 (3.1) 464 (2.6) 521 (2.3) 576 (2.6) 623 (2.7)
404 (3.8) 456 (3.1) 514 (2.7) 568 (2.4) 614 (2.9)
364 (3.9) 425 (3.3) 499 (2.9) 564 (2.6) 613 (2.7)
389 (4.1) 445 (3.5) 508 (3.2) 568 (3.4) 620 (3.4)
336 (5.3) 391 (5.0) 455 (4.0) 517 (4.0) 570 (3.7)
351 (4.1) 411 (3.7) 480 (3.3) 543 (3.2) 598 (3.5)
367 (3.6) 424 (3.0) 489 (2.7) 553 (2.7) 608 (4.0)
400 (3.8) 450 (2.7) 505 (2.3) 559 (2.2) 606 (2.6)
332 (4.7) 396 (4.3) 473 (4.5) 545 (4.3) 601 (4.9)
368 (3.8) 426 (3.3) 491 (3.2) 555 (3.6) 610 (3.8)
416 (4.4) 474 (3.5) 536 (3.5) 594 (3.5) 643 (4.2)
391 (5.5) 458 (4.5) 529 (4.3) 594 (4.2) 649 (4.3)
382 (3.0) 430 (2.7) 483 (2.3) 536 (2.1) 582 (2.9)
363 (2.2) 417 (2.1) 487 (1.9) 553 (2.0) 607 (2.5)
312 (2.6) 357 (2.5) 407 (2.6) 459 (2.9) 505 (3.5)
390 (3.9) 449 (3.3) 516 (2.8) 579 (2.4) 627 (3.1)
375 (3.8) 431 (3.2) 497 (2.9) 560 (2.8) 613 (3.1)
391 (3.4) 444 (2.5) 504 (2.7) 561 (2.7) 610 (3.0)
391 (4.1) 443 (3.0) 505 (2.5) 565 (3.0) 617 (3.6)
365 (3.8) 424 (3.1) 495 (3.1) 561 (2.8) 614 (3.6)
349 (4.2) 412 (3.9) 479 (3.2) 543 (2.8) 596 (3.3)
394 (2.5) 449 (2.1) 512 (2.0) 572 (1.9) 622 (3.0)
374 (3.4) 428 (2.8) 489 (2.6) 546 (2.5) 593 (3.3)
376 (4.4) 433 (3.8) 496 (3.5) 557 (4.0) 609 (3.9)
394 (4.4) 455 (3.9) 526 (3.3) 590 (3.4) 641 (3.4)
317 (3.9) 363 (3.8) 417 (4.7) 477 (6.0) 529 (6.3)
371 (3.7) 430 (3.2) 496 (2.9) 556 (3.1) 610 (3.1)
355 (3.9) 408 (3.9) 470 (3.5) 532 (3.5) 585 (4.2)
371 (1.2) 429 (1.1) 495 (0.9) 558 (0.9) 610 (1.0)
353 (1.3) 410 (1.4) 478 (1.4) 546 (1.3) 602 (1.4)
373 (0.7) 428 (0.6) 492 (0.5) 553 (0.5) 605 (0.6)
303 (4.3) 354 (4.0) 413 (4.2) 472 (4.2) 525 (4.4)
271 (3.8) 312 (3.0) 357 (2.8) 405 (3.6) 452 (4.4)
267 (3.3) 315 (3.1) 371 (3.1) 434 (3.7) 496 (4.7)
388 (5.9) 458 (5.9) 538 (5.4) 609 (5.8) 664 (5.6)
315 (5.2) 371 (4.7) 441 (4.8) 509 (4.9) 568 (5.6)
340 (8.9) 397 (7.3) 457 (8.0) 518 (8.1) 571 (8.7)
293 (3.1) 335 (2.9) 386 (2.6) 441 (2.7) 492 (3.3)
315 (2.9) 353 (2.5) 398 (2.6) 445 (3.0) 489 (4.2)
351 (4.2) 402 (3.7) 462 (3.4) 525 (3.3) 580 (3.6)
317 (3.4) 373 (2.2) 438 (1.7) 500 (2.3) 558 (3.0)
243 (3.9) 281 (3.2) 324 (3.1) 373 (3.6) 418 (4.7)
251 (3.0) 306 (2.0) 369 (1.6) 434 (2.4) 496 (3.4)
285 (4.3) 341 (3.6) 403 (3.1) 467 (3.4) 525 (4.7)
426 (5.0) 490 (4.3) 554 (3.3) 611 (2.8) 659 (3.5)
289 (4.1) 331 (3.5) 381 (3.3) 436 (3.9) 492 (5.4)
271 (4.0) 324 (3.2) 382 (2.9) 439 (3.2) 489 (3.2)
265 (2.9) 310 (2.3) 360 (2.0) 413 (2.6) 460 (4.2)
268 (5.2) 324 (4.7) 392 (4.5) 464 (4.6) 531 (5.5)
365 (3.8) 419 (3.0) 479 (2.7) 539 (2.9) 590 (3.5)
439 (2.4) 491 (1.7) 547 (1.5) 599 (1.9) 643 (2.5)
331 (3.5) 405 (2.5) 485 (2.7) 558 (2.5) 616 (3.0)
303 (3.7) 358 (3.4) 419 (3.1) 482 (3.3) 536 (4.1)
308 (2.8) 358 (2.2) 416 (2.1) 477 (2.4) 531 (2.3)
283 (2.6) 329 (2.7) 384 (2.8) 442 (4.0) 495 (4.3)
278 (2.0) 331 (1.8) 397 (1.8) 470 (1.6) 536 (2.0)
334 (4.6) 384 (4.3) 442 (4.3) 502 (4.6) 557 (5.4)
387 (4.6) 437 (3.4) 494 (3.5) 552 (3.4) 601 (3.8)
436 (2.6) 500 (2.4) 571 (2.0) 632 (1.6) 682 (2.4)
404 (4.2) 474 (3.6) 548 (3.2) 616 (3.6) 670 (4.6)
313 (3.7) 360 (3.1) 412 (3.2) 468 (4.0) 521 (5.2)
294 (3.0) 348 (2.4) 415 (2.3) 484 (2.1) 545 (3.3)
263 (4.6) 310 (3.3) 363 (3.1) 421 (3.6) 476 (5.0)
306 (3.3) 360 (2.9) 423 (3.0) 493 (3.2) 557 (3.5)
309 (2.7) 357 (3.3) 415 (2.9) 477 (3.4) 532 (3.6)
388 (5.4) 436 (4.7) 492 (4.7) 551 (4.9) 604 (6.9)
306 (3.4) 354 (3.5) 407 (3.4) 463 (3.7) 514 (4.1)
357 (4.9) 403 (4.7) 457 (4.5) 513 (5.1) 567 (6.3)
343 (3.9) 391 (3.4) 447 (3.6) 501 (3.9) 549 (4.5)
95th
Score S.E.
645 (3.3)
648 (4.2)
657 (2.7)
657 (3.6)
563 (3.7)
639 (4.4)
639 (3.5)
650 (3.4)
642 (3.5)
639 (3.3)
650 (3.9)
598 (4.2)
627 (4.0)
640 (4.3)
633 (2.7)
634 (6.1)
640 (4.4)
672 (5.4)
681 (4.8)
608 (3.1)
638 (3.7)
533 (3.6)
655 (3.6)
646 (4.4)
638 (3.0)
649 (4.8)
644 (4.1)
625 (3.9)
651 (4.1)
621 (3.7)
638 (4.7)
671 (3.9)
559 (7.5)
641 (4.0)
613 (5.0)
640 (1.2)
634 (1.3)
634 (0.7)
556 (5.0)
481 (5.2)
533 (5.5)
695 (6.2)
601 (5.8)
599 (9.2)
522 (3.8)
517 (5.0)
612 (4.5)
590 (3.9)
446 (7.0)
533 (4.4)
559 (6.3)
687 (4.6)
528 (6.2)
519 (3.9)
487 (4.3)
568 (6.2)
620 (4.0)
669 (4.0)
648 (4.3)
568 (4.2)
563 (3.3)
526 (4.5)
573 (2.8)
590 (5.9)
629 (4.2)
711 (3.4)
701 (6.2)
555 (6.3)
578 (3.5)
510 (7.2)
593 (3.6)
565 (5.2)
636 (8.3)
545 (4.7)
600 (7.4)
577 (5.3)
Table I.5.4a
Mean mathematics performance, 2003 through 2015
Mean Mean Mean

score S.E. score S.E. score S.E.
OECD
Australia 524 (2.1) 520 (2.2) 514 (2.5)
Austria 506 (3.3) 505 (3.7) m m
Belgium 529 (2.3) 520 (3.0) 515 (2.3)
Canada 532 (1.8) 527 (2.0) 527 (1.6)
Chile m m 411 (4.6) 421 (3.1)
Czech Republic 516 (3.5) 510 (3.6) 493 (2.8)
Denmark 514 (2.7) 513 (2.6) 503 (2.6)
Estonia m m 515 (2.7) 512 (2.6)
Finland 544 (1.9) 548 (2.3) 541 (2.2)
France 511 (2.5) 496 (3.2) 497 (3.1)
Germany 503 (3.3) 504 (3.9) 513 (2.9)
Greece 445 (3.9) 459 (3.0) 466 (3.9)
Hungary 490 (2.8) 491 (2.9) 490 (3.5)
Iceland 515 (1.4) 506 (1.8) 507 (1.4)
Ireland 503 (2.4) 501 (2.8) 487 (2.5)
Israel m m 442 (4.3) 447 (3.3)
Italy 466 (3.1) 462 (2.3) 483 (1.9)
Japan 534 (4.0) 523 (3.3) 529 (3.3)
Korea 542 (3.2) 547 (3.8) 546 (4.0)
Latvia 483 (3.7) 486 (3.0) 482 (3.1)
Luxembourg 493 (1.0) 490 (1.1) 489 (1.2)
Mexico 385 (3.6) 406 (2.9) 419 (1.8)
Netherlands 538 (3.1) 531 (2.6) 526 (4.7)
New Zealand 523 (2.3) 522 (2.4) 519 (2.3)
Norway 495 (2.4) 490 (2.6) 498 (2.4)
Poland 490 (2.5) 495 (2.4) 495 (2.8)
Portugal 466 (3.4) 466 (3.1) 487 (2.9)
Slovak Republic 498 (3.3) 492 (2.8) 497 (3.1)
Slovenia m m 504 (1.0) 501 (1.2)
Spain 485 (2.4) 480 (2.3) 483 (2.1)
Sweden 509 (2.6) 502 (2.4) 494 (2.9)
Switzerland 527 (3.4) 530 (3.2) 534 (3.3)
Turkey 423 (6.7) 424 (4.9) 445 (4.4)
United Kingdom m m 495 (2.1) 492 (2.4)
United States 483 (2.9) 474 (4.0) 487 (3.6)
OECD average-30 499 (0.6) 497 (0.5) m m
OECD average-34 m m 494 (0.5) 495 (0.5)
OECD average-35 m m 494 (0.5) m m
Partners
Albania m m m m 377 (4.0)
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 356 (4.8) 370 (2.9) 386 (2.4)
Bulgaria m m 413 (6.1) 428 (5.9)
Colombia m m 370 (3.8) 381 (3.2)
Costa Rica m m m m 409 (3.0)
Croatia m m 467 (2.4) 460 (3.1)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m 379 (2.8)
Hong Kong (China) 550 (4.5) 547 (2.7) 555 (2.7)
Indonesia 360 (3.9) 391 (5.6) 371 (3.7)
Jordan m m 384 (3.3) 387 (3.7)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania m m 486 (2.9) 477 (2.6)
Macao (China) 527 (2.9) 525 (1.3) 525 (0.9)
Malta m m m m 463 (1.4)
Moldova m m m m 397 (3.1)
Montenegro m m 399 (1.4) 403 (2.0)
Peru m m m m 365 (4.0)
Qatar m m 318 (1.0) 368 (0.7)
Romania m m 415 (4.2) 427 (3.4)
Russia 468 (4.2) 476 (3.9) 468 (3.3)
Singapore m m m m 562 (1.4)
Chinese Taipei m m 549 (4.1) 543 (3.4)
Thailand 417 (3.0) 417 (2.3) 419 (3.2)
Trinidad and Tobago m m m m 414 (1.3)
Tunisia 359 (2.5) 365 (4.0) 371 (3.0)
Uruguay 422 (3.3) 427 (2.6) 427 (2.6)
Argentina* m m 381 (6.2) 388 (4.1)

Kazakhstan* m m m m 405 (3.0)
Malaysia* m m m m 404 (2.7)
Average 3-year trend is the average change between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2015. For countries
trend is calculated with a linear regression model. This model considers that Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducte
Change between Change between Change between

2003 and 2015 2006 and 2015 2009 and 2015
PISA 2012 PISA 2015
(PISA 2015 - PISA (PISA 2015 - PISA (PISA 2015 - PISA
2003) 2006) 2009)
Mean Mean
score S.E. score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
504 (1.6) 494 (1.6) -30 (6.2) -26 (4.5) -20 (4.8)
506 (2.7) 497 (2.9) -9 (7.1) -9 (5.9) m m
515 (2.1) 507 (2.4) -22 (6.5) -13 (5.2) -8 (5.0)
518 (1.8) 516 (2.3) -17 (6.3) -11 (4.6) -11 (4.7)
423 (3.1) 423 (2.5) m m 11 (6.3) 2 (5.5)
499 (2.9) 492 (2.4) -24 (7.1) -18 (5.5) 0 (5.3)
500 (2.3) 511 (2.2) -3 (6.6) -2 (4.9) 8 (5.1)
521 (2.0) 520 (2.0) m m 5 (4.9) 7 (5.0)
519 (1.9) 511 (2.3) -33 (6.3) -37 (4.8) -29 (4.9)
495 (2.5) 493 (2.1) -18 (6.5) -3 (5.2) -4 (5.3)
514 (2.9) 506 (2.9) 3 (7.1) 2 (6.0) -7 (5.6)
453 (2.5) 454 (3.8) 9 (7.8) -6 (5.9) -12 (6.6)
477 (3.2) 477 (2.5) -13 (6.8) -14 (5.2) -13 (5.7)
493 (1.7) 488 (2.0) -27 (6.1) -18 (4.4) -19 (4.5)
501 (2.2) 504 (2.1) 1 (6.5) 2 (4.9) 17 (5.0)
466 (4.7) 470 (3.6) m m 28 (6.7) 23 (6.2)
485 (2.0) 490 (2.8) 24 (7.0) 28 (5.1) 7 (5.1)
536 (3.6) 532 (3.0) -2 (7.5) 9 (5.7) 3 (5.9)
554 (4.6) 524 (3.7) -18 (7.5) -23 (6.3) -22 (6.7)
491 (2.8) 482 (1.9) -1 (7.0) -4 (5.0) 0 (5.2)
490 (1.1) 486 (1.3) -7 (5.8) -4 (3.9) -3 (4.2)
413 (1.4) 408 (2.2) 23 (7.1) 2 (5.1) -10 (4.8)
523 (3.5) 512 (2.2) -26 (6.8) -18 (4.9) -14 (6.5)
500 (2.2) 495 (2.3) -28 (6.5) -27 (4.8) -24 (5.0)
489 (2.7) 502 (2.2) 7 (6.5) 12 (4.9) 4 (5.0)
518 (3.6) 504 (2.4) 14 (6.6) 9 (4.9) 10 (5.3)
487 (3.8) 492 (2.5) 26 (7.0) 25 (5.3) 5 (5.4)
482 (3.4) 475 (2.7) -23 (7.1) -17 (5.2) -21 (5.6)
501 (1.2) 510 (1.3) m m 5 (3.9) 8 (4.2)
484 (1.9) 486 (2.2) 1 (6.5) 6 (4.7) 2 (4.8)
478 (2.3) 494 (3.2) -15 (6.9) -8 (5.3) 0 (5.7)
531 (3.0) 521 (2.9) -5 (7.2) -8 (5.5) -13 (5.8)
448 (4.8) 420 (4.1) -3 (9.7) -3 (7.3) -25 (7.1)
494 (3.3) 492 (2.5) m m -3 (4.8) 0 (5.1)
481 (3.6) 470 (3.2) -13 (7.1) -5 (6.2) -18 (6.1)
496 (0.5) 491 (0.5) -8 (5.7) -6 (3.6) m m
494 (0.5) 490 (0.4) m m -4 (3.6) -5 (3.8)
494 (0.5) 490 (0.4) m m -4 (3.6) m m
394 (2.0) 413 (3.4) m m m m 36 (6.5)

m m 360 (3.0) m m m m m m
389 (1.9) 377 (2.9) 21 (7.9) 8 (5.4) -9 (5.3)
m m 531 (4.9) m m m m m m
439 (4.0) 441 (4.0) m m 28 (8.1) 13 (8.0)
418 (7.3) 456 (6.9) m m m m m m
376 (2.9) 390 (2.3) m m 20 (5.6) 9 (5.5)
407 (3.0) 400 (2.5) m m m m -9 (5.4)
471 (3.5) 464 (2.8) m m -3 (5.1) 4 (5.6)
440 (1.1) 437 (1.7) m m m m m m
m m 328 (2.7) m m m m m m
m m 371 (1.3) m m m m m m
m m 404 (2.8) m m m m 24 (5.5)
561 (3.2) 548 (3.0) -2 (7.8) 0 (5.3) -7 (5.5)
375 (4.0) 386 (3.1) 26 (7.5) -5 (7.3) 15 (6.1)
386 (3.1) 380 (2.7) m m -4 (5.5) -6 (5.9)
m m 362 (1.6) m m m m m m
m m 396 (3.7) m m m m m m
479 (2.6) 478 (2.3) m m -8 (5.1) 2 (5.2)
538 (1.0) 544 (1.1) 17 (6.4) 19 (3.9) 19 (4.0)
m m 479 (1.7) m m m m 16 (4.4)
m m 420 (2.5) m m m m 22 (5.5)
410 (1.1) 418 (1.5) m m 19 (4.0) 15 (4.5)
368 (3.7) 387 (2.7) m m m m 21 (6.1)
376 (0.8) 402 (1.3) m m 84 (3.9) 34 (4.1)
445 (3.8) 444 (3.8) m m 29 (6.7) 17 (6.3)
482 (3.0) 494 (3.1) 26 (7.7) 18 (6.1) 26 (5.9)
573 (1.3) 564 (1.5) m m m m 2 (4.3)
560 (3.3) 542 (3.0) m m -7 (6.2) -1 (5.9)
427 (3.4) 415 (3.0) -2 (7.0) -2 (5.2) -3 (5.8)
m m 417 (1.4) m m m m 3 (4.2)
388 (3.9) 367 (3.0) 8 (6.8) 1 (6.1) -5 (5.7)
434 (2.4) 427 (2.4) m m m m m m
409 (2.8) 418 (2.5) -4 (7.0) -9 (5.0) -9 (5.2)
511 (4.8) 495 (4.5) m m m m m m
388 (3.5) 409 (3.1) m m 28 (7.8) 21 (6.4)

432 (3.0) 460 (4.3) m m m m 55 (6.5)
421 (3.2) 446 (3.3) m m m m 42 (5.7)
SA and PISA 2015. For countries and economies with more than one available measurement, the average 3-year
gia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Change between
Average 3-year trend in
2012 and 2015
mathematics performance
(PISA 2015 - PISA
across PISA assessments
2012)
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. p-value
-10 (4.2) -7.7 (1.3) 0.000

-9 (5.3) -1.8 (1.5) 0.226
-8 (4.8) -5.0 (1.4) 0.000
-2 (4.6) -4.3 (1.3) 0.001
0 (5.3) 3.5 (1.9) 0.069
-7 (5.1) -5.8 (1.5) 0.000
11 (4.8) -1.9 (1.4) 0.162
-1 (4.6) 2.3 (1.6) 0.151
-8 (4.7) -9.7 (1.3) 0.000
-2 (4.8) -3.6 (1.4) 0.009
-8 (5.4) 1.7 (1.5) 0.262
1 (5.7) 1.1 (1.6) 0.483
0 (5.4) -4.0 (1.4) 0.004
-5 (4.4) -6.7 (1.3) 0.000
2 (4.7) 0.1 (1.4) 0.918
3 (6.9) 10.1 (2.1) 0.000
4 (5.0) 7.1 (1.4) 0.000
-4 (5.9) 1.0 (1.6) 0.534
-30 (6.9) -2.9 (1.6) 0.069
-8 (4.9) 0.1 (1.5) 0.928
-4 (3.9) -1.6 (1.2) 0.191
-5 (4.4) 5.3 (1.5) 0.000
-11 (5.4) -5.8 (1.4) 0.000
-5 (4.8) -7.9 (1.3) 0.000
12 (5.0) 1.2 (1.4) 0.387
-13 (5.6) 5.0 (1.4) 0.000
5 (5.8) 7.2 (1.5) 0.000
-6 (5.6) -5.6 (1.5) 0.000
9 (4.0) 1.7 (1.2) 0.163
2 (4.6) 0.5 (1.3) 0.683
16 (5.3) -5.4 (1.4) 0.000
-10 (5.5) -1.0 (1.5) 0.523
-28 (7.3) 1.9 (2.1) 0.368
-1 (5.4) -0.7 (1.6) 0.637
-12 (6.0) -2.0 (1.5) 0.197
-5 (3.6) -1.7 (1.1) 0.144
-4 (3.6) -0.9 (1.1) 0.415
-4 (3.6) -1.0 (1.1) 0.403
19 (5.3) 17.8 (3.2) 0.000

m m m m m
-11 (5.0) 6.2 (1.6) 0.000
m m m m m
2 (6.6) 9.3 (2.6) 0.000
38 (10.7) 38.3 (10.7) 0.000
13 (5.1) 5.4 (1.8) 0.002
-7 (5.3) -5.8 (3.2) 0.067
-7 (5.7) 0.1 (1.6) 0.956
-3 (4.1) -2.6 (4.1) 0.532
m m m m m
m m m m m
m m 14.6 (3.3) 0.000
-13 (5.6) 0.9 (1.6) 0.569
11 (6.2) 3.6 (1.7) 0.032
-5 (5.4) -1.2 (1.8) 0.485
m m m m m
m m m m m
0 (5.0) -2.2 (1.6) 0.178
6 (3.8) 4.6 (1.3) 0.000
m m 9.5 (2.6) 0.000
m m 13.3 (3.3) 0.000
8 (4.0) 6.2 (1.3) 0.000
18 (5.8) 10.4 (3.0) 0.001
26 (3.8) 26.3 (1.2) 0.000
-1 (6.4) 10.5 (2.1) 0.000
12 (5.6) 5.9 (1.6) 0.000
-9 (4.1) 1.2 (2.3) 0.585
-18 (5.7) -0.5 (1.9) 0.801
-11 (5.8) 0.6 (1.5) 0.678
m m 1.6 (2.1) 0.450
-21 (6.1) 3.8 (1.5) 0.010
-7 (4.9) -6.5 (4.9) 0.185
9 (5.1) -2.6 (1.5) 0.080
-17 (7.5) -16.8 (7.5) 0.024
21 (5.9) 8.4 (2.4) 0.001

28 (6.3) 27.0 (3.2) (0.00)
26 (5.8) 25.2 (3.4) 0.000
Table I.5.4b
Distribution of mathematics scores, 2003 through 2015
PISA 2003
10th percentile 25th percentile Median (50th)
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E.
OECD
Australia 399 (3.4) 460 (2.7) 527 (2.4)
Austria 384 (4.4) 439 (4.0) 506 (3.6)
Belgium 381 (4.6) 456 (3.4) 537 (3.0)
Canada 419 (2.5) 474 (2.2) 534 (2.1)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic 392 (5.7) 449 (4.5) 517 (4.2)
Denmark 396 (4.5) 453 (3.7) 516 (3.0)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 438 (2.8) 488 (2.2) 544 (2.0)
France 389 (5.6) 449 (3.7) 514 (2.7)
Germany 363 (5.6) 432 (4.7) 509 (4.4)
Greece 324 (5.1) 382 (4.6) 446 (4.3)
Hungary 370 (4.2) 426 (3.0) 490 (3.2)
Iceland 396 (2.7) 454 (2.8) 518 (2.2)
Ireland 393 (3.2) 445 (3.4) 503 (2.9)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy 342 (5.9) 400 (4.3) 466 (3.2)
Japan 402 (6.3) 467 (5.4) 540 (4.2)
Korea 423 (4.5) 479 (3.7) 544 (3.6)
Latvia 371 (5.1) 424 (3.9) 484 (4.0)
Luxembourg 373 (2.7) 430 (2.2) 495 (1.6)
Mexico 276 (4.7) 327 (4.3) 385 (4.2)
Netherlands 415 (5.8) 471 (5.4) 540 (4.4)
New Zealand 394 (3.9) 455 (2.9) 525 (2.8)
Norway 376 (3.4) 433 (2.9) 495 (3.0)
Poland 376 (3.6) 428 (3.1) 490 (3.0)
Portugal 352 (5.3) 406 (5.0) 467 (3.7)
Slovak Republic 379 (5.8) 436 (4.6) 498 (3.7)
Slovenia m m m mm m
Spain 369 (3.5) 426 (3.0) 487 (2.8)
Sweden 387 (4.4) 446 (3.0) 510 (2.9)
Switzerland 396 (4.2) 461 (3.6) 530 (3.6)
Turkey 300 (5.0) 351 (5.3) 415 (6.5)
United Kingdom m m m mm m
United States 356 (4.5) 418 (3.7) 483 (3.1)
OECD average-30 378 (0.8) 436 (0.7) 501 (0.6)
OECD average-34 m m m mm m
OECD average-35 m m m mm m
Partners
Albania m m m mm m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 233 (5.3) 286 (4.6) 350 (4.7)
Bulgaria m m m mm m
Colombia m m m m m m
Croatia m m m mm m
Dominican Republic m m m mm m
FYROM m m m mm m
Georgia m m m mm m
Hong Kong (China) 417 (8.0) 485 (6.9) 559 (4.8)
Indonesia 260 (4.8) 306 (3.5) 357 (4.0)
Jordan m m m mm m
Kosovo m m m mm m
Lebanon m m m mm m
Lithuania m m m mm m
Macao (China) 414 (6.0) 467 (4.4) 529 (3.9)
Malta m m m mm m
Moldova m m m mm m
Montenegro m m m m m m
Peru m m m mm m
Qatar m m m mm m
Romania m m m mm m
Russia 351 (5.0) 406 (4.8) 467 (4.7)
Singapore m m m mm m
Chinese Taipei m m m mm m
Thailand 316 (3.1) 361 (2.9) 412 (3.4)
Tunisia 256 (3.5) 303 (2.6) 356 (2.9)
United Arab Emirates m m m mm m
Uruguay 291 (3.8) 353 (4.1) 425 (4.1)
Viet Nam m m m mm m
Argentina* m m m mm m
Kazakhstan* m m m mm m
Malaysia* m m m mm m
A 2003 PISA 2006

75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile 25th percentile Median (50th)
592 (2.5) 645 (3.0) 406 (2.7) 460 (2.3) 521 (2.3)
571 (4.2) 626 (4.0) 373 (6.3) 438 (5.5) 511 (4.8)
611 (2.5) 664 (2.4) 381 (6.6) 451 (4.0) 528 (3.0)
593 (2.1) 644 (2.6) 416 (3.3) 470 (2.4) 529 (2.1)
m m m m 302 (4.3) 350 (4.4) 408 (5.2)
584 (4.0) 641 (4.3) 376 (4.7) 441 (4.3) 510 (4.1)
578 (3.1) 632 (3.7) 404 (4.3) 456 (3.4) 514 (2.6)
m m m m 411 (4.3) 461 (3.5) 516 (3.3)
603 (2.3) 652 (2.8) 444 (3.4) 494 (2.6) 550 (2.7)
575 (3.0) 628 (3.6) 369 (5.4) 429 (4.7) 499 (4.2)
578 (3.5) 632 (3.5) 375 (6.8) 437 (4.9) 505 (4.3)
508 (4.3) 566 (5.3) 341 (5.6) 399 (3.9) 461 (3.3)
556 (3.9) 611 (4.7) 377 (3.9) 431 (2.9) 490 (3.3)
578 (1.9) 629 (3.0) 391 (3.6) 446 (2.4) 507 (2.1)
562 (3.0) 614 (3.6) 396 (4.4) 445 (4.1) 503 (3.2)
m m m m 304 (6.9) 368 (5.4) 442 (5.2)
530 (3.0) 589 (3.6) 341 (3.3) 398 (2.7) 462 (2.4)
605 (4.4) 660 (6.1) 404 (5.5) 463 (4.6) 526 (3.8)
606 (4.2) 659 (5.4) 426 (6.1) 485 (4.3) 550 (3.3)
544 (4.7) 596 (4.4) 378 (5.2) 432 (3.6) 489 (3.4)
557 (1.9) 611 (3.2) 368 (3.5) 426 (1.9) 492 (1.5)
444 (4.5) 497 (4.7) 299 (4.9) 349 (3.7) 406 (2.9)
608 (3.8) 657 (3.2) 412 (5.0) 467 (4.6) 534 (3.5)
593 (2.2) 650 (3.2) 401 (4.1) 458 (3.2) 522 (3.1)
560 (3.3) 614 (3.6) 373 (3.8) 428 (3.9) 490 (2.8)
553 (2.9) 607 (3.3) 384 (3.4) 435 (2.8) 495 (3.0)
526 (3.5) 580 (3.3) 348 (5.2) 404 (4.2) 468 (3.6)
565 (3.8) 619 (3.5) 370 (5.1) 433 (3.6) 494 (3.6)
m m m m 390 (2.1) 441 (2.4) 503 (1.9)
546 (3.1) 597 (3.5) 366 (2.8) 421 (3.2) 482 (2.5)
576 (3.2) 630 (3.8) 387 (4.2) 442 (3.5) 503 (3.5)
595 (4.9) 652 (5.2) 401 (4.7) 464 (4.1) 534 (3.6)
485 (8.5) 560 (14.2) 316 (4.0) 360 (3.3) 415 (4.0)
m m m m 381 (3.3) 434 (2.7) 494 (2.5)
550 (3.4) 607 (3.9) 358 (5.8) 411 (4.8) 472 (4.4)
564 (0.7) 619 (0.8) 379 (0.9) 436 (0.7) 499 (0.6)
m m m m 376 (0.8) 432 (0.6) 495 (0.6)
m m m m 376 (0.8) 432 (0.6) 495 (0.6)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m m m m
419 (6.2) 488 (9.5) 255 (4.5) 308 (3.0) 365 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 287 (7.2) 345 (6.1) 412 (6.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 258 (5.6) 311 (4.9) 369 (4.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 361 (3.3) 410 (3.0) 466 (2.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
622 (3.7) 672 (4.1) 423 (6.4) 486 (4.5) 552 (2.7)
412 (4.8) 466 (6.5) 293 (3.9) 336 (4.2) 387 (5.6)
m m m m 279 (4.3) 330 (3.4) 386 (3.3)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 369 (4.3) 426 (3.3) 487 (3.2)
587 (4.0) 639 (5.5) 416 (3.1) 467 (2.1) 526 (1.7)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 291 (3.0) 342 (2.0) 398 (2.0)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 212 (2.2) 257 (1.3) 308 (1.3)
m m m m 307 (7.4) 358 (5.5) 414 (4.6)
530 (5.0) 588 (5.3) 363 (4.8) 416 (4.2) 474 (4.2)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 409 (6.2) 477 (6.1) 557 (5.0)
469 (3.8) 526 (4.7) 317 (3.5) 362 (3.3) 414 (2.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
412 (3.6) 466 (4.8) 250 (3.9) 301 (3.7) 361 (4.0)
m m m m m m m mm m
491 (3.8) 550 (4.4) 296 (4.4) 360 (3.5) 430 (3.1)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 249 (9.8) 316 (7.9) 385 (7.0)

m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
SA and PISA 2015. For countries and economies with more than one available measurement, the average 3-year trend is calculated with a
A 2006 PISA 2009
581 (2.5) 633 (3.3) 393 (2.8) 451 (2.5) 516 (2.5)
577 (4.0) 630 (3.8) m m m mm m
598 (2.5) 650 (2.4) 373 (4.9) 444 (3.1) 522 (2.9)
587 (2.3) 635 (2.3) 413 (2.7) 468 (2.0) 530 (2.0)
470 (5.1) 527 (6.6) 322 (3.8) 366 (3.1) 418 (3.3)
582 (4.7) 644 (4.8) 374 (4.3) 428 (3.5) 490 (3.3)
572 (2.8) 621 (3.4) 390 (4.0) 445 (3.1) 505 (2.9)
570 (3.3) 618 (3.2) 409 (3.5) 458 (3.7) 513 (2.9)
605 (2.6) 652 (2.8) 431 (3.7) 487 (3.0) 544 (2.7)
565 (3.8) 617 (3.8) 361 (6.3) 429 (4.8) 503 (3.9)
574 (3.9) 632 (3.8) 380 (4.7) 443 (4.4) 517 (3.5)
522 (4.0) 575 (4.1) 352 (5.9) 406 (4.4) 467 (4.1)
551 (4.1) 609 (5.0) 370 (7.1) 428 (4.6) 493 (4.2)
567 (2.4) 618 (3.2) 388 (3.5) 447 (2.0) 509 (1.7)
559 (3.1) 608 (3.2) 376 (4.4) 432 (3.1) 493 (3.0)
518 (4.7) 581 (5.0) 310 (6.1) 374 (4.6) 450 (3.5)
527 (2.8) 584 (4.2) 363 (2.4) 420 (1.9) 485 (2.2)
587 (3.0) 638 (3.6) 407 (5.4) 468 (4.4) 532 (3.4)
612 (4.4) 664 (6.9) 430 (6.8) 486 (5.3) 549 (4.3)
542 (3.2) 590 (3.4) 379 (4.5) 427 (3.7) 483 (3.8)
555 (1.9) 610 (2.7) 360 (3.1) 423 (1.7) 491 (1.7)
463 (2.8) 514 (3.3) 318 (2.6) 366 (2.2) 419 (1.9)
596 (2.7) 645 (3.3) 406 (5.6) 460 (6.8) 529 (6.0)
587 (3.0) 643 (4.0) 392 (4.4) 454 (2.8) 523 (2.9)
552 (2.8) 609 (3.3) 387 (3.6) 441 (3.2) 499 (2.9)
557 (3.3) 610 (3.7) 380 (3.8) 434 (3.3) 495 (3.0)
530 (3.0) 583 (2.8) 367 (3.5) 424 (3.4) 488 (3.4)
558 (3.5) 611 (4.4) 376 (4.7) 432 (3.7) 497 (3.7)
566 (2.1) 623 (2.7) 379 (2.4) 435 (2.5) 501 (1.8)
542 (2.5) 593 (2.9) 364 (2.9) 424 (2.5) 488 (2.4)
565 (3.2) 617 (2.8) 374 (4.2) 432 (3.1) 496 (3.5)
600 (3.7) 652 (3.7) 401 (3.6) 468 (4.2) 539 (3.6)
477 (7.2) 550 (12.4) 331 (3.6) 378 (3.8) 439 (4.7)
557 (2.5) 612 (3.2) 380 (3.1) 434 (3.0) 493 (2.9)
537 (5.0) 593 (4.8) 368 (4.3) 425 (3.9) 488 (3.8)
561 (0.6) 614 (0.8) m m m mm m
557 (0.6) 611 (0.7) 377 (0.7) 433 (0.6) 497 (0.6)
557 (0.6) 611 (0.7) m m m mm m
m m m m 261 (5.0) 317 (5.2) 380 (4.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
427 (3.7) 487 (5.8) 287 (2.7) 331 (2.3) 381 (2.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
481 (6.8) 543 (8.4) 302 (5.8) 359 (6.2) 428 (6.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
428 (4.6) 482 (3.8) 286 (5.1) 330 (4.0) 379 (3.4)
m m m m 319 (3.3) 361 (2.8) 408 (3.4)
524 (3.3) 576 (3.6) 347 (4.1) 399 (3.5) 460 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 272 (4.3) 321 (3.2) 379 (2.9)
614 (3.1) 665 (3.5) 428 (4.9) 492 (3.5) 559 (3.0)
444 (9.3) 498 (9.4) 284 (4.6) 324 (3.7) 369 (3.8)
441 (3.9) 489 (5.0) 281 (4.8) 333 (3.5) 389 (3.7)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
549 (3.6) 602 (4.9) 363 (4.2) 417 (3.0) 477 (2.9)
585 (2.0) 632 (2.4) 415 (2.7) 468 (1.5) 527 (2.0)
m m m m 325 (4.0) 392 (2.8) 467 (2.4)
m m m m 289 (4.1) 340 (3.8) 397 (3.4)
456 (2.4) 510 (2.4) 295 (4.4) 346 (2.8) 403 (2.3)
m m m m 252 (4.0) 303 (3.7) 363 (4.2)
368 (1.7) 438 (2.7) 255 (1.5) 300 (1.3) 355 (1.3)
470 (4.9) 523 (7.1) 326 (4.1) 372 (4.0) 426 (3.8)
535 (5.1) 592 (5.3) 360 (4.5) 411 (4.2) 467 (3.5)
m m m m 422 (4.1) 490 (2.9) 568 (2.4)
625 (3.3) 677 (3.4) 405 (3.8) 471 (3.6) 547 (4.2)
470 (2.9) 524 (3.7) 321 (4.2) 365 (3.5) 415 (3.2)
m m m m 287 (2.7) 342 (2.5) 412 (2.1)
427 (5.5) 488 (7.8) 273 (4.3) 318 (3.7) 371 (3.1)
m m m m m m m mm m
495 (3.5) 551 (5.5) 310 (4.0) 364 (3.4) 426 (3.2)
m m m m m m m mm m
451 (6.9) 508 (7.6) 271 (6.0) 327 (4.3) 388 (4.4)
m m m m 303 (3.3) 347 (3.5) 401 (3.3)
m m m m 312 (2.9) 354 (2.4) 403 (2.8)
3-year trend is calculated with a linear regression model. This model considers that Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the
A 2009 PISA 2012
580 (3.1) 634 (3.9) 382 (2.3) 437 (2.0) 503 (1.9)
m m m m 384 (3.9) 440 (3.2) 506 (3.3)
593 (2.4) 646 (3.0) 378 (3.9) 443 (3.4) 517 (2.8)
588 (1.9) 638 (2.2) 402 (2.4) 457 (2.1) 518 (2.2)
473 (4.2) 527 (5.1) 323 (3.7) 365 (3.5) 417 (3.4)
557 (3.8) 615 (4.3) 377 (4.9) 432 (3.9) 500 (3.4)
564 (3.3) 614 (3.4) 393 (4.0) 444 (3.3) 501 (2.7)
567 (2.7) 616 (3.6) 417 (3.0) 465 (2.7) 519 (2.6)
599 (2.5) 644 (2.6) 409 (3.3) 463 (2.5) 520 (2.4)
570 (3.7) 622 (3.9) 365 (4.7) 429 (2.7) 497 (2.9)
585 (3.1) 638 (3.5) 385 (4.7) 447 (3.6) 516 (3.3)
527 (3.6) 580 (4.1) 338 (3.8) 393 (3.6) 453 (3.2)
554 (4.5) 608 (5.6) 358 (4.2) 411 (3.3) 474 (3.6)
569 (2.0) 623 (2.8) 372 (2.8) 431 (2.6) 494 (2.3)
548 (2.8) 591 (3.1) 391 (3.6) 445 (3.2) 503 (2.9)
520 (4.2) 581 (5.2) 328 (5.7) 393 (5.1) 468 (5.2)
548 (2.5) 602 (2.5) 366 (2.2) 421 (2.3) 485 (2.4)
595 (3.7) 648 (4.8) 415 (5.1) 473 (4.2) 538 (3.9)
609 (4.3) 659 (4.6) 425 (5.8) 486 (4.8) 557 (4.8)
537 (3.8) 584 (3.8) 387 (4.4) 434 (3.3) 489 (3.4)
560 (2.2) 613 (2.5) 363 (3.0) 422 (1.5) 491 (1.7)
472 (2.1) 520 (2.8) 320 (1.9) 362 (1.6) 411 (1.6)
593 (4.4) 640 (4.4) 397 (5.5) 457 (5.1) 529 (4.7)
589 (3.1) 642 (3.9) 371 (3.6) 428 (3.2) 499 (2.8)
557 (2.9) 608 (3.4) 373 (3.9) 428 (2.9) 490 (2.9)
557 (3.2) 609 (4.1) 402 (2.8) 454 (3.3) 514 (3.8)
551 (3.4) 605 (4.3) 363 (4.2) 421 (5.0) 488 (4.7)
561 (3.8) 621 (5.4) 352 (6.2) 413 (4.2) 481 (3.8)
569 (2.3) 628 (3.6) 384 (2.5) 434 (2.0) 498 (2.2)
546 (2.3) 597 (2.3) 370 (3.1) 424 (2.6) 486 (2.3)
560 (3.3) 613 (3.9) 360 (3.5) 415 (2.9) 478 (2.6)
604 (3.9) 658 (4.1) 408 (3.3) 466 (3.4) 534 (3.5)
506 (6.3) 574 (9.0) 339 (3.3) 382 (3.6) 438 (4.8)
552 (3.2) 606 (3.9) 371 (5.0) 429 (4.2) 495 (3.5)
551 (4.9) 607 (4.6) 368 (3.9) 418 (3.7) 477 (4.0)
m m m m 377 (0.7) 433 (0.6) 496 (0.6)
559 (0.6) 612 (0.7) 375 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 493 (0.6)
m m m m 375 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 494 (0.6)
438 (4.8) 493 (5.7) 278 (4.8) 338 (3.0) 397 (2.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
435 (3.3) 493 (4.7) 294 (2.1) 334 (1.9) 383 (1.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
496 (6.6) 555 (9.0) 320 (4.8) 372 (4.7) 436 (4.4)
m m m m 296 (16.0) 362 (8.4) 427 (7.5)
431 (3.4) 479 (4.2) 285 (4.0) 326 (2.8) 373 (2.9)
457 (3.6) 502 (4.7) 323 (3.8) 361 (3.6) 403 (3.1)
521 (3.8) 574 (5.4) 360 (3.3) 408 (3.6) 468 (3.5)
m m m m 320 (2.6) 376 (1.6) 439 (1.7)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
436 (3.3) 488 (4.1) m m m mm m
622 (3.1) 673 (3.9) 430 (6.2) 499 (4.7) 569 (3.8)
416 (4.6) 462 (6.4) 288 (4.2) 327 (3.8) 370 (3.6)
443 (4.4) 490 (5.5) 290 (4.0) 335 (3.2) 383 (3.1)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
537 (3.1) 590 (4.0) 364 (3.5) 418 (3.1) 478 (3.2)
584 (1.3) 634 (1.6) 415 (2.8) 476 (1.7) 542 (1.7)
538 (2.6) 596 (2.9) m m m mm m
456 (4.0) 508 (4.6) m m m mm m
458 (2.2) 509 (2.7) 306 (2.0) 352 (1.7) 406 (2.1)
424 (5.2) 480 (6.4) 264 (3.4) 311 (3.6) 364 (3.8)
425 (1.5) 506 (2.4) 257 (1.7) 306 (1.3) 365 (1.1)
481 (3.6) 530 (5.4) 344 (3.5) 386 (3.8) 439 (4.0)
524 (3.8) 576 (5.3) 371 (3.9) 423 (3.1) 481 (3.3)
638 (2.0) 693 (2.5) 432 (3.6) 501 (2.7) 579 (2.5)
618 (4.6) 675 (5.4) 402 (4.8) 478 (4.8) 567 (4.2)
469 (3.7) 522 (5.4) 328 (3.1) 372 (2.6) 421 (3.3)
484 (2.5) 545 (1.8) m m m m m m
423 (3.4) 471 (4.9) 292 (4.3) 334 (3.7) 384 (3.8)
m m m m 323 (2.5) 370 (2.9) 429 (2.8)
490 (3.1) 546 (4.1) 297 (4.1) 347 (3.0) 407 (3.2)
m m m m 401 (7.4) 454 (5.3) 510 (5.0)
451 (5.0) 509 (7.1) 292 (4.6) 337 (3.8) 388 (4.2)
458 (4.3) 514 (5.3) 343 (2.5) 383 (2.8) 429 (3.1)
453 (3.4) 500 (4.7) 319 (3.2) 363 (3.1) 417 (3.4)
alta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
A 2012 PISA 2015
571 (2.3) 630 (3.0) 371 (2.5) 430 (2.0) 495 (2.1)
572 (3.5) 624 (3.8) 370 (4.5) 431 (3.9) 501 (3.6)
589 (2.8) 646 (2.5) 374 (3.9) 438 (3.5) 513 (3.0)
580 (2.3) 633 (2.3) 400 (3.2) 456 (2.9) 518 (2.5)
476 (4.2) 532 (4.2) 313 (3.5) 363 (2.9) 422 (3.0)
566 (3.3) 621 (3.6) 373 (4.2) 431 (3.4) 494 (2.8)
556 (2.7) 607 (3.1) 405 (3.2) 457 (2.9) 513 (2.7)
576 (2.7) 626 (3.2) 415 (3.1) 464 (2.6) 521 (2.3)
577 (2.4) 629 (3.1) 404 (3.8) 456 (3.1) 514 (2.7)
565 (3.4) 621 (3.5) 364 (3.9) 425 (3.3) 499 (2.9)
583 (3.6) 637 (3.8) 389 (4.1) 445 (3.5) 508 (3.2)
513 (2.8) 567 (3.1) 336 (5.3) 391 (5.0) 455 (4.0)
540 (4.8) 603 (6.4) 351 (4.1) 411 (3.7) 480 (3.3)
557 (3.0) 612 (3.3) 367 (3.6) 424 (3.0) 489 (2.7)
559 (2.4) 610 (2.5) 400 (3.8) 450 (2.7) 505 (2.3)
541 (5.3) 603 (6.0) 332 (4.7) 396 (4.3) 473 (4.5)
550 (2.7) 607 (3.0) 368 (3.8) 426 (3.3) 491 (3.2)
603 (4.4) 657 (5.1) 416 (4.4) 474 (3.5) 536 (3.5)
624 (5.1) 679 (6.0) 391 (5.5) 458 (4.5) 529 (4.3)
546 (3.8) 597 (3.7) 382 (3.0) 430 (2.7) 483 (2.3)
558 (1.6) 613 (2.2) 363 (2.2) 417 (2.1) 487 (1.9)
462 (1.7) 510 (2.0) 312 (2.6) 357 (2.5) 407 (2.6)
591 (4.3) 638 (3.7) 390 (3.9) 449 (3.3) 516 (2.8)
570 (2.8) 632 (3.0) 375 (3.8) 431 (3.2) 497 (2.9)
552 (3.3) 604 (3.4) 391 (3.4) 444 (2.5) 504 (2.7)
580 (4.9) 636 (6.0) 391 (4.1) 443 (3.0) 505 (2.5)
554 (4.3) 610 (3.9) 365 (3.8) 424 (3.1) 495 (3.1)
553 (4.7) 613 (5.3) 349 (4.2) 412 (3.9) 479 (3.2)
566 (2.1) 624 (2.9) 394 (2.5) 449 (2.1) 512 (2.0)
546 (2.1) 597 (2.4) 374 (3.4) 428 (2.8) 489 (2.6)
543 (2.7) 596 (2.9) 376 (4.4) 433 (3.8) 496 (3.5)
597 (3.6) 651 (4.3) 394 (4.4) 455 (3.9) 526 (3.3)
507 (8.0) 577 (9.7) 317 (3.9) 363 (3.8) 417 (4.7)
560 (3.7) 616 (4.1) 371 (3.7) 430 (3.2) 496 (2.9)
543 (4.4) 600 (4.3) 355 (3.9) 408 (3.9) 470 (3.5)
560 (0.7) 615 (0.8) 374 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 494 (0.6)
558 (0.6) 613 (0.7) 373 (0.7) 428 (0.6) 492 (0.5)
558 (0.6) 613 (0.7) 373 (0.7) 428 (0.6) 492 (0.5)
454 (2.4) 510 (3.5) 303 (4.3) 354 (4.0) 413 (4.2)
m m m m 271 (3.8) 312 (3.0) 357 (2.8)
437 (2.6) 492 (4.2) 267 (3.3) 315 (3.1) 371 (3.1)
m m m m 388 (5.9) 458 (5.9) 538 (5.4)
503 (5.2) 565 (5.6) 315 (5.2) 371 (4.7) 441 (4.8)
481 (7.1) 532 (7.9) 340 (8.9) 397 (7.3) 457 (8.0)
423 (3.6) 474 (4.8) 293 (3.1) 335 (2.9) 386 (2.6)
449 (3.9) 496 (5.1) 315 (2.9) 353 (2.5) 398 (2.6)
531 (4.5) 589 (7.3) 351 (4.2) 402 (3.7) 462 (3.4)
503 (2.0) 561 (2.1) 317 (3.5) 373 (2.2) 438 (1.7)
m m m m 243 (3.9) 281 (3.2) 324 (3.1)
m m m m 251 (3.0) 306 (2.0) 369 (1.6)
m m m m 285 (4.3) 341 (3.6) 403 (3.1)
629 (3.5) 679 (4.2) 426 (5.0) 490 (4.3) 554 (3.3)
418 (5.2) 469 (7.8) 289 (4.1) 331 (3.5) 381 (3.3)
435 (3.3) 485 (4.3) 271 (4.0) 324 (3.2) 382 (2.9)
m m m m 265 (2.9) 310 (2.3) 360 (2.0)
m m m m 268 (5.2) 324 (4.7) 392 (4.5)
540 (3.3) 596 (3.5) 365 (3.8) 419 (3.0) 479 (2.7)
605 (1.7) 657 (2.3) 439 (2.4) 491 (1.7) 547 (1.5)
m m m m 331 (3.5) 405 (2.5) 485 (2.7)
m m m m 303 (3.7) 358 (3.4) 419 (3.1)
465 (2.0) 520 (2.7) 308 (2.8) 358 (2.2) 416 (2.1)
421 (4.9) 478 (6.7) 283 (2.6) 329 (2.7) 384 (2.8)
440 (1.7) 514 (1.9) 278 (2.0) 331 (1.8) 397 (1.8)
497 (4.8) 553 (6.1) 334 (4.6) 384 (4.3) 442 (4.3)
540 (3.6) 595 (4.7) 387 (4.6) 437 (3.4) 494 (3.5)
650 (1.9) 707 (2.3) 436 (2.6) 500 (2.4) 571 (2.0)
645 (3.4) 703 (4.9) 404 (4.2) 474 (3.6) 548 (3.2)
476 (4.8) 535 (7.3) 313 (3.7) 360 (3.1) 412 (3.2)
m m m m 294 (3.0) 348 (2.4) 415 (2.3)
437 (4.5) 488 (7.3) 263 (4.6) 310 (3.3) 363 (3.1)
494 (2.9) 555 (3.9) 306 (3.3) 360 (2.9) 423 (3.0)
470 (3.6) 526 (3.8) 309 (2.7) 357 (3.3) 415 (2.9)
568 (5.5) 623 (6.8) 388 (5.4) 436 (4.7) 492 (4.7)
440 (4.5) 488 (4.1) 306 (3.4) 354 (3.5) 407 (3.4)
478 (4.4) 527 (5.7) 357 (4.9) 403 (4.7) 457 (4.5)
474 (4.3) 530 (4.9) 343 (3.9) 391 (3.4) 447 (3.6)
Change in percentiles between 2003 and 2015
A 2015
(PISA 2015 - PISA 2003)
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
559 (2.1) 613 (2.8) -27 (7.0) -30 (6.6) -32 (6.5)
564 (3.4) 618 (3.7) -14 (8.5) -8 (7.9) -5 (7.6)
579 (2.5) 630 (2.5) -6 (8.2) -18 (7.5) -24 (7.0)
577 (2.6) 627 (3.2) -19 (6.9) -18 (6.7) -16 (6.5)
483 (3.5) 534 (3.6) m m m m m m
555 (2.9) 608 (3.6) -18 (9.0) -19 (8.0) -23 (7.6)
567 (2.5) 614 (2.9) 9 (7.9) 3 (7.3) -3 (6.9)
576 (2.6) 623 (2.7) m m m m m m
568 (2.4) 614 (2.9) -34 (7.3) -32 (6.8) -30 (6.6)
564 (2.6) 613 (2.7) -25 (8.8) -24 (7.5) -16 (6.9)
568 (3.4) 620 (3.4) 26 (9.0) 13 (8.1) -1 (7.8)
517 (4.0) 570 (3.7) 13 (9.3) 8 (8.8) 9 (8.1)
543 (3.2) 598 (3.5) -18 (8.1) -15 (7.4) -10 (7.3)
553 (2.7) 608 (4.0) -29 (7.2) -30 (7.0) -30 (6.6)
559 (2.2) 606 (2.6) 7 (7.5) 5 (7.1) 2 (6.7)
545 (4.3) 601 (4.9) m m m m m m
555 (3.6) 610 (3.8) 26 (9.0) 25 (7.8) 25 (7.2)
594 (3.5) 643 (4.2) 14 (9.5) 6 (8.5) -3 (7.8)
594 (4.2) 649 (4.3) -31 (9.0) -22 (8.1) -15 (7.9)
536 (2.1) 582 (2.9) 11 (8.2) 6 (7.3) -1 (7.3)
553 (2.0) 607 (2.5) -9 (6.6) -13 (6.4) -9 (6.1)
459 (2.9) 505 (3.5) 36 (7.8) 30 (7.5) 23 (7.5)
579 (2.4) 627 (3.1) -26 (9.0) -22 (8.5) -23 (7.7)
560 (2.8) 613 (3.1) -20 (7.8) -25 (7.1) -29 (6.9)
561 (2.7) 610 (3.0) 15 (7.4) 11 (6.8) 8 (6.9)
565 (3.0) 617 (3.6) 15 (7.8) 15 (7.1) 15 (6.9)
561 (2.8) 614 (3.6) 13 (8.6) 18 (8.1) 27 (7.4)
543 (2.8) 596 (3.3) -30 (9.1) -24 (8.2) -19 (7.5)
572 (1.9) 622 (3.0) m m m m m m
546 (2.5) 593 (3.3) 5 (7.5) 2 (6.9) 2 (6.8)
557 (4.0) 609 (3.9) -11 (8.4) -13 (7.4) -13 (7.2)
590 (3.4) 641 (3.4) -2 (8.3) -6 (7.7) -4 (7.5)
477 (6.0) 529 (6.3) 17 (8.5) 12 (8.6) 3 (9.8)
556 (3.1) 610 (3.1) m m m m m m
532 (3.5) 585 (4.2) -2 (8.2) -10 (7.7) -14 (7.3)
555 (0.6) 606 (0.6) -4 (5.7) -6 (5.7) -7 (5.7)
553 (0.5) 604 (0.6) m m m m m m
553 (0.5) 605 (0.6) m m m m m m
472 (4.2) 525 (4.4) m m m m m m
405 (3.6) 452 (4.4) m m m m m m
434 (3.7) 496 (4.7) 34 (8.4) 29 (7.9) 21 (8.0)
609 (5.8) 664 (5.6) m m m m m m
509 (4.9) 568 (5.6) m m m m m m
518 (8.1) 571 (8.7) m m m m m m
441 (2.7) 492 (3.3) m m m m m m
445 (3.0) 489 (4.2) m m m m m m
525 (3.3) 580 (3.6) m m m m m m
501 (2.2) 558 (3.0) m m m m m m
373 (3.6) 418 (4.7) m m m m m m
434 (2.4) 496 (3.4) m m m m m m
467 (3.4) 525 (4.7) m m m m m m
611 (2.8) 659 (3.5) 10 (11.0) 6 (9.9) -6 (8.1)
436 (3.9) 492 (5.4) 28 (8.4) 25 (7.5) 24 (7.7)
439 (3.2) 489 (3.2) m m m m m m
413 (2.6) 460 (4.2) m m m m m m
464 (4.6) 531 (5.5) m m m m m m
539 (2.9) 590 (3.5) m m m m m m
599 (1.9) 643 (2.5) 25 (8.5) 24 (7.3) 18 (7.0)
558 (2.5) 616 (3.0) m m m m m m
482 (3.3) 536 (4.1) m m m m m m
477 (2.4) 531 (2.3) m m m m m m
442 (4.0) 495 (4.3) m m m m m m
470 (1.6) 536 (2.0) m m m m m m
502 (4.6) 557 (5.4) m m m m m m
552 (3.4) 601 (3.8) 37 (8.8) 31 (8.1) 27 (8.1)
632 (1.6) 682 (2.4) m m m m m m
616 (3.6) 670 (4.6) m m m m m m
468 (4.0) 521 (5.2) -3 (7.4) -1 (7.0) 1 (7.3)
484 (2.1) 545 (3.3) m m m m m m
421 (3.6) 476 (5.0) 6 (8.1) 7 (7.0) 7 (7.0)
493 (3.2) 557 (3.5) m m m m m m
477 (3.4) 532 (3.6) 18 (7.3) 3 (7.7) -10 (7.5)
551 (4.9) 604 (6.9) m m m m m m
463 (3.7) 514 (4.1) m m m m m m

513 (5.1) 567 (6.3) m m m m m m
501 (3.9) 549 (4.5) m m m m m m
between 2003 and 2015 Change in percentiles between 2012 and 2015
- PISA 2003) (PISA 2015 - PISA 2012)
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
-33 (6.5) -31 (7.0) -11 (4.9) -7 (4.5) -8 (4.6)

-7 (7.8) -9 (7.8) -14 (7.0) -9 (6.1) -5 (6.1)
-32 (6.6) -35 (6.6) -4 (6.6) -5 (6.0) -4 (5.4)
-17 (6.5) -17 (6.9) -2 (5.3) -2 (5.0) -1 (4.9)
m m m m -10 (6.2) -2 (5.8) 5 (5.8)
-29 (7.4) -32 (8.0) -4 (7.4) -2 (6.2) -6 (5.6)
-11 (6.9) -17 (7.3) 12 (6.3) 12 (5.7) 13 (5.2)
m m m m -3 (5.6) -2 (5.2) 2 (5.0)
-35 (6.5) -37 (6.9) -5 (6.1) -6 (5.3) -6 (5.1)
-12 (6.9) -15 (7.2) -1 (7.1) -4 (5.5) 2 (5.4)
-10 (7.4) -13 (7.4) 5 (7.2) -2 (6.1) -8 (5.8)
10 (8.1) 4 (8.5) -2 (7.5) -2 (7.1) 2 (6.2)
-13 (7.6) -13 (8.1) -7 (6.9) -1 (6.1) 5 (6.0)
-25 (6.5) -21 (7.5) -6 (5.8) -7 (5.3) -5 (5.0)
-3 (6.7) -8 (7.1) 9 (6.3) 5 (5.5) 2 (5.1)
m m m m 3 (8.1) 3 (7.6) 5 (7.8)
25 (7.3) 20 (7.7) 3 (5.7) 5 (5.4) 6 (5.4)
-11 (7.9) -17 (9.3) 1 (7.6) 0 (6.5) -2 (6.3)
-12 (8.2) -10 (8.9) -34 (8.7) -29 (7.5) -28 (7.4)
-8 (7.6) -15 (7.7) -5 (6.4) -4 (5.5) -6 (5.4)
-4 (6.3) -4 (6.9) 0 (5.2) -4 (4.4) -5 (4.4)
16 (7.7) 8 (8.1) -8 (4.8) -6 (4.7) -4 (4.7)
-29 (7.2) -29 (7.2) -7 (7.6) -8 (7.0) -12 (6.5)
-33 (6.6) -37 (7.2) 3 (6.3) 2 (5.8) -2 (5.4)
1 (7.1) -4 (7.3) 18 (6.3) 16 (5.2) 13 (5.3)
12 (7.0) 10 (7.5) -10 (6.1) -10 (5.7) -9 (5.8)
35 (7.2) 34 (7.4) 2 (6.7) 4 (6.8) 6 (6.7)
-21 (7.3) -23 (7.4) -3 (8.3) -1 (6.7) -2 (6.1)
m m m m 10 (5.0) 16 (4.6) 14 (4.6)
-1 (6.9) -4 (7.4) 4 (5.8) 4 (5.2) 3 (4.9)
-18 (7.6) -22 (7.8) 16 (6.7) 18 (6.0) 18 (5.6)
-5 (8.2) -11 (8.4) -14 (6.6) -12 (6.3) -7 (6.0)
-8 (11.9) -30 (16.5) -22 (6.2) -19 (6.3) -21 (7.6)
m m m m 0 (7.2) 1 (6.3) 1 (5.8)
-18 (7.4) -23 (8.0) -13 (6.6) -10 (6.4) -8 (6.4)
-10 (5.7) -13 (5.7) -3 (3.7) -3 (3.6) -3 (3.6)
m m m m -2 (3.7) -2 (3.6) -1 (3.6)
m m m m -3 (3.7) -2 (3.6) -1 (3.6)
m m m m 25 (7.3) 17 (6.1) 16 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
15 (9.1) 8 (12.0) -27 (5.3) -20 (5.1) -11 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -5 (7.9) -1 (7.5) 5 (7.4)
m m m m 44 (18.6) 35 (11.7) 30 (11.5)
m m m m 8 (6.2) 10 (5.4) 14 (5.3)
m m m m -9 (5.9) -8 (5.6) -5 (5.4)
m m m m -9 (6.4) -6 (6.2) -6 (6.1)
m m m m -3 (5.6) -3 (4.5) -2 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-11 (7.3) -13 (7.8) -4 (8.7) -8 (7.3) -15 (6.2)
24 (8.3) 26 (10.2) 1 (6.8) 4 (6.3) 11 (6.1)
m m m m -19 (6.7) -11 (5.7) -2 (5.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 1 (6.3) 1 (5.6) 1 (5.5)
12 (7.2) 4 (8.2) 24 (5.1) 16 (4.3) 5 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 1 (5.0) 6 (4.5) 10 (4.6)
m m m m 19 (5.5) 19 (5.8) 20 (5.9)
m m m m 21 (4.4) 25 (4.2) 32 (4.1)
m m m m -10 (6.8) -2 (6.7) 3 (6.8)
22 (8.2) 13 (8.6) 16 (7.0) 14 (5.8) 13 (6.0)
m m m m 4 (5.7) 0 (5.1) -9 (4.7)
m m m m 2 (7.3) -4 (7.0) -18 (6.4)
-1 (7.9) -5 (9.0) -15 (6.0) -12 (5.4) -8 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
9 (7.6) 10 (8.9) -29 (7.2) -24 (6.1) -21 (6.1)
m m m m -17 (5.4) -10 (5.4) -5 (5.5)
-14 (7.6) -18 (8.0) 11 (6.1) 9 (5.7) 8 (5.6)
m m m m -13 (9.8) -18 (7.9) -18 (7.7)
m m m m 15 (6.8) 17 (6.3) 19 (6.5)

m m m m 13 (6.6) 21 (6.5) 28 (6.5)
m m m m 23 (6.2) 28 (5.8) 30 (6.1)
between 2012 and 2015
Average 3-year trend in mathematics performance percentiles across PIS
- PISA 2012)
-12 (4.7) -17 (5.4) -8 (1.4) -8 (1.4) -8 (1.4)

-8 (6.0) -6 (6.4) -2 (1.9) -1 (1.7) -2 (1.6)
-10 (5.1) -16 (5.0) -2 (1.8) -4 (1.6) -6 (1.5)
-4 (4.9) -6 (5.3) -5 (1.5) -5 (1.4) -4 (1.4)
6 (6.6) 2 (6.6) 3 (2.1) 4 (2.0) 4 (2.1)
-11 (5.6) -12 (6.2) -4 (1.9) -5 (1.7) -5 (1.6)
11 (5.1) 7 (5.5) 1 (1.6) 0 (1.6) -2 (1.4)
0 (5.2) -3 (5.5) 2 (1.9) 1 (1.7) 2 (1.6)
-9 (4.9) -14 (5.5) -10 (1.6) -10 (1.5) -9 (1.4)
-1 (5.6) -9 (5.7) -5 (1.9) -5 (1.6) -3 (1.5)
-15 (6.0) -17 (6.2) 6 (1.9) 4 (1.7) 1 (1.7)
4 (6.1) 3 (6.0) 2 (1.9) 1 (1.8) 1 (1.7)
3 (6.8) -5 (8.1) -5 (1.8) -5 (1.5) -4 (1.5)
-3 (5.3) -4 (6.3) -8 (1.5) -8 (1.4) -7 (1.4)
0 (4.8) -4 (5.0) 1 (1.6) 1 (1.5) 0 (1.4)
4 (7.7) -2 (8.5) 10 (2.8) 10 (2.4) 11 (2.4)
5 (5.7) 3 (6.0) 7 (1.8) 7 (1.6) 7 (1.5)
-9 (6.6) -14 (7.5) 4 (2.0) 2 (1.8) 1 (1.7)
-30 (7.5) -30 (8.2) -6 (1.9) -4 (1.8) -2 (1.7)
-10 (5.6) -16 (5.9) 3 (1.9) 1 (1.6) 0 (1.5)
-5 (4.4) -6 (4.9) -2 (1.3) -3 (1.3) -2 (1.3)
-3 (4.9) -5 (5.4) 9 (1.6) 7 (1.5) 5 (1.5)
-12 (6.1) -11 (6.0) -7 (1.9) -5 (1.9) -5 (1.6)
-10 (5.3) -19 (5.6) -7 (1.6) -8 (1.5) -8 (1.5)
9 (5.5) 6 (5.8) 3 (1.6) 2 (1.4) 2 (1.5)
-15 (6.7) -19 (7.9) 5 (1.6) 5 (1.5) 5 (1.5)
7 (6.3) 4 (6.4) 4 (1.8) 5 (1.7) 8 (1.6)
-9 (6.5) -17 (7.2) -8 (2.1) -7 (1.8) -5 (1.6)
5 (4.5) -2 (5.5) 1 (1.4) 2 (1.4) 3 (1.4)
-1 (4.8) -4 (5.4) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.4)
15 (6.0) 12 (6.0) -5 (1.7) -5 (1.5) -5 (1.6)
-7 (6.1) -10 (6.5) 0 (1.7) -1 (1.6) -1 (1.6)
-30 (10.7) -48 (12.1) 6 (1.8) 5 (1.8) 3 (2.1)
-3 (6.0) -6 (6.2) -4 (2.1) -2 (1.8) 1 (1.7)
-12 (6.7) -16 (7.0) 1 (1.8) -1 (1.7) -2 (1.6)
-6 (3.7) -10 (3.7) -1 (1.2) -1 (1.2) -2 (1.2)
-4 (3.6) -9 (3.7) 0 (1.2) -1 (1.2) -1 (1.1)
-5 (3.6) -9 (3.7) 0 (1.2) -1 (1.2) -1 (1.1)
17 (6.0) 15 (6.6) 21 (4.0) 18 (3.8) 16 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
-3 (5.8) 4 (7.2) 11 (1.8) 9 (1.6) 6 (1.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
6 (8.0) 3 (8.7) 10 (3.2) 9 (2.7) 9 (2.7)
37 (11.3) 39 (12.3) 44 (18.6) 35 (11.7) 30 (11.5)
18 (5.7) 18 (6.8) 11 (2.5) 7 (2.2) 4 (1.9)
-4 (6.1) -7 (7.5) -3 (3.3) -5 (3.0) -6 (3.3)
-6 (6.6) -9 (8.8) -2 (2.0) -2 (1.9) 0 (1.9)
-3 (4.6) -3 (5.1) -3 (5.6) -3 (4.5) -2 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 8 (4.9) 12 (3.9) 15 (3.2)
-18 (5.7) -21 (6.5) 3 (2.3) 3 (2.1) 1 (1.7)
17 (7.4) 23 (10.1) 5 (1.8) 4 (1.6) 3 (1.7)
3 (5.8) 5 (6.4) -1 (2.1) -2 (1.9) -2 (1.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-2 (5.6) -6 (6.1) -1 (1.9) -2 (1.7) -2 (1.7)
-6 (4.4) -13 (4.9) 5 (1.8) 6 (1.5) 5 (1.4)
m m m m 3 (3.4) 8 (3.4) 10 (3.1)
m m m m 9 (3.9) 11 (3.9) 14 (3.4)
13 (4.8) 11 (5.0) 6 (1.5) 5 (1.5) 6 (1.5)
21 (7.2) 17 (8.8) 16 (3.0) 13 (2.9) 10 (3.1)
30 (4.2) 22 (4.5) 20 (1.5) 23 (1.3) 28 (1.3)
5 (7.5) 4 (8.9) 10 (3.1) 9 (2.4) 10 (2.3)
12 (6.1) 6 (7.0) 8 (1.9) 7 (1.8) 6 (1.7)
-17 (4.3) -25 (4.9) 7 (3.5) 6 (2.7) 2 (2.3)
-29 (6.1) -34 (7.6) -2 (2.5) 0 (2.4) -1 (2.2)
-8 (7.2) -14 (9.6) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.6)
m m m m 4 (2.9) 3 (2.6) 2 (2.6)
-17 (6.8) -13 (9.6) 5 (1.8) 4 (1.5) 4 (1.5)
-1 (5.6) 2 (6.3) -17 (5.4) -10 (5.4) -5 (5.5)
7 (6.1) 6 (6.4) 4 (1.6) -1 (1.6) -4 (1.6)
-17 (8.1) -19 (10.4) -13 (9.8) -18 (7.9) -18 (7.7)
23 (6.8) 26 (6.8) 19 (3.5) 12 (2.9) 7 (2.7)

35 (7.6) 41 (9.2) 27 (3.3) 28 (3.1) 28 (3.4)
27 (6.8) 19 (7.6) 19 (3.5) 22 (3.5) 27 (3.6)
mance percentiles across PISA assessments
75th percentile 90th percentile
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
-8 (1.3) -7 (1.4)
-2 (1.6) -2 (1.7)
-7 (1.4) -7 (1.4)
-4 (1.3) -3 (1.5)
4 (2.3) 3 (2.6)
-7 (1.6) -9 (1.7)
-4 (1.5) -5 (1.5)
3 (1.8) 3 (1.7)
-10 (1.4) -10 (1.4)
-2 (1.5) -3 (1.5)
-1 (1.6) -2 (1.6)
1 (1.7) 0 (1.7)
-4 (1.6) -3 (1.9)
-6 (1.4) -5 (1.6)
-1 (1.4) -1 (1.4)
10 (2.4) 8 (2.4)
7 (1.5) 6 (1.7)
-1 (1.7) -1 (2.0)
-1 (1.8) 0 (2.0)
-1 (1.6) -2 (1.6)
-1 (1.3) -1 (1.4)
3 (1.6) 1 (1.7)
-6 (1.5) -6 (1.5)
-8 (1.4) -9 (1.7)
0 (1.5) -1 (1.5)
5 (1.5) 4 (1.7)
9 (1.5) 10 (1.6)
-5 (1.6) -4 (1.7)
2 (1.5) 0 (1.8)
0 (1.4) 0 (1.6)
-6 (1.5) -7 (1.6)
-2 (1.7) -2 (1.8)
2 (2.6) -4 (3.7)
1 (1.7) 0 (1.8)
-3 (1.6) -4 (1.7)
-2 (1.2) -3 (1.2)
-1 (1.2) -2 (1.2)
-1 (1.1) -2 (1.2)
17 (3.7) 16 (4.0)
m m m m
4 (1.9) 2 (2.6)
m m m m
9 (2.9) 9 (3.4)
37 (11.3) 39 (12.3)
3 (2.1) 3 (2.0)
-7 (3.6) -9 (4.3)
1 (1.8) 2 (2.1)
-3 (4.6) -3 (5.1)
m m m m
m m m m
19 (3.7) 23 (4.4)
-1 (1.6) -1 (1.6)
2 (2.0) 2 (2.4)
-2 (2.0) -1 (2.2)
m m m m
m m m m
-3 (1.8) -3 (2.3)
4 (1.4) 3 (1.7)
12 (3.2) 12 (3.1)
15 (3.8) 17 (4.3)
7 (1.4) 7 (1.6)
9 (3.8) 7 (4.2)
32 (1.3) 30 (1.5)
11 (2.4) 13 (3.0)
5 (1.7) 3 (1.8)
-3 (2.3) -5 (2.5)
0 (1.9) 0 (2.2)
0 (1.7) 0 (2.0)
0 (2.4) -1 (2.9)
3 (1.7) 2 (2.0)
-1 (5.6) 2 (6.3)
-5 (1.7) -6 (1.9)
-17 (8.1) -19 (10.4)
3 (2.7) 0 (3.0)
27 (3.9) 26 (4.4)
29 (3.9) 29 (4.6)
Annex B1 Annex B1.5 Annex B1.5 Results (tables):Mathematics performance among 15-ye
Table I.5.4c
Variation in mathematics performance, 2003 through 2015
PISA 2003 PISA 2006

Inter-decile range
Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation
S.D. S.E. Scorepercentile)
dif. S.E. S.D. S.E.
OECD
Australia 95 (1.5) 246 (4.3) 88 (1.1)
Austria 93 (1.7) 242 (4.8) 98 (2.3)
Belgium 110 (1.8) 284 (5.3) 106 (3.3)
Canada 87 (1.0) 225 (2.7) 86 (1.1)
Chile m m m m 87 (2.2)
Czech Republic 96 (1.9) 249 (6.1) 103 (2.1)
Denmark 91 (1.4) 236 (5.1) 85 (1.5)
Estonia m m m m 80 (1.5)
Finland 84 (1.1) 214 (3.7) 81 (1.0)
France 92 (1.8) 239 (6.3) 96 (2.0)
Germany 103 (1.8) 269 (5.8) 99 (2.6)
Greece 94 (1.8) 242 (6.3) 92 (2.4)
Hungary 94 (2.0) 241 (6.2) 91 (2.0)
Iceland 90 (1.2) 233 (4.3) 88 (1.1)
Ireland 85 (1.3) 221 (4.2) 82 (1.5)
Israel m m m m 107 (3.3)
Italy 96 (1.9) 247 (5.9) 96 (1.7)
Japan 101 (2.8) 258 (8.2) 91 (2.1)
Korea 92 (2.1) 236 (6.6) 93 (3.1)
Latvia 88 (1.7) 226 (5.1) 83 (1.6)
Luxembourg 92 (1.0) 239 (3.8) 93 (1.0)
Mexico 85 (1.9) 221 (5.3) 85 (2.2)
Netherlands 93 (2.3) 241 (6.7) 89 (2.2)
New Zealand 98 (1.2) 256 (3.7) 93 (1.2)
Norway 92 (1.2) 238 (4.2) 92 (1.4)
Poland 90 (1.3) 231 (3.7) 87 (1.2)
Portugal 88 (1.7) 228 (5.1) 91 (2.0)
Slovak Republic 93 (2.3) 241 (6.3) 95 (2.5)
Slovenia m m m m 89 (0.9)
Spain 88 (1.3) 229 (4.2) 89 (1.1)
Sweden 95 (1.8) 243 (5.6) 90 (1.4)
Switzerland 98 (2.0) 256 (5.8) 97 (1.6)
Turkey 105 (5.3) 260 (13.4) 93 (4.3)
United Kingdom m m m m 89 (1.3)
United States 95 (1.3) 251 (4.1) 90 (1.9)
OECD average-30 93 (0.4) 241 (1.1) 91 (0.4)
OECD average-34 m m m m 91 (0.3)
OECD average-35 m m m m 91 (0.3)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 100 (3.0) 255 (9.6) 92 (2.7)
Bulgaria m m m m 101 (3.6)
Colombia m m m m 88 (2.5)
Croatia m m m m 83 (1.5)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 100 (3.0) 255 (8.0) 93 (2.4)
Indonesia 81 (2.1) 205 (6.4) 80 (3.2)
Jordan m m m m 84 (2.0)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania m m m m 90 (1.8)
Macao (China) 87 (2.4) 225 (7.7) 84 (0.9)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m 85 (1.0)
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m 91 (0.8)
Romania m m m m 84 (2.9)
Russia 92 (1.9) 237 (5.5) 90 (1.7)
Chinese Taipei m m m m 103 (2.2)
Thailand 82 (1.8) 210 (4.9) 81 (1.6)
Tunisia 82 (2.0) 209 (5.5) 92 (2.3)
Uruguay 100 (1.6) 259 (4.4) 99 (1.8)
Argentina* m m m m 101 (3.5)

1. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to « Cyprus » relates to the southern part of the Isla
the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is foun
2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is rec
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
This model considers that Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part o

Inter-decile range Inter-decile range Inter-decile range
(90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th
Scorepercentile)
dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Scorepercentile)
dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Scorepercentile)
dif. S.E.
227 (3.1) 94 (1.4) 241 (3.7) 96 (1.2) 249 (3.6)

257 (6.3) m m m m 92 (1.7) 240 (4.8)
270 (6.8) 104 (1.8) 273 (5.4) 102 (1.4) 268 (4.3)
220 (3.5) 88 (1.0) 224 (3.3) 89 (0.8) 231 (2.6)
225 (6.5) 80 (1.7) 205 (5.4) 81 (1.5) 209 (4.8)
267 (6.0) 93 (1.8) 241 (5.4) 95 (1.6) 244 (5.2)
217 (4.6) 87 (1.3) 224 (4.7) 82 (1.3) 214 (4.4)
207 (4.6) 81 (1.6) 207 (4.2) 81 (1.2) 209 (3.8)
208 (3.5) 82 (1.1) 212 (3.5) 85 (1.2) 219 (3.9)
249 (6.4) 101 (2.1) 261 (7.0) 97 (1.7) 256 (5.4)
257 (7.1) 98 (1.7) 257 (5.6) 96 (1.6) 252 (5.4)
234 (6.4) 89 (2.0) 228 (5.6) 88 (1.3) 228 (4.3)
232 (5.6) 92 (2.8) 238 (9.1) 94 (2.4) 245 (7.2)
227 (3.9) 91 (1.2) 235 (4.5) 92 (1.3) 239 (4.4)
212 (4.6) 86 (1.6) 214 (4.6) 85 (1.3) 219 (3.6)
277 (7.9) 104 (2.4) 270 (7.5) 105 (1.8) 275 (5.9)
242 (5.2) 93 (1.7) 239 (3.5) 93 (1.1) 241 (3.3)
234 (6.3) 94 (2.2) 242 (6.4) 94 (2.2) 242 (6.4)
238 (8.6) 89 (2.5) 229 (7.1) 99 (2.1) 254 (6.3)
212 (5.0) 79 (1.4) 205 (4.9) 82 (1.5) 211 (5.1)
241 (4.1) 98 (1.2) 253 (3.4) 95 (0.9) 250 (3.5)
215 (5.2) 79 (1.1) 203 (3.3) 74 (0.7) 191 (2.2)
232 (6.1) 89 (1.7) 234 (5.8) 92 (2.1) 242 (6.5)
242 (4.8) 96 (1.6) 250 (5.6) 100 (1.2) 261 (4.2)
235 (4.8) 85 (1.2) 221 (4.0) 90 (1.3) 231 (4.1)
226 (4.5) 88 (1.4) 229 (4.1) 90 (1.9) 234 (5.3)
234 (5.1) 91 (1.5) 238 (4.8) 94 (1.4) 247 (4.2)
241 (6.5) 96 (2.4) 245 (6.7) 101 (2.5) 261 (7.9)
233 (3.1) 95 (0.9) 249 (4.5) 92 (1.0) 240 (3.8)
227 (3.3) 91 (1.1) 234 (3.1) 88 (0.7) 228 (2.5)
231 (4.7) 94 (1.3) 240 (4.2) 92 (1.3) 236 (3.9)
250 (4.8) 99 (1.6) 257 (4.3) 94 (1.5) 243 (4.8)
234 (12.3) 93 (3.0) 243 (8.8) 91 (3.1) 238 (9.4)
231 (3.6) 87 (1.2) 226 (4.4) 95 (1.7) 245 (5.5)
234 (5.9) 91 (1.6) 238 (4.7) 90 (1.3) 233 (4.0)
235 (1.1) m m m m 92 (0.3) 238 (0.9)
234 (1.0) 91 (0.3) 235 (0.9) 92 (0.3) 238 (0.9)
235 (1.0) m m m m 92 (0.3) 238 (0.8)
m m 91 (2.2) 232 (6.6) 91 (1.4) 231 (5.9)

m m m m m m m m m m
232 (7.2) 81 (1.6) 206 (4.8) 78 (1.6) 198 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
255 (9.0) 99 (2.8) 253 (8.2) 94 (2.2) 245 (6.5)
m m m m m m 95 (7.1) 236 (17.4)
224 (6.2) 75 (1.7) 193 (6.1) 74 (1.7) 189 (5.2)
m m 72 (1.5) 183 (4.9) 68 (1.8) 172 (5.5)
215 (4.6) 88 (1.8) 228 (6.4) 88 (2.5) 229 (7.3)
m m m m m m 93 (0.8) 240 (3.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m 86 (2.0) 216 (5.1) m m m m
242 (7.5) 95 (1.8) 245 (5.8) 96 (1.9) 249 (6.9)
206 (9.0) 70 (2.3) 177 (6.9) 71 (3.3) 181 (8.1)
211 (5.4) 83 (2.6) 209 (6.2) 78 (2.7) 195 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
233 (5.9) 88 (1.8) 227 (5.2) 89 (1.4) 232 (4.4)
217 (4.2) 85 (0.9) 219 (3.1) 94 (0.9) 242 (4.1)
m m 104 (1.4) 271 (4.6) m m m m
m m 85 (1.9) 219 (5.5) m m m m
219 (3.5) 85 (1.5) 215 (5.0) 83 (1.1) 214 (3.2)
m m 90 (2.4) 228 (6.3) 84 (2.2) 214 (6.2)
226 (2.8) 98 (0.9) 251 (3.1) 100 (0.7) 257 (2.6)
216 (10.3) 79 (2.1) 204 (6.2) 81 (2.2) 209 (6.2)
229 (5.7) 85 (2.1) 216 (6.6) 86 (1.6) 224 (4.8)
m m 104 (1.2) 271 (4.7) 105 (0.9) 275 (4.8)
268 (5.9) 105 (2.3) 271 (5.9) 116 (1.9) 301 (6.1)
206 (4.2) 79 (2.5) 201 (6.2) 82 (2.1) 207 (7.0)
m m 99 (1.2) 259 (3.2) m m m m
238 (7.1) 78 (2.3) 197 (5.9) 78 (3.1) 196 (7.4)
m m m m m m 90 (1.2) 232 (4.0)
255 (6.5) 91 (1.7) 236 (5.1) 89 (1.7) 228 (5.0)
m m m m m m 86 (2.7) 222 (8.3)
259 (10.2) 93 (2.9) 238 (8.8) 77 (1.7) 196 (5.2)

m m 83 (2.3) 211 (5.6) 71 (1.8) 183 (5.4)
m m 73 (1.5) 188 (4.7) 81 (1.6) 211 (4.9)
assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

Change between Change between
PISA 2015 2003 and 2015 2012 and 2015
Inter-decile range (PISA 2015 - PISA 2003)
Inter-decile range (PISA 2015 - PISA 2012)
Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation
S.D. S.E. Scorepercentile)
dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. percentile)
93 (1.2) 242 (3.6) -2 (1.9) -4 (5.6) -3 (1.7)

95 (1.8) 247 (5.5) 2 (2.5) 5 (7.3) 3 (2.5)
97 (1.5) 255 (4.5) -13 (2.3) -28 (6.9) -5 (2.0)
88 (1.1) 227 (3.4) 1 (1.4) 2 (4.3) -1 (1.3)
85 (1.4) 221 (4.5) m m m m 5 (2.0)
91 (1.7) 235 (5.5) -5 (2.6) -14 (8.3) -4 (2.4)
81 (1.2) 209 (4.0) -11 (1.9) -27 (6.5) -2 (1.8)
80 (1.1) 209 (3.7) m m m m 0 (1.6)
82 (1.3) 210 (4.0) -2 (1.7) -3 (5.4) -3 (1.7)
95 (1.5) 249 (4.5) 3 (2.4) 10 (7.8) -2 (2.3)
89 (1.4) 230 (4.5) -14 (2.2) -39 (7.4) -7 (2.2)
89 (1.8) 234 (5.3) -4 (2.5) -9 (8.2) 2 (2.2)
94 (1.7) 246 (5.2) 0 (2.6) 5 (8.1) 0 (2.9)
93 (1.3) 241 (4.6) 3 (1.8) 8 (6.3) 1 (1.9)
80 (1.4) 206 (4.2) -5 (1.9) -15 (6.0) -5 (1.9)
103 (2.2) 269 (6.1) m m m m -2 (2.8)
94 (1.7) 241 (5.0) -2 (2.5) -5 (7.7) 1 (2.0)
88 (1.7) 227 (5.3) -12 (3.3) -31 (9.8) -5 (2.8)
100 (1.8) 258 (5.8) 7 (2.8) 21 (8.7) 1 (2.8)
78 (1.2) 200 (3.9) -10 (2.0) -25 (6.4) -4 (1.9)
94 (1.2) 244 (3.2) 2 (1.5) 5 (5.0) -2 (1.5)
75 (1.3) 193 (3.9) -10 (2.3) -28 (6.6) 1 (1.5)
92 (1.5) 237 (4.5) -1 (2.7) -4 (8.1) 0 (2.6)
92 (1.3) 238 (4.5) -6 (1.8) -17 (5.9) -7 (1.8)
85 (1.1) 219 (3.4) -7 (1.6) -19 (5.4) -6 (1.7)
88 (1.7) 226 (5.2) -3 (2.1) -6 (6.4) -3 (2.5)
96 (1.3) 249 (4.7) 8 (2.1) 20 (6.9) 2 (1.9)
95 (1.6) 247 (4.9) 2 (2.8) 7 (7.9) -5 (2.9)
88 (1.3) 228 (4.3) m m m m -4 (1.6)
85 (1.3) 220 (4.7) -4 (1.8) -9 (6.3) -3 (1.5)
90 (1.7) 233 (4.9) -5 (2.5) -10 (7.4) -2 (2.2)
96 (1.6) 247 (4.9) -3 (2.6) -9 (7.6) 1 (2.1)
82 (2.3) 212 (6.9) -23 (5.8) -47 (15.1) -9 (3.9)
93 (1.4) 239 (3.9) m m m m -2 (2.2)
88 (1.5) 230 (4.8) -7 (2.0) -21 (6.3) -1 (2.0)
89 (0.3) 232 (0.9) -4 (0.4) -10 (1.4) -2 (0.4)
89 (0.3) 232 (0.8) m m m m -2 (0.4)
89 (0.3) 232 (0.8) m m m m -2 (0.4)
86 (1.6) 221 (4.9) m m m m -5 (2.1)

71 (1.5) 181 (4.5) m m m m m m
89 (1.7) 229 (5.1) -11 (3.4) -26 (10.8) 11 (2.4)
106 (2.5) 276 (6.8) m m m m m m
97 (2.4) 253 (7.3) m m m m 3 (3.2)
89 (3.4) 231 (11.1) m m m m -6 (7.9)
77 (1.3) 199 (4.1) m m m m 3 (2.2)
68 (1.4) 174 (4.2) m m m m 0 (2.3)
88 (1.6) 229 (4.8) m m m m 0 (3.0)
92 (1.1) 241 (3.9) m m m m -1 (1.4)
69 (2.0) 175 (6.0) m m m m m m
96 (1.6) 245 (5.0) m m m m m m
94 (2.2) 240 (6.1) m m m m m m
90 (1.5) 232 (5.2) -10 (3.4) -23 (9.6) -6 (2.4)
80 (2.0) 203 (6.4) -1 (2.9) -2 (9.0) 8 (3.8)
86 (2.1) 219 (4.9) m m m m 8 (3.4)
75 (1.4) 195 (5.3) m m m m m m
101 (2.0) 263 (6.6) m m m m m m
86 (1.4) 225 (4.7) m m m m -3 (1.9)
80 (1.1) 204 (3.5) -7 (2.7) -21 (8.5) -15 (1.5)
110 (1.4) 285 (4.4) m m m m m m
90 (1.5) 233 (5.1) m m m m m m
87 (1.4) 223 (3.6) m m m m 4 (1.7)
83 (1.4) 212 (4.1) m m m m -2 (2.6)
99 (1.0) 258 (3.0) m m m m -1 (1.2)
86 (2.1) 223 (6.0) m m m m 5 (3.1)
83 (1.3) 214 (4.5) -9 (2.3) -23 (7.1) -3 (2.0)
95 (0.8) 247 (3.4) m m m m -10 (1.2)
103 (1.9) 266 (5.8) m m m m -13 (2.7)
82 (1.9) 208 (5.6) 0 (2.6) -2 (7.5) -1 (2.9)
96 (1.2) 251 (4.5) m m m m m m
84 (2.3) 213 (6.1) 2 (3.0) 3 (8.2) 6 (3.9)
97 (1.3) 251 (4.2) m m m m 7 (1.8)
87 (1.7) 224 (4.2) -13 (2.3) -35 (6.1) -2 (2.4)
84 (2.7) 215 (7.6) m m m m -2 (3.8)
81 (1.5) 207 (4.4) m m m m 4 (2.3)

82 (2.4) 211 (6.9) m m m m 11 (3.0)
80 (1.7) 207 (4.7) m m m m -1 (2.3)
Change between
2012 and 2015
PISA 2015 - PISA 2012) range
Inter-decile
(90th minus 10th
Scorepercentile)
dif. S.E.
-7 (5.1)
7 (7.3)
-13 (6.2)
-4 (4.3)
12 (6.6)
-9 (7.6)
-5 (5.9)
0 (5.3)
-9 (5.6)
-7 (7.1)
-22 (7.0)
5 (6.8)
1 (8.9)
2 (6.4)
-13 (5.6)
-5 (8.4)
0 (6.0)
-15 (8.3)
3 (8.6)
-10 (6.4)
-6 (4.7)
2 (4.5)
-4 (7.9)
-22 (6.2)
-12 (5.4)
-8 (7.4)
2 (6.3)
-14 (9.3)
-12 (5.7)
-8 (5.3)
-3 (6.3)
4 (6.8)
-26 (11.7)
-6 (6.7)
-3 (6.2)
-6 (1.3)
-6 (1.2)
-6 (1.2)
-10 (7.7)
m m
31 (6.7)
m m
8 (9.8)
-5 (20.7)
10 (6.6)
2 (7.0)
0 (8.7)
0 (4.9)
m m
m m
m m
-17 (8.6)
22 (10.3)
24 (6.7)
m m
m m
-7 (6.4)
-38 (5.4)
m m
m m
10 (4.8)
-2 (7.5)
1 (3.9)
14 (8.6)
-10 (6.6)
-29 (5.9)
-36 (8.5)
2 (9.0)
m m
16 (9.6)
19 (5.8)
-5 (6.5)
-6 (11.3)
11 (6.8)
27 (8.8)
-4 (6.8)
Table I.5.4d
Distribution of mathematics scores among 15-year-olds, 2003 through 2015
Lower bounds on the median and upper percentiles, assuming that 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample score at or be
PISA 2003
Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile
OECD
Australia 509 (4.0) 582 (2.9) 638 (2.7)
Austria 494 (5.3) 564 (4.5) 621 (4.2)
Belgium 526 (3.3) 605 (2.8) 661 (2.2)
Canada 510 (2.7) 580 (2.7) 635 (2.7)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic 506 (4.4) 579 (3.7) 637 (4.3)
Denmark 500 (5.1) 568 (3.9) 625 (4.3)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 538 (2.3) 599 (2.2) 649 (2.7)
France 502 (3.1) 569 (3.0) 623 (3.5)
Germany 498 (5.1) 573 (4.1) 628 (3.5)
Greece 439 (8.6) 504 (6.6) 563 (6.1)
Hungary 465 (3.9) 541 (4.2) 600 (4.5)
Iceland 510 (2.1) 575 (2.2) 627 (3.1)
Ireland 490 (3.5) 554 (3.1) 608 (3.4)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy 446 (3.7) 519 (3.1) 580 (3.1)
Japan 527 (5.3) 598 (4.7) 655 (5.9)
Korea 528 (4.4) 597 (3.9) 653 (4.6)
Latvia 471 (8.0) 535 (6.3) 591 (5.8)
Luxembourg 491 (1.6) 555 (1.9) 610 (3.3)
Mexico c c 382 (6.0) 457 (5.4)
Netherlands 533 (5.5) 605 (4.1) 654 (3.0)
New Zealand 506 (3.5) 582 (2.7) 643 (3.1)
Norway 488 (3.1) 555 (3.5) 611 (3.0)
Poland 477 (3.4) 545 (3.0) 602 (3.1)
Portugal 453 (7.1) 517 (4.8) 574 (4.7)
Slovak Republic 487 (6.3) 557 (4.7) 615 (4.1)
Slovenia m m m m m m
Spain 451 (5.2) 526 (3.2) 585 (3.0)
Sweden 507 (4.2) 574 (3.8) 629 (3.9)
Switzerland 530 (3.6) 595 (4.9) 652 (5.2)
Turkey c c 364 (11.6) 475 (9.9)
United Kingdom m m m m m m
United States 451 (4.5) 530 (3.5) 595 (3.4)
OECD average-30 m m 551 (0.8) 610 (0.8)
OECD average-34 m m m m m m
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 238 (14.3) 364 (6.4) 448 (8.1)
Bulgaria m m m m m m
Croatia m m m m m m
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 555 (4.0) 619 (3.5) 670 (4.1)
Indonesia c c 348 (5.3) 420 (5.0)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania m m m m m m
Macao (China) 496 (4.5) 570 (4.9) 628 (4.6)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 449 (5.8) 519 (5.1) 580 (5.0)
Chinese Taipei m m m m m m
Thailand 365 (5.0) 442 (4.2) 505 (5.3)
Tunisia 346 (2.9) 405 (2.9) 462 (4.9)
Uruguay 336 (11.8) 451 (5.3) 523 (5.4)
Argentina* m m m m m m
y the PISA sample score at or below the median for all 15-year-olds
PISA 2006 PISA 2009

Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile
504 (2.8) 571 (2.7) 626 (3.2) 494 (3.9) 566 (3.5)
499 (6.4) 571 (4.2) 626 (4.2) m m m m
526 (2.7) 597 (2.4) 650 (2.4) 513 (3.4) 588 (2.7)
512 (2.4) 577 (2.3) 629 (2.6) 507 (2.5) 576 (2.1)
376 (6.1) 451 (5.2) 514 (5.9) 401 (4.5) 462 (4.1)
510 (4.0) 582 (4.6) 644 (4.8) 482 (4.3) 552 (4.1)
496 (4.1) 560 (3.2) 614 (3.3) 487 (4.2) 554 (3.6)
509 (3.2) 566 (3.4) 615 (3.3) 503 (3.4) 561 (2.9)
541 (2.8) 600 (2.5) 649 (2.5) 536 (3.5) 594 (3.0)
486 (4.3) 558 (3.6) 613 (3.6) 488 (4.1) 562 (3.9)
499 (4.5) 569 (4.1) 629 (3.8) 502 (4.0) 577 (3.5)
449 (5.4) 514 (4.4) 570 (4.5) 456 (4.3) 521 (3.7)
471 (5.0) 539 (4.3) 600 (5.1) 475 (6.6) 544 (4.6)
502 (2.0) 564 (2.8) 616 (3.3) 501 (2.1) 564 (1.9)
496 (3.5) 555 (3.4) 605 (3.6) 485 (3.4) 543 (3.1)
398 (6.4) 492 (5.3) 565 (5.1) 423 (4.6) 506 (3.7)
448 (3.4) 519 (3.3) 578 (3.8) 465 (2.6) 537 (2.7)
512 (4.0) 580 (3.1) 632 (3.3) 522 (4.1) 589 (3.8)
533 (4.1) 602 (4.3) 658 (6.1) 533 (3.8) 599 (4.0)
470 (4.1) 532 (3.5) 583 (3.3) 457 (4.8) 523 (3.9)
492 (1.5) 555 (1.9) 610 (2.7) 472 (1.8) 550 (2.3)
285 (19.8) 414 (3.5) 481 (2.9) 346 (4.8) 436 (2.4)
528 (4.1) 593 (2.9) 643 (3.2) 519 (7.4) 588 (5.2)
499 (3.3) 573 (3.3) 633 (4.3) 503 (3.5) 578 (3.2)
486 (3.4) 550 (2.9) 607 (3.2) 488 (3.3) 551 (2.9)
487 (3.1) 552 (3.4) 607 (3.8) 487 (3.1) 552 (3.2)
433 (6.2) 511 (4.2) 570 (3.7) 465 (4.9) 538 (3.9)
488 (4.1) 554 (3.8) 609 (4.4) 490 (4.6) 557 (4.1)
486 (1.6) 556 (2.0) 617 (2.8) 490 (1.8) 562 (2.4)
465 (3.3) 532 (2.8) 586 (3.2) 474 (3.0) 539 (2.6)
499 (4.8) 563 (3.7) 616 (2.9) 487 (3.7) 555 (4.0)
534 (3.6) 600 (3.7) 652 (3.7) 523 (5.2) 596 (4.5)
c c 408 (5.5) 491 (8.8) 337 (5.7) 453 (4.9)
487 (2.7) 552 (2.9) 609 (3.0) 477 (3.8) 542 (3.6)
452 (5.5) 524 (4.4) 585 (4.6) 461 (5.2) 535 (5.3)
m m 551 (0.7) 607 (0.7) m m m m
m m 546 (0.6) 603 (0.7) 478 (0.7) 548 (0.6)
m m 547 (0.6) 604 (0.7) m m m m
m m m m m m 297 (9.1) 400 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
245 (13.4) 374 (4.8) 449 (4.4) 312 (4.6) 398 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
385 (7.7) 465 (7.9) 533 (8.0) 376 (7.3) 467 (6.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
285 (25.0) 388 (8.9) 455 (6.3) 303 (14.2) 393 (5.2)
m m m m m m 302 (19.5) 414 (4.6)
448 (3.3) 513 (3.1) 568 (3.8) 445 (4.3) 512 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 344 (4.5) 416 (3.5)
549 (3.0) 612 (3.1) 664 (3.5) 544 (3.3) 613 (3.3)
271 (28.6) 393 (8.1) 462 (11.7) 263 (26.5) 374 (5.2)
326 (5.3) 410 (4.1) 469 (4.9) 375 (4.3) 435 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
479 (4.2) 544 (3.8) 598 (5.0) 445 (3.4) 519 (3.1)
526 (1.7) 585 (2.0) 632 (2.4) 498 (1.5) 568 (1.7)
m m m m m m 456 (1.8) 532 (2.3)
m m m m m m 386 (3.7) 449 (4.2)
377 (2.0) 444 (2.2) 501 (2.6) 392 (1.8) 452 (1.6)
m m m m m m 320 (9.1) 400 (6.4)
297 (1.4) 360 (1.5) 431 (2.6) 342 (1.4) 414 (1.6)
355 (17.6) 439 (7.9) 501 (6.6) 425 (3.9) 481 (3.8)
447 (6.3) 518 (4.9) 581 (5.1) 435 (4.8) 506 (3.9)
m m m m m m 560 (2.4) 633 (2.1)
557 (5.0) 625 (3.3) 677 (3.4) 532 (3.8) 610 (4.1)
375 (4.2) 445 (3.0) 506 (3.2) 379 (3.1) 447 (3.4)
m m m m m m 373 (2.2) 462 (2.1)
349 (6.4) 419 (7.0) 482 (8.3) 358 (4.5) 416 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
368 (6.9) 465 (3.8) 531 (4.3) 351 (6.3) 450 (3.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
351 (10.4) 431 (8.8) 494 (8.3) 333 (9.3) 420 (6.0)
m m m m m m 388 (3.8) 450 (4.0)
m m m m m m 377 (3.7) 437 (3.6)
A 2009 PISA 2012 PISA 2015
90th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile Median (50th)
625 (4.0) 483 (2.6) 558 (2.5) 622 (2.9) 483 (2.3)
m m 489 (4.6) 563 (3.5) 618 (4.0) 474 (4.2)
643 (2.8) 511 (3.2) 585 (2.9) 644 (2.5) 503 (3.6)
629 (1.9) 495 (3.2) 566 (2.4) 624 (2.6) 495 (3.1)
519 (4.7) 396 (4.5) 463 (4.1) 523 (4.6) 393 (4.7)
612 (4.5) 478 (5.3) 553 (3.8) 612 (4.1) 486 (4.6)
607 (3.5) 490 (4.2) 550 (3.4) 602 (3.4) 501 (3.6)
612 (3.4) 510 (2.9) 570 (2.7) 622 (3.5) 513 (3.0)
640 (2.8) 515 (3.6) 574 (2.7) 627 (3.4) 511 (3.7)
617 (3.9) 479 (3.0) 554 (3.6) 615 (4.4) 485 (2.9)
632 (3.5) 509 (4.3) 579 (3.8) 634 (3.6) 503 (3.4)
576 (3.7) 437 (3.9) 504 (3.2) 560 (3.3) 443 (5.1)
600 (5.4) 447 (5.4) 523 (4.4) 591 (6.5) 465 (3.8)
619 (2.9) 485 (2.3) 551 (3.1) 608 (2.7) 480 (3.1)
588 (3.2) 491 (2.8) 554 (2.6) 606 (2.6) 501 (2.8)
571 (4.3) 454 (6.0) 533 (5.2) 597 (6.1) 464 (4.3)
595 (2.6) 466 (2.7) 538 (2.5) 599 (2.9) 460 (4.5)
644 (4.7) 526 (4.3) 596 (4.2) 652 (5.0) 530 (3.5)
653 (4.4) 539 (5.6) 614 (5.3) 672 (5.8) 517 (5.3)
575 (3.5) 472 (3.9) 536 (3.8) 590 (3.7) 470 (2.6)
607 (2.5) 475 (1.8) 549 (1.5) 607 (1.9) 468 (2.1)
496 (2.6) 351 (3.9) 430 (2.2) 487 (2.0) 341 (6.6)
636 (4.2) 529 (5.2) 591 (4.4) 638 (3.7) 510 (3.4)
634 (3.6) 480 (3.3) 559 (3.4) 624 (3.4) 483 (4.1)
603 (3.5) 479 (3.2) 546 (3.1) 600 (3.6) 493 (3.1)
606 (4.1) 500 (4.0) 572 (4.8) 630 (5.5) 494 (2.8)
595 (4.3) 471 (7.2) 545 (5.1) 604 (4.6) 476 (4.3)
619 (5.5) 469 (5.1) 545 (4.4) 607 (5.4) 464 (4.4)
623 (3.0) 491 (2.0) 562 (1.9) 622 (2.6) 503 (2.0)
592 (2.5) 470 (2.7) 537 (2.4) 591 (2.3) 478 (2.9)
610 (3.9) 470 (3.2) 537 (2.9) 593 (2.9) 488 (4.9)
652 (4.2) 522 (4.4) 590 (3.6) 647 (4.3) 521 (5.4)
534 (7.5) 387 (5.0) 471 (7.0) 551 (10.1) 371 (7.2)
599 (3.7) 486 (3.5) 555 (3.8) 612 (3.8) 472 (3.9)
596 (5.2) 463 (6.2) 534 (4.8) 594 (4.6) 447 (5.6)
m m 479 (0.8) 550 (0.7) 608 (0.8) 478 (0.8)
605 (0.7) 477 (0.7) 548 (0.6) 606 (0.7) 477 (0.7)
m m 478 (0.7) 548 (0.6) 606 (0.7) 477 (0.7)
466 (5.7) 275 (19.7) 407 (3.7) 476 (3.6) 392 (7.1)
m m m m m m m m 334 (5.9)
463 (4.4) 339 (4.1) 409 (3.0) 471 (3.8) 325 (4.5)
m m m m m m m m 445 (13.2)
535 (7.9) 400 (5.2) 481 (5.0) 549 (6.0) 409 (6.8)
m m 417 (15.5) 476 (9.2) 528 (8.3) 457 (8.3)
452 (4.0) 316 (8.3) 392 (4.2) 449 (4.4) 353 (3.9)
473 (4.7) c c 402 (4.3) 461 (4.8) 345 (5.3)
568 (4.9) 461 (4.4) 527 (5.0) 586 (7.7) 450 (3.6)
m m 436 (1.6) 501 (1.7) 559 (2.3) 431 (2.0)
m m m m m m m m 284 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m 363 (1.8)
474 (3.9) m m m m m m 371 (4.4)
667 (3.8) 545 (5.1) 616 (4.1) 671 (4.0) 539 (4.0)
432 (5.9) 318 (8.5) 389 (5.3) 445 (7.4) 335 (6.2)
485 (5.1) 368 (3.4) 425 (3.5) 477 (3.7) 364 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m 320 (2.5)
m m m m m m m m 322 (7.7)
578 (3.6) 458 (3.9) 529 (3.6) 588 (3.6) 466 (3.2)
624 (1.9) 514 (1.6) 589 (1.6) 646 (2.0) 533 (1.5)
593 (3.0) m m m m m m 482 (2.6)
502 (4.7) m m m m m m 411 (3.5)
505 (2.3) 394 (1.8) 456 (2.5) 514 (3.3) 404 (1.9)
463 (6.8) 323 (6.0) 396 (5.8) 459 (6.5) 347 (4.4)
496 (2.8) 358 (1.1) 434 (1.5) 510 (1.9) 388 (2.0)
530 (5.6) 435 (4.1) 495 (4.8) 551 (6.2) 434 (5.0)
562 (4.7) 472 (5.1) 535 (4.4) 591 (5.3) 489 (5.4)
691 (2.9) 572 (2.2) 646 (2.0) 704 (2.4) 565 (2.2)
670 (5.3) 547 (4.2) 635 (3.6) 697 (4.0) 525 (3.9)
505 (5.2) 382 (3.1) 451 (3.9) 514 (6.0) 370 (3.9)
532 (2.2) m m m m m m 374 (2.2)
465 (5.1) 375 (4.5) 431 (4.6) 483 (6.7) 355 (3.0)
m m 405 (3.6) 479 (3.6) 544 (3.4) 411 (4.0)
520 (3.6) 363 (5.7) 444 (4.3) 510 (4.1) 369 (4.7)
m m 402 (14.2) 522 (5.9) 590 (5.9) c c
487 (6.8) 362 (6.0) 425 (4.9) 478 (4.2) 302 (11.7)
508 (4.8) 408 (4.3) 465 (4.3) 517 (5.9) 447 (4.9)
488 (4.7) 389 (3.7) 458 (4.3) 517 (4.9) 413 (4.2)
3-year trend is calculated with a linear regression model. This model considers takes into account that Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Mold
PISA 2015 Change in percentiles between 2003 and 2015
75th percentile 90th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile
551 (2.1) 608 (2.7) -27 (7.3) -31 (6.6) -30 (6.8)
551 (3.5) 609 (3.8) -20 (8.8) -13 (8.0) -12 (7.9)
573 (2.7) 626 (2.9) -23 (7.5) -32 (6.8) -35 (6.7)
564 (2.7) 619 (3.1) -15 (7.0) -16 (6.8) -17 (6.9)
466 (4.0) 523 (3.6) m m m m m m
551 (3.2) 605 (3.7) -20 (8.5) -28 (7.4) -32 (8.0)
560 (2.6) 609 (3.0) 1 (8.4) -8 (7.3) -16 (7.7)
571 (2.8) 620 (2.7) m m m m m m
566 (2.8) 613 (3.1) -27 (7.1) -33 (6.7) -36 (7.0)
557 (2.7) 609 (2.9) -17 (7.0) -12 (6.9) -14 (7.2)
565 (3.1) 618 (3.1) 4 (8.3) -8 (7.6) -11 (7.3)
511 (4.3) 566 (4.1) 4 (11.5) 7 (9.7) 2 (9.2)
535 (3.1) 592 (3.5) 0 (7.8) -6 (7.7) -8 (8.0)
548 (3.0) 605 (3.9) -30 (6.7) -27 (6.7) -22 (7.5)
556 (2.3) 605 (2.7) 12 (7.2) 3 (6.8) -3 (7.1)
540 (3.9) 598 (4.6) m m m m m m
538 (3.9) 599 (4.0) 14 (8.1) 20 (7.5) 18 (7.6)
591 (3.3) 641 (4.3) 3 (8.5) -7 (8.0) -14 (9.2)
588 (4.5) 645 (4.6) -11 (8.9) -10 (8.2) -8 (8.6)
529 (2.1) 576 (2.6) 0 (10.1) -6 (8.7) -15 (8.5)
543 (2.0) 600 (2.5) -23 (6.2) -12 (6.2) -10 (7.0)
426 (3.3) 483 (3.4) m m 44 (8.9) 26 (8.5)
576 (2.7) 625 (3.0) -22 (8.5) -29 (7.4) -29 (7.0)
552 (3.3) 608 (3.2) -23 (7.8) -30 (7.0) -35 (7.1)
555 (3.0) 606 (3.2) 5 (7.1) 0 (7.2) -5 (7.1)
558 (3.0) 612 (4.0) 17 (7.2) 13 (7.1) 10 (7.6)
551 (3.1) 607 (3.2) 22 (10.0) 33 (8.0) 33 (8.0)
535 (3.4) 591 (3.9) -23 (9.6) -22 (8.1) -24 (8.0)
566 (2.0) 619 (2.8) m m m m m m
539 (2.4) 589 (3.0) 27 (8.2) 13 (6.9) 4 (7.1)
552 (4.3) 606 (4.4) -18 (8.5) -21 (8.0) -23 (8.1)
587 (4.0) 640 (3.8) -9 (8.6) -8 (8.5) -12 (8.6)
449 (6.1) 512 (6.5) m m 86 (14.2) 37 (13.1)
544 (3.4) 601 (3.2) m m m m m m
518 (4.4) 576 (4.7) -4 (9.2) -12 (7.9) -19 (8.1)
546 (0.6) 600 (0.7) m m -5 (5.7) -10 (5.7)
544 (0.6) 599 (0.6) m m m m m m
545 (0.6) 599 (0.6) m m m m m m
460 (5.5) 516 (5.4) m m m m m m
390 (4.8) 441 (5.5) m m m m m m
405 (3.9) 475 (4.7) 88 (16.0) 42 (9.4) 27 (10.9)
567 (7.7) 641 (7.0) m m m m m m
491 (5.5) 556 (5.5) m m m m m m
518 (8.2) 571 (8.8) m m m m m m
420 (3.1) 477 (3.4) m m m m m m
416 (3.5) 469 (3.7) m m m m m m
518 (3.3) 575 (3.4) m m m m m m
497 (2.4) 555 (3.0) m m m m m m
348 (3.7) 400 (4.4) m m m m m m
430 (2.2) 493 (3.7) m m m m m m
448 (3.5) 511 (4.3) m m m m m m
603 (3.2) 653 (3.2) -16 (8.0) -17 (7.3) -18 (7.7)
408 (4.3) 469 (5.2) m m 60 (8.8) 49 (9.2)
428 (3.2) 482 (3.7) m m m m m m
390 (2.5) 444 (3.4) m m m m m m
426 (5.4) 505 (5.4) m m m m m m
532 (3.0) 585 (3.5) m m m m m m
592 (1.8) 638 (2.4) 37 (7.3) 22 (7.7) 10 (7.7)
556 (2.4) 615 (3.1) m m m m m m
476 (3.2) 532 (4.1) m m m m m m
470 (2.1) 526 (2.3) m m m m m m
421 (4.2) 480 (4.4) m m m m m m
463 (1.7) 532 (2.1) m m m m m m
497 (4.7) 554 (5.5) m m m m m m
549 (4.2) 599 (4.2) 40 (9.7) 31 (8.7) 19 (8.6)
630 (1.7) 680 (2.5) m m m m m m
604 (3.8) 662 (4.6) m m m m m m
443 (3.8) 503 (4.8) 5 (8.5) 2 (7.9) -2 (9.1)
460 (2.4) 529 (2.8) m m m m m m
416 (3.5) 471 (4.8) 9 (7.0) 10 (7.2) 10 (8.9)
484 (3.6) 551 (3.5) m m m m m m
450 (3.6) 514 (4.0) 33 (13.9) 0 (8.5) -9 (8.7)
489 (5.9) 564 (5.3) m m m m m m
417 (4.4) 482 (4.1) m m m m m m

507 (5.1) 563 (6.2) m m m m m m
483 (3.7) 537 (4.4) m m m m m m
ta Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of mathematics
Change in percentiles between 2012 and 2015
performance across PISA assessments
Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile
0 (5.0) -7 (4.8) -13 (5.4) -7 (1.6) -7 (1.4)

-15 (7.2) -12 (6.1) -9 (6.6) -5 (1.9) -4 (1.7)
-8 (6.0) -11 (5.4) -17 (5.2) -6 (1.6) -8 (1.5)
0 (5.7) -2 (5.1) -5 (5.4) -5 (1.5) -4 (1.4)
-3 (7.4) 2 (6.7) 0 (6.8) 5 (2.6) 4 (2.4)
8 (7.9) -2 (6.1) -7 (6.6) -7 (1.8) -8 (1.6)
10 (6.6) 10 (5.5) 7 (5.8) 0 (1.8) -3 (1.6)
3 (5.5) 1 (5.3) -2 (5.6) 2 (1.8) 2 (1.8)
-4 (6.3) -8 (5.2) -14 (5.8) -8 (1.5) -9 (1.4)
6 (5.5) 2 (5.7) -6 (6.3) -4 (1.6) -3 (1.5)
-6 (6.6) -14 (6.0) -17 (5.9) 2 (1.8) -1 (1.6)
6 (7.3) 7 (6.4) 5 (6.3) 0 (2.4) 0 (2.1)
17 (7.5) 12 (6.5) 1 (8.1) -2 (1.7) -3 (1.7)
-5 (5.3) -3 (5.5) -3 (5.9) -8 (1.4) -7 (1.5)
10 (5.4) 3 (5.0) -1 (5.1) 2 (1.5) 0 (1.4)
10 (8.2) 7 (7.4) 1 (8.4) 23 (2.6) 17 (2.4)
-5 (6.3) 0 (5.8) 0 (6.1) 4 (1.7) 6 (1.5)
4 (6.6) -5 (6.4) -11 (7.4) 2 (1.8) 0 (1.7)
-22 (8.5) -26 (7.8) -28 (8.2) -1 (2.0) -1 (1.8)
-2 (5.9) -7 (5.6) -14 (5.8) 0 (2.1) -1 (1.8)
-7 (4.5) -6 (4.3) -7 (4.7) -6 (1.3) -3 (1.3)
-10 (8.5) -5 (5.3) -4 (5.3) 17 (23.5) 10 (1.8)
-18 (7.1) -16 (6.3) -13 (5.9) -4 (1.8) -6 (1.6)
4 (6.4) -7 (5.9) -16 (5.8) -7 (1.7) -8 (1.5)
14 (5.7) 9 (5.6) 6 (5.9) 0 (1.5) -1 (1.6)
-6 (6.0) -14 (6.7) -17 (7.7) 5 (1.5) 4 (1.5)
5 (9.1) 6 (7.0) 3 (6.6) 8 (2.2) 10 (1.8)
-6 (7.6) -10 (6.6) -16 (7.6) -7 (2.1) -5 (1.7)
12 (4.6) 4 (4.5) -3 (5.2) 5 (1.4) 3 (1.5)
7 (5.3) 2 (4.9) -3 (5.2) 6 (1.7) 3 (1.4)
18 (6.8) 15 (6.3) 13 (6.4) -7 (1.8) -7 (1.6)
-1 (7.8) -3 (6.4) -7 (6.7) -3 (1.8) -3 (1.8)
-16 (9.4) -21 (10.0) -39 (12.5) 17 (4.7) 24 (3.0)
-13 (6.3) -11 (6.2) -11 (6.1) -3 (1.9) -1 (1.8)
-16 (9.1) -16 (7.5) -18 (7.5) 0 (2.0) -2 (1.7)
-1 (3.7) -4 (3.7) -8 (3.7) -1 (1.4) -1 (1.2)
0 (3.7) -3 (3.6) -7 (3.7) 0 (1.4) 0 (1.2)
-1 (3.7) -4 (3.6) -8 (3.7) 0 (1.3) 0 (1.2)
117 (21.3) 53 (7.5) 40 (7.4) 47 (6.2) 30 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
-13 (7.0) -4 (6.1) 4 (7.0) 27 (3.5) 12 (2.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
9 (9.3) 10 (8.2) 7 (8.8) 9 (3.4) 9 (3.2)
40 (17.9) 42 (12.8) 43 (12.6) 40 (17.9) 42 (12.8)
37 (9.8) 29 (6.3) 28 (6.6) 22 (7.9) 10 (3.1)
m m 14 (6.6) 8 (7.0) 26 (14.1) 2 (4.2)
-11 (6.7) -9 (7.0) -11 (9.1) 2 (2.0) 3 (1.8)
-4 (4.4) -4 (4.6) -4 (5.2) -4 (4.4) -4 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 17 (4.4) 19 (3.7)
-6 (7.4) -13 (6.3) -18 (6.2) -4 (1.7) -3 (1.6)
16 (11.1) 19 (7.7) 24 (9.7) 25 (9.3) 11 (2.0)
-4 (6.1) 3 (5.9) 5 (6.3) 11 (2.3) 4 (2.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
8 (6.1) 3 (5.9) -3 (6.1) -3 (2.0) -3 (1.9)
19 (4.2) 3 (4.3) -7 (4.7) 6 (1.5) 5 (1.5)
m m m m m m 15 (2.9) 15 (3.0)
m m m m m m 15 (3.7) 16 (3.9)
10 (4.4) 14 (4.8) 12 (5.4) 8 (1.4) 8 (1.3)
24 (8.2) 24 (8.0) 21 (8.6) 13 (5.4) 10 (4.2)
30 (4.2) 29 (4.2) 22 (4.5) 29 (1.2) 33 (1.3)
-1 (7.4) 2 (7.6) 2 (9.0) 24 (5.6) 19 (3.0)
17 (8.2) 14 (7.0) 8 (7.6) 11 (2.1) 8 (1.9)
-7 (4.7) -16 (4.4) -24 (5.0) 3 (2.3) -2 (2.3)
-22 (6.8) -32 (6.3) -35 (7.0) -8 (2.3) -4 (1.9)
-12 (6.1) -8 (6.5) -11 (8.5) 2 (1.8) 1 (1.7)
m m m m m m 1 (2.5) 0 (2.4)
-19 (6.4) -16 (6.8) -11 (9.0) 4 (1.6) 3 (1.7)
6 (6.4) 6 (6.2) 7 (6.1) 6 (6.4) 6 (6.2)
6 (8.2) 6 (6.7) 4 (6.7) 6 (2.9) -2 (1.8)
m m -33 (9.0) -26 (8.7) m m -33 (9.0)
-60 (13.6) -8 (7.5) 4 (6.9) -12 (4.9) -4 (3.4)

40 (7.5) 43 (7.6) 46 (9.2) 29 (3.6) 28 (4.1)
24 (6.6) 25 (6.7) 20 (7.4) 22 (4.1) 27 (3.8)
percentiles of mathematics
s PISA assessments
90th percentile
Score dif. S.E.
-7 (1.4)
-3 (1.7)
-7 (1.4)
-4 (1.5)
3 (2.5)
-9 (1.7)
-5 (1.6)
3 (1.8)
-9 (1.5)
-3 (1.6)
-2 (1.6)
0 (1.9)
-3 (1.8)
-5 (1.6)
-1 (1.4)
12 (2.4)
6 (1.7)
-1 (2.0)
0 (2.0)
-2 (1.7)
-2 (1.4)
6 (1.8)
-6 (1.5)
-8 (1.6)
-2 (1.5)
4 (1.7)
10 (1.8)
-5 (2.0)
1 (1.8)
1 (1.5)
-7 (1.7)
-3 (1.9)
13 (3.0)
-1 (1.8)
-3 (1.8)
-2 (1.2)
-1 (1.2)
-1 (1.2)
26 (4.4)
m m
8 (2.2)
m m
9 (3.3)
43 (12.6)
6 (2.4)
-2 (4.1)
4 (2.0)
-4 (5.2)
m m
m m
23 (4.2)
-3 (1.6)
8 (2.2)
3 (2.3)
m m
m m
-3 (2.3)
3 (1.7)
13 (3.2)
19 (4.2)
8 (1.7)
8 (4.4)
31 (1.4)
18 (2.9)
5 (1.8)
-5 (2.7)
-2 (2.1)
0 (1.9)
-2 (2.4)
2 (2.0)
7 (6.1)
-4 (1.9)
-26 (8.7)
-5 (3.1)
27 (4.4)
29 (4.5)
Table I.5.4e
Mean mathematics performance, 2003 through 2015, adjusted for demographic changes
Adjusted PISA Adjusted PISA Adjusted PISA

2003 results 2006 results 2009 results
Mean Mean Mean

OECD
Australia 523 (2.2) 518 (2.3) 512 (2.6)
Austria 501 (3.5) 499 (4.5) m m
Belgium 523 (2.6) 514 (3.1) 512 (2.3)
Canada 535 (1.8) 527 (2.1) 525 (1.7)
Chile m m 410 (4.5) 421 (3.1)
Czech Republic 518 (3.3) 505 (3.5) 490 (2.8)
Denmark 513 (3.0) 511 (2.9) 502 (2.7)
Estonia m m 515 (2.7) 511 (2.7)
Finland 544 (1.9) 548 (2.4) 540 (2.1)
France 510 (2.6) 498 (3.2) 495 (3.2)
Germany 497 (3.5) 495 (4.4) 512 (2.9)
Greece 447 (4.4) 460 (3.1) 466 (3.8)
Hungary 490 (2.9) 490 (2.9) 490 (3.5)
Iceland 514 (1.5) 504 (1.9) 505 (1.4)
Ireland 501 (2.8) 499 (3.2) 487 (2.5)
Israel m m 444 (4.1) 448 (3.2)
Italy 466 (3.2) 460 (2.5) 481 (1.9)
Japan 534 (4.1) 523 (3.3) 529 (3.3)
Korea 540 (3.3) 547 (3.8) 547 (4.0)
Latvia 481 (3.7) 487 (3.0) 482 (3.1)
Luxembourg 490 (1.2) 482 (1.3) 483 (1.2)
Mexico 390 (3.4) 411 (2.7) 422 (1.8)
Netherlands 540 (3.0) 530 (2.6) 526 (4.8)
New Zealand 518 (2.5) 519 (2.6) 514 (2.6)
Norway 491 (2.6) 486 (3.0) 493 (2.7)
Poland 490 (2.5) 496 (2.4) 495 (2.8)
Portugal 463 (3.9) 466 (3.3) 486 (2.9)
Slovak Republic 496 (3.5) 490 (2.9) 493 (3.5)
Slovenia m m 505 (1.1) 501 (1.2)
Spain 481 (2.8) 478 (2.5) 482 (2.2)
Sweden 505 (2.8) 498 (2.6) 487 (3.2)
Switzerland 520 (3.4) 524 (3.2) 529 (3.3)
Turkey 419 (6.6) 423 (4.8) 446 (4.5)
United Kingdom m m 493 (2.6) 488 (2.5)
United States 480 (3.2) 471 (4.0) 485 (3.6)
OECD average-30 497 (0.6) 495 (0.6) m m
OECD average-34 m m 492 (0.5) 494 (0.5)
OECD average-35 m m 492 (0.5) m m
Partners
Albania m m m m 377 (4.0)
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 354 (5.1) 367 (3.2) 383 (2.4)
Bulgaria m m 415 (6.1) 428 (5.9)
Colombia m m 369 (3.8) 380 (3.3)
Costa Rica m m m m 408 (3.2)
Croatia m m 467 (2.5) 458 (3.1)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m 378 (2.9)
Hong Kong (China) 550 (4.6) 548 (2.8) 553 (2.7)
Indonesia 360 (3.8) 389 (5.1) 371 (3.7)
Jordan m m 381 (3.4) 385 (3.8)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania m m 485 (2.9) 476 (2.6)
Macao (China) 529 (3.1) 524 (1.4) 525 (1.0)
Malta m m m m 462 (1.5)
Moldova m m m m 395 (3.4)
Montenegro m m 399 (1.5) 402 (1.9)
Peru m m m m 367 (3.9)
Qatar m m 333 (1.2) 379 (0.8)
Romania m m 415 (4.4) 427 (3.4)
Russia 468 (4.3) 474 (4.0) 467 (3.4)
Singapore m m m m 564 (1.5)
Chinese Taipei m m 550 (4.3) 544 (3.4)
Thailand 418 (3.0) 418 (2.4) 418 (3.2)
Trinidad and Tobago m m m m 413 (1.6)
Tunisia 358 (2.6) 365 (4.0) 370 (3.0)
Uruguay 420 (3.3) 425 (2.6) 425 (2.7)
Argentina* m m 381 (6.0) 389 (4.0)

Kazakhstan* m m m m 406 (3.2)
Malaysia* m m m m 402 (2.9)
trend is calculated with a linear regression model. This model takes into account that Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova c
A5 for details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant
performance of a population matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2015 population has changed over time.
Adjusted change Adjusted change Adjusted change

between between between
Adjusted PISA Adjusted PISA
2003 and 2015 2006 and 2015 2009 and 2015
2012 results 2015 results
(PISA 2015 - PISA (PISA 2015 - PISA (PISA 2015 - PISA
2003) 2006) 2009)
Mean Mean
score S.E. score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
505 (1.7) 494 (1.6) -29 (6.2) -24 (4.5) -18 (4.9)
503 (2.7) 497 (2.9) -5 (7.2) -2 (6.4) m m
512 (2.2) 507 (2.4) -16 (6.6) -7 (5.3) -5 (5.0)
517 (1.9) 516 (2.3) -19 (6.3) -11 (4.7) -9 (4.8)
423 (3.1) 423 (2.5) m m 12 (6.3) 2 (5.5)
499 (3.0) 492 (2.4) -25 (6.9) -13 (5.5) 3 (5.3)
499 (2.3) 511 (2.2) -2 (6.7) 0 (5.1) 9 (5.1)
520 (2.0) 520 (2.0) m m 4 (4.9) 9 (5.1)
518 (2.0) 511 (2.3) -33 (6.4) -37 (4.8) -29 (4.9)
496 (2.5) 493 (2.1) -18 (6.5) -5 (5.2) -2 (5.4)
514 (2.9) 506 (2.9) 9 (7.2) 11 (6.3) -6 (5.6)
453 (2.6) 454 (3.8) 7 (8.0) -7 (6.0) -13 (6.6)
478 (3.3) 477 (2.5) -14 (6.8) -13 (5.2) -13 (5.7)
494 (1.7) 488 (2.0) -26 (6.1) -16 (4.5) -17 (4.5)
501 (2.3) 504 (2.1) 3 (6.6) 4 (5.1) 17 (5.0)
468 (4.7) 470 (3.6) m m 26 (6.5) 21 (6.1)
485 (2.1) 490 (2.8) 23 (7.1) 29 (5.1) 9 (5.1)
536 (3.5) 532 (3.0) -1 (7.6) 9 (5.7) 4 (5.8)
553 (4.6) 524 (3.7) -16 (7.5) -23 (6.3) -22 (6.6)
491 (2.7) 482 (1.9) 1 (7.0) -5 (5.0) 1 (5.2)
487 (1.2) 486 (1.3) -4 (5.9) 4 (3.9) 2 (4.2)
415 (1.4) 408 (2.2) 18 (6.9) -3 (5.0) -14 (4.8)
522 (3.5) 512 (2.2) -28 (6.7) -18 (4.9) -14 (6.5)
497 (2.2) 495 (2.3) -23 (6.5) -24 (4.9) -19 (5.1)
487 (2.8) 502 (2.2) 11 (6.6) 16 (5.1) 8 (5.1)
518 (3.6) 504 (2.4) 14 (6.6) 8 (4.9) 9 (5.3)
488 (3.8) 492 (2.5) 29 (7.3) 26 (5.4) 5 (5.4)
481 (3.5) 475 (2.7) -20 (7.1) -15 (5.3) -18 (5.8)
501 (1.2) 510 (1.3) m m 5 (3.9) 9 (4.2)
483 (1.9) 486 (2.2) 5 (6.6) 8 (4.8) 4 (4.9)
476 (2.3) 494 (3.2) -11 (7.0) -4 (5.4) 7 (5.9)
526 (3.1) 521 (2.9) 1 (7.2) -3 (5.6) -7 (5.8)
448 (4.8) 420 (4.1) 1 (9.6) -3 (7.2) -25 (7.2)
491 (3.5) 492 (2.5) m m 0 (5.0) 4 (5.2)
480 (3.6) 470 (3.2) -10 (7.2) -2 (6.2) -15 (6.1)
495 (0.5) 491 (0.5) -6 (5.7) -4 (3.6) m m
493 (0.5) 490 (0.4) m m -2 (3.6) -4 (3.8)
493 (0.5) 490 (0.4) m m -2 (3.6) m m
394 (2.1) 413 (3.4) m m m m 36 (6.5)

m m 360 (3.0) m m m m m m
386 (1.9) 377 (2.9) 23 (8.1) 10 (5.5) -5 (5.3)
m m 531 (4.9) m m m m m m
438 (4.0) 441 (4.0) m m 26 (8.1) 14 (8.0)
417 (6.8) 456 (6.9) m m m m m m
376 (2.9) 390 (2.3) m m 20 (5.6) 10 (5.5)
406 (3.2) 400 (2.5) m m m m -8 (5.5)
470 (3.7) 464 (2.8) m m -3 (5.1) 6 (5.6)
439 (1.1) 437 (1.7) m m m m m m
m m 328 (2.7) m m m m m m
m m 371 (1.3) m m m m m m
m m 404 (2.8) m m m m 26 (5.5)
560 (3.2) 548 (3.0) -3 (7.9) 0 (5.4) -5 (5.5)
374 (3.8) 386 (3.1) 26 (7.5) -2 (6.9) 15 (6.1)
385 (3.1) 380 (2.7) m m -1 (5.6) -5 (6.0)
m m 362 (1.6) m m m m m m
m m 396 (3.7) m m m m m m
477 (2.6) 478 (2.3) m m -7 (5.1) 2 (5.2)
538 (1.0) 544 (1.1) 14 (6.5) 20 (3.9) 18 (4.1)
m m 479 (1.7) m m m m 17 (4.4)
m m 420 (2.5) m m m m 25 (5.6)
409 (1.1) 418 (1.5) m m 19 (4.1) 16 (4.5)
370 (3.7) 387 (2.7) m m m m 19 (6.1)
381 (0.8) 402 (1.3) m m 69 (3.9) 23 (4.1)
445 (3.8) 444 (3.8) m m 29 (6.8) 17 (6.3)
481 (3.0) 494 (3.1) 26 (7.7) 21 (6.2) 27 (6.0)
574 (1.3) 564 (1.5) m m m m 0 (4.3)
561 (3.3) 542 (3.0) m m -8 (6.3) -1 (5.9)
427 (3.4) 415 (3.0) -2 (7.0) -2 (5.2) -3 (5.8)
m m 417 (1.4) m m m m 4 (4.3)
388 (3.9) 367 (3.0) 9 (6.9) 2 (6.1) -3 (5.6)
435 (2.5) 427 (2.4) m m m m m m
408 (2.8) 418 (2.5) -2 (7.0) -7 (5.0) -7 (5.3)
512 (4.8) 495 (4.5) m m m m m m
388 (3.6) 409 (3.1) m m 28 (7.6) 20 (6.3)

433 (3.1) 460 (4.3) m m m m 54 (6.5)
420 (3.2) 446 (3.3) m m m m 44 (5.8)
SA and PISA 2015. For countries and economies with more than one available measurement, the average 3-year
ca, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2015 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex
ements), gender, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the
s changed over time.
Average adjusted
Adjusted change
3-year trend in
between
mathematics
2012 and 2015
performance
(PISA 2015 - PISA
across PISA
2012)
assessments
-12 (4.2) -7.1 (1.3)

-6 (5.3) -0.6 (1.5)
-5 (4.8) -3.3 (1.4)
-1 (4.6) -4.8 (1.3)
0 (5.3) 3.9 (1.9)
-6 (5.2) -5.6 (1.5)
12 (4.8) -1.5 (1.4)
-1 (4.6) 2.1 (1.6)
-7 (4.7) -9.6 (1.3)
-3 (4.8) -3.6 (1.4)
-8 (5.4) 3.7 (1.5)
1 (5.8) 0.6 (1.7)
-1 (5.4) -4.0 (1.4)
-6 (4.4) -6.1 (1.3)
3 (4.7) 0.6 (1.4)
2 (6.9) 9.5 (2.1)
4 (5.0) 7.0 (1.5)
-3 (5.8) 1.0 (1.6)
-29 (6.9) -2.5 (1.6)
-8 (4.9) 0.5 (1.5)
-1 (3.9) -0.3 (1.2)
-7 (4.4) 4.1 (1.4)
-10 (5.5) -6.3 (1.4)
-1 (4.7) -6.9 (1.4)
15 (5.0) 2.2 (1.4)
-13 (5.6) 5.0 (1.4)
4 (5.8) 7.9 (1.6)
-5 (5.7) -5.0 (1.5)
9 (3.9) 1.5 (1.2)
3 (4.6) 1.4 (1.4)
18 (5.3) -4.3 (1.5)
-5 (5.5) 0.4 (1.5)
-27 (7.3) 2.7 (2.0)
2 (5.6) 0.2 (1.6)
-11 (6.0) -1.2 (1.6)
-4 (3.6) -1.2 (1.2)
-3 (3.6) -0.5 (1.1)
-3 (3.6) -0.5 (1.1)
19 (5.4) 17.8 (3.2)

m m m m
-9 (5.0) 6.5 (1.6)
m m m m
3 (6.7) 8.9 (2.6)
39 (10.3) 39.0 (10.3)
14 (5.1) 5.7 (1.8)
-6 (5.4) -5.1 (3.2)
-6 (5.8) 0.3 (1.6)
-2 (4.1) -2.0 (4.1)
m m m m
m m m m
m m 15.5 (3.3)
-12 (5.6) 0.8 (1.6)
12 (6.1) 3.7 (1.6)
-5 (5.4) -0.3 (1.8)
m m m m
m m m m
1 (5.0) -1.9 (1.6)
5 (3.9) 4.3 (1.3)
m m 10.2 (2.7)
m m 14.9 (3.4)
9 (4.0) 6.3 (1.3)
17 (5.8) 9.3 (3.0)
21 (3.8) 21.0 (1.2)
-1 (6.5) 10.4 (2.1)
13 (5.6) 6.2 (1.6)
-10 (4.0) 0.3 (2.3)
-19 (5.7) -0.6 (2.0)
-11 (5.8) 0.4 (1.5)
m m 2.2 (2.2)
-21 (6.1) 4.1 (1.5)
-7 (5.0) -7.5 (5.0)
10 (5.2) -2.0 (1.5)
-17 (7.4) -17.4 (7.4)
21 (5.9) 8.3 (2.4)

27 (6.3) 26.5 (3.2)
26 (5.8) 26.7 (3.5)
Table I.5.4f
Distribution of mathematics scores, 2003 through 2015, adjusted for demographic changes
Adjusted PISA 2003 results

10th percentile 25th percentile Median (50th)
OECD
Australia 396 (3.3) 458 (2.9) 526 (2.5)
Austria 379 (4.9) 436 (3.9) 502 (4.4)
Belgium 370 (6.1) 447 (3.6) 531 (3.1)
Canada 420 (2.6) 476 (2.0) 536 (2.1)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic 397 (4.1) 452 (4.0) 517 (4.0)
Denmark 393 (5.1) 452 (3.9) 515 (3.5)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 437 (2.9) 488 (2.2) 544 (2.0)
France 387 (5.7) 448 (4.0) 514 (2.8)
Germany 352 (5.7) 424 (4.9) 503 (5.0)
Greece 324 (6.3) 384 (5.0) 449 (5.0)
Hungary 370 (4.4) 426 (3.1) 490 (3.3)
Iceland 395 (2.9) 453 (2.8) 516 (2.4)
Ireland 389 (5.0) 442 (4.3) 503 (3.3)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy 343 (6.2) 401 (4.4) 467 (3.6)
Japan 401 (6.1) 466 (5.4) 539 (4.2)
Korea 421 (4.8) 478 (4.2) 542 (3.7)
Latvia 369 (5.7) 421 (4.2) 482 (4.1)
Luxembourg 367 (2.9) 425 (1.9) 491 (1.9)
Mexico 283 (4.6) 332 (4.0) 389 (3.7)
Netherlands 420 (6.0) 474 (5.2) 542 (4.2)
New Zealand 386 (4.8) 449 (3.5) 520 (3.0)
Norway 371 (3.7) 428 (3.6) 491 (3.5)
Poland 376 (3.6) 428 (3.2) 490 (3.0)
Portugal 346 (5.5) 401 (5.8) 465 (4.5)
Slovak Republic 374 (6.2) 433 (4.7) 497 (3.9)
Slovenia m m m mm m
Spain 363 (4.7) 421 (3.7) 484 (2.9)
Sweden 381 (4.5) 441 (3.9) 505 (2.9)
Switzerland 388 (4.8) 453 (4.5) 523 (3.8)
Turkey 297 (6.9) 348 (5.8) 410 (6.6)
United Kingdom m m m mm m
United States 353 (4.4) 414 (3.9) 480 (3.2)
OECD average-30 375 (0.9) 433 (0.7) 499 (0.7)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 231 (5.4) 284 (5.1) 349 (5.1)
Croatia m m m m m m
Dominican Republic m m m mm m
FYROM m m m mm m
Georgia m m m mm m
Hong Kong (China) 416 (8.3) 485 (7.0) 560 (4.9)
Indonesia 261 (4.9) 306 (3.5) 357 (4.0)
Jordan m m m mm m
Kosovo m m m mm m
Lebanon m m m mm m
Lithuania m m m mm m
Macao (China) 420 (6.1) 470 (5.7) 531 (4.6)
Malta m m m mm m
Moldova m m m mm m
Peru m m m mm m
Qatar m m m mm m
Romania m m m mm m
Russia 348 (5.1) 404 (5.3) 467 (4.8)
Singapore m m m mm m
Chinese Taipei m m m mm m
Thailand 317 (3.0) 361 (2.8) 412 (3.3)
Tunisia 255 (4.1) 302 (2.7) 354 (2.9)
United Arab Emirates m m m mm m
Uruguay 288 (4.1) 351 (4.3) 422 (4.3)
Viet Nam m m m mm m
Argentina* m m m mm m
Kazakhstan* m m m mm m
Malaysia* m m m mm m
gender, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population m
SA 2003 results Adjusted PISA 2006 results

591 (2.6) 644 (3.1) 403 (2.9) 458 (2.3) 519 (2.4)
567 (4.4) 622 (4.2) 364 (8.1) 429 (6.3) 503 (6.1)
607 (2.7) 661 (2.3) 371 (7.3) 444 (4.5) 522 (3.1)
596 (2.4) 648 (2.9) 415 (3.6) 469 (2.5) 529 (2.2)
m m m m 302 (4.3) 349 (4.6) 407 (5.0)
584 (3.9) 639 (4.8) 372 (5.6) 436 (5.0) 505 (3.8)
577 (3.4) 631 (4.1) 399 (5.1) 453 (3.8) 513 (2.8)
m m m m 412 (4.4) 462 (3.5) 516 (3.3)
603 (2.3) 652 (2.9) 442 (3.8) 493 (2.7) 550 (2.8)
576 (3.1) 628 (3.5) 372 (5.1) 432 (4.6) 502 (4.5)
575 (4.0) 630 (3.6) 363 (7.7) 428 (6.0) 497 (4.6)
510 (5.7) 570 (6.9) 342 (5.8) 400 (3.9) 463 (3.4)
556 (4.0) 611 (4.7) 376 (3.8) 430 (3.0) 490 (3.3)
577 (2.0) 628 (2.9) 388 (4.2) 444 (2.7) 506 (2.0)
561 (3.1) 613 (4.0) 391 (5.5) 442 (4.3) 501 (3.7)
m m m m 309 (6.4) 373 (5.0) 445 (5.3)
532 (3.2) 591 (4.3) 338 (3.6) 396 (2.8) 461 (2.4)
605 (4.4) 660 (6.5) 404 (5.5) 463 (4.6) 526 (3.8)
604 (3.8) 657 (5.4) 426 (6.3) 485 (4.4) 550 (3.3)
541 (4.9) 595 (4.8) 380 (5.1) 433 (3.6) 489 (3.3)
555 (2.3) 612 (3.2) 359 (3.5) 417 (2.1) 482 (2.2)
447 (4.3) 499 (4.5) 304 (4.5) 354 (3.2) 411 (2.7)
609 (3.9) 657 (3.2) 412 (5.1) 466 (4.4) 533 (3.4)
590 (2.7) 648 (3.3) 397 (4.3) 454 (3.7) 520 (3.2)
557 (3.6) 612 (3.3) 368 (4.2) 423 (4.3) 486 (3.4)
553 (2.8) 608 (3.3) 385 (3.5) 435 (2.8) 495 (3.0)
524 (3.8) 580 (3.5) 347 (5.8) 403 (4.4) 468 (3.7)
563 (3.8) 618 (3.6) 367 (5.9) 430 (3.9) 493 (3.6)
m m m m 391 (2.2) 442 (2.7) 504 (1.6)
543 (3.1) 595 (3.7) 363 (3.6) 418 (3.1) 481 (2.6)
572 (3.6) 628 (3.5) 381 (3.9) 436 (3.6) 497 (3.6)
589 (4.7) 648 (5.6) 395 (4.7) 457 (3.9) 527 (3.9)
481 (8.2) 554 (13.3) 317 (3.9) 360 (3.3) 414 (3.9)
m m m m 378 (4.0) 431 (3.1) 492 (2.9)
547 (3.5) 605 (4.2) 355 (5.7) 408 (4.7) 470 (4.0)
563 (0.7) 618 (0.9) 376 (0.9) 433 (0.7) 497 (0.6)
m m m m 374 (0.8) 430 (0.7) 493 (0.6)
m m m m 374 (0.8) 430 (0.7) 493 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
418 (6.3) 487 (10.3) 252 (5.2) 304 (3.5) 362 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 289 (7.1) 347 (6.2) 414 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 256 (5.4) 310 (4.9) 368 (4.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 360 (3.9) 410 (3.1) 466 (2.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
622 (3.8) 672 (4.1) 423 (6.7) 487 (4.8) 553 (2.7)
411 (4.7) 465 (6.3) 291 (4.2) 334 (4.2) 385 (5.0)
m m m m 275 (4.5) 326 (3.7) 383 (3.4)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 368 (4.0) 425 (3.4) 486 (3.2)
588 (4.6) 640 (5.4) 415 (3.3) 466 (2.4) 525 (2.0)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 292 (3.4) 342 (2.4) 397 (2.2)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 219 (2.7) 265 (1.5) 321 (1.7)
m m m m 307 (7.4) 358 (5.7) 414 (4.9)
530 (5.0) 588 (5.2) 360 (5.3) 414 (4.7) 472 (4.4)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 410 (6.5) 478 (6.3) 558 (5.1)
470 (3.7) 527 (4.8) 318 (3.3) 363 (3.3) 415 (2.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
411 (3.9) 466 (4.9) 250 (3.8) 301 (4.0) 361 (4.0)
m m m m m m m mm m
489 (3.7) 549 (4.7) 294 (4.5) 358 (3.4) 428 (3.3)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 249 (9.6) 316 (7.7) 385 (6.8)

m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2015 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A5 for details). Demo
he performance of a population matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2015 population has changed over time.
580 (2.5) 633 (3.4) 388 (2.8) 449 (2.6) 515 (2.6)
572 (3.7) 627 (3.9) m m m mm m
594 (2.5) 648 (2.2) 368 (4.8) 440 (3.5) 518 (2.7)
587 (2.4) 635 (2.4) 410 (3.1) 465 (2.2) 528 (2.0)
470 (5.2) 526 (6.3) 321 (4.2) 366 (3.2) 418 (3.3)
578 (4.4) 639 (4.0) 372 (4.5) 425 (3.3) 487 (2.9)
570 (3.0) 621 (3.6) 388 (4.4) 444 (3.2) 504 (3.0)
571 (3.1) 618 (3.1) 408 (4.0) 457 (3.6) 512 (2.8)
605 (2.7) 652 (2.9) 430 (3.5) 486 (3.1) 543 (2.6)
567 (3.9) 619 (4.0) 357 (6.5) 427 (4.8) 501 (3.9)
566 (4.5) 627 (4.2) 380 (4.8) 442 (4.4) 516 (3.5)
523 (4.2) 577 (5.0) 351 (5.8) 406 (4.6) 468 (4.2)
550 (4.1) 608 (4.9) 369 (7.3) 428 (4.5) 493 (4.2)
566 (2.6) 617 (3.4) 385 (3.1) 445 (2.1) 508 (2.0)
558 (3.3) 607 (3.5) 375 (4.6) 432 (2.9) 491 (3.0)
517 (4.8) 578 (5.0) 313 (5.6) 377 (4.5) 451 (3.5)
527 (3.0) 583 (4.1) 360 (3.0) 418 (1.8) 483 (2.4)
587 (3.0) 638 (3.5) 407 (5.4) 468 (4.4) 532 (3.3)
612 (4.3) 664 (6.6) 430 (6.9) 486 (5.4) 549 (4.4)
543 (3.3) 591 (3.3) 379 (4.8) 427 (3.8) 483 (3.9)
547 (2.5) 604 (2.8) 354 (3.3) 417 (2.8) 485 (1.8)
467 (2.9) 518 (3.9) 322 (2.3) 369 (1.9) 422 (1.9)
596 (2.7) 644 (3.2) 406 (5.6) 461 (6.8) 529 (6.0)
586 (3.2) 642 (4.0) 384 (5.5) 448 (3.8) 518 (3.3)
550 (3.0) 606 (3.6) 379 (4.5) 434 (2.9) 495 (3.2)
557 (3.3) 610 (3.6) 380 (3.6) 434 (3.5) 495 (3.0)
531 (3.1) 583 (2.9) 366 (3.6) 423 (3.4) 488 (3.4)
557 (3.6) 611 (4.6) 369 (5.7) 428 (4.3) 494 (3.6)
567 (2.2) 625 (2.9) 377 (2.5) 434 (2.8) 501 (1.8)
541 (2.6) 592 (2.9) 361 (3.2) 422 (2.7) 486 (2.5)
562 (3.2) 615 (3.2) 363 (5.5) 424 (4.3) 489 (3.5)
594 (3.7) 648 (4.2) 394 (4.3) 461 (4.8) 533 (3.9)
476 (7.1) 547 (12.0) 331 (3.7) 379 (3.8) 439 (4.7)
554 (2.7) 611 (3.5) 374 (3.8) 429 (3.5) 489 (2.8)
533 (4.9) 590 (4.5) 365 (4.4) 422 (4.2) 485 (3.9)
559 (0.7) 613 (0.8) m m m m m m
556 (0.6) 610 (0.7) 374 (0.8) 432 (0.6) 496 (0.6)
556 (0.6) 610 (0.7) m m m m m m
m m m m 261 (5.1) 317 (5.1) 380 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
425 (3.7) 486 (5.8) 283 (2.9) 327 (2.3) 378 (2.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
483 (6.8) 545 (8.6) 301 (5.8) 359 (6.3) 427 (6.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
428 (4.6) 482 (3.8) 285 (5.5) 329 (4.2) 379 (3.5)
m m m m 315 (3.9) 359 (3.2) 407 (3.6)
524 (3.4) 575 (3.4) 345 (4.1) 397 (4.0) 458 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m 268 (4.3) 319 (3.4) 378 (3.0)
615 (3.1) 666 (3.6) 425 (5.1) 491 (3.7) 558 (3.1)
440 (7.6) 494 (9.2) 283 (4.7) 323 (3.6) 369 (3.8)
439 (4.1) 488 (4.9) 278 (5.0) 331 (3.7) 387 (3.7)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
548 (3.6) 601 (4.7) 362 (4.4) 416 (3.1) 476 (3.0)
585 (1.9) 632 (2.4) 416 (2.9) 468 (1.9) 527 (1.8)
m m m m 324 (4.5) 390 (3.1) 465 (2.4)
m m m m 284 (4.5) 337 (4.1) 395 (3.6)
455 (2.6) 509 (3.3) 293 (3.7) 346 (2.6) 402 (2.2)
m m m m 254 (4.3) 306 (3.7) 366 (4.0)
388 (2.3) 467 (4.1) 259 (1.4) 306 (1.4) 366 (1.3)
471 (5.0) 524 (6.9) 326 (4.0) 372 (4.0) 426 (3.9)
534 (5.2) 591 (5.2) 358 (4.9) 410 (4.5) 467 (3.5)
m m m m 423 (4.4) 492 (2.7) 570 (2.5)
626 (3.4) 678 (3.4) 405 (3.9) 472 (3.6) 547 (4.2)
471 (2.7) 525 (3.8) 320 (4.2) 365 (3.5) 415 (3.2)
m m m m 285 (3.5) 340 (3.1) 410 (2.3)
426 (5.3) 487 (7.8) 272 (4.3) 317 (3.7) 370 (3.4)
m m m m m m m mm m
494 (3.2) 550 (4.9) 306 (4.2) 361 (3.8) 424 (3.1)
m m m m m m m mm m
450 (6.5) 507 (7.1) 271 (6.0) 328 (4.2) 389 (4.3)
m m m m 303 (3.3) 348 (3.4) 401 (3.4)
m m m m 307 (3.1) 351 (2.7) 401 (3.0)
3-year trend is calculated with a linear regression model. This model takes into account that Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova condu
(see Annex A5 for details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments),
d over time.
579 (3.3) 634 (4.1) 384 (2.4) 438 (2.0) 504 (1.9)
m m m m 381 (3.9) 437 (3.2) 503 (3.2)
591 (2.3) 644 (2.8) 375 (4.0) 440 (3.4) 515 (2.7)
587 (1.9) 637 (2.1) 400 (2.3) 456 (2.2) 517 (2.3)
474 (4.1) 527 (5.1) 323 (3.8) 365 (3.5) 417 (3.5)
553 (3.6) 612 (4.4) 376 (5.2) 432 (4.0) 500 (3.3)
563 (3.3) 614 (3.7) 392 (4.0) 443 (3.4) 499 (2.5)
566 (2.7) 615 (3.5) 417 (3.1) 465 (2.9) 518 (2.7)
598 (2.4) 643 (2.5) 408 (3.4) 462 (2.5) 520 (2.4)
569 (3.8) 622 (3.9) 367 (4.5) 430 (2.8) 498 (2.9)
584 (3.2) 637 (3.6) 385 (5.0) 448 (3.7) 517 (3.4)
527 (3.6) 580 (4.0) 338 (3.9) 392 (3.6) 453 (3.2)
554 (4.4) 608 (5.6) 358 (4.2) 411 (3.4) 475 (3.7)
568 (2.0) 621 (2.9) 374 (3.0) 433 (2.3) 495 (2.5)
547 (3.0) 590 (3.2) 390 (4.0) 444 (3.3) 502 (2.9)
521 (4.3) 582 (5.2) 330 (5.7) 394 (5.1) 469 (5.3)
547 (2.6) 601 (2.4) 366 (2.2) 421 (2.4) 485 (2.4)
595 (3.8) 648 (4.8) 415 (5.1) 473 (4.1) 538 (3.9)
609 (4.3) 659 (4.6) 425 (5.9) 486 (4.9) 556 (4.8)
537 (3.8) 584 (3.8) 387 (4.5) 434 (3.2) 490 (3.4)
555 (2.1) 610 (2.8) 361 (3.2) 418 (1.9) 488 (1.8)
475 (2.3) 523 (2.9) 322 (1.8) 365 (1.5) 413 (1.5)
593 (4.5) 640 (4.4) 396 (5.6) 457 (5.3) 528 (4.8)
585 (3.0) 639 (3.8) 367 (3.9) 424 (3.1) 495 (3.1)
554 (3.1) 606 (3.6) 370 (4.4) 425 (3.2) 488 (3.0)
557 (3.4) 609 (4.0) 402 (2.7) 454 (3.3) 514 (3.9)
551 (3.3) 605 (4.3) 364 (4.3) 421 (5.0) 489 (4.6)
560 (4.0) 622 (5.6) 350 (6.6) 412 (4.3) 480 (3.8)
569 (2.3) 628 (3.6) 384 (2.7) 434 (2.0) 499 (2.1)
545 (2.4) 596 (2.4) 368 (3.1) 423 (2.5) 485 (2.4)
556 (3.7) 610 (3.8) 357 (3.8) 412 (3.1) 476 (2.5)
601 (3.8) 655 (4.3) 402 (3.3) 461 (3.6) 529 (3.5)
506 (6.2) 574 (9.1) 339 (3.3) 382 (3.6) 438 (4.8)
549 (3.4) 604 (4.0) 364 (5.8) 425 (4.1) 492 (3.8)
548 (4.7) 605 (4.9) 366 (4.0) 417 (3.7) 476 (3.9)
m m m m 376 (0.7) 432 (0.6) 496 (0.6)
558 (0.6) 611 (0.7) 374 (0.7) 429 (0.6) 493 (0.6)
m m m m 374 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 493 (0.6)
438 (4.9) 493 (6.0) 280 (4.6) 338 (3.1) 397 (2.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
432 (3.2) 491 (4.9) 291 (2.6) 331 (1.9) 380 (1.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
496 (6.7) 555 (8.9) 319 (4.7) 372 (4.6) 435 (4.5)
m m m m 291 (13.0) 361 (8.4) 427 (7.2)
430 (3.4) 478 (4.1) 285 (3.9) 325 (2.7) 372 (3.0)
457 (3.8) 503 (4.9) 321 (4.3) 359 (3.9) 402 (3.2)
519 (3.9) 572 (5.1) 359 (3.4) 407 (3.6) 467 (3.5)
m m m m 320 (2.6) 375 (1.7) 439 (1.7)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
436 (3.4) 488 (4.3) m m m mm m
621 (3.3) 672 (3.7) 430 (6.2) 498 (4.7) 568 (3.6)
415 (4.7) 461 (6.3) 287 (4.3) 326 (3.8) 369 (3.6)
442 (4.4) 489 (5.3) 289 (3.9) 334 (3.2) 383 (3.1)
m m m m m m m mm m
m m m m m m m mm m
537 (3.1) 590 (4.0) 363 (3.4) 416 (3.3) 476 (3.4)
584 (1.3) 634 (1.7) 415 (2.9) 476 (1.8) 542 (1.8)
537 (2.8) 595 (2.7) m m m mm m
454 (4.2) 507 (5.0) m m m mm m
458 (2.2) 509 (2.8) 306 (2.1) 352 (1.8) 405 (2.0)
426 (5.4) 482 (6.2) 266 (3.5) 312 (3.5) 365 (3.9)
442 (1.8) 526 (3.5) 260 (1.6) 310 (1.2) 370 (1.2)
481 (3.6) 529 (5.1) 345 (3.5) 386 (3.8) 439 (4.1)
525 (3.9) 577 (5.6) 369 (3.7) 421 (3.2) 481 (3.4)
640 (1.9) 695 (3.3) 433 (3.3) 502 (2.3) 580 (2.5)
618 (4.6) 675 (5.4) 403 (5.0) 480 (4.8) 568 (4.2)
469 (3.7) 522 (5.5) 328 (3.0) 372 (2.6) 421 (3.3)
484 (2.6) 546 (2.1) m m m m m m
422 (3.3) 469 (4.9) 292 (4.3) 333 (3.6) 383 (4.0)
m m m m 323 (2.6) 370 (2.9) 430 (2.7)
488 (3.2) 545 (4.0) 295 (4.8) 346 (3.3) 406 (3.3)
m m m m 402 (7.3) 455 (5.2) 511 (5.1)
452 (4.9) 510 (7.2) 292 (4.7) 336 (3.8) 387 (4.4)
460 (4.4) 515 (5.8) 344 (2.6) 384 (2.8) 429 (3.3)
451 (3.4) 498 (4.7) 317 (3.1) 361 (3.0) 416 (3.4)
eorgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
572 (2.2) 631 (3.0) 371 (2.5) 430 (2.0) 495 (2.1)
570 (3.6) 623 (3.7) 370 (4.5) 431 (3.9) 501 (3.6)
587 (2.8) 645 (2.4) 374 (3.9) 438 (3.5) 513 (3.0)
580 (2.2) 633 (2.4) 400 (3.2) 456 (2.9) 518 (2.5)
477 (4.3) 532 (4.3) 313 (3.5) 363 (2.9) 422 (3.0)
566 (3.4) 620 (3.6) 373 (4.2) 431 (3.4) 494 (2.8)
556 (2.6) 606 (3.2) 405 (3.2) 457 (2.9) 513 (2.7)
575 (2.7) 626 (3.2) 415 (3.1) 464 (2.6) 521 (2.3)
577 (2.4) 628 (3.1) 404 (3.8) 456 (3.1) 514 (2.7)
566 (3.4) 622 (3.5) 364 (3.9) 425 (3.3) 499 (2.9)
584 (3.6) 638 (3.9) 389 (4.1) 445 (3.5) 508 (3.2)
513 (2.9) 567 (3.1) 336 (5.3) 391 (5.0) 455 (4.0)
541 (4.9) 604 (6.6) 351 (4.1) 411 (3.7) 480 (3.3)
557 (3.1) 612 (3.6) 367 (3.6) 424 (3.0) 489 (2.7)
559 (2.4) 609 (2.3) 400 (3.8) 450 (2.7) 505 (2.3)
542 (5.4) 603 (6.0) 332 (4.7) 396 (4.3) 473 (4.5)
550 (2.7) 606 (3.1) 368 (3.8) 426 (3.3) 491 (3.2)
602 (4.4) 656 (5.1) 416 (4.4) 474 (3.5) 536 (3.5)
624 (5.1) 679 (5.9) 391 (5.5) 458 (4.5) 529 (4.3)
547 (3.7) 597 (3.5) 382 (3.0) 430 (2.7) 483 (2.3)
556 (1.9) 612 (2.6) 363 (2.2) 417 (2.1) 487 (1.9)
464 (1.8) 512 (2.0) 312 (2.6) 357 (2.5) 407 (2.6)
591 (4.3) 638 (3.7) 390 (3.9) 449 (3.3) 516 (2.8)
568 (2.8) 630 (3.3) 375 (3.8) 431 (3.2) 497 (2.9)
550 (3.3) 603 (3.4) 391 (3.4) 444 (2.5) 504 (2.7)
580 (4.9) 637 (6.2) 391 (4.1) 443 (3.0) 505 (2.5)
555 (4.3) 610 (3.7) 365 (3.8) 424 (3.1) 495 (3.1)
552 (4.8) 612 (5.3) 349 (4.2) 412 (3.9) 479 (3.2)
567 (2.1) 625 (2.9) 394 (2.5) 449 (2.1) 512 (2.0)
545 (2.0) 596 (2.4) 374 (3.4) 428 (2.8) 489 (2.6)
541 (2.9) 595 (2.8) 376 (4.4) 433 (3.8) 496 (3.5)
592 (3.4) 647 (4.3) 394 (4.4) 455 (3.9) 526 (3.3)
507 (8.1) 577 (9.8) 317 (3.9) 363 (3.8) 417 (4.7)
558 (3.8) 615 (4.3) 371 (3.7) 430 (3.2) 496 (2.9)
542 (4.5) 600 (4.4) 355 (3.9) 408 (3.9) 470 (3.5)
560 (0.7) 615 (0.8) 374 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 494 (0.6)
557 (0.6) 612 (0.7) 373 (0.7) 428 (0.6) 492 (0.5)
557 (0.6) 613 (0.7) 373 (0.7) 428 (0.6) 492 (0.5)
454 (2.4) 509 (3.7) 303 (4.3) 354 (4.0) 413 (4.2)
m m m m 271 (3.8) 312 (3.0) 357 (2.8)
435 (2.6) 490 (4.2) 267 (3.3) 315 (3.1) 371 (3.1)
m m m m 388 (5.9) 458 (5.9) 538 (5.4)
503 (5.2) 565 (5.6) 315 (5.2) 371 (4.7) 441 (4.8)
481 (7.0) 532 (8.2) 340 (8.9) 397 (7.3) 457 (8.0)
422 (3.7) 473 (4.9) 293 (3.1) 335 (2.9) 386 (2.6)
449 (4.0) 496 (5.3) 315 (2.9) 353 (2.5) 398 (2.6)
530 (4.6) 589 (7.7) 351 (4.2) 402 (3.7) 462 (3.4)
503 (2.1) 560 (2.1) 317 (3.5) 373 (2.2) 438 (1.7)
m m m m 243 (3.9) 281 (3.2) 324 (3.1)
m m m m 251 (3.0) 306 (2.0) 369 (1.6)
m m m m 285 (4.3) 341 (3.6) 403 (3.1)
628 (3.4) 678 (4.1) 426 (5.0) 490 (4.3) 554 (3.3)
417 (4.9) 467 (6.8) 289 (4.1) 331 (3.5) 381 (3.3)
435 (3.3) 484 (4.2) 271 (4.0) 324 (3.2) 382 (2.9)
m m m m 265 (2.9) 310 (2.3) 360 (2.0)
m m m m 268 (5.2) 324 (4.7) 392 (4.5)
539 (3.3) 596 (3.6) 365 (3.8) 419 (3.0) 479 (2.7)
605 (1.7) 657 (2.5) 439 (2.4) 491 (1.7) 547 (1.5)
m m m m 331 (3.5) 405 (2.5) 485 (2.7)
m m m m 303 (3.7) 358 (3.4) 419 (3.1)
464 (2.1) 520 (2.5) 308 (2.8) 358 (2.2) 416 (2.1)
422 (4.8) 479 (6.9) 283 (2.6) 329 (2.7) 384 (2.8)
447 (1.5) 521 (2.0) 278 (2.0) 331 (1.8) 397 (1.8)
497 (4.9) 553 (6.3) 334 (4.6) 384 (4.3) 442 (4.3)
540 (3.7) 595 (4.8) 387 (4.6) 437 (3.4) 494 (3.5)
650 (1.8) 707 (2.2) 436 (2.6) 500 (2.4) 571 (2.0)
646 (3.3) 705 (4.8) 404 (4.2) 474 (3.6) 548 (3.2)
477 (4.8) 535 (7.3) 313 (3.7) 360 (3.1) 412 (3.2)
m m m m 294 (3.0) 348 (2.4) 415 (2.3)
437 (4.6) 488 (7.3) 263 (4.6) 310 (3.3) 363 (3.1)
495 (3.1) 557 (3.8) 306 (3.3) 360 (2.9) 423 (3.0)
469 (3.5) 525 (3.8) 309 (2.7) 357 (3.3) 415 (2.9)
569 (5.5) 624 (6.9) 388 (5.4) 436 (4.7) 492 (4.7)
440 (4.7) 488 (4.3) 306 (3.4) 354 (3.5) 407 (3.4)
479 (4.4) 528 (5.7) 357 (4.9) 403 (4.7) 457 (4.5)
474 (4.3) 530 (5.2) 343 (3.9) 391 (3.4) 447 (3.6)
Adusted change in percentiles between 2003 and 2015
SA 2015 results
(PISA 2015 - PISA 2003)
559 (2.1) 613 (2.8) -25 (6.9) -28 (6.6) -31 (6.5)
564 (3.4) 618 (3.7) -9 (8.7) -5 (7.9) -2 (8.0)
579 (2.5) 630 (2.5) 4 (9.2) -9 (7.6) -18 (7.0)
577 (2.6) 627 (3.2) -20 (6.9) -20 (6.6) -19 (6.5)
483 (3.5) 534 (3.6) m m m m m m
555 (2.9) 608 (3.6) -24 (8.1) -21 (7.7) -23 (7.4)
567 (2.5) 614 (2.9) 12 (8.2) 5 (7.4) -1 (7.1)
576 (2.6) 623 (2.7) m m m m m m
568 (2.4) 614 (2.9) -33 (7.3) -32 (6.8) -30 (6.5)
564 (2.6) 613 (2.7) -23 (8.9) -23 (7.6) -16 (6.9)
568 (3.4) 620 (3.4) 37 (9.0) 21 (8.2) 5 (8.2)
517 (4.0) 570 (3.7) 12 (10.0) 7 (9.0) 6 (8.5)
543 (3.2) 598 (3.5) -18 (8.3) -16 (7.4) -11 (7.3)
553 (2.7) 608 (4.0) -29 (7.3) -28 (7.0) -28 (6.6)
559 (2.2) 606 (2.6) 11 (8.4) 8 (7.6) 2 (6.9)
545 (4.3) 601 (4.9) m m m m m m
555 (3.6) 610 (3.8) 25 (9.2) 25 (7.9) 24 (7.4)
594 (3.5) 643 (4.2) 15 (9.4) 7 (8.5) -3 (7.8)
594 (4.2) 649 (4.3) -30 (9.2) -20 (8.3) -13 (8.0)
536 (2.1) 582 (2.9) 13 (8.5) 8 (7.5) 1 (7.3)
553 (2.0) 607 (2.5) -4 (6.7) -8 (6.3) -4 (6.2)
459 (2.9) 505 (3.5) 29 (7.7) 25 (7.3) 18 (7.2)
579 (2.4) 627 (3.1) -30 (9.1) -25 (8.3) -25 (7.5)
560 (2.8) 613 (3.1) -11 (8.3) -18 (7.3) -24 (7.0)
561 (2.7) 610 (3.0) 20 (7.5) 16 (7.1) 12 (7.1)
565 (3.0) 617 (3.6) 15 (7.8) 15 (7.1) 15 (6.9)
561 (2.8) 614 (3.6) 19 (8.7) 23 (8.7) 30 (7.8)
543 (2.8) 596 (3.3) -25 (9.4) -21 (8.3) -18 (7.5)
572 (1.9) 622 (3.0) m m m m m m
546 (2.5) 593 (3.3) 11 (8.1) 7 (7.3) 5 (6.8)
557 (4.0) 609 (3.9) -5 (8.5) -8 (7.8) -9 (7.2)
590 (3.4) 641 (3.4) 6 (8.6) 2 (8.2) 3 (7.5)
477 (6.0) 529 (6.3) 20 (9.7) 15 (8.9) 7 (9.8)
556 (3.1) 610 (3.1) m m m m m m
532 (3.5) 585 (4.2) 2 (8.1) -6 (7.8) -11 (7.3)
555 (0.6) 606 (0.6) -1 (5.7) -3 (5.7) -5 (5.7)
553 (0.5) 604 (0.6) m m m m m m
553 (0.5) 605 (0.6) m m m m m m
472 (4.2) 525 (4.4) m m m m m m
405 (3.6) 452 (4.4) m m m m m m
434 (3.7) 496 (4.7) 36 (8.5) 31 (8.2) 23 (8.2)
609 (5.8) 664 (5.6) m m m m m m
509 (4.9) 568 (5.6) m m m m m m
518 (8.1) 571 (8.7) m m m m m m
441 (2.7) 492 (3.3) m m m m m m
445 (3.0) 489 (4.2) m m m m m m
525 (3.3) 580 (3.6) m m m m m m
501 (2.2) 558 (3.0) m m m m m m
373 (3.6) 418 (4.7) m m m m m m
434 (2.4) 496 (3.4) m m m m m m
467 (3.4) 525 (4.7) m m m m m m
611 (2.8) 659 (3.5) 10 (11.2) 5 (10.0) -7 (8.2)
436 (3.9) 492 (5.4) 28 (8.5) 25 (7.5) 24 (7.7)
439 (3.2) 489 (3.2) m m m m m m
413 (2.6) 460 (4.2) m m m m m m
464 (4.6) 531 (5.5) m m m m m m
539 (2.9) 590 (3.5) m m m m m m
599 (1.9) 643 (2.5) 20 (8.7) 22 (8.2) 16 (7.4)
558 (2.5) 616 (3.0) m m m m m m
482 (3.3) 536 (4.1) m m m m m m
477 (2.4) 531 (2.3) m m m m m m
442 (4.0) 495 (4.3) m m m m m m
470 (1.6) 536 (2.0) m m m m m m
502 (4.6) 557 (5.4) m m m m m m
552 (3.4) 601 (3.8) 39 (8.8) 33 (8.4) 28 (8.2)
632 (1.6) 682 (2.4) m m m m m m
616 (3.6) 670 (4.6) m m m m m m
468 (4.0) 521 (5.2) -4 (7.4) -1 (7.0) 0 (7.2)
484 (2.1) 545 (3.3) m m m m m m
421 (3.6) 476 (5.0) 8 (8.3) 8 (7.1) 9 (7.0)
493 (3.2) 557 (3.5) m m m m m m
477 (3.4) 532 (3.6) 21 (7.5) 6 (7.8) -7 (7.6)
551 (4.9) 604 (6.9) m m m m m m
463 (3.7) 514 (4.1) m m m m m m

513 (5.1) 567 (6.3) m m m m m m
501 (3.9) 549 (4.5) m m m m m m
tiles between 2003 and 2015 Adusted change in percentiles between 2012 and 2015
- PISA 2003) (PISA 2015 - PISA 2012)
-32 (6.5) -31 (7.0) -13 (4.9) -9 (4.5) -9 (4.6)

-2 (7.9) -4 (7.9) -11 (7.0) -6 (6.2) -2 (6.0)
-28 (6.7) -32 (6.6) -1 (6.6) -2 (6.1) -2 (5.4)
-20 (6.6) -20 (7.1) 1 (5.3) 0 (5.1) 0 (4.9)
m m m m -10 (6.3) -2 (5.8) 5 (5.8)
-29 (7.4) -31 (8.2) -3 (7.6) -1 (6.3) -6 (5.6)
-10 (7.0) -17 (7.5) 13 (6.2) 14 (5.7) 14 (5.1)
m m m m -3 (5.6) -1 (5.3) 2 (5.0)
-35 (6.5) -38 (6.9) -4 (6.2) -6 (5.3) -6 (5.1)
-12 (6.9) -15 (7.1) -3 (7.0) -5 (5.6) 1 (5.4)
-8 (7.7) -11 (7.5) 4 (7.4) -2 (6.2) -9 (5.9)
8 (9.0) 0 (9.6) -1 (7.5) -1 (7.1) 2 (6.2)
-13 (7.6) -13 (8.1) -6 (6.9) -1 (6.1) 5 (6.1)
-24 (6.5) -20 (7.5) -7 (5.9) -8 (5.2) -6 (5.1)
-2 (6.8) -7 (7.3) 9 (6.5) 6 (5.6) 3 (5.2)
m m m m 2 (8.1) 1 (7.6) 4 (7.8)
23 (7.4) 19 (8.0) 3 (5.7) 5 (5.4) 6 (5.4)
-11 (7.9) -17 (9.5) 1 (7.6) 0 (6.5) -2 (6.3)
-10 (8.0) -7 (8.9) -33 (8.8) -28 (7.5) -27 (7.3)
-5 (7.7) -13 (7.9) -5 (6.5) -4 (5.5) -7 (5.4)
-1 (6.4) -5 (6.9) 3 (5.3) -1 (4.6) -2 (4.4)
13 (7.6) 6 (8.0) -10 (4.8) -8 (4.6) -6 (4.6)
-31 (7.2) -30 (7.2) -6 (7.7) -7 (7.2) -12 (6.5)
-30 (6.8) -34 (7.2) 7 (6.5) 6 (5.7) 1 (5.5)
4 (7.2) -2 (7.2) 20 (6.6) 19 (5.4) 15 (5.4)
12 (6.9) 10 (7.5) -10 (6.1) -11 (5.7) -9 (5.8)
37 (7.3) 34 (7.5) 1 (6.7) 3 (6.8) 6 (6.6)
-20 (7.3) -22 (7.4) -2 (8.6) 0 (6.8) -1 (6.1)
m m m m 10 (5.1) 15 (4.6) 14 (4.6)
2 (6.9) -2 (7.5) 5 (5.8) 6 (5.2) 4 (5.0)
-15 (7.7) -19 (7.7) 19 (6.8) 20 (6.1) 20 (5.6)
0 (8.1) -7 (8.6) -8 (6.6) -6 (6.4) -3 (6.0)
-3 (11.7) -24 (15.7) -22 (6.2) -19 (6.3) -21 (7.6)
m m m m 7 (7.7) 5 (6.3) 4 (6.0)
-16 (7.5) -21 (8.2) -11 (6.6) -9 (6.4) -6 (6.4)
-9 (5.7) -12 (5.7) -2 (3.7) -2 (3.7) -2 (3.6)
m m m m -2 (3.7) -1 (3.6) -1 (3.6)
m m m m -2 (3.7) -1 (3.6) -1 (3.6)
m m m m 24 (7.2) 16 (6.2) 16 (6.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
16 (9.2) 10 (12.7) -24 (5.5) -16 (5.1) -8 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -4 (7.8) 0 (7.5) 6 (7.5)
m m m m 49 (16.1) 36 (11.6) 30 (11.3)
m m m m 8 (6.1) 10 (5.3) 14 (5.3)
m m m m -7 (6.3) -6 (5.8) -4 (5.4)
m m m m -8 (6.4) -6 (6.2) -5 (6.1)
m m m m -3 (5.6) -2 (4.5) -1 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-12 (7.3) -13 (7.8) -4 (8.7) -8 (7.3) -14 (6.1)
24 (8.3) 27 (10.0) 2 (6.9) 5 (6.3) 12 (6.1)
m m m m -19 (6.6) -10 (5.7) -1 (5.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 3 (6.2) 3 (5.7) 2 (5.6)
11 (7.5) 3 (8.2) 24 (5.2) 15 (4.3) 4 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 2 (5.0) 6 (4.5) 11 (4.6)
m m m m 17 (5.6) 17 (5.7) 19 (5.9)
m m m m 18 (4.4) 22 (4.1) 27 (4.2)
m m m m -11 (6.8) -2 (6.7) 3 (6.9)
22 (8.3) 13 (8.5) 18 (6.8) 15 (5.8) 14 (6.1)
m m m m 3 (5.5) -1 (4.9) -10 (4.8)
m m m m 1 (7.4) -6 (7.0) -20 (6.4)
-2 (7.8) -6 (9.0) -15 (6.0) -12 (5.4) -8 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
10 (7.7) 10 (9.0) -29 (7.3) -24 (6.1) -20 (6.2)
m m m m -16 (5.5) -10 (5.4) -6 (5.4)
-12 (7.5) -16 (8.2) 14 (6.6) 11 (5.9) 9 (5.6)
m m m m -14 (9.7) -18 (7.9) -19 (7.7)
m m m m 15 (6.8) 17 (6.3) 20 (6.5)

m m m m 12 (6.6) 20 (6.5) 28 (6.6)
m m m m 25 (6.1) 29 (5.8) 31 (6.1)
tiles between 2012 and 2015 Average adjusted 3-year trend in percentiles of mathematics performanc
- PISA 2012) assessments
-13 (4.7) -18 (5.4) -7 (1.4) -8 (1.4) -8 (1.4)

-6 (6.1) -5 (6.4) 0 (2.0) 0 (1.7) 0 (1.8)
-8 (5.1) -15 (5.0) 1 (2.0) -2 (1.6) -4 (1.5)
-3 (4.9) -6 (5.3) -5 (1.4) -5 (1.4) -5 (1.4)
6 (6.6) 1 (6.6) 3 (2.1) 4 (2.0) 4 (2.1)
-11 (5.7) -12 (6.2) -4 (1.8) -5 (1.7) -5 (1.6)
12 (5.1) 8 (5.6) 2 (1.7) 0 (1.6) -2 (1.5)
1 (5.2) -2 (5.5) 2 (1.9) 1 (1.8) 2 (1.6)
-9 (4.9) -14 (5.5) -10 (1.6) -10 (1.5) -9 (1.4)
-2 (5.5) -9 (5.7) -5 (1.9) -5 (1.6) -3 (1.5)
-16 (6.1) -18 (6.2) 10 (1.9) 6 (1.8) 3 (1.7)
4 (6.1) 3 (6.0) 2 (2.0) 1 (1.9) 0 (1.7)
2 (6.8) -6 (8.3) -5 (1.8) -5 (1.5) -4 (1.5)
-4 (5.4) -4 (6.4) -7 (1.5) -7 (1.4) -7 (1.4)
0 (4.8) -3 (5.0) 2 (1.7) 2 (1.6) 1 (1.5)
3 (7.7) -2 (8.5) 8 (2.7) 9 (2.4) 10 (2.4)
5 (5.7) 3 (6.0) 8 (1.9) 7 (1.6) 7 (1.5)
-8 (6.7) -13 (7.5) 4 (2.0) 2 (1.8) 0 (1.7)
-30 (7.5) -29 (8.1) -6 (1.9) -4 (1.8) -2 (1.7)
-11 (5.6) -15 (5.8) 3 (2.0) 2 (1.6) 0 (1.5)
-3 (4.5) -5 (5.1) -1 (1.4) -2 (1.3) 0 (1.4)
-5 (4.9) -7 (5.4) 7 (1.6) 6 (1.5) 4 (1.5)
-12 (6.0) -11 (6.0) -7 (2.0) -6 (1.8) -5 (1.6)
-8 (5.3) -17 (5.8) -5 (1.7) -7 (1.5) -7 (1.5)
11 (5.6) 7 (5.8) 4 (1.6) 3 (1.5) 3 (1.5)
-16 (6.7) -20 (8.0) 5 (1.6) 5 (1.5) 5 (1.5)
6 (6.3) 3 (6.3) 5 (1.9) 6 (1.8) 8 (1.7)
-8 (6.6) -16 (7.2) -7 (2.2) -6 (1.9) -5 (1.6)
5 (4.5) -2 (5.5) 2 (1.4) 2 (1.4) 2 (1.3)
0 (4.8) -3 (5.4) 3 (1.6) 2 (1.5) 1 (1.4)
16 (6.1) 14 (6.0) -3 (1.8) -4 (1.6) -4 (1.6)
-3 (6.0) -6 (6.5) 2 (1.8) 1 (1.7) 1 (1.6)
-30 (10.7) -48 (12.2) 6 (2.1) 5 (1.9) 4 (2.1)
-1 (6.0) -5 (6.3) -3 (2.3) -1 (1.9) 1 (1.7)
-10 (6.7) -15 (7.0) 1 (1.8) 0 (1.7) -2 (1.6)
-5 (3.7) -9 (3.7) 0 (1.2) -1 (1.2) -1 (1.2)
-4 (3.6) -8 (3.7) 0 (1.2) 0 (1.2) 0 (1.1)
-4 (3.6) -8 (3.7) 0 (1.2) 0 (1.2) 0 (1.1)
18 (6.0) 15 (6.7) 21 (4.0) 18 (3.7) 16 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
-1 (5.8) 6 (7.2) 11 (1.9) 9 (1.7) 6 (1.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
6 (8.0) 3 (8.7) 10 (3.2) 8 (2.7) 9 (2.7)
37 (11.2) 39 (12.5) 49 (16.1) 36 (11.6) 30 (11.3)
19 (5.8) 19 (6.9) 11 (2.4) 7 (2.2) 5 (1.8)
-4 (6.1) -7 (7.6) -1 (3.6) -4 (3.2) -6 (3.4)
-5 (6.7) -9 (9.2) -1 (2.1) -2 (2.0) 0 (1.8)
-2 (4.7) -3 (5.1) -3 (5.6) -2 (4.5) -1 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 10 (4.9) 13 (4.0) 16 (3.3)
-17 (5.6) -20 (6.5) 3 (2.4) 2 (2.1) 0 (1.7)
19 (7.2) 25 (9.4) 5 (1.8) 4 (1.7) 3 (1.7)
4 (5.8) 5 (6.4) 0 (2.2) 0 (2.0) -1 (1.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-1 (5.6) -6 (6.2) 0 (1.9) -2 (1.8) -2 (1.7)
-6 (4.4) -14 (5.0) 4 (1.8) 5 (1.6) 5 (1.5)
m m m m 4 (3.6) 9 (3.6) 11 (3.0)
m m m m 11 (4.0) 13 (3.9) 15 (3.5)
13 (4.8) 11 (4.9) 6 (1.7) 5 (1.5) 6 (1.6)
20 (7.2) 16 (8.9) 14 (3.1) 11 (2.9) 9 (3.1)
23 (4.2) 15 (4.5) 18 (1.7) 20 (1.3) 23 (1.3)
5 (7.6) 4 (9.0) 10 (3.1) 9 (2.4) 10 (2.3)
12 (6.2) 6 (7.0) 9 (2.0) 7 (1.8) 6 (1.7)
-18 (4.3) -25 (4.8) 6 (3.6) 5 (2.6) 1 (2.4)
-30 (6.0) -35 (7.6) -2 (2.6) 0 (2.5) -1 (2.2)
-8 (7.2) -14 (9.6) 0 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.6)
m m m m 5 (3.2) 4 (2.8) 2 (2.7)
-17 (6.8) -13 (9.5) 6 (1.9) 5 (1.5) 4 (1.5)
-3 (5.7) 0 (6.3) -16 (5.5) -10 (5.4) -6 (5.4)
8 (6.0) 7 (6.3) 4 (1.6) 0 (1.7) -4 (1.6)
-18 (8.1) -20 (10.4) -14 (9.7) -18 (7.9) -19 (7.7)
23 (6.9) 26 (6.9) 19 (3.5) 12 (2.8) 7 (2.7)

34 (7.6) 39 (9.2) 27 (3.3) 27 (3.1) 27 (3.4)
27 (6.8) 20 (7.7) 21 (3.6) 24 (3.6) 28 (3.7)
es of mathematics performance across PISA
sments
75th percentile 90th percentile
-7 (1.3) -7 (1.4)
-1 (1.7) -1 (1.7)
-6 (1.4) -7 (1.4)
-5 (1.4) -4 (1.5)
4 (2.3) 3 (2.5)
-7 (1.6) -8 (1.7)
-3 (1.5) -5 (1.5)
2 (1.7) 3 (1.6)
-10 (1.4) -10 (1.5)
-2 (1.5) -3 (1.5)
0 (1.7) -1 (1.6)
1 (1.9) -1 (2.0)
-4 (1.7) -3 (1.8)
-6 (1.4) -4 (1.7)
0 (1.4) -1 (1.5)
10 (2.5) 9 (2.5)
7 (1.5) 6 (1.7)
-1 (1.7) -2 (2.0)
-1 (1.7) 0 (2.0)
-1 (1.6) -2 (1.6)
1 (1.4) 0 (1.4)
2 (1.6) 1 (1.7)
-7 (1.5) -7 (1.5)
-8 (1.4) -8 (1.7)
1 (1.6) -1 (1.5)
5 (1.5) 4 (1.7)
10 (1.6) 10 (1.6)
-4 (1.6) -4 (1.8)
1 (1.5) -1 (1.8)
1 (1.4) 0 (1.6)
-5 (1.6) -6 (1.6)
0 (1.7) -1 (1.9)
3 (2.6) -2 (3.5)
1 (1.7) 1 (1.9)
-2 (1.7) -3 (1.7)
-2 (1.2) -2 (1.2)
-1 (1.2) -2 (1.2)
-1 (1.2) -2 (1.2)
17 (3.7) 16 (4.1)
m m m m
4 (1.9) 2 (2.7)
m m m m
8 (2.9) 8 (3.4)
37 (11.2) 39 (12.5)
3 (2.1) 3 (2.0)
-7 (3.7) -9 (4.4)
1 (1.8) 3 (2.0)
-2 (4.7) -3 (5.1)
m m m m
m m m m
19 (3.7) 23 (4.4)
-1 (1.6) -1 (1.6)
2 (1.9) 3 (2.3)
-1 (2.0) 0 (2.2)
m m m m
m m m m
-3 (1.8) -3 (2.2)
4 (1.5) 3 (1.8)
13 (3.1) 12 (3.2)
16 (3.8) 18 (4.4)
7 (1.4) 8 (1.7)
7 (3.8) 6 (4.2)
25 (1.4) 20 (1.7)
11 (2.4) 12 (2.9)
5 (1.8) 3 (1.8)
-4 (2.3) -7 (2.7)
0 (1.9) 0 (2.2)
0 (1.7) 0 (2.1)
0 (2.4) -1 (2.8)
3 (1.7) 2 (2.0)
-3 (5.7) 0 (6.3)
-5 (1.6) -6 (1.9)
-18 (8.1) -20 (10.4)
3 (2.6) 0 (2.9)
27 (3.9) 26 (4.5)
30 (4.0) 30 (4.6)
Table I.5.5
Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics, by gender
Below Level 1 Boys

(from 357.77 to (from 420.07 to
(below 357.77
score
% points)
S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 8.0 (0.4) 14.1 (0.8) 21.5 (0.9)
Austria 6.7 (0.8) 12.1 (0.9) 19.2 (1.2)
Belgium 6.6 (0.7) 12.4 (0.9) 18.0 (0.9)
Canada 3.9 (0.4) 10.2 (0.7) 19.3 (0.7)
Chile 20.4 (1.2) 24.9 (1.3) 25.4 (1.0)
Czech Republic 8.0 (0.9) 14.1 (1.0) 21.5 (1.2)
Denmark 3.0 (0.5) 9.9 (0.9) 20.7 (1.2)
Estonia 2.6 (0.5) 9.5 (1.0) 19.9 (1.2)
Finland 4.4 (0.6) 11.3 (0.8) 22.1 (1.0)
France 9.2 (0.9) 14.6 (1.0) 19.2 (1.1)
Germany 4.3 (0.7) 10.9 (0.9) 20.9 (1.3)
Greece 16.6 (1.7) 20.2 (1.3) 24.2 (1.3)
Hungary 10.5 (1.0) 16.7 (1.1) 23.0 (1.4)
Iceland 8.8 (0.9) 15.6 (1.1) 23.2 (1.6)
Ireland 3.4 (0.6) 10.7 (0.9) 21.8 (1.1)
Israel 15.7 (1.4) 16.5 (1.1) 19.3 (1.5)
Italy 7.3 (0.8) 13.5 (1.0) 21.7 (1.1)
Japan 2.6 (0.5) 7.2 (0.7) 16.4 (1.2)
Korea 6.8 (0.9) 10.9 (1.0) 17.3 (1.0)
Latvia 6.6 (0.9) 16.4 (1.1) 27.5 (1.2)
Luxembourg 8.6 (0.6) 16.3 (1.0) 21.4 (0.9)
Mexico 25.3 (1.3) 29.0 (1.3) 26.7 (1.1)
Netherlands 5.3 (0.6) 11.9 (0.9) 19.5 (0.9)
New Zealand 7.5 (0.8) 14.2 (1.1) 20.9 (1.2)
Norway 5.8 (0.7) 13.0 (0.9) 22.8 (1.3)
Poland 4.1 (0.6) 11.9 (0.9) 22.1 (1.1)
Portugal 8.9 (0.9) 14.5 (0.9) 20.6 (0.9)
Slovak Republic 11.3 (0.9) 16.2 (0.8) 23.3 (1.2)
Slovenia 4.3 (0.5) 11.8 (0.9) 21.5 (1.0)
Spain 6.4 (0.7) 14.0 (1.1) 23.3 (1.1)
Sweden 7.7 (0.8) 14.3 (1.1) 23.3 (1.1)
Switzerland 5.1 (0.7) 10.5 (1.0) 17.3 (1.1)
Turkey 21.8 (1.8) 28.4 (1.6) 25.6 (1.4)
United Kingdom 7.1 (0.7) 13.5 (1.0) 22.0 (1.0)
United States 10.6 (0.9) 18.0 (1.2) 24.5 (1.1)
OECD average 8.4 (0.2) 14.6 (0.2) 21.6 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 29.0 (1.9) 26.4 (1.6) 23.9 (1.4)
Algeria 52.1 (1.9) 30.4 (1.2) 13.3 (1.2)
Brazil 40.6 (1.6) 26.0 (1.0) 18.3 (0.8)
B-S-J-G (China) 5.9 (0.8) 9.9 (0.9) 15.9 (1.0)
Bulgaria 22.1 (1.7) 21.3 (1.4) 22.4 (1.2)
CABA (Argentina) 12.1 (2.5) 18.6 (2.6) 25.5 (2.5)
Colombia 33.2 (1.8) 29.8 (1.3) 22.7 (1.0)
Costa Rica 24.2 (1.4) 33.1 (1.3) 27.7 (1.1)
Croatia 10.6 (1.1) 19.4 (1.1) 25.4 (1.2)
Cyprus1,2 22.9 (1.0) 21.4 (1.1) 23.5 (1.1)
FYROM 46.9 (1.1) 24.2 (1.2) 16.4 (1.3)
Georgia 34.7 (1.8) 25.2 (1.2) 20.8 (1.1)
Hong Kong (China) 2.7 (0.6) 7.1 (0.7) 13.9 (1.0)
Indonesia 38.6 (2.1) 31.0 (1.6) 19.2 (1.2)
Jordan 42.9 (1.9) 26.3 (1.4) 19.0 (1.2)
Kosovo 46.6 (1.3) 28.3 (1.4) 18.0 (1.1)
Lebanon 33.0 (2.0) 22.5 (1.6) 20.1 (1.2)
Lithuania 9.2 (0.9) 17.4 (0.9) 25.3 (1.4)
Macao (China) 1.7 (0.4) 6.3 (0.7) 16.0 (0.9)
Malta 16.0 (0.8) 14.7 (1.1) 19.4 (1.2)
Moldova 25.7 (1.4) 25.2 (1.8) 24.2 (1.3)
Montenegro 26.0 (1.1) 25.7 (1.1) 24.3 (1.2)
Peru 35.7 (1.5) 28.2 (1.4) 21.7 (1.0)
Qatar 39.0 (1.0) 21.6 (0.7) 17.5 (0.6)
Romania 16.3 (1.4) 23.6 (1.5) 27.4 (1.3)
Russia 5.1 (0.9) 13.3 (1.2) 24.3 (1.4)
Singapore 2.6 (0.3) 6.1 (0.6) 12.7 (0.8)
Chinese Taipei 4.7 (0.6) 8.4 (0.7) 14.0 (0.9)
Thailand 25.8 (1.6) 28.8 (1.5) 25.1 (1.3)
Tunisia 45.5 (1.8) 27.5 (1.4) 17.3 (1.1)
Uruguay 24.2 (1.6) 25.4 (1.5) 23.5 (1.2)
Viet Nam 5.1 (0.9) 15.7 (1.5) 25.7 (1.4)
Argentina* 23.5 (1.5) 28.4 (1.4) 26.5 (1.2)

Kazakhstan* 10.7 (1.3) 22.1 (1.7) 29.3 (1.5)
Malaysia* 16.1 (1.3) 24.3 (1.4) 27.8 (1.5)
Boys Level 6 Below Level 1

(above 669.30 (below 357.77
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. score
% points)
S.E. score
% points)
S.E.
24.5 (0.9) 18.9 (0.8) 9.8 (0.6) 3.3 (0.4) 7.2 (0.7)
23.6 (1.2) 21.6 (1.2) 12.7 (1.0) 4.1 (0.7) 9.0 (1.2)
22.2 (0.9) 22.2 (0.9) 14.0 (0.7) 4.7 (0.5) 7.9 (0.8)
26.2 (0.8) 23.3 (1.1) 12.6 (0.9) 4.5 (0.5) 3.8 (0.4)
19.6 (1.3) 7.8 (0.8) 1.7 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 25.8 (1.6)
24.9 (1.2) 19.3 (1.1) 9.3 (0.8) 2.9 (0.4) 6.7 (0.8)
29.1 (1.1) 23.5 (0.9) 11.3 (0.9) 2.4 (0.5) 3.2 (0.4)
27.5 (1.2) 24.8 (1.2) 12.2 (0.8) 3.6 (0.6) 1.9 (0.3)
28.0 (1.0) 22.0 (1.2) 9.6 (0.7) 2.6 (0.4) 2.7 (0.6)
22.6 (1.1) 21.1 (0.9) 10.8 (0.8) 2.5 (0.3) 8.3 (0.8)
26.5 (1.2) 22.0 (1.2) 11.7 (0.8) 3.8 (0.5) 6.1 (0.7)
21.5 (1.3) 12.9 (1.1) 4.0 (0.6) 0.7 (0.2) 13.4 (1.4)
23.4 (1.4) 16.9 (1.0) 7.8 (0.7) 1.8 (0.4) 12.2 (1.1)
24.6 (1.4) 17.4 (1.2) 7.9 (1.1) 2.5 (0.5) 8.0 (0.8)
28.4 (1.2) 22.8 (1.1) 10.7 (0.9) 2.2 (0.4) 3.6 (0.5)
20.1 (1.4) 17.0 (1.1) 8.6 (1.0) 2.8 (0.6) 14.4 (1.3)
24.3 (1.1) 20.1 (1.2) 10.0 (0.8) 3.3 (0.5) 9.3 (0.9)
24.2 (1.0) 26.1 (1.2) 16.8 (1.2) 6.7 (1.1) 3.3 (0.5)
22.1 (1.1) 21.2 (1.1) 14.2 (1.3) 7.5 (1.1) 3.9 (0.6)
26.9 (1.3) 16.5 (1.1) 5.3 (0.5) 0.8 (0.2) 4.7 (0.6)
22.9 (1.2) 18.7 (0.9) 9.1 (0.7) 3.0 (0.5) 9.1 (0.9)
14.4 (1.0) 4.1 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 25.7 (1.3)
24.1 (1.0) 22.1 (1.0) 13.3 (0.8) 3.7 (0.5) 5.2 (0.6)
24.3 (1.3) 19.5 (1.0) 10.0 (0.9) 3.6 (0.5) 6.6 (0.7)
26.1 (1.2) 20.8 (1.3) 9.3 (0.9) 2.3 (0.4) 3.9 (0.5)
26.9 (1.1) 20.8 (1.2) 10.4 (0.9) 3.9 (0.7) 4.9 (0.7)
22.5 (1.1) 19.5 (1.1) 10.7 (0.9) 3.4 (0.5) 8.5 (0.7)
23.4 (1.2) 16.7 (1.0) 7.3 (0.6) 1.7 (0.4) 12.0 (1.0)
25.6 (1.2) 21.8 (1.0) 11.5 (0.8) 3.4 (0.5) 4.4 (0.6)
27.2 (1.2) 19.6 (1.1) 8.0 (0.7) 1.5 (0.4) 7.9 (0.8)
24.6 (1.4) 18.6 (1.2) 9.0 (0.9) 2.4 (0.5) 6.3 (0.8)
21.5 (1.2) 23.5 (1.2) 15.6 (1.1) 6.7 (0.8) 4.8 (0.7)
16.6 (1.4) 6.3 (1.0) 1.3 (0.5) 0.1 (0.1) 24.1 (2.0)
25.5 (1.0) 19.5 (1.2) 9.5 (0.8) 3.0 (0.4) 8.4 (0.8)
23.8 (1.2) 16.4 (1.1) 5.6 (0.9) 1.1 (0.3) 10.5 (1.1)
24.0 (0.2) 19.0 (0.2) 9.5 (0.1) 2.9 (0.1) 8.5 (0.2)
14.3 (1.2) 5.2 (0.8) 1.1 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1) 23.7 (1.9)
3.6 (0.6) 0.6 (0.3) 0.0 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 48.9 (2.1)
10.0 (0.7) 3.9 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 46.7 (1.4)
19.9 (1.0) 21.4 (1.1) 17.1 (1.2) 10.0 (1.2) 5.7 (0.8)
18.4 (1.2) 10.8 (1.0) 4.1 (0.6) 0.9 (0.3) 19.5 (1.7)
23.0 (2.5) 14.8 (2.1) 5.2 (1.4) 0.9 (0.5) 15.4 (2.6)
11.1 (0.8) 2.8 (0.4) 0.4 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 37.4 (1.6)
12.0 (1.0) 2.7 (0.6) 0.3 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 30.5 (1.7)
23.3 (1.2) 14.1 (1.2) 5.8 (0.6) 1.3 (0.3) 12.4 (1.3)
18.1 (1.2) 10.1 (0.7) 3.4 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2) 17.6 (1.0)
1.6 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c 67.6 (1.7)
8.4 (0.9) 3.2 (0.5) 0.8 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 43.1 (0.9)
12.3 (0.9) 5.2 (0.7) 1.6 (0.4) 0.3 (0.2) 27.3 (1.4)
21.9 (1.1) 26.1 (1.3) 19.3 (1.3) 9.0 (0.8) 2.4 (0.5)
7.9 (0.9) 2.6 (0.5) 0.6 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1) 37.2 (2.1)
9.1 (0.8) 2.4 (0.5) 0.3 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 34.9 (1.8)
6.1 (0.9) 0.9 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 50.8 (1.4)
14.1 (1.2) 7.5 (0.9) 2.4 (0.4) 0.5 (0.2) 39.8 (2.0)
24.2 (1.2) 16.3 (1.2) 6.4 (0.8) 1.2 (0.3) 7.7 (0.9)
27.0 (1.1) 27.8 (1.1) 16.1 (1.0) 5.1 (0.7) 0.9 (0.2)
20.1 (1.3) 17.1 (1.0) 9.3 (0.8) 3.4 (0.5) 13.3 (0.9)
16.2 (1.0) 7.0 (0.8) 1.6 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1) 23.9 (1.4)
15.8 (0.9) 6.4 (0.6) 1.6 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 24.0 (0.9)
10.9 (1.0) 3.1 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 39.8 (1.6)
12.5 (0.5) 6.7 (0.4) 2.2 (0.2) 0.5 (0.1) 30.2 (0.9)
19.9 (1.3) 9.2 (1.1) 3.1 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2) 16.2 (1.4)
27.6 (1.3) 20.0 (1.2) 7.9 (0.8) 1.8 (0.4) 5.1 (0.8)
19.3 (0.8) 23.7 (1.1) 21.1 (1.1) 14.6 (0.9) 1.5 (0.3)
20.1 (1.2) 22.8 (1.0) 18.8 (1.0) 11.3 (1.5) 4.2 (0.5)
13.7 (1.2) 5.0 (0.8) 1.3 (0.5) 0.2 (0.1) 23.0 (1.3)
14.4 (1.0) 6.8 (0.7) 1.8 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 24.6 (1.1)
6.9 (0.8) 2.0 (0.5) 0.6 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 49.1 (1.6)
14.8 (0.9) 9.1 (0.8) 4.0 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2) 20.7 (1.3)
16.8 (0.9) 7.6 (0.8) 2.1 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1) 26.6 (1.3)
25.6 (1.5) 18.1 (1.3) 7.6 (1.0) 2.1 (0.5) 4.0 (0.9)
14.9 (1.1) 5.4 (0.8) 1.2 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1) 29.6 (1.5)
22.8 (1.6) 10.9 (1.1) 3.5 (0.7) 0.8 (0.3) 9.8 (1.4)
20.1 (1.2) 9.2 (1.0) 2.2 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2) 11.7 (1.0)
Girls
(from 357.77 to (from 420.07 to (from 482.38 to (from 544.68 to (from 606.99 to
less than 420.07 less than 482.38 less than 544.68 less than 606.99 less than 669.30
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
14.7 (0.8) 23.8 (0.9) 26.3 (0.8) 18.5 (0.7) 7.5 (0.7)
15.8 (1.0) 23.3 (1.1) 25.7 (1.1) 18.1 (1.1) 6.7 (0.8)
13.3 (0.9) 19.7 (1.0) 24.7 (1.0) 21.5 (0.9) 10.5 (0.6)
10.9 (0.6) 21.6 (0.8) 28.0 (0.9) 22.8 (0.9) 10.2 (0.7)
27.7 (1.3) 25.5 (1.1) 15.1 (1.0) 5.0 (0.6) 0.8 (0.2)
14.5 (1.0) 25.2 (1.1) 27.5 (1.3) 17.5 (0.9) 6.9 (0.8)
11.0 (1.0) 23.1 (1.3) 29.8 (1.5) 23.2 (1.2) 8.3 (0.7)
8.5 (0.7) 23.2 (1.4) 30.3 (1.4) 23.7 (1.1) 10.4 (1.0)
8.5 (0.8) 21.5 (1.2) 30.7 (1.3) 25.4 (1.4) 9.4 (0.9)
14.8 (1.0) 22.1 (1.3) 25.0 (1.0) 20.2 (0.9) 8.2 (0.8)
13.3 (0.9) 22.8 (1.0) 27.1 (1.2) 20.4 (1.3) 8.4 (0.7)
21.1 (1.3) 28.0 (1.3) 22.7 (1.1) 11.6 (1.1) 2.9 (0.5)
16.5 (1.0) 23.2 (1.2) 25.6 (1.2) 15.8 (1.2) 5.5 (0.6)
14.9 (1.2) 24.2 (1.4) 25.1 (1.4) 17.6 (1.4) 8.3 (0.8)
12.2 (0.8) 26.5 (1.5) 31.7 (1.1) 19.4 (1.2) 5.8 (0.8)
17.6 (1.0) 22.9 (1.1) 23.1 (1.2) 15.4 (0.9) 5.6 (0.6)
16.4 (1.2) 24.9 (1.2) 25.0 (1.2) 16.5 (1.1) 6.2 (0.7)
8.3 (0.8) 18.1 (1.1) 27.5 (1.3) 25.7 (1.2) 13.2 (1.0)
9.0 (0.9) 17.2 (1.0) 25.5 (1.2) 24.4 (1.4) 14.5 (1.2)
15.1 (1.1) 29.0 (1.4) 30.7 (1.3) 16.2 (1.0) 3.8 (0.6)
17.7 (1.0) 23.6 (1.0) 24.3 (1.1) 17.4 (1.0) 6.5 (0.5)
33.2 (1.3) 27.1 (1.1) 11.4 (1.0) 2.3 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
11.1 (0.9) 20.1 (1.1) 25.8 (1.3) 23.8 (1.1) 11.4 (0.9)
15.0 (1.2) 24.4 (1.3) 26.4 (1.3) 18.5 (1.2) 7.2 (0.8)
11.5 (0.9) 24.4 (1.1) 29.4 (1.2) 21.1 (1.3) 8.2 (0.7)
13.6 (1.1) 23.7 (1.4) 27.3 (1.2) 20.4 (1.1) 8.1 (0.8)
15.7 (1.1) 22.7 (1.0) 25.4 (1.1) 19.0 (1.0) 7.1 (0.7)
15.9 (1.2) 23.7 (1.3) 25.2 (1.2) 16.6 (1.0) 5.8 (0.8)
11.6 (0.8) 21.3 (1.3) 28.0 (1.3) 22.7 (1.2) 9.3 (0.9)
16.0 (1.0) 26.6 (1.2) 27.8 (1.2) 16.6 (0.9) 4.5 (0.6)
13.4 (0.9) 23.3 (1.3) 27.5 (1.2) 20.2 (1.0) 7.7 (0.8)
11.3 (0.9) 19.0 (1.2) 26.0 (1.2) 23.0 (1.2) 12.2 (1.0)
28.5 (1.7) 25.0 (1.6) 16.1 (1.6) 5.5 (1.1) 0.8 (0.3)
14.8 (0.9) 23.3 (1.1) 26.6 (1.0) 18.2 (1.1) 7.1 (0.7)
19.6 (1.3) 27.9 (1.5) 23.9 (1.3) 13.1 (1.1) 4.4 (0.6)
15.2 (0.2) 23.5 (0.2) 25.7 (0.2) 18.2 (0.2) 7.2 (0.1)
27.5 (2.2) 27.0 (1.4) 15.3 (1.2) 5.6 (0.7) 0.9 (0.3)
30.4 (1.3) 15.1 (1.1) 4.5 (0.8) 1.0 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
26.9 (0.9) 16.1 (0.9) 7.2 (0.6) 2.4 (0.4) 0.6 (0.2)
10.2 (1.1) 16.7 (1.3) 21.3 (1.4) 22.2 (1.2) 16.1 (1.3)
21.1 (1.3) 25.0 (1.3) 20.2 (1.3) 10.3 (1.0) 3.1 (0.5)
21.8 (2.9) 28.5 (2.6) 21.7 (2.5) 10.4 (2.1) 1.9 (0.9)
31.9 (1.2) 20.5 (1.0) 8.1 (0.7) 2.0 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
37.1 (1.3) 24.0 (1.3) 6.9 (0.9) 1.3 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
21.6 (1.1) 27.1 (1.1) 22.8 (1.3) 12.1 (0.9) 3.4 (0.5)
23.3 (1.2) 28.0 (1.1) 19.7 (1.0) 8.8 (0.6) 2.3 (0.5)
23.2 (1.3) 7.6 (0.9) 1.4 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 c
26.2 (1.3) 18.2 (1.1) 8.8 (0.8) 3.0 (0.6) 0.6 (0.2)
26.6 (1.3) 25.1 (1.1) 14.6 (0.9) 5.1 (0.6) 1.1 (0.3)
5.8 (0.7) 13.3 (1.3) 25.0 (1.4) 28.8 (1.4) 18.3 (1.3)
30.5 (1.6) 19.9 (1.5) 8.8 (0.9) 2.9 (0.5) 0.6 (0.2)
31.0 (1.1) 22.7 (1.4) 9.3 (0.8) 1.9 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
29.7 (1.7) 15.0 (1.4) 4.0 (0.7) 0.4 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
24.5 (1.5) 19.0 (1.3) 10.8 (1.1) 4.6 (0.6) 1.1 (0.3)
16.4 (1.0) 27.5 (1.2) 26.5 (1.4) 15.5 (1.0) 5.2 (0.6)
4.3 (0.6) 14.2 (0.9) 27.6 (1.4) 30.4 (1.1) 17.7 (1.2)
14.2 (1.0) 20.6 (1.1) 23.0 (1.2) 17.9 (1.1) 8.5 (0.9)
25.8 (1.2) 25.8 (1.5) 16.4 (1.0) 6.5 (0.7) 1.5 (0.3)
28.2 (1.0) 25.5 (1.3) 15.5 (1.0) 5.7 (0.6) 1.1 (0.2)
28.7 (1.2) 20.3 (1.2) 8.7 (0.9) 2.3 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1)
26.4 (0.8) 22.3 (0.9) 13.2 (0.6) 6.1 (0.5) 1.5 (0.2)
23.9 (1.6) 27.4 (1.3) 20.2 (1.3) 9.4 (1.0) 2.5 (0.5)
14.4 (1.1) 26.6 (1.5) 27.3 (1.4) 18.7 (1.2) 6.7 (0.7)
4.9 (0.5) 12.2 (0.8) 20.8 (1.1) 26.6 (1.3) 22.5 (1.1)
8.2 (0.7) 15.3 (1.1) 22.3 (1.1) 23.8 (1.2) 17.2 (1.0)
30.1 (1.3) 26.9 (1.3) 14.0 (1.0) 4.7 (0.6) 1.2 (0.4)
23.5 (1.2) 24.1 (1.2) 16.8 (1.1) 8.2 (0.8) 2.5 (0.4)
27.3 (1.3) 15.6 (1.1) 6.0 (0.7) 1.7 (0.5) 0.3 (0.2)
25.9 (1.1) 26.0 (1.0) 16.9 (0.9) 8.0 (0.7) 2.3 (0.4)
28.4 (1.1) 25.1 (1.1) 14.0 (1.1) 4.9 (0.6) 0.9 (0.3)
13.5 (1.2) 27.0 (1.4) 28.4 (1.5) 18.2 (1.3) 6.8 (1.0)
30.3 (1.4) 25.5 (1.3) 11.2 (1.0) 3.0 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1)
21.7 (1.6) 30.3 (1.5) 22.9 (1.4) 11.2 (1.2) 3.4 (0.7)
23.2 (1.1) 31.0 (1.1) 23.6 (1.1) 9.0 (0.9) 1.4 (0.3)
Level 6 Below Level 1 Gender differences (boys - girls)
(above 669.30 (below 357.77
score
% points)
S.E. %score
dif. points)
S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
2.1 (0.3) 0.8 (0.8) -0.6 (1.3) -2.2 (1.1) -1.8 (1.1)
1.4 (0.3) -2.3 (1.5) -3.7 (1.4) -4.1 (1.6) -2.1 (1.5)
2.4 (0.3) -1.3 (0.8) -1.0 (1.2) -1.7 (1.1) -2.5 (1.2)
2.8 (0.3) 0.1 (0.4) -0.8 (0.8) -2.2 (1.0) -1.8 (1.2)
0.1 (0.0) -5.4 (1.9) -2.9 (1.7) -0.1 (1.4) 4.6 (1.6)
1.5 (0.3) 1.2 (1.0) -0.4 (1.4) -3.7 (1.3) -2.6 (1.8)
1.3 (0.4) -0.2 (0.6) -1.2 (1.1) -2.4 (1.7) -0.7 (1.9)
2.2 (0.5) 0.7 (0.5) 1.0 (1.1) -3.3 (1.7) -2.8 (1.9)
1.8 (0.3) 1.6 (0.7) 2.9 (0.9) 0.7 (1.4) -2.7 (1.7)
1.4 (0.3) 0.9 (1.0) -0.2 (1.4) -2.8 (1.5) -2.4 (1.3)
1.9 (0.4) -1.8 (0.7) -2.4 (1.0) -2.0 (1.4) -0.6 (1.9)
0.3 (0.1) 3.2 (1.6) -0.9 (1.8) -3.8 (1.8) -1.2 (1.3)
1.2 (0.3) -1.7 (1.4) 0.2 (1.3) -0.3 (1.6) -2.2 (1.8)
2.0 (0.4) 0.8 (1.2) 0.8 (1.6) -1.1 (1.9) -0.5 (1.8)
0.7 (0.3) -0.2 (0.6) -1.5 (1.1) -4.8 (1.9) -3.3 (1.5)
1.0 (0.3) 1.3 (1.9) -1.1 (1.4) -3.6 (1.8) -3.0 (1.5)
1.6 (0.3) -2.1 (1.1) -3.0 (1.6) -3.2 (1.6) -0.7 (1.8)
3.9 (0.6) -0.7 (0.5) -1.1 (1.0) -1.7 (1.4) -3.3 (1.5)
5.6 (0.6) 2.9 (1.0) 1.9 (1.2) 0.1 (1.3) -3.4 (1.6)
0.4 (0.2) 1.9 (0.9) 1.2 (1.6) -1.5 (1.9) -3.8 (1.8)
1.3 (0.3) -0.5 (1.2) -1.3 (1.4) -2.2 (1.2) -1.4 (1.3)
0.0 (0.0) -0.4 (1.5) -4.2 (1.7) -0.4 (1.3) 3.0 (1.2)
2.7 (0.4) 0.1 (0.7) 0.9 (1.2) -0.6 (1.4) -1.6 (1.5)
2.0 (0.4) 0.9 (1.0) -0.8 (1.6) -3.4 (1.6) -2.1 (1.6)
1.6 (0.3) 1.9 (0.8) 1.6 (1.1) -1.6 (1.7) -3.3 (1.8)
2.0 (0.5) -0.8 (0.8) -1.7 (1.3) -1.5 (1.7) -0.5 (1.7)
1.6 (0.4) 0.4 (0.9) -1.2 (1.3) -2.2 (1.3) -2.9 (1.6)
0.8 (0.3) -0.6 (1.2) 0.3 (1.4) -0.4 (1.5) -1.9 (1.7)
2.6 (0.5) -0.1 (0.8) 0.2 (1.1) 0.2 (1.7) -2.3 (2.0)
0.5 (0.2) -1.5 (1.1) -2.1 (1.2) -3.3 (1.6) -0.6 (1.4)
1.7 (0.5) 1.5 (0.9) 0.9 (1.1) 0.0 (1.4) -2.9 (1.4)
3.8 (0.6) 0.3 (0.9) -0.8 (1.1) -1.7 (1.7) -4.5 (1.6)
0.0 (0.0) -2.4 (2.3) 0.0 (1.8) 0.6 (1.8) 0.4 (1.8)
1.7 (0.4) -1.3 (0.9) -1.3 (1.2) -1.3 (1.4) -1.1 (1.4)
0.6 (0.3) 0.1 (1.3) -1.6 (1.5) -3.4 (1.6) -0.1 (1.8)
1.7 (0.1) -0.1 (0.2) -0.7 (0.2) -1.9 (0.3) -1.7 (0.3)
0.1 (0.1) 5.2 (2.3) -1.1 (2.4) -3.1 (1.6) -1.0 (1.5)
0.0 (0.0) 3.2 (2.2) 0.0 (1.7) -1.8 (1.3) -0.9 (0.9)
0.1 (0.1) -6.1 (1.3) -0.9 (1.0) 2.2 (0.9) 2.8 (0.7)
7.8 (1.4) 0.1 (0.9) -0.4 (1.0) -0.8 (1.3) -1.4 (1.6)
0.7 (0.3) 2.6 (1.6) 0.2 (1.6) -2.6 (1.5) -1.7 (1.5)
0.2 (0.2) -3.3 (2.9) -3.2 (3.0) -3.0 (3.2) 1.2 (3.2)
0.0 (0.0) -4.2 (2.2) -2.1 (2.0) 2.2 (1.2) 3.0 (1.0)
0.0 c -6.2 (1.9) -4.0 (1.7) 3.7 (1.4) 5.0 (1.1)
0.7 (0.2) -1.7 (1.6) -2.2 (1.5) -1.7 (1.5) 0.5 (2.0)
0.3 (0.2) 5.3 (1.5) -1.8 (1.7) -4.5 (1.4) -1.6 (1.3)
0.0 c 1.4 (1.6) -1.9 (1.5) 0.3 (1.2) 0.3 (0.4)
0.1 (0.1) 3.8 (1.4) -2.0 (1.9) -1.9 (1.6) -0.4 (1.2)
0.1 (0.1) 7.3 (1.8) -1.4 (1.5) -4.3 (1.6) -2.3 (1.2)
6.4 (1.0) 0.3 (0.7) 1.2 (1.0) 0.6 (1.6) -3.1 (1.6)
0.0 (0.1) 1.3 (2.5) 0.6 (2.2) -0.8 (1.8) -0.9 (1.0)
0.0 (0.0) 8.0 (2.7) -4.8 (1.8) -3.7 (1.9) -0.3 (1.1)
0.0 c -4.2 (1.9) -1.4 (1.9) 3.0 (1.6) 2.1 (1.2)
0.1 (0.1) -6.9 (2.0) -2.0 (2.0) 1.1 (1.8) 3.2 (1.4)
1.1 (0.3) 1.5 (0.9) 1.0 (1.1) -2.2 (1.4) -2.3 (1.6)
4.8 (0.7) 0.8 (0.5) 2.0 (0.8) 1.7 (1.3) -0.6 (1.8)
2.5 (0.4) 2.7 (1.2) 0.4 (1.5) -1.1 (1.7) -2.9 (2.1)
0.2 (0.1) 1.8 (1.8) -0.6 (2.4) -1.7 (1.7) -0.2 (1.3)
0.1 (0.1) 2.0 (1.4) -2.5 (1.4) -1.2 (1.6) 0.3 (1.2)
0.0 (0.0) -4.0 (2.0) -0.5 (1.9) 1.4 (1.3) 2.2 (1.1)
0.2 (0.1) 8.7 (1.5) -4.8 (1.0) -4.8 (1.1) -0.8 (0.8)
0.4 (0.2) 0.1 (1.4) -0.3 (1.9) 0.0 (1.6) -0.3 (1.5)
1.2 (0.3) 0.0 (0.9) -1.0 (1.4) -2.3 (2.2) 0.3 (1.9)
11.5 (0.8) 1.0 (0.4) 1.2 (0.7) 0.5 (1.0) -1.5 (1.2)
8.9 (1.2) 0.5 (0.7) 0.2 (0.9) -1.3 (1.4) -2.3 (1.6)
0.2 (0.1) 2.9 (1.6) -1.3 (1.8) -1.8 (1.8) -0.2 (1.3)
0.4 (0.2) 7.6 (1.6) 0.9 (1.8) -3.9 (1.9) -2.4 (1.5)
0.0 (0.0) -3.6 (1.8) 0.2 (1.6) 1.7 (1.3) 1.0 (0.8)
0.3 (0.1) 7.4 (2.2) -3.0 (1.5) -5.7 (1.3) -2.1 (1.2)
0.1 (0.1) -2.4 (1.5) -3.0 (1.6) -1.6 (1.4) 2.8 (1.4)
2.1 (0.8) 1.0 (0.9) 2.3 (1.4) -1.2 (1.4) -2.8 (1.5)
0.0 (0.0) -6.1 (1.6) -1.9 (2.0) 1.0 (1.7) 3.7 (1.2)
0.7 (0.3) 0.9 (1.4) 0.4 (1.9) -1.0 (1.7) -0.2 (1.6)
0.1 (0.1) 4.4 (1.3) 1.1 (1.4) -3.2 (1.8) -3.5 (1.3)
nces (boys - girls) Level 6
(from 544.68 to (from 606.99 to
(above 669.30
% dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. %score
dif. points)
S.E.
0.4 (1.0) 2.3 (0.8) 1.2 (0.4)

3.5 (1.7) 5.9 (1.2) 2.7 (0.7)
0.7 (1.2) 3.4 (0.9) 2.3 (0.5)
0.5 (1.4) 2.5 (1.1) 1.7 (0.6)
2.8 (0.9) 0.9 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
1.7 (1.4) 2.4 (1.0) 1.5 (0.4)
0.3 (1.4) 3.0 (1.0) 1.1 (0.6)
1.1 (1.7) 1.8 (1.1) 1.4 (0.7)
-3.4 (1.7) 0.2 (0.9) 0.8 (0.4)
0.9 (1.2) 2.6 (1.1) 1.1 (0.4)
1.5 (1.6) 3.3 (0.9) 1.9 (0.5)
1.3 (1.3) 1.1 (0.7) 0.4 (0.3)
1.1 (1.5) 2.3 (0.9) 0.5 (0.4)
-0.2 (2.0) -0.4 (1.3) 0.5 (0.6)
3.3 (1.7) 4.9 (1.4) 1.5 (0.5)
1.6 (1.3) 3.0 (1.1) 1.8 (0.6)
3.6 (1.4) 3.8 (1.0) 1.6 (0.4)
0.4 (1.7) 3.6 (1.3) 2.8 (1.0)
-3.2 (1.7) -0.3 (1.8) 2.0 (1.1)
0.3 (1.5) 1.5 (0.8) 0.4 (0.3)
1.2 (1.3) 2.6 (0.8) 1.7 (0.5)
1.8 (0.5) 0.2 (0.2) 0.0 (0.1)
-1.7 (1.3) 1.9 (1.1) 1.1 (0.6)
1.0 (1.6) 2.8 (1.0) 1.6 (0.6)
-0.3 (1.6) 1.1 (0.9) 0.7 (0.5)
0.4 (1.6) 2.2 (1.1) 1.9 (0.7)
0.5 (1.4) 3.6 (1.0) 1.8 (0.6)
0.1 (1.4) 1.6 (1.0) 0.9 (0.4)
-0.9 (1.4) 2.1 (1.2) 0.8 (0.7)
3.0 (1.5) 3.4 (0.8) 1.0 (0.4)
-1.5 (1.3) 1.3 (1.2) 0.7 (0.7)
0.4 (1.7) 3.4 (1.3) 2.9 (0.8)
0.8 (1.0) 0.5 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
1.3 (1.5) 2.4 (1.1) 1.3 (0.5)
3.3 (1.4) 1.3 (0.9) 0.5 (0.4)
0.8 (0.2) 2.2 (0.2) 1.3 (0.1)
-0.3 (0.8) 0.3 (0.5) 0.0 (0.1)

-0.4 (0.4) -0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
1.5 (0.4) 0.4 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
-0.8 (1.3) 1.0 (1.3) 2.3 (1.2)
0.5 (1.2) 1.0 (0.7) 0.2 (0.4)
4.4 (2.3) 3.2 (1.3) 0.7 (0.5)
0.8 (0.6) 0.2 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
1.3 (0.6) 0.2 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
2.1 (1.4) 2.4 (0.7) 0.6 (0.4)
1.4 (1.0) 1.1 (0.6) 0.1 (0.3)
-0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c
0.2 (0.7) 0.2 (0.4) 0.1 (0.2)
0.1 (0.9) 0.4 (0.4) 0.1 (0.2)
-2.7 (1.7) 1.0 (1.8) 2.6 (1.1)
-0.2 (0.6) -0.1 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
0.5 (0.6) 0.2 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
0.5 (0.4) 0.0 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
2.9 (0.9) 1.3 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2)
0.7 (1.3) 1.2 (0.7) 0.1 (0.4)
-2.6 (1.5) -1.6 (1.7) 0.3 (0.9)
-0.8 (1.4) 0.8 (1.3) 0.9 (0.7)
0.5 (0.9) 0.1 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
0.6 (0.9) 0.6 (0.4) 0.2 (0.2)
0.8 (0.5) 0.2 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
0.6 (0.6) 0.7 (0.3) 0.3 (0.2)
-0.1 (1.2) 0.5 (0.6) 0.1 (0.2)
1.3 (1.5) 1.2 (0.9) 0.6 (0.5)
-2.9 (1.6) -1.4 (1.3) 3.0 (1.1)
-1.1 (1.3) 1.6 (1.5) 2.4 (2.0)
0.3 (0.8) 0.2 (0.6) 0.0 (0.2)
-1.5 (1.0) -0.6 (0.6) -0.1 (0.3)
0.3 (0.4) 0.3 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
1.1 (1.0) 1.7 (0.6) 0.6 (0.2)
2.6 (1.0) 1.2 (0.4) 0.2 (0.2)
-0.1 (1.5) 0.8 (0.9) 0.0 (0.6)
2.4 (0.8) 0.8 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)

-0.3 (1.1) 0.1 (0.7) 0.1 (0.3)
0.2 (0.9) 0.8 (0.5) 0.3 (0.2)
Table I.5.6a
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender (PISA 2015)
Boys Girls

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

OECD
Australia 22.1 (0.9) 13.0 (0.7) 21.9 (1.0)
Austria 18.8 (1.3) 16.7 (1.3) 24.8 (1.6)
Belgium 18.9 (1.2) 18.7 (1.0) 21.2 (1.2)
Canada 14.0 (0.9) 17.2 (1.1) 14.7 (0.8)
Chile 45.2 (1.6) 1.9 (0.3) 53.5 (1.5)
Czech Republic 22.1 (1.4) 12.2 (1.0) 21.3 (1.3)
Denmark 12.9 (0.9) 13.7 (1.0) 14.2 (1.2)
Estonia 12.1 (1.0) 15.8 (1.0) 10.4 (0.7)
Finland 15.7 (1.0) 12.2 (0.8) 11.2 (0.9)
France 23.8 (1.4) 13.3 (0.9) 23.1 (1.1)
Germany 15.1 (1.3) 15.5 (1.1) 19.3 (1.1)
Greece 36.9 (2.3) 4.6 (0.6) 34.6 (1.7)
Hungary 27.2 (1.5) 9.6 (0.9) 28.7 (1.5)
Iceland 24.4 (1.3) 10.4 (1.2) 22.8 (1.3)
Ireland 14.1 (1.2) 12.9 (1.0) 15.8 (1.0)
Israel 32.2 (2.0) 11.4 (1.4) 32.0 (1.7)
Italy 20.7 (1.2) 13.2 (1.0) 25.8 (1.6)
Japan 9.8 (1.0) 23.5 (1.7) 11.6 (1.0)
Korea 17.8 (1.5) 21.7 (1.9) 13.0 (1.3)
Latvia 23.0 (1.3) 6.1 (0.6) 19.9 (1.3)
Luxembourg 24.9 (1.0) 12.1 (0.9) 26.7 (1.0)
Mexico 54.4 (1.6) 0.4 (0.2) 59.0 (1.5)
Netherlands 17.2 (1.1) 17.0 (0.9) 16.2 (1.0)
New Zealand 21.7 (1.4) 13.6 (1.1) 21.6 (1.4)
Norway 18.8 (1.0) 11.5 (0.9) 15.3 (1.0)
Poland 16.0 (1.1) 14.2 (1.1) 18.5 (1.4)
Portugal 23.4 (1.1) 14.1 (0.9) 24.2 (1.3)
Slovak Republic 27.6 (1.3) 9.0 (0.8) 27.9 (1.7)
Slovenia 16.1 (0.9) 14.9 (0.9) 16.1 (0.8)
Spain 20.4 (1.1) 9.5 (0.9) 24.0 (1.3)
Sweden 22.0 (1.5) 11.4 (1.1) 19.6 (1.2)
Switzerland 15.5 (1.3) 22.3 (1.3) 16.1 (1.2)
Turkey 50.2 (2.4) 1.4 (0.5) 52.6 (2.6)
United Kingdom 20.6 (1.1) 12.5 (1.0) 23.2 (1.3)
United States 28.6 (1.6) 6.8 (0.9) 30.1 (1.8)
OECD average-30 22.6 (0.2) 12.6 (0.2) 23.2 (0.2)
OECD average-35 23.0 (0.2) 12.4 (0.2) 23.7 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 55.4 (2.2) 1.2 (0.4) 51.2 (2.1)
Algeria 82.5 (1.5) 0.0 (0.1) 79.3 (1.7)
Brazil 66.6 (1.4) 1.2 (0.3) 73.7 (1.3)
B-S-J-G (China) 15.7 (1.3) 27.1 (1.8) 16.0 (1.4)
Bulgaria 43.4 (2.2) 4.9 (0.8) 40.6 (2.0)
CABA (Argentina) 30.7 (3.6) 6.1 (1.6) 37.2 (4.1)
Colombia 63.0 (1.7) 0.4 (0.2) 69.2 (1.2)
Costa Rica 57.3 (1.7) 0.4 (0.2) 67.5 (1.9)
Croatia 30.0 (1.7) 7.1 (0.8) 33.9 (1.9)
Cyprus1,2 44.3 (1.0) 3.9 (0.5) 40.9 (1.2)
FYROM 71.1 (1.1) 1.0 (0.3) 69.3 (1.1)
Georgia 59.9 (1.7) 1.8 (0.5) 54.0 (1.3)
Hong Kong (China) 9.8 (1.0) 28.3 (1.4) 8.2 (1.0)
Indonesia 69.6 (1.8) 0.7 (0.2) 67.7 (1.9)
Jordan 69.1 (1.8) 0.4 (0.2) 65.9 (1.9)
Kosovo 74.9 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) 80.5 (1.5)
Lebanon 55.5 (1.9) 2.9 (0.5) 64.4 (1.8)
Lithuania 26.7 (1.2) 7.6 (0.9) 24.1 (1.3)
Macao (China) 8.0 (0.8) 21.2 (0.9) 5.3 (0.6)
Malta 30.7 (1.1) 12.7 (1.0) 27.5 (1.0)
Moldova 50.9 (1.6) 1.8 (0.3) 49.7 (1.8)
Montenegro 51.7 (1.3) 1.9 (0.3) 52.1 (1.2)
Peru 63.9 (1.6) 0.5 (0.2) 68.4 (1.7)
Qatar 60.6 (0.8) 2.7 (0.3) 56.6 (1.0)
Romania 39.9 (2.0) 3.6 (0.6) 40.0 (2.1)
Russia 18.4 (1.5) 9.7 (1.0) 19.4 (1.4)
Singapore 8.6 (0.6) 35.6 (1.1) 6.4 (0.6)
Chinese Taipei 13.0 (1.0) 30.1 (1.9) 12.4 (0.9)
Thailand 54.7 (1.9) 1.5 (0.5) 53.1 (1.9)
Tunisia 73.0 (1.4) 0.7 (0.3) 76.4 (1.5)
Uruguay 49.6 (1.9) 2.5 (0.5) 55.0 (1.2)
Viet Nam 20.8 (1.9) 9.8 (1.3) 17.5 (1.8)
Argentina* 51.9 (1.9) 1.3 (0.4) 59.9 (2.0)

Kazakhstan* 32.8 (2.4) 4.3 (0.8) 31.5 (2.4)
Malaysia* 40.4 (1.9) 2.6 (0.6) 34.9 (1.6)
Girls Gender differences (boys - girls)
Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above

(above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (above 606.99
% S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
9.6 (0.8) 0.2 (1.5) 3.4 (0.9)

8.1 (0.8) -6.0 (2.0) 8.6 (1.4)
12.9 (0.7) -2.3 (1.4) 5.7 (1.0)
13.0 (0.8) -0.7 (0.9) 4.2 (1.2)
0.9 (0.2) -8.3 (1.8) 1.0 (0.3)
8.4 (0.9) 0.8 (1.6) 3.8 (1.1)
9.6 (0.8) -1.3 (1.2) 4.1 (1.2)
12.5 (1.1) 1.7 (1.1) 3.3 (1.3)
11.2 (0.9) 4.5 (1.0) 1.0 (0.9)
9.6 (0.9) 0.7 (1.7) 3.6 (1.1)
10.3 (0.8) -4.2 (1.2) 5.2 (1.1)
3.2 (0.5) 2.3 (2.1) 1.5 (0.7)
6.7 (0.7) -1.4 (1.9) 2.9 (1.0)
10.3 (0.9) 1.6 (1.7) 0.1 (1.4)
6.5 (0.8) -1.7 (1.3) 6.4 (1.3)
6.6 (0.8) 0.2 (2.5) 4.8 (1.5)
7.8 (0.9) -5.0 (1.9) 5.4 (1.1)
17.1 (1.2) -1.7 (1.1) 6.4 (1.6)
20.0 (1.4) 4.8 (1.8) 1.7 (2.1)
4.2 (0.6) 3.1 (1.6) 1.9 (0.8)
7.9 (0.6) -1.8 (1.4) 4.3 (1.0)
0.2 (0.1) -4.6 (1.6) 0.2 (0.2)
14.1 (1.0) 1.0 (1.1) 3.0 (1.1)
9.2 (0.8) 0.1 (1.9) 4.4 (1.2)
9.8 (0.7) 3.5 (1.3) 1.8 (1.0)
10.1 (0.9) -2.5 (1.4) 4.1 (1.1)
8.7 (0.8) -0.8 (1.4) 5.3 (0.9)
6.6 (0.9) -0.3 (1.7) 2.5 (1.0)
12.0 (0.9) 0.1 (1.3) 2.9 (1.2)
5.0 (0.6) -3.6 (1.3) 4.4 (0.9)
9.4 (1.0) 2.4 (1.4) 2.0 (1.3)
16.0 (1.3) -0.5 (1.4) 6.3 (1.5)
0.8 (0.3) -2.4 (2.5) 0.6 (0.4)
8.8 (0.8) -2.6 (1.4) 3.7 (1.3)
5.0 (0.7) -1.5 (1.8) 1.7 (0.9)
9.0 (0.2) -0.6 (0.3) 3.5 (0.2)
8.9 (0.1) -0.8 (0.3) 3.5 (0.2)
1.0 (0.3) 4.2 (2.0) 0.3 (0.5)

0.1 (0.1) 3.2 (1.8) -0.1 (0.1)
0.6 (0.2) -7.0 (1.0) 0.5 (0.2)
23.9 (2.3) -0.2 (1.2) 3.3 (1.3)
3.8 (0.7) 2.8 (2.3) 1.1 (0.8)
2.1 (0.9) -6.6 (4.3) 3.9 (1.4)
0.2 (0.1) -6.3 (1.7) 0.3 (0.2)
0.2 (0.1) -10.2 (1.9) 0.2 (0.2)
4.1 (0.6) -3.9 (2.3) 3.0 (0.8)
2.6 (0.5) 3.5 (1.5) 1.3 (0.6)
0.0 c -0.5 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0)
0.7 (0.3) 1.8 (1.6) 0.2 (0.4)
1.3 (0.4) 5.9 (1.9) 0.6 (0.4)
24.7 (1.8) 1.6 (1.3) 3.6 (2.3)
0.7 (0.2) 1.9 (2.1) 0.0 (0.2)
0.1 (0.1) 3.2 (2.7) 0.2 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0) -5.6 (1.8) 0.1 (0.1)
1.2 (0.3) -8.9 (2.0) 1.7 (0.5)
6.3 (0.7) 2.5 (1.4) 1.3 (0.8)
22.5 (1.1) 2.8 (1.0) -1.3 (1.5)
11.0 (1.0) 3.2 (1.4) 1.7 (1.4)
1.6 (0.4) 1.2 (2.2) 0.2 (0.4)
1.2 (0.3) -0.4 (1.7) 0.7 (0.4)
0.3 (0.1) -4.5 (1.7) 0.2 (0.2)
1.7 (0.2) 4.0 (1.2) 1.0 (0.3)
2.9 (0.6) -0.2 (1.9) 0.7 (0.6)
7.9 (0.8) -1.0 (1.6) 1.7 (1.0)
34.0 (1.0) 2.2 (0.8) 1.7 (1.5)
26.1 (1.7) 0.6 (1.1) 4.0 (2.6)
1.4 (0.4) 1.6 (2.0) 0.2 (0.6)
2.8 (0.4) 8.5 (1.6) -0.7 (0.6)
0.3 (0.2) -3.4 (1.4) 0.4 (0.2)
2.6 (0.4) 4.4 (2.2) 2.3 (0.7)
1.0 (0.3) -5.3 (2.0) 1.5 (0.5)
8.9 (1.6) 3.3 (1.6) 0.8 (1.0)
0.4 (0.2) -8.0 (2.0) 0.9 (0.3)

4.1 (0.9) 1.3 (2.2) 0.2 (0.7)
1.5 (0.4) 5.5 (1.6) 1.1 (0.5)
Table I.5.6b
Boys Girls
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 14.9 (0.8) 21.6 (1.2) 13.8 (0.9)
Austria 19.2 (1.4) 16.7 (1.3) 18.4 (1.5)
Belgium 17.2 (1.2) 29.1 (1.2) 15.7 (1.1)
Canada 10.3 (0.6) 25.2 (1.0) 9.4 (0.6)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic 15.1 (1.4) 21.6 (1.5) 18.1 (1.7)
Denmark 13.4 (1.0) 18.0 (1.2) 17.4 (1.2)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 7.3 (0.7) 26.0 (1.2) 6.2 (0.6)
France 16.8 (1.5) 17.9 (1.5) 16.5 (1.3)
Germany 21.4 (1.5) 18.3 (1.3) 21.4 (1.4)
Greece 35.8 (2.1) 5.8 (0.8) 41.9 (2.1)
Hungary 22.2 (1.3) 11.9 (1.0) 23.9 (1.4)
Iceland 18.3 (1.0) 15.0 (1.0) 11.5 (0.9)
Ireland 15.0 (1.3) 13.7 (1.1) 18.7 (1.4)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy 29.7 (2.1) 9.6 (0.7) 34.0 (2.1)
Japan 14.2 (1.5) 27.5 (2.3) 12.4 (1.4)
Korea 8.5 (1.1) 28.6 (1.8) 11.0 (1.3)
Latvia 24.4 (1.9) 9.4 (1.1) 23.1 (1.6)
Luxembourg 20.0 (0.8) 13.8 (0.8) 23.4 (0.9)
Mexico 63.1 (2.1) 0.5 (0.2) 68.5 (2.0)
Netherlands 10.2 (1.5) 26.1 (1.7) 11.7 (1.4)
New Zealand 14.5 (0.9) 23.9 (1.1) 15.6 (1.3)
Norway 20.6 (1.1) 13.2 (0.8) 21.1 (1.5)
Poland 22.7 (1.2) 12.1 (1.0) 21.4 (1.3)
Portugal 28.7 (2.0) 7.2 (0.8) 31.3 (1.8)
Slovak Republic 18.0 (1.6) 15.4 (1.1) 22.0 (1.7)
Spain 22.5 (1.3) 9.9 (1.1) 23.4 (1.0)
Sweden 16.7 (1.1) 17.3 (1.1) 17.9 (1.0)
Switzerland 13.4 (1.0) 24.2 (2.4) 15.7 (1.1)
Turkey 49.3 (2.9) 6.5 (1.9) 55.8 (3.0)
United States 25.2 (1.3) 11.7 (1.0) 26.3 (1.4)
OECD average-30 20.9 (0.3) 16.6 (0.2) 22.2 (0.3)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 72.5 (2.3) 1.9 (0.7) 77.5 (1.5)
Croatia m m m m m m
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 11.8 (1.7) 33.1 (2.3) 9.0 (1.1)
Indonesia 78.0 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1) 78.3 (2.0)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 10.8 (1.7) 24.0 (2.7) 11.5 (1.7)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 29.9 (2.3) 8.9 (1.1) 30.6 (2.0)
Thailand 55.0 (2.1) 1.7 (0.5) 53.1 (1.9)
Tunisia 76.3 (1.2) 0.3 (0.2) 79.6 (1.5)
Uruguay 45.6 (1.8) 3.8 (0.6) 50.5 (1.9)

17.9 (1.0) 1.1 (1.1) 3.8 (1.6)

11.8 (1.2) 0.8 (1.8) 4.9 (1.5)
23.6 (1.0) 1.5 (1.8) 5.5 (1.4)
17.8 (0.9) 0.8 (0.8) 7.3 (1.2)
m m m m m m
14.8 (1.3) -2.9 (1.8) 6.8 (1.7)
13.9 (1.0) -4.0 (1.4) 4.1 (1.2)
m m m m m m
20.8 (1.0) 1.1 (0.9) 5.2 (1.5)
12.6 (1.0) 0.3 (1.7) 5.3 (1.7)
14.1 (1.1) 0.0 (1.7) 4.2 (1.5)
2.3 (0.5) -6.2 (1.8) 3.4 (0.7)
9.3 (1.0) -1.7 (1.7) 2.7 (1.0)
15.9 (1.0) 6.7 (1.4) -0.9 (1.5)
9.0 (1.0) -3.7 (1.9) 4.7 (1.4)
m m m m m m
4.6 (0.4) -4.2 (2.9) 5.0 (0.7)
21.3 (1.5) 1.8 (1.7) 6.2 (2.5)
19.1 (2.0) -2.5 (1.6) 9.5 (2.5)
6.7 (0.9) 1.2 (2.0) 2.7 (1.1)
7.9 (0.7) -3.4 (1.2) 5.9 (1.0)
0.2 (0.1) -5.4 (2.1) 0.3 (0.1)
24.9 (1.5) -1.5 (1.8) 1.3 (1.7)
17.4 (0.9) -1.1 (1.5) 6.5 (1.4)
9.6 (0.8) -0.5 (1.6) 3.6 (1.0)
8.1 (0.8) 1.3 (1.4) 4.0 (1.5)
3.7 (0.6) -2.6 (1.6) 3.6 (1.0)
9.8 (0.9) -3.9 (1.6) 5.6 (1.1)
m m m m m m
6.1 (0.6) -0.9 (1.3) 3.8 (1.0)
14.2 (1.2) -1.2 (1.2) 3.1 (1.7)
18.0 (1.4) -2.3 (1.3) 6.3 (2.4)
4.2 (1.4) -6.4 (3.1) 2.4 (1.1)
m m m m m m
8.4 (0.9) -1.1 (1.5) 3.3 (1.2)
12.3 (0.2) -1.3 (0.3) 4.3 (0.3)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
0.5 (0.3) -4.9 (1.7) 1.4 (0.6)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
28.3 (2.0) 2.8 (1.6) 4.8 (3.1)
0.2 (0.1) -0.3 (1.5) 0.0 (0.1)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
13.6 (1.6) -0.6 (2.4) 10.3 (3.4)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
5.1 (0.8) -0.7 (2.3) 3.8 (1.0)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
1.6 (0.5) 1.9 (2.2) 0.0 (0.6)
m m m m m m
0.2 (0.1) -3.3 (1.4) 0.1 (0.2)
m m m m m m
1.9 (0.4) -4.9 (2.0) 1.9 (0.5)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
Table I.5.6c
Boys Girls

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

OECD
Australia 18.3 (0.8) 17.0 (1.0) 21.1 (0.8)
Austria 16.1 (1.4) 18.0 (1.5) 21.2 (1.4)
Belgium 18.6 (1.3) 22.3 (1.0) 19.3 (1.1)
Canada 13.4 (0.7) 19.0 (0.9) 14.3 (0.7)
Chile 45.2 (2.1) 2.3 (0.4) 57.5 (1.9)
Czech Republic 19.3 (1.4) 14.4 (1.1) 22.7 (1.7)
Denmark 15.1 (1.3) 11.5 (0.9) 18.6 (1.1)
Estonia 10.6 (0.9) 16.3 (0.9) 10.4 (0.7)
Finland 14.1 (0.9) 16.3 (1.0) 10.4 (0.8)
France 22.3 (1.1) 15.3 (1.1) 22.4 (1.0)
Germany 16.8 (1.1) 19.9 (1.2) 18.7 (1.3)
Greece 34.5 (1.7) 5.1 (0.6) 36.9 (1.8)
Hungary 27.6 (1.7) 11.2 (1.3) 28.5 (1.6)
Iceland 23.2 (1.1) 11.5 (0.9) 19.7 (1.0)
Ireland 15.2 (1.4) 12.7 (0.9) 18.7 (1.2)
Israel 33.6 (2.6) 13.3 (1.8) 33.4 (1.6)
Italy 22.8 (0.9) 13.0 (0.8) 26.7 (1.0)
Japan 10.9 (1.2) 27.8 (1.9) 11.2 (1.1)
Korea 9.2 (1.2) 35.3 (2.4) 9.1 (1.1)
Latvia 21.5 (1.5) 8.7 (1.0) 18.3 (1.4)
Luxembourg 20.1 (0.8) 14.1 (0.7) 28.7 (0.7)
Mexico 50.7 (1.0) 0.9 (0.1) 58.5 (0.9)
Netherlands 13.9 (1.4) 21.5 (1.4) 15.8 (1.5)
New Zealand 21.8 (1.1) 17.9 (1.3) 23.6 (1.1)
Norway 22.6 (1.2) 10.0 (0.8) 22.0 (1.4)
Poland 15.0 (1.2) 18.1 (1.6) 13.8 (1.0)
Portugal 24.0 (1.5) 12.6 (1.0) 25.9 (1.8)
Slovak Republic 27.6 (1.6) 13.6 (1.3) 27.3 (1.7)
Slovenia 20.4 (1.0) 14.8 (0.9) 19.8 (1.0)
Spain 22.1 (1.0) 10.6 (0.7) 25.1 (1.0)
Sweden 28.2 (1.4) 8.8 (0.8) 26.0 (1.3)
Switzerland 11.8 (0.8) 23.9 (1.5) 13.1 (0.9)
Turkey 40.8 (2.2) 7.1 (1.3) 43.2 (2.4)
United Kingdom 19.7 (1.4) 13.4 (1.3) 23.8 (1.5)
United States 26.5 (1.5) 9.6 (0.9) 25.2 (1.6)
OECD average-30 21.5 (0.2) 14.9 (0.2) 22.9 (0.2)
OECD average-35 22.1 (0.2) 14.5 (0.2) 23.7 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 61.0 (1.5) 0.8 (0.2) 60.3 (1.6)
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 64.3 (1.1) 1.0 (0.2) 72.0 (1.1)
Bulgaria 45.1 (2.2) 4.5 (0.7) 42.3 (2.0)
CABA (Argentina) 43.2 (4.1) 1.4 (0.6) 50.0 (3.8)
Colombia 67.3 (1.9) 0.5 (0.2) 79.6 (1.5)
Costa Rica 52.3 (2.3) 1.0 (0.3) 66.6 (2.0)
Croatia 28.8 (1.7) 8.7 (1.3) 31.0 (1.8)
Cyprus1,2 42.8 (0.9) 5.2 (0.4) 41.2 (1.0)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 8.5 (1.0) 37.9 (2.0) 8.5 (1.0)
Indonesia 74.6 (2.4) 0.3 (0.2) 76.9 (2.2)
Jordan 72.5 (2.4) 0.9 (0.8) 64.8 (1.9)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania 27.7 (1.3) 9.5 (0.7) 24.3 (1.4)
Macao (China) 11.6 (0.7) 26.1 (0.9) 10.0 (0.7)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 56.8 (1.1) 1.3 (0.4) 56.5 (1.4)
Peru 71.5 (1.9) 0.7 (0.3) 77.5 (2.1)
Qatar 70.8 (0.6) 2.2 (0.3) 68.2 (0.6)
Romania 40.4 (2.2) 3.7 (0.8) 41.2 (2.2)
Russia 24.6 (1.4) 7.8 (1.1) 23.3 (1.2)
Singapore 9.7 (0.7) 40.3 (0.8) 6.7 (0.6)
Chinese Taipei 14.3 (1.3) 40.0 (1.9) 11.4 (0.9)
Thailand 54.1 (1.8) 2.3 (0.6) 46.3 (2.1)
Tunisia 63.7 (2.2) 1.1 (0.5) 71.3 (1.9)
Uruguay 52.8 (1.8) 2.0 (0.5) 58.5 (1.6)
Viet Nam 14.2 (2.1) 15.8 (1.7) 14.3 (1.6)
Argentina* 63.1 (2.4) 0.4 (0.2) 69.7 (2.1)

Kazakhstan* 45.5 (1.9) 1.1 (0.3) 45.0 (1.9)
Malaysia* 54.1 (2.0) 1.4 (0.4) 49.6 (2.0)

12.4 (0.6) -2.9 (0.9) 4.6 (1.1)

10.6 (0.9) -5.1 (2.1) 7.4 (1.6)
16.8 (0.8) -0.7 (1.7) 5.6 (1.1)
13.8 (0.7) -0.9 (0.8) 5.2 (0.9)
0.9 (0.2) -12.2 (2.2) 1.4 (0.4)
11.3 (0.9) -3.5 (1.9) 3.1 (1.2)
8.4 (0.8) -3.5 (1.3) 3.1 (1.1)
13.0 (1.0) 0.2 (1.1) 3.3 (1.2)
14.1 (0.9) 3.7 (1.0) 2.2 (1.2)
10.6 (0.8) 0.0 (1.2) 4.7 (1.1)
14.9 (1.1) -1.9 (1.3) 5.0 (1.4)
2.7 (0.4) -2.4 (2.1) 2.4 (0.6)
7.4 (1.1) -0.9 (2.1) 3.8 (0.9)
10.8 (1.1) 3.5 (1.6) 0.6 (1.4)
8.5 (0.7) -3.5 (1.8) 4.2 (1.2)
5.6 (0.5) 0.2 (2.6) 7.7 (1.8)
6.7 (0.5) -3.9 (1.2) 6.3 (0.7)
19.1 (1.6) -0.3 (1.3) 8.7 (2.1)
25.8 (2.0) 0.1 (1.5) 9.5 (2.4)
7.3 (0.9) 3.2 (1.8) 1.4 (1.0)
8.3 (0.6) -8.6 (1.0) 5.8 (1.0)
0.3 (0.1) -7.8 (0.9) 0.6 (0.1)
16.9 (1.4) -1.9 (1.3) 4.5 (1.4)
12.0 (1.1) -1.8 (1.5) 5.9 (1.6)
8.8 (1.0) 0.6 (1.5) 1.1 (1.2)
15.4 (1.4) 1.2 (1.3) 2.7 (1.4)
8.6 (0.8) -1.9 (1.4) 4.0 (1.0)
8.1 (1.0) 0.3 (2.0) 5.5 (1.4)
12.5 (0.9) 0.6 (1.5) 2.3 (1.5)
5.3 (0.3) -3.0 (1.1) 5.3 (0.6)
7.2 (0.6) 2.2 (1.5) 1.6 (1.0)
18.8 (1.3) -1.4 (1.0) 5.1 (1.5)
4.7 (1.2) -2.5 (2.6) 2.4 (1.0)
10.3 (1.0) -4.1 (1.4) 3.1 (1.6)
7.9 (1.1) 1.3 (1.4) 1.8 (1.2)
10.8 (0.2) -1.4 (0.3) 4.1 (0.2)
10.5 (0.2) -1.6 (0.3) 4.1 (0.2)
0.8 (0.2) 0.7 (2.3) -0.1 (0.3)

m m m m m m
0.4 (0.2) -7.8 (1.1) 0.6 (0.2)
m m m m m m
3.6 (0.7) 2.9 (2.2) 0.8 (0.6)
0.6 (0.3) -6.8 (3.5) 0.8 (0.7)
0.2 (0.1) -12.2 (1.8) 0.3 (0.2)
0.2 (0.1) -14.3 (1.9) 0.8 (0.3)
5.2 (1.1) -2.1 (2.2) 3.5 (1.0)
2.2 (0.3) 1.6 (1.4) 3.0 (0.6)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
28.8 (1.8) 0.1 (1.1) 9.1 (2.8)
0.2 (0.2) -2.3 (2.0) 0.1 (0.1)
0.2 (0.2) 7.7 (3.2) 0.7 (0.8)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
6.6 (0.7) 3.3 (1.3) 3.0 (0.8)
22.5 (0.7) 1.6 (0.9) 3.6 (1.1)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
0.8 (0.3) 0.3 (1.5) 0.5 (0.5)
0.4 (0.2) -6.0 (1.9) 0.3 (0.3)
1.8 (0.2) 2.6 (0.8) 0.4 (0.3)
2.7 (0.6) -0.8 (2.1) 1.0 (0.7)
7.8 (0.9) 1.4 (1.3) -0.1 (1.1)
39.8 (1.0) 3.1 (0.8) 0.5 (1.1)
34.5 (2.3) 2.9 (1.5) 5.5 (3.4)
2.8 (0.6) 7.7 (1.8) -0.5 (0.6)
m m m m m m
0.5 (0.3) -7.7 (1.7) 0.7 (0.3)
2.7 (0.4) 4.0 (2.2) 1.6 (0.7)
0.8 (0.3) -5.7 (2.0) 1.2 (0.5)
11.0 (1.4) -0.1 (1.3) 4.8 (1.0)
0.1 (0.1) -6.7 (1.9) 0.3 (0.1)

0.8 (0.4) 0.5 (1.9) 0.3 (0.4)
1.3 (0.4) 4.5 (2.1) 0.1 (0.5)
Table I.5.6d
Change between 2003 and 2015 in the percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender
PISA 2015 - PISA 2003
Boys Girls
% dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
OECD
Australia 7.2 (2.8) -8.6 (2.5) 8.1 (4.0)
Austria -0.4 (3.0) 0.0 (3.9) 6.4 (4.0)
Belgium 1.7 (3.0) -10.4 (3.2) 5.5 (2.8)
Canada 3.8 (2.1) -8.0 (3.1) 5.3 (2.9)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic 7.0 (3.5) -9.4 (2.4) 3.2 (4.1)
Denmark -0.5 (2.8) -4.3 (2.5) -3.1 (3.1)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 8.4 (2.6) -13.8 (2.5) 5.0 (2.1)
France 7.1 (3.3) -4.6 (3.4) 6.6 (3.4)
Germany -6.3 (2.9) -2.8 (3.0) -2.1 (3.3)
Greece 1.1 (5.2) -1.2 (1.2) -7.3 (7.6)
Hungary 5.0 (4.1) -2.4 (1.8) 4.8 (3.6)
Iceland 6.2 (5.2) -4.6 (1.9) 11.3 (3.1)
Ireland -0.8 (3.1) -0.8 (2.6) -2.8 (3.9)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy -9.0 (3.5) 3.6 (2.6) -8.2 (5.4)
Japan -4.4 (2.2) -4.0 (5.3) -0.9 (2.1)
Korea 9.2 (2.8) -6.9 (3.9) 2.0 (2.3)
Latvia -1.4 (4.5) -3.3 (1.7) -3.3 (5.8)
Luxembourg 4.9 (3.9) -1.7 (2.1) 3.4 (3.7)
Mexico -8.7 (8.0) -0.1 (0.2) -9.6 (8.2)
Netherlands 7.1 (3.0) -9.1 (3.8) 4.6 (2.8)
New Zealand 7.2 (3.3) -10.3 (2.9) 6.0 (3.8)
Norway -1.8 (2.8) -1.7 (2.5) -5.8 (3.3)
Poland -6.7 (2.6) 2.1 (2.9) -3.0 (3.5)
Portugal -5.3 (3.6) 6.8 (2.5) -7.1 (4.2)
Slovak Republic 9.5 (4.2) -6.4 (1.9) 5.9 (4.2)
Spain -2.1 (3.7) -0.4 (2.0) 0.6 (3.7)
Sweden 5.4 (3.3) -5.9 (2.4) 1.7 (3.4)
Switzerland 2.1 (2.5) -2.0 (4.4) 0.3 (2.5)
Turkey 0.8 (7.1) -5.1 (1.9) -3.2 (8.0)
United States 3.5 (4.4) -4.9 (2.0) 3.9 (6.6)
OECD average-30 1.7 (2.9) -4.0 (1.9) 0.9 (3.3)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil -5.9 (5.0) -0.8 (0.7) -3.8 (4.8)
Croatia m m m m m m
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) -2.1 (2.2) -4.8 (6.4) -0.8 (1.6)
Indonesia -8.4 (7.5) 0.4 (0.3) -10.6 (7.8)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) -2.8 (2.2) -2.8 (5.8) -6.2 (1.9)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia -11.4 (4.4) 0.7 (2.7) -11.2 (3.8)
Thailand -0.3 (8.1) -0.1 (0.7) 0.0 (10.3)
Tunisia -3.4 (4.2) 0.4 (0.4) -3.2 (4.2)
Uruguay 4.1 (6.8) -1.3 (0.8) 4.5 (7.5)
n mathematics, by gender

% dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
-8.2 (2.1) -1.0 (1.9) -0.3 (1.8)

-3.7 (1.6) -6.8 (2.7) 3.7 (2.0)
-10.6 (2.5) -3.7 (2.2) 0.2 (1.7)
-4.9 (2.6) -1.5 (1.2) -3.1 (1.7)
m m m m m m
-6.4 (2.1) 3.7 (2.4) -3.0 (2.0)
-4.3 (2.2) 2.7 (1.9) 0.0 (1.7)
m m m m m m
-9.7 (3.4) 3.4 (1.4) -4.2 (1.7)
-3.0 (2.6) 0.4 (2.4) -1.6 (2.0)
-3.8 (2.2) -4.2 (2.0) 1.0 (1.8)
0.8 (0.9) 8.4 (2.8) -2.0 (1.0)
-2.6 (1.6) 0.2 (2.6) 0.2 (1.4)
-5.7 (1.9) -5.1 (2.2) 1.0 (2.1)
-2.5 (1.8) 2.0 (2.3) 1.7 (1.9)
m m m m m m
3.2 (1.3) -0.8 (3.5) 0.3 (1.3)
-4.2 (3.7) -3.5 (2.0) 0.2 (2.9)
0.9 (3.9) 7.3 (2.4) -7.8 (3.2)
-2.5 (1.3) 1.9 (2.6) -0.8 (1.4)
-0.1 (1.6) 1.5 (1.9) -1.6 (1.5)
0.0 (0.1) 0.8 (2.6) -0.1 (0.2)
-10.8 (4.2) 2.5 (2.1) 1.7 (2.0)
-8.3 (2.1) 1.2 (2.4) -2.1 (1.9)
0.2 (1.7) 4.0 (2.0) -1.9 (1.4)
2.0 (2.3) -3.7 (2.0) 0.1 (1.9)
5.1 (1.9) 1.8 (2.1) 1.8 (1.4)
-3.2 (1.9) 3.6 (2.4) -3.2 (1.5)
m m m m m m
-1.1 (1.1) -2.6 (1.9) 0.7 (1.4)
-4.9 (2.1) 3.6 (1.8) -1.1 (2.1)
-2.0 (3.0) 1.7 (1.9) 0.0 (2.8)
-3.3 (1.4) 4.0 (4.0) -1.8 (1.1)
m m m m m m
-3.4 (1.4) -0.4 (2.3) -1.5 (1.5)
-3.2 (1.4) 0.7 (0.4) -0.8 (0.3)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
0.1 (0.3) -2.1 (2.0) -0.9 (0.6)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
-3.5 (6.9) -1.3 (2.0) -1.2 (3.8)
0.4 (0.3) 2.2 (2.6) 0.0 (0.3)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
8.9 (7.0) 3.4 (2.6) -11.7 (3.8)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
2.8 (1.7) -0.3 (2.8) -2.1 (1.4)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
-0.3 (0.6) -0.3 (3.0) 0.1 (0.9)
m m m m m m
0.2 (0.2) -0.1 (2.0) 0.3 (0.3)
m m m m m m
-0.9 (0.5) -0.4 (2.8) -0.4 (0.7)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
Table I.5.6e
Change between 2012 and 2015 in the percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, by gender
PISA 2015 - PISA 2012
Below Level 2 BoysLevel 5 or above Below Level 2 Girls

%score
dif. points)
S.E. %score
dif. points)
S.E. %score
dif. points)
S.E.
OECD
Australia 3.8 (1.6) -4.0 (1.5) 0.7 (2.1)
Austria 2.7 (2.1) -1.3 (2.4) 3.6 (2.6)
Belgium 0.3 (2.0) -3.6 (1.8) 1.9 (1.8)
Canada 0.6 (1.3) -1.9 (1.7) 0.4 (1.6)
Chile 0.0 (4.0) -0.4 (0.5) -4.0 (3.5)
Czech Republic 2.8 (2.2) -2.2 (1.6) -1.5 (2.5)
Denmark -2.2 (1.9) 2.2 (1.5) -4.3 (1.9)
Estonia 1.4 (1.8) -0.5 (1.9) -0.1 (1.3)
Finland 1.7 (1.7) -4.2 (1.5) 0.9 (1.3)
France 1.5 (2.0) -2.0 (1.9) 0.8 (1.9)
Germany -1.7 (1.9) -4.4 (1.9) 0.6 (2.0)
Greece 2.4 (3.3) -0.5 (0.9) -2.3 (3.9)
Hungary -0.4 (2.6) -1.6 (1.7) 0.2 (2.5)
Iceland 1.2 (2.7) -1.1 (1.5) 3.1 (2.0)
Ireland -1.0 (2.1) 0.2 (1.5) -2.8 (2.1)
Israel -1.4 (3.5) -1.9 (2.4) -1.4 (2.7)
Italy -2.1 (1.8) 0.3 (1.5) -0.9 (2.8)
Japan -1.1 (1.7) -4.3 (3.1) 0.4 (1.6)
Korea 8.6 (2.1) -13.6 (3.3) 3.9 (1.8)
Latvia 1.5 (2.6) -2.6 (1.2) 1.5 (3.0)
Luxembourg 4.8 (2.1) -1.9 (1.3) -2.0 (1.7)
Mexico 3.6 (3.6) -0.5 (0.2) 0.4 (3.6)
Netherlands 3.4 (2.0) -4.4 (2.2) 0.5 (2.0)
New Zealand -0.1 (2.2) -4.3 (2.0) -2.0 (2.2)
Norway -3.8 (1.8) 1.6 (1.5) -6.7 (1.9)
Poland 1.0 (1.8) -3.9 (2.2) 4.6 (2.1)
Portugal -0.6 (2.2) 1.5 (1.6) -1.7 (2.7)
Slovak Republic -0.1 (2.6) -4.5 (1.6) 0.6 (2.8)
Slovenia -4.2 (1.7) 0.1 (1.5) -3.7 (1.5)
Spain -1.7 (2.0) -1.1 (1.2) -1.1 (2.1)
Sweden -6.2 (2.3) 2.6 (1.5) -6.3 (2.1)
Switzerland 3.8 (1.7) -1.6 (2.4) 2.9 (1.6)
Turkey 9.4 (4.0) -5.6 (1.4) 9.3 (4.5)
United Kingdom 0.9 (2.3) -1.0 (1.9) -0.6 (2.4)
United States 2.1 (2.6) -2.9 (1.4) 5.0 (3.5)
OECD average-30 1.1 (1.2) -2.3 (0.8) 0.3 (1.3)
OECD average-35 0.9 (1.2) -2.1 (0.8) 0.0 (1.3)
Partners
Albania -5.6 (3.8) 0.5 (0.5) -9.1 (3.6)
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 2.4 (2.5) 0.1 (0.4) 1.6 (2.5)
Bulgaria -1.8 (3.6) 0.5 (1.1) -1.7 (3.5)
CABA (Argentina) -12.6 (5.6) 4.6 (1.8) -12.8 (6.2)
Colombia -4.4 (3.4) 0.0 (0.3) -10.3 (3.2)
Costa Rica 5.0 (5.3) -0.6 (0.4) 0.9 (4.4)
Croatia 1.2 (3.1) -1.6 (1.6) 3.0 (3.3)
Cyprus1,2 1.5 (2.0) -1.3 (0.7) -0.4 (2.6)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 1.2 (1.5) -9.6 (3.4) -0.3 (1.4)
Indonesia -5.0 (4.3) 0.3 (0.3) -9.2 (4.2)
Jordan -3.3 (3.5) -0.6 (0.8) 1.2 (3.9)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania -1.0 (2.8) -2.0 (1.2) -0.2 (2.5)
Macao (China) -3.5 (1.2) -4.9 (2.3) -4.7 (0.9)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro -5.1 (3.3) 0.6 (0.5) -4.4 (3.2)
Peru -7.6 (3.4) -0.3 (0.4) -9.1 (3.4)
Qatar -10.2 (1.6) 0.5 (0.4) -11.6 (3.0)
Romania -0.6 (3.7) -0.1 (1.0) -1.2 (3.9)
Russia -6.2 (2.4) 1.9 (1.8) -3.8 (2.2)
Singapore -1.1 (1.0) -4.7 (2.5) -0.3 (0.8)
Chinese Taipei -1.3 (1.7) -9.9 (3.4) 1.0 (1.4)
Thailand 0.6 (3.9) -0.8 (0.8) 6.8 (5.0)
Tunisia 9.3 (2.9) -0.4 (0.6) 5.1 (2.8)
Uruguay -3.1 (3.8) 0.4 (0.7) -3.5 (3.4)
Viet Nam 6.6 (3.3) -6.1 (2.2) 3.2 (2.9)
Argentina* -11.2 (4.1) 0.9 (0.4) -9.8 (3.9)

Kazakhstan* -12.8 (4.1) 3.2 (0.9) -13.5 (3.9)
Malaysia* -13.7 (3.7) 1.2 (0.7) -14.6 (3.7)
n mathematics, by gender
GirlsLevel 5 or above Gender

Below differences
Level 2 (boys
Level - girls)
5 or above
%score
dif. points)
S.E. %score
dif. points)
S.E. %score
dif. points)
S.E.
-2.8 (1.2) 3.1 (1.8) -1.2 (1.4)

-2.5 (1.2) -0.9 (2.9) 1.2 (2.1)
-3.8 (1.3) -1.5 (2.2) 0.2 (1.5)
-0.8 (1.4) 0.2 (1.2) -1.1 (1.5)
0.0 (0.3) 4.0 (2.9) -0.4 (0.5)
-2.9 (1.4) 4.3 (2.5) 0.7 (1.6)
1.2 (1.3) 2.1 (1.8) 0.9 (1.6)
-0.4 (1.8) 1.5 (1.5) -0.1 (1.8)
-3.0 (1.8) 0.8 (1.4) -1.2 (1.5)
-1.0 (1.5) 0.7 (2.1) -1.1 (1.6)
-4.6 (1.5) -2.3 (1.7) 0.2 (1.8)
0.5 (0.7) 4.7 (3.0) -1.0 (0.9)
-0.7 (1.4) -0.5 (2.8) -0.9 (1.3)
-0.6 (1.5) -1.9 (2.3) -0.5 (1.9)
-2.0 (1.2) 1.8 (2.2) 2.2 (1.8)
1.0 (1.0) 0.0 (3.6) -2.9 (2.3)
1.2 (1.1) -1.2 (2.3) -0.9 (1.3)
-1.9 (2.4) -1.5 (1.7) -2.4 (2.6)
-5.8 (2.7) 4.7 (2.3) -7.8 (3.2)
-3.1 (1.1) -0.1 (2.4) 0.5 (1.3)
-0.4 (0.9) 6.8 (1.8) -1.5 (1.5)
-0.1 (0.1) 3.2 (1.9) -0.4 (0.2)
-2.9 (2.4) 2.9 (1.7) -1.6 (1.8)
-2.8 (1.5) 1.9 (2.5) -1.4 (2.0)
0.9 (1.3) 2.9 (2.0) 0.6 (1.5)
-5.3 (1.9) -3.7 (1.9) 1.4 (1.8)
0.1 (1.3) 1.1 (2.0) 1.4 (1.4)
-1.6 (1.5) -0.7 (2.7) -3.0 (1.7)
-0.6 (1.6) -0.5 (2.0) 0.6 (1.9)
-0.3 (0.8) -0.6 (1.7) -0.8 (1.1)
2.2 (1.3) 0.2 (2.0) 0.4 (1.6)
-2.9 (2.1) 0.8 (1.7) 1.2 (2.1)
-3.8 (1.2) 0.1 (3.6) -1.8 (1.1)
-1.5 (1.4) 1.5 (1.9) 0.6 (2.1)
-2.8 (1.3) -2.8 (2.3) 0.0 (1.5)
-1.7 (0.6) 0.8 (0.4) -0.6 (0.3)
-1.5 (0.6) 0.9 (0.4) -0.6 (0.3)
0.1 (0.4) 3.5 (3.1) 0.3 (0.6)
m m m m m m
0.2 (0.3) 0.7 (1.5) -0.1 (0.3)
m m m m m m
0.2 (1.0) -0.1 (3.2) 0.3 (1.0)
1.5 (1.0) 0.2 (5.5) 3.1 (1.6)
0.0 (0.1) 6.0 (2.5) -0.1 (0.3)
0.0 (0.1) 4.1 (2.6) -0.6 (0.4)
-1.1 (1.3) -1.8 (3.2) -0.5 (1.2)
0.4 (0.6) 1.9 (2.1) -1.8 (0.8)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
-4.1 (3.8) 1.5 (1.7) -5.5 (3.6)
0.5 (0.3) 4.2 (2.9) -0.1 (0.3)
-0.1 (0.2) -4.5 (4.1) -0.5 (0.8)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
-0.3 (1.0) -0.8 (1.9) -1.7 (1.1)
0.1 (3.0) 1.2 (1.4) -5.0 (1.9)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
0.4 (0.4) -0.8 (2.2) 0.2 (0.7)
-0.1 (0.2) 1.5 (2.5) -0.1 (0.4)
-0.1 (0.3) 1.4 (1.4) 0.6 (0.5)
0.3 (0.9) 0.6 (2.8) -0.4 (0.9)
0.1 (1.3) -2.4 (2.1) 1.8 (1.5)
-5.8 (3.4) -0.8 (1.2) 1.1 (1.9)
-8.4 (3.3) -2.3 (1.9) -1.5 (4.3)
-1.4 (0.7) -6.1 (2.7) 0.6 (0.9)
m m m m m m
-0.1 (0.3) 4.3 (2.3) -0.3 (0.4)
-0.1 (0.5) 0.4 (3.1) 0.7 (1.0)
0.2 (0.5) 0.4 (2.8) 0.2 (0.7)
-2.1 (2.2) 3.4 (2.1) -4.0 (1.4)
0.2 (0.2) -1.3 (2.7) 0.6 (0.4)

3.4 (0.9) 0.7 (2.8) -0.1 (0.8)
0.2 (0.5) 1.0 (2.6) 0.9 (0.7)
Table I.5.7
Mean score and variation in mathematics performance, by gender
Bo
5th
Mean S.E. S.D. S.E. Score S.E.
OECD
Australia 497 (2.1) 96 (1.4) 336 (3.4)
Austria 510 (3.8) 97 (2.1) 345 (6.8)
Belgium 514 (3.1) 100 (1.8) 346 (5.5)
Canada 520 (2.9) 90 (1.4) 369 (4.5)
Chile 432 (3.1) 87 (1.7) 291 (5.8)
Czech Republic 496 (3.3) 95 (2.0) 336 (6.6)
Denmark 516 (2.5) 82 (1.6) 377 (4.4)
Estonia 522 (2.7) 84 (1.5) 381 (5.1)
Finland 507 (2.6) 86 (1.6) 363 (5.7)
France 496 (2.9) 99 (1.9) 327 (6.1)
Germany 514 (3.5) 90 (1.8) 364 (6.4)
Greece 454 (4.7) 93 (2.1) 303 (6.7)
Hungary 481 (3.6) 95 (1.9) 325 (5.9)
Iceland 487 (2.9) 94 (2.0) 331 (6.3)
Ireland 512 (3.0) 83 (2.0) 372 (6.4)
Israel 474 (5.4) 109 (3.0) 290 (7.6)
Italy 500 (3.5) 96 (2.0) 339 (6.7)
Japan 539 (3.8) 90 (2.1) 386 (6.4)
Korea 521 (5.2) 106 (2.4) 341 (7.7)
Latvia 481 (2.6) 81 (1.5) 347 (5.6)
Luxembourg 491 (2.0) 96 (1.6) 336 (3.9)
Mexico 412 (2.7) 78 (1.5) 283 (5.3)
Netherlands 513 (2.6) 94 (1.8) 356 (5.3)
New Zealand 499 (3.4) 96 (1.8) 340 (6.0)
Norway 501 (2.9) 89 (1.6) 352 (6.3)
Poland 510 (2.8) 89 (1.9) 366 (5.2)
Portugal 497 (3.0) 100 (1.7) 330 (5.7)
Slovak Republic 478 (3.0) 96 (1.8) 316 (5.8)
Slovenia 512 (1.9) 89 (1.9) 364 (4.4)
Spain 494 (2.4) 87 (1.7) 347 (5.7)
Sweden 493 (3.8) 93 (2.0) 336 (6.8)
Switzerland 527 (3.2) 100 (1.9) 358 (7.0)
Turkey 423 (4.6) 82 (2.6) 293 (5.9)
United Kingdom 498 (2.9) 94 (1.7) 342 (5.3)
United States 474 (3.6) 91 (1.6) 323 (5.3)
OECD average 494 (0.6) 92 (0.3) 340 (1.0)
Partners
Albania 409 (4.2) 89 (2.1) 263 (6.6)
Algeria 356 (3.1) 70 (1.8) 244 (5.6)
Brazil 385 (3.2) 92 (1.9) 245 (3.2)
B-S-J-G (China) 534 (4.8) 108 (2.6) 350 (7.8)
Bulgaria 440 (4.8) 99 (2.7) 283 (5.4)
CABA (Argentina) 467 (8.0) 91 (4.3) 312 (11.9)
Colombia 395 (3.3) 79 (1.6) 272 (5.4)
Costa Rica 408 (2.8) 71 (1.8) 295 (3.9)
Croatia 471 (3.7) 91 (1.8) 324 (5.6)
Cyprus1,2 435 (2.1) 98 (1.4) 276 (4.5)
FYROM 368 (2.2) 98 (1.9) 212 (5.5)
Georgia 398 (3.9) 98 (2.8) 242 (6.7)
Hong Kong (China) 549 (3.6) 93 (1.9) 384 (8.0)
Indonesia 385 (3.5) 79 (2.1) 265 (4.2)
Jordan 373 (4.0) 92 (3.0) 221 (8.3)
Kosovo 366 (2.2) 77 (1.8) 240 (4.9)
Lebanon 408 (4.4) 104 (2.4) 242 (7.1)
Lithuania 478 (2.8) 89 (1.5) 332 (4.6)
Macao (China) 540 (1.7) 83 (1.7) 399 (6.4)
Malta 477 (2.4) 114 (1.8) 283 (8.4)
Moldova 419 (2.9) 92 (1.8) 268 (6.4)
Montenegro 418 (2.1) 89 (1.9) 275 (4.7)
Peru 391 (3.0) 83 (1.7) 257 (4.2)
Qatar 397 (1.8) 105 (1.3) 237 (3.5)
Romania 444 (4.2) 87 (2.3) 303 (6.7)
Russia 497 (4.0) 85 (1.7) 357 (7.1)
Singapore 564 (2.1) 100 (1.3) 390 (4.7)
Chinese Taipei 545 (4.7) 106 (2.6) 362 (6.6)
Thailand 414 (3.7) 84 (2.5) 282 (5.7)
Tunisia 370 (3.4) 87 (2.8) 234 (6.8)
Uruguay 425 (3.6) 90 (2.0) 286 (4.1)
Viet Nam 493 (4.7) 86 (2.6) 357 (6.6)
Argentina* 418 (3.5) 82 (1.8) 286 (5.2)

Kazakhstan* 459 (4.7) 83 (2.5) 328 (6.2)
Malaysia* 443 (3.9) 84 (2.1) 308 (5.0)
Boys
Percentiles
10th 25th 75th 90th 95th
369 (2.9) 430 (3.2) 565 (2.9) 621 (3.4) 652 (3.9)
380 (5.2) 443 (5.2) 581 (4.4) 633 (5.0) 661 (5.8)
378 (5.0) 443 (4.9) 588 (3.1) 639 (3.1) 667 (4.0)
401 (4.0) 458 (3.8) 583 (3.2) 635 (4.3) 665 (4.7)
320 (4.4) 371 (3.6) 494 (4.3) 544 (4.3) 573 (5.4)
370 (5.4) 430 (4.7) 563 (3.9) 617 (4.7) 648 (4.6)
407 (3.9) 461 (3.3) 574 (3.4) 621 (3.7) 647 (5.5)
412 (4.4) 464 (3.9) 581 (3.3) 630 (4.1) 657 (5.1)
396 (4.6) 450 (3.7) 567 (2.9) 617 (3.5) 646 (4.0)
362 (4.9) 424 (5.0) 570 (3.1) 620 (3.4) 646 (3.3)
398 (5.6) 453 (4.1) 577 (3.8) 629 (4.3) 659 (4.9)
330 (6.3) 386 (6.6) 522 (4.6) 574 (4.6) 604 (5.8)
355 (5.1) 413 (4.7) 549 (4.9) 605 (4.2) 635 (5.0)
365 (5.5) 422 (4.4) 553 (4.5) 608 (5.4) 641 (5.9)
402 (6.0) 455 (4.0) 571 (3.3) 618 (3.3) 644 (4.0)
328 (7.0) 394 (6.6) 555 (5.7) 614 (7.5) 648 (8.1)
375 (5.2) 434 (4.2) 567 (4.6) 621 (4.4) 652 (5.3)
421 (5.6) 478 (4.9) 603 (4.4) 652 (5.6) 680 (6.7)
381 (7.4) 449 (6.6) 596 (6.4) 655 (6.4) 688 (7.3)
377 (4.6) 426 (3.7) 538 (3.2) 587 (3.7) 615 (4.9)
365 (3.0) 420 (3.4) 561 (3.3) 618 (4.1) 649 (5.1)
311 (3.5) 357 (3.3) 466 (3.5) 513 (4.0) 541 (4.3)
389 (5.3) 447 (3.9) 582 (3.0) 632 (3.5) 660 (3.7)
372 (5.2) 431 (5.1) 567 (4.3) 623 (4.1) 655 (6.1)
383 (5.4) 440 (3.2) 564 (3.5) 614 (4.1) 642 (4.0)
396 (4.3) 448 (3.4) 571 (4.1) 627 (4.6) 659 (6.1)
364 (5.1) 426 (3.8) 570 (3.7) 625 (3.7) 655 (5.7)
351 (5.0) 412 (4.2) 547 (3.4) 602 (4.2) 632 (5.1)
395 (4.2) 449 (3.8) 575 (2.6) 628 (4.6) 656 (4.7)
378 (4.0) 434 (3.5) 555 (3.2) 605 (4.2) 633 (3.7)
371 (5.7) 429 (4.5) 559 (4.6) 613 (5.0) 643 (5.6)
394 (6.0) 457 (4.8) 600 (3.5) 650 (5.1) 681 (5.0)
320 (5.1) 366 (4.6) 480 (6.2) 533 (7.2) 562 (7.9)
375 (4.7) 434 (3.8) 564 (4.5) 618 (4.4) 650 (5.5)
355 (4.3) 410 (4.3) 539 (4.5) 591 (5.4) 619 (6.2)
373 (0.9) 430 (0.7) 560 (0.7) 612 (0.8) 642 (0.9)
295 (5.7) 347 (5.1) 469 (5.4) 523 (5.8) 556 (6.9)
269 (4.3) 310 (3.2) 401 (3.7) 447 (5.3) 476 (5.9)
272 (3.7) 321 (3.5) 445 (4.6) 508 (5.0) 545 (6.9)
388 (6.8) 459 (6.1) 614 (5.6) 670 (5.4) 700 (5.8)
313 (5.5) 367 (6.0) 511 (6.4) 572 (6.8) 607 (7.9)
347 (11.6) 405 (8.8) 533 (10.2) 586 (10.3) 616 (12.0)
296 (4.4) 340 (4.2) 449 (3.9) 500 (4.0) 529 (5.3)
319 (4.0) 360 (3.0) 456 (3.6) 501 (5.3) 528 (6.9)
355 (4.9) 406 (4.6) 533 (5.0) 591 (4.8) 623 (5.6)
307 (4.2) 365 (3.2) 504 (3.1) 564 (3.9) 596 (5.6)
239 (4.7) 277 (4.0) 372 (4.6) 419 (5.9) 448 (7.4)
245 (3.9) 301 (2.7) 432 (3.6) 497 (5.1) 535 (5.6)
275 (5.6) 331 (4.5) 463 (5.0) 526 (6.6) 563 (8.5)
421 (6.2) 487 (5.6) 615 (3.7) 665 (4.2) 693 (5.7)
289 (4.5) 330 (4.2) 433 (4.6) 489 (6.6) 526 (8.0)
255 (6.3) 312 (5.0) 436 (5.0) 491 (4.9) 522 (6.2)
268 (4.0) 312 (3.2) 420 (3.2) 468 (4.4) 495 (6.9)
274 (7.1) 334 (6.9) 480 (6.4) 546 (6.0) 584 (7.3)
362 (4.5) 415 (3.5) 541 (4.2) 594 (4.7) 624 (4.6)
432 (4.2) 485 (2.5) 597 (2.5) 644 (3.8) 670 (5.5)
325 (4.5) 398 (4.4) 560 (3.8) 619 (4.6) 653 (5.8)
300 (4.7) 355 (4.3) 482 (4.1) 539 (4.5) 569 (5.5)
303 (4.2) 355 (3.1) 479 (3.1) 535 (3.4) 568 (4.7)
286 (3.3) 333 (2.9) 448 (4.7) 501 (4.7) 532 (5.0)
266 (2.7) 320 (2.2) 470 (2.3) 541 (2.8) 580 (3.9)
332 (6.1) 384 (4.7) 503 (5.3) 558 (6.3) 593 (7.3)
387 (6.0) 439 (4.8) 556 (4.5) 606 (4.4) 633 (4.7)
429 (3.7) 496 (3.5) 635 (2.7) 689 (3.4) 720 (4.8)
401 (5.7) 475 (5.1) 622 (5.8) 675 (6.6) 705 (7.4)
309 (5.1) 355 (4.1) 468 (5.1) 523 (6.7) 558 (8.1)
286 (4.4) 338 (3.1) 476 (4.0) 538 (4.5) 572 (4.9)
262 (6.1) 311 (4.7) 426 (4.2) 481 (5.6) 518 (8.1)
294 (4.6) 348 (4.8) 496 (4.8) 567 (5.5) 606 (5.7)
313 (3.7) 360 (4.4) 488 (4.4) 545 (6.2) 578 (7.3)
384 (5.6) 432 (5.6) 552 (5.5) 606 (6.4) 638 (7.5)
313 (4.3) 362 (4.1) 474 (4.2) 526 (5.3) 558 (6.6)
355 (5.2) 402 (5.5) 514 (5.6) 568 (6.6) 600 (8.5)
335 (4.7) 384 (4.2) 500 (4.9) 553 (6.0) 582 (7.5)
Girls
Percentiles
5th 10th 25th
Mean S.E. S.D. S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E.
491 (2.5) 90 (1.5) 341 (4.9) 374 (3.7) 430 (3.2)

483 (3.6) 91 (2.3) 329 (8.8) 363 (5.9) 421 (5.2)
500 (2.8) 95 (1.6) 337 (4.8) 370 (4.6) 434 (4.6)
511 (2.6) 85 (1.1) 368 (4.1) 400 (3.4) 453 (2.8)
413 (3.0) 83 (1.7) 279 (5.6) 307 (4.3) 356 (4.2)
489 (2.8) 86 (2.2) 344 (6.3) 377 (4.8) 431 (3.8)
506 (2.8) 79 (1.3) 375 (4.2) 403 (4.1) 452 (4.0)
517 (2.3) 77 (1.3) 391 (3.9) 419 (3.5) 463 (3.0)
515 (2.6) 78 (1.6) 383 (6.3) 414 (4.5) 464 (3.6)
490 (2.6) 91 (1.7) 334 (4.6) 367 (4.9) 426 (4.1)
498 (3.0) 88 (1.6) 349 (5.5) 381 (4.6) 438 (4.1)
454 (3.6) 86 (2.1) 311 (7.6) 343 (6.2) 396 (4.8)
473 (3.0) 93 (2.0) 316 (6.3) 347 (5.6) 408 (4.6)
489 (2.4) 92 (1.8) 336 (5.8) 368 (4.2) 426 (3.9)
495 (2.4) 75 (1.5) 370 (4.6) 398 (3.7) 445 (3.3)
466 (4.0) 97 (2.3) 301 (7.0) 336 (6.0) 397 (5.6)
480 (3.4) 90 (2.2) 330 (5.6) 361 (4.9) 418 (4.6)
525 (3.1) 86 (2.0) 377 (6.0) 412 (5.3) 469 (3.8)
528 (3.9) 92 (2.2) 369 (7.0) 405 (6.7) 467 (5.1)
483 (2.5) 74 (1.6) 360 (4.8) 387 (4.0) 434 (3.5)
480 (2.0) 90 (1.5) 332 (5.4) 361 (3.9) 415 (2.8)
404 (2.4) 72 (1.6) 286 (5.1) 313 (3.1) 356 (2.9)
511 (2.5) 89 (1.6) 356 (5.0) 391 (4.5) 451 (3.6)
491 (2.7) 88 (1.8) 345 (5.6) 377 (4.3) 430 (4.3)
503 (2.3) 81 (1.3) 367 (5.2) 398 (3.7) 448 (3.4)
499 (2.8) 85 (2.2) 359 (5.9) 387 (5.3) 439 (3.9)
487 (2.7) 91 (1.5) 334 (5.3) 366 (4.2) 423 (3.8)
472 (3.6) 94 (2.2) 307 (7.0) 346 (6.1) 411 (5.4)
508 (2.2) 86 (1.5) 363 (5.7) 393 (3.9) 450 (3.0)
478 (2.8) 82 (1.6) 338 (5.3) 369 (4.4) 423 (3.9)
495 (3.3) 87 (2.1) 348 (6.3) 381 (5.4) 436 (4.0)
515 (3.5) 91 (2.0) 360 (6.7) 395 (5.3) 453 (4.8)
418 (4.9) 81 (2.7) 288 (7.6) 314 (5.6) 360 (4.9)
487 (3.1) 91 (1.7) 333 (6.3) 367 (4.7) 426 (4.2)
465 (3.4) 86 (2.3) 324 (7.4) 355 (5.5) 406 (4.8)
486 (0.5) 86 (0.3) 341 (1.0) 373 (0.8) 427 (0.7)
418 (3.5) 83 (1.9) 281 (5.9) 311 (5.2) 361 (4.5)

363 (3.6) 72 (2.1) 250 (5.1) 273 (4.6) 314 (3.9)
370 (3.0) 86 (1.9) 236 (4.1) 263 (3.6) 310 (3.6)
528 (5.7) 104 (2.8) 352 (7.4) 388 (6.7) 456 (7.2)
442 (4.3) 95 (2.8) 286 (6.9) 318 (6.4) 376 (5.7)
446 (7.8) 84 (3.6) 302 (13.6) 336 (9.9) 390 (9.4)
384 (2.4) 75 (1.7) 266 (4.7) 290 (3.4) 332 (3.3)
392 (3.0) 65 (1.2) 290 (3.4) 311 (3.6) 347 (3.0)
458 (3.4) 86 (2.1) 320 (6.5) 348 (5.1) 398 (4.9)
440 (2.2) 86 (1.5) 299 (4.4) 329 (4.3) 381 (2.7)
330 (2.8) 67 (2.1) 224 (5.6) 247 (4.3) 285 (2.9)
375 (1.8) 93 (2.1) 224 (5.1) 258 (4.0) 312 (3.2)
411 (2.5) 89 (2.0) 262 (6.9) 298 (4.8) 352 (3.6)
547 (4.3) 87 (2.2) 394 (7.9) 432 (6.9) 493 (5.9)
387 (3.7) 81 (2.4) 263 (5.9) 289 (5.2) 332 (4.8)
387 (3.6) 79 (1.9) 258 (6.1) 287 (5.4) 335 (4.6)
357 (2.1) 73 (1.7) 237 (4.6) 263 (3.9) 308 (2.8)
386 (3.9) 97 (2.2) 233 (6.5) 264 (6.0) 317 (5.5)
479 (2.5) 84 (1.9) 341 (4.8) 369 (5.3) 422 (3.5)
548 (1.5) 77 (1.3) 418 (4.7) 447 (3.2) 498 (2.5)
481 (2.4) 106 (1.9) 296 (8.2) 338 (5.7) 410 (4.2)
421 (3.1) 88 (2.1) 273 (6.5) 307 (5.7) 361 (3.9)
418 (2.0) 84 (1.4) 283 (4.5) 313 (3.6) 361 (2.6)
382 (3.2) 82 (1.7) 252 (4.8) 280 (3.4) 325 (3.5)
408 (1.8) 91 (1.3) 264 (3.6) 293 (3.2) 344 (2.7)
444 (4.1) 85 (2.4) 307 (6.1) 335 (5.1) 384 (4.7)
491 (3.2) 82 (1.6) 357 (6.6) 387 (5.0) 435 (3.7)
564 (1.7) 90 (1.4) 408 (4.5) 443 (4.5) 504 (3.3)
539 (4.1) 100 (2.5) 367 (6.1) 407 (5.2) 473 (5.0)
417 (3.4) 80 (2.2) 290 (4.2) 317 (4.1) 363 (3.4)
426 (2.0) 94 (1.5) 273 (5.3) 305 (4.2) 359 (3.1)
364 (3.2) 82 (2.4) 235 (4.8) 263 (4.4) 309 (3.6)
431 (2.9) 88 (1.7) 290 (4.6) 320 (4.3) 369 (3.4)
412 (2.5) 83 (1.8) 277 (4.9) 306 (3.6) 354 (3.3)
496 (4.8) 81 (3.3) 365 (7.9) 394 (6.6) 440 (4.4)
400 (3.3) 78 (1.6) 274 (4.8) 301 (4.3) 346 (3.9)

461 (4.6) 82 (2.7) 331 (7.2) 359 (6.1) 405 (5.3)
449 (3.2) 76 (1.7) 322 (4.9) 351 (4.3) 397 (3.8)
Percentiles
75th 90th 95th
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
553 (3.0) 605 (3.9) 636 (4.9) 6 (3.4) 7 (1.5)

548 (3.7) 598 (4.1) 627 (5.1) 27 (5.0) 6 (2.8)
569 (2.7) 619 (2.9) 646 (3.5) 14 (3.4) 5 (1.8)
570 (3.1) 619 (3.5) 648 (4.0) 9 (2.8) 5 (1.4)
471 (4.0) 522 (4.0) 551 (4.5) 18 (3.6) 3 (1.9)
548 (3.8) 599 (5.1) 629 (5.6) 7 (3.7) 9 (2.4)
562 (3.0) 606 (3.6) 631 (3.9) 9 (3.1) 4 (1.8)
570 (3.3) 617 (4.0) 643 (4.6) 5 (2.9) 7 (1.8)
569 (2.9) 611 (3.5) 636 (4.4) -8 (2.4) 9 (1.9)
557 (3.5) 605 (3.6) 631 (4.0) 6 (3.6) 7 (2.0)
559 (3.7) 608 (3.8) 637 (4.4) 17 (2.9) 2 (1.8)
513 (4.5) 564 (4.7) 592 (5.3) 0 (3.8) 7 (2.3)
538 (3.5) 589 (4.4) 618 (4.4) 8 (4.3) 2 (2.1)
553 (3.3) 608 (4.7) 638 (5.9) -1 (3.5) 3 (2.7)
547 (3.0) 590 (3.8) 617 (5.0) 16 (3.4) 9 (2.2)
536 (4.2) 589 (4.8) 618 (5.9) 8 (6.1) 12 (3.3)
543 (4.0) 596 (5.3) 625 (5.1) 20 (4.3) 5 (2.6)
585 (4.0) 632 (4.9) 660 (5.1) 14 (3.6) 4 (2.3)
593 (4.2) 644 (4.2) 673 (4.4) -7 (5.6) 13 (3.0)
534 (2.8) 576 (3.8) 602 (4.6) -2 (3.4) 8 (1.9)
545 (2.8) 596 (3.2) 625 (3.3) 11 (3.1) 6 (2.0)
452 (3.3) 496 (3.7) 523 (4.1) 7 (2.3) 6 (1.7)
576 (2.9) 622 (3.7) 648 (4.6) 2 (2.4) 5 (1.9)
552 (3.9) 603 (4.2) 633 (5.5) 9 (4.2) 9 (2.4)
559 (3.4) 606 (3.2) 634 (3.5) -2 (2.8) 8 (1.9)
559 (3.6) 608 (4.4) 636 (6.1) 11 (2.9) 4 (2.4)
552 (3.3) 602 (3.6) 631 (5.1) 10 (2.9) 9 (2.0)
540 (4.0) 590 (4.6) 616 (5.2) 6 (3.9) 2 (2.4)
568 (2.8) 616 (4.3) 645 (6.1) 4 (3.3) 3 (2.3)
536 (3.4) 581 (3.4) 607 (4.9) 16 (2.8) 5 (2.0)
555 (4.4) 604 (4.8) 632 (5.9) -2 (3.3) 7 (2.1)
579 (4.5) 631 (5.2) 659 (5.9) 12 (3.3) 8 (2.1)
475 (6.9) 526 (6.8) 553 (8.6) 6 (4.6) 1 (2.4)
550 (3.4) 601 (4.3) 630 (5.5) 12 (3.4) 3 (2.2)
525 (3.8) 577 (5.5) 607 (6.1) 9 (3.1) 5 (2.6)
547 (0.6) 596 (0.7) 624 (0.9) 8 (0.6) 6 (0.4)
474 (4.5) 526 (4.7) 555 (5.5) -9 (3.7) 6 (2.3)

410 (4.5) 457 (6.0) 488 (8.8) -7 (3.4) -3 (2.5)
424 (3.9) 484 (4.9) 521 (6.3) 15 (2.4) 5 (1.4)
604 (6.6) 658 (7.2) 688 (9.4) 6 (3.6) 4 (2.1)
508 (5.6) 563 (6.4) 596 (6.7) -2 (4.7) 5 (2.7)
506 (10.1) 554 (9.5) 581 (9.5) 21 (7.5) 7 (3.8)
434 (3.0) 484 (4.1) 515 (5.6) 11 (3.4) 4 (2.0)
435 (3.6) 476 (4.5) 502 (6.0) 16 (3.0) 5 (1.4)
518 (3.6) 570 (4.4) 600 (4.9) 13 (4.2) 5 (2.4)
498 (2.9) 551 (4.1) 583 (4.9) -5 (2.5) 11 (1.9)
373 (3.8) 417 (5.0) 443 (7.7) -4 (2.8) 3 (1.6)
436 (3.1) 495 (4.3) 531 (6.6) -7 (3.1) 5 (2.5)
471 (3.5) 524 (4.6) 554 (5.9) -13 (3.7) 9 (2.3)
606 (4.4) 651 (4.7) 679 (6.7) 2 (5.1) 7 (2.8)
438 (4.7) 494 (6.5) 529 (7.0) -3 (3.6) -2 (2.2)
441 (4.4) 488 (4.4) 515 (5.0) -14 (5.5) 14 (3.0)
405 (4.1) 452 (5.1) 479 (5.6) 9 (2.9) 5 (2.1)
451 (5.2) 516 (6.2) 552 (6.5) 22 (3.9) 7 (2.4)
537 (3.1) 586 (4.2) 615 (4.8) -1 (2.7) 5 (2.0)
601 (2.6) 643 (2.9) 668 (4.7) -8 (2.3) 6 (2.0)
556 (4.3) 612 (4.6) 641 (5.7) -4 (3.3) 8 (2.6)
481 (4.3) 534 (5.0) 566 (6.1) -2 (3.4) 3 (2.4)
475 (3.1) 528 (3.6) 558 (4.8) 0 (2.9) 6 (2.1)
437 (4.3) 488 (5.3) 520 (5.3) 9 (3.0) 2 (2.0)
469 (2.1) 531 (3.0) 566 (3.4) -12 (2.5) 14 (1.6)
502 (5.2) 556 (6.1) 588 (7.0) 1 (3.2) 2 (2.1)
549 (4.0) 597 (4.2) 623 (4.4) 6 (3.5) 3 (1.9)
629 (2.4) 675 (3.5) 701 (3.6) 0 (2.5) 11 (2.2)
610 (5.0) 664 (6.0) 695 (9.0) 6 (6.4) 6 (3.3)
468 (4.5) 520 (5.9) 553 (7.1) -3 (3.7) 4 (2.6)
491 (3.5) 550 (4.1) 584 (4.8) -18 (2.9) 2 (2.3)
417 (4.2) 470 (6.0) 505 (7.4) 6 (3.0) 5 (2.2)
490 (4.2) 548 (4.5) 581 (4.3) -7 (4.9) 16 (2.7)
468 (3.7) 521 (4.5) 551 (4.4) 14 (3.5) 7 (1.9)
550 (5.3) 601 (8.3) 634 (10.5) -3 (3.4) 5 (2.3)
454 (4.0) 500 (4.5) 530 (5.8) 18 (3.0) 5 (1.8)

513 (5.5) 567 (7.5) 600 (7.8) -1 (3.7) 1 (2.1)
502 (3.9) 547 (4.2) 571 (4.8) -7 (2.7) 8 (1.6)
Gender differences (boys - girls)
Percentiles
5th 10th 25th 75th 90th
-5 (6.1) -5 (4.2) 0 (5.1) 11 (4.1) 16 (4.0)

16 (11.0) 17 (7.8) 22 (6.7) 33 (5.4) 35 (5.5)
8 (6.0) 8 (5.4) 9 (5.9) 19 (3.5) 20 (3.8)
1 (4.6) 1 (3.7) 5 (3.7) 13 (3.8) 16 (4.8)
12 (7.8) 13 (5.6) 15 (5.0) 23 (5.0) 22 (5.1)
-7 (7.9) -6 (6.3) -1 (5.2) 15 (5.7) 18 (5.5)
2 (5.9) 4 (4.8) 9 (4.6) 12 (3.9) 16 (4.3)
-10 (5.7) -7 (4.5) 0 (4.2) 11 (3.7) 12 (5.1)
-20 (7.0) -18 (4.8) -14 (4.0) -1 (3.5) 6 (4.2)
-7 (6.0) -5 (5.9) -2 (6.2) 13 (4.3) 15 (4.2)
15 (6.6) 16 (5.2) 14 (4.2) 18 (4.1) 21 (4.9)
-8 (8.3) -13 (7.3) -10 (6.0) 8 (4.7) 10 (5.4)
10 (8.6) 8 (7.1) 5 (5.8) 11 (5.4) 16 (5.1)
-5 (8.8) -4 (6.9) -5 (5.7) 0 (5.7) 0 (6.5)
2 (6.3) 4 (6.4) 10 (4.5) 24 (4.4) 28 (4.9)
-11 (9.6) -8 (9.2) -3 (8.6) 19 (6.1) 25 (7.7)
9 (8.0) 14 (6.5) 16 (5.9) 24 (5.0) 25 (5.4)
8 (6.0) 9 (6.5) 9 (4.9) 18 (4.5) 20 (5.4)
-28 (9.5) -25 (9.1) -17 (7.3) 4 (6.8) 11 (6.5)
-13 (5.8) -10 (5.5) -8 (4.6) 4 (4.6) 11 (5.0)
3 (7.0) 3 (5.0) 5 (4.6) 16 (3.7) 21 (5.5)
-3 (6.2) -2 (4.1) 1 (3.4) 14 (3.6) 16 (3.9)
-1 (6.6) -2 (5.8) -4 (4.0) 6 (3.2) 10 (4.1)
-5 (8.1) -6 (6.2) 1 (6.8) 15 (5.9) 20 (5.5)
-15 (7.3) -14 (6.3) -9 (4.2) 5 (4.3) 8 (4.5)
7 (6.4) 9 (5.8) 9 (4.4) 12 (4.3) 19 (5.3)
-4 (6.6) -2 (5.4) 3 (4.4) 18 (3.9) 24 (4.1)
8 (7.3) 5 (6.8) 1 (6.0) 7 (5.0) 12 (5.4)
1 (7.4) 1 (6.4) -1 (5.4) 8 (3.8) 11 (6.3)
9 (8.2) 9 (5.1) 11 (4.4) 19 (4.1) 24 (4.4)
-12 (8.2) -10 (6.5) -8 (4.2) 3 (4.6) 8 (5.3)
-2 (9.1) 0 (6.9) 4 (5.2) 20 (4.2) 19 (6.7)
5 (9.6) 6 (7.0) 6 (5.5) 5 (6.1) 7 (6.0)
9 (7.2) 8 (5.1) 8 (4.7) 14 (5.1) 17 (5.9)
-1 (8.9) 0 (5.9) 4 (4.9) 14 (4.2) 14 (6.0)
-1 (1.3) 0 (1.0) 2 (0.9) 13 (0.8) 16 (0.9)
-17 (7.6) -16 (6.9) -14 (5.8) -5 (5.2) -2 (5.7)

-5 (6.6) -5 (5.1) -4 (3.7) -9 (4.6) -10 (6.5)
8 (4.0) 9 (2.9) 11 (3.0) 21 (3.5) 24 (3.9)
-2 (7.4) 0 (6.4) 3 (5.9) 10 (4.1) 11 (6.0)
-3 (6.5) -5 (6.1) -9 (6.0) 3 (7.2) 9 (7.3)
10 (14.0) 11 (12.7) 15 (10.2) 27 (9.4) 32 (10.1)
6 (6.2) 6 (4.6) 8 (4.6) 15 (4.1) 16 (5.3)
6 (4.7) 9 (5.0) 12 (3.7) 21 (3.6) 25 (5.1)
4 (7.4) 7 (6.3) 9 (5.9) 15 (5.8) 21 (5.4)
-23 (5.8) -22 (4.9) -16 (4.4) 7 (3.8) 13 (5.4)
-7 (6.6) -8 (5.1) -7 (3.8) -1 (4.2) 2 (5.5)
-12 (7.1) -12 (5.3) -11 (4.6) -4 (4.7) 2 (6.5)
-21 (9.1) -23 (6.1) -21 (5.1) -8 (5.1) 2 (6.4)
-10 (11.4) -11 (8.6) -6 (7.3) 9 (5.7) 14 (6.0)
2 (5.3) 1 (5.6) -2 (5.5) -4 (5.2) -5 (7.0)
-36 (9.8) -32 (6.9) -23 (6.7) -5 (6.8) 3 (6.6)
3 (6.3) 5 (5.3) 4 (4.0) 15 (5.2) 16 (6.6)
9 (8.1) 11 (7.5) 16 (6.2) 29 (6.5) 30 (6.1)
-9 (5.7) -7 (5.6) -7 (3.7) 4 (4.1) 8 (4.9)
-19 (7.7) -15 (5.6) -12 (3.6) -4 (3.8) 1 (4.4)
-13 (10.3) -13 (6.9) -13 (6.4) 3 (6.5) 8 (6.6)
-4 (8.6) -7 (6.8) -6 (5.4) 1 (5.2) 5 (5.8)
-8 (6.5) -10 (5.4) -6 (3.8) 4 (4.0) 8 (4.9)
6 (5.2) 6 (4.2) 8 (3.6) 11 (4.5) 13 (5.4)
-26 (4.0) -27 (4.3) -24 (3.7) 1 (2.8) 10 (3.9)
-4 (7.0) -3 (5.9) 0 (4.4) 1 (5.3) 2 (6.0)
0 (8.0) 0 (6.3) 4 (4.7) 7 (5.1) 9 (4.9)
-18 (6.5) -14 (5.9) -8 (4.9) 6 (3.7) 14 (4.4)
-5 (8.5) -6 (7.2) 1 (7.0) 11 (7.7) 11 (9.1)
-8 (5.8) -8 (5.0) -7 (4.1) 0 (4.7) 4 (7.1)
-15 (6.4) -19 (6.2) -21 (4.4) -15 (5.7) -12 (5.9)
-1 (6.8) 0 (5.6) 2 (4.5) 9 (4.1) 10 (6.1)
-28 (7.8) -26 (6.5) -21 (6.0) 6 (6.3) 20 (7.0)
9 (5.6) 7 (4.7) 6 (4.0) 20 (4.9) 23 (7.4)
-8 (7.6) -10 (5.5) -8 (4.5) 2 (4.5) 4 (5.8)
12 (5.5) 12 (4.7) 15 (4.0) 20 (4.3) 25 (5.4)

-3 (7.5) -4 (6.2) -3 (5.2) 0 (4.2) 0 (5.9)
-13 (4.9) -16 (4.8) -13 (4.1) -2 (3.5) 6 (4.5)
95th
Score dif. S.E.
16 (5.5)
34 (6.8)
21 (4.6)
18 (5.4)
22 (5.3)
19 (5.5)
16 (6.1)
14 (6.8)
10 (4.9)
15 (4.8)
22 (5.7)
12 (6.9)
17 (5.8)
4 (8.1)
27 (6.2)
29 (9.0)
27 (5.8)
20 (6.7)
15 (8.2)
13 (6.2)
24 (5.7)
19 (4.9)
12 (5.2)
22 (7.9)
8 (4.9)
23 (7.5)
25 (7.3)
16 (6.2)
11 (7.1)
26 (4.9)
11 (6.9)
22 (7.2)
9 (7.2)
20 (7.3)
12 (6.2)
18 (1.1)
1 (7.7)
-12 (9.0)
25 (5.6)
11 (7.8)
10 (7.9)
35 (10.1)
15 (7.5)
26 (7.2)
23 (5.7)
13 (6.2)
5 (7.2)
3 (8.7)
9 (7.8)
13 (7.9)
-3 (8.9)
7 (7.8)
16 (8.0)
32 (7.6)
9 (6.1)
2 (6.7)
11 (8.1)
3 (8.0)
10 (6.7)
12 (6.3)
14 (4.9)
5 (7.6)
10 (5.6)
18 (5.6)
10 (11.6)
6 (9.2)
-12 (7.7)
13 (6.3)
25 (7.1)
27 (7.3)
3 (7.5)
29 (7.0)
0 (6.7)
11 (5.5)
Table I.5.8a
Mathematics performance, by gender (PISA 2015)
Boys Median
Mean 10th percentile (50th
Mean Mean percentile)
Mean
OECD
Australia 497 (2.1) 369 (2.9) 499 (2.9)
Austria 510 (3.8) 380 (5.2) 515 (4.9)
Belgium 514 (3.1) 378 (5.0) 520 (4.1)
Canada 520 (2.9) 401 (4.0) 522 (3.4)
Chile 432 (3.1) 320 (4.4) 431 (3.8)
Czech Republic 496 (3.3) 370 (5.4) 499 (4.3)
Denmark 516 (2.5) 407 (3.9) 517 (3.6)
Estonia 522 (2.7) 412 (4.4) 525 (2.9)
Finland 507 (2.6) 396 (4.6) 510 (2.9)
France 496 (2.9) 362 (4.9) 503 (4.0)
Germany 514 (3.5) 398 (5.6) 515 (3.8)
Greece 454 (4.7) 330 (6.3) 454 (5.3)
Hungary 481 (3.6) 355 (5.1) 482 (4.8)
Iceland 487 (2.9) 365 (5.5) 489 (3.8)
Ireland 512 (3.0) 402 (6.0) 514 (3.3)
Israel 474 (5.4) 328 (7.0) 478 (7.0)
Italy 500 (3.5) 375 (5.2) 502 (4.5)
Japan 539 (3.8) 421 (5.6) 544 (4.5)
Korea 521 (5.2) 381 (7.4) 526 (6.0)
Latvia 481 (2.6) 377 (4.6) 481 (3.2)
Luxembourg 491 (2.0) 365 (3.0) 492 (2.9)
Mexico 412 (2.7) 311 (3.5) 411 (3.3)
Netherlands 513 (2.6) 389 (5.3) 517 (3.3)
New Zealand 499 (3.4) 372 (5.2) 501 (4.6)
Norway 501 (2.9) 383 (5.4) 503 (3.6)
Poland 510 (2.8) 396 (4.3) 509 (3.3)
Portugal 497 (3.0) 364 (5.1) 499 (3.9)
Slovak Republic 478 (3.0) 351 (5.0) 480 (3.9)
Slovenia 512 (1.9) 395 (4.2) 513 (2.9)
Spain 494 (2.4) 378 (4.0) 497 (2.9)
Sweden 493 (3.8) 371 (5.7) 494 (4.3)
Switzerland 527 (3.2) 394 (6.0) 534 (3.8)
Turkey 423 (4.6) 320 (5.1) 420 (5.4)
United Kingdom 498 (2.9) 375 (4.7) 500 (3.5)
United States 474 (3.6) 355 (4.3) 475 (4.6)
OECD average-30 495 (0.6) 374 (0.9) 497 (0.7)
OECD average-35 494 (0.6) 373 (0.9) 496 (0.7)
Partners
Albania 409 (4.2) 295 (5.7) 408 (5.0)
Algeria 356 (3.1) 269 (4.3) 354 (3.2)
Brazil 385 (3.2) 272 (3.7) 379 (3.8)
B-S-J-G (China) 534 (4.8) 388 (6.8) 540 (5.8)
Bulgaria 440 (4.8) 313 (5.5) 438 (6.0)
CABA (Argentina) 467 (8.0) 347 (11.6) 468 (10.5)
Colombia 395 (3.3) 296 (4.4) 392 (3.5)
Costa Rica 408 (2.8) 319 (4.0) 407 (3.1)
Croatia 471 (3.7) 355 (4.9) 469 (4.7)
Cyprus1,2 435 (2.1) 307 (4.2) 435 (2.8)
FYROM 368 (2.2) 245 (3.9) 366 (2.8)
Georgia 398 (3.9) 275 (5.6) 396 (4.4)
Hong Kong (China) 549 (3.6) 421 (6.2) 555 (4.0)
Indonesia 385 (3.5) 289 (4.5) 379 (3.8)
Jordan 373 (4.0) 255 (6.3) 374 (4.2)
Kosovo 366 (2.2) 268 (4.0) 364 (2.9)
Lebanon 408 (4.4) 274 (7.1) 404 (5.5)
Lithuania 478 (2.8) 362 (4.5) 478 (3.9)
Macao (China) 540 (1.7) 432 (4.2) 543 (2.1)
Malta 477 (2.4) 325 (4.5) 482 (4.2)
Moldova 419 (2.9) 300 (4.7) 418 (3.9)
Montenegro 418 (2.1) 303 (4.2) 416 (3.2)
Peru 391 (3.0) 286 (3.3) 388 (3.9)
Qatar 397 (1.8) 266 (2.7) 389 (2.9)
Romania 444 (4.2) 332 (6.1) 443 (4.7)
Russia 497 (4.0) 387 (6.0) 499 (4.7)
Singapore 564 (2.1) 429 (3.7) 570 (3.0)
Chinese Taipei 545 (4.7) 401 (5.7) 552 (5.4)
Thailand 414 (3.7) 309 (5.1) 410 (4.0)
Tunisia 370 (3.4) 262 (6.1) 367 (3.7)
Uruguay 425 (3.6) 313 (3.7) 421 (4.1)
Viet Nam 493 (4.7) 384 (5.6) 490 (5.5)
Argentina* 418 (3.5) 313 (4.3) 416 (4.0)

Kazakhstan* 459 (4.7) 355 (5.2) 456 (5.2)
Malaysia* 443 (3.9) 335 (4.7) 441 (4.3)
Girls Median
90th percentile Mean 10th percentile (50th 90th percentile
Mean Mean Mean percentile)
Mean Mean
score S.E. score S.E. score S.E. score S.E. score S.E.
621 (3.4) 491 (2.5) 374 (3.7) 493 (2.8) 605 (3.9)
633 (5.0) 483 (3.6) 363 (5.9) 487 (4.2) 598 (4.1)
639 (3.1) 500 (2.8) 370 (4.6) 506 (3.6) 619 (2.9)
635 (4.3) 511 (2.6) 400 (3.4) 513 (3.2) 619 (3.5)
544 (4.3) 413 (3.0) 307 (4.3) 413 (3.5) 522 (4.0)
617 (4.7) 489 (2.8) 377 (4.8) 490 (3.2) 599 (5.1)
621 (3.7) 506 (2.8) 403 (4.1) 509 (3.6) 606 (3.6)
630 (4.1) 517 (2.3) 419 (3.5) 517 (2.7) 617 (4.0)
617 (3.5) 515 (2.6) 414 (4.5) 518 (3.1) 611 (3.5)
620 (3.4) 490 (2.6) 367 (4.9) 495 (3.7) 605 (3.6)
629 (4.3) 498 (3.0) 381 (4.6) 500 (3.6) 608 (3.8)
574 (4.6) 454 (3.6) 343 (6.2) 455 (4.1) 564 (4.7)
605 (4.2) 473 (3.0) 347 (5.6) 478 (3.8) 589 (4.4)
608 (5.4) 489 (2.4) 368 (4.2) 489 (3.5) 608 (4.7)
618 (3.3) 495 (2.4) 398 (3.7) 497 (3.1) 590 (3.8)
614 (7.5) 466 (4.0) 336 (6.0) 470 (5.0) 589 (4.8)
621 (4.4) 480 (3.4) 361 (4.9) 481 (4.1) 596 (5.3)
652 (5.6) 525 (3.1) 412 (5.3) 529 (3.7) 632 (4.9)
655 (6.4) 528 (3.9) 405 (6.7) 532 (4.9) 644 (4.2)
587 (3.7) 483 (2.5) 387 (4.0) 485 (3.1) 576 (3.8)
618 (4.1) 480 (2.0) 361 (3.9) 481 (2.6) 596 (3.2)
513 (4.0) 404 (2.4) 313 (3.1) 404 (2.7) 496 (3.7)
632 (3.5) 511 (2.5) 391 (4.5) 516 (3.3) 622 (3.7)
623 (4.1) 491 (2.7) 377 (4.3) 492 (3.4) 603 (4.2)
614 (4.1) 503 (2.3) 398 (3.7) 504 (3.1) 606 (3.2)
627 (4.6) 499 (2.8) 387 (5.3) 501 (3.4) 608 (4.4)
625 (3.7) 487 (2.7) 366 (4.2) 490 (3.6) 602 (3.6)
602 (4.2) 472 (3.6) 346 (6.1) 478 (4.4) 590 (4.6)
628 (4.6) 508 (2.2) 393 (3.9) 512 (2.9) 616 (4.3)
605 (4.2) 478 (2.8) 369 (4.4) 481 (3.7) 581 (3.4)
613 (5.0) 495 (3.3) 381 (5.4) 498 (3.9) 604 (4.8)
650 (5.1) 515 (3.5) 395 (5.3) 519 (4.4) 631 (5.2)
533 (7.2) 418 (4.9) 314 (5.6) 414 (5.6) 526 (6.8)
618 (4.4) 487 (3.1) 367 (4.7) 491 (3.5) 601 (4.3)
591 (5.4) 465 (3.4) 355 (5.5) 465 (3.7) 577 (5.5)
613 (0.8) 488 (0.5) 374 (0.9) 490 (0.7) 597 (0.8)
612 (0.8) 486 (0.5) 373 (0.8) 489 (0.6) 596 (0.7)
523 (5.8) 418 (3.5) 311 (5.2) 418 (4.6) 526 (4.7)
447 (5.3) 363 (3.6) 273 (4.6) 360 (3.7) 457 (6.0)
508 (5.0) 370 (3.0) 263 (3.6) 365 (3.0) 484 (4.9)
670 (5.4) 528 (5.7) 388 (6.7) 534 (6.2) 658 (7.2)
572 (6.8) 442 (4.3) 318 (6.4) 444 (5.5) 563 (6.4)
586 (10.3) 446 (7.8) 336 (9.9) 448 (9.3) 554 (9.5)
500 (4.0) 384 (2.4) 290 (3.4) 382 (2.8) 484 (4.1)
501 (5.3) 392 (3.0) 311 (3.6) 390 (3.4) 476 (4.5)
591 (4.8) 458 (3.4) 348 (5.1) 457 (4.2) 570 (4.4)
564 (4.0) 440 (2.2) 329 (4.3) 440 (2.4) 551 (4.0)
419 (5.9) 330 (2.8) 247 (4.3) 327 (2.9) 417 (5.0)
497 (5.1) 375 (1.8) 258 (4.0) 373 (2.4) 495 (4.3)
526 (6.6) 411 (2.5) 298 (4.8) 411 (3.2) 524 (4.6)
665 (4.2) 547 (4.3) 432 (6.9) 552 (4.5) 651 (4.7)
489 (6.6) 387 (3.7) 289 (5.2) 383 (4.2) 494 (6.5)
491 (4.9) 387 (3.6) 287 (5.4) 387 (4.0) 488 (4.4)
468 (4.4) 357 (2.1) 263 (3.9) 356 (2.6) 452 (5.1)
546 (6.0) 386 (3.9) 264 (6.0) 383 (5.0) 516 (6.2)
594 (4.7) 479 (2.5) 369 (5.3) 479 (2.8) 586 (4.2)
644 (3.8) 548 (1.5) 447 (3.2) 551 (2.4) 643 (2.9)
619 (4.6) 481 (2.4) 338 (5.7) 488 (3.4) 612 (4.6)
539 (4.5) 421 (3.1) 307 (5.7) 421 (4.2) 534 (5.0)
535 (3.4) 418 (2.0) 313 (3.6) 416 (2.6) 528 (3.6)
501 (4.7) 382 (3.2) 280 (3.4) 380 (3.6) 488 (5.3)
541 (2.8) 408 (1.8) 293 (3.2) 405 (2.7) 531 (3.0)
558 (6.3) 444 (4.1) 335 (5.1) 442 (4.9) 556 (6.1)
606 (4.4) 491 (3.2) 387 (5.0) 490 (4.0) 597 (4.2)
689 (3.4) 564 (1.7) 443 (4.5) 571 (2.3) 675 (3.5)
675 (6.6) 539 (4.1) 407 (5.2) 545 (4.4) 664 (6.0)
523 (6.7) 417 (3.4) 317 (4.1) 414 (3.7) 520 (5.9)
538 (4.5) 426 (2.0) 305 (4.2) 425 (2.8) 550 (4.1)
481 (5.6) 364 (3.2) 263 (4.4) 360 (3.4) 470 (6.0)
567 (5.5) 431 (2.9) 320 (4.3) 428 (3.5) 548 (4.5)
545 (6.2) 412 (2.5) 306 (3.6) 409 (3.0) 521 (4.5)
606 (6.4) 496 (4.8) 394 (6.6) 493 (4.9) 601 (8.3)
526 (5.3) 400 (3.3) 301 (4.3) 400 (4.1) 500 (4.5)
568 (6.6) 461 (4.6) 359 (6.1) 458 (4.9) 567 (7.5)
553 (6.0) 449 (3.2) 351 (4.3) 451 (3.8) 547 (4.2)
Mean 10th percentile 50th percentile 90th percentile
Score Score Score Score
dif. S.E. dif. S.E. dif. S.E. dif. S.E.
6 (3.4) -5 (4.2) 6 (3.9) 16 (4.0)

27 (5.0) 17 (7.8) 28 (6.1) 35 (5.5)
14 (3.4) 8 (5.4) 14 (4.8) 20 (3.8)
9 (2.8) 1 (3.7) 9 (4.0) 16 (4.8)
18 (3.6) 13 (5.6) 19 (4.4) 22 (5.1)
7 (3.7) -6 (6.3) 9 (4.9) 18 (5.5)
9 (3.1) 4 (4.8) 8 (4.5) 16 (4.3)
5 (2.9) -7 (4.5) 8 (3.4) 12 (5.1)
-8 (2.4) -18 (4.8) -9 (3.1) 6 (4.2)
6 (3.6) -5 (5.9) 8 (5.2) 15 (4.2)
17 (2.9) 16 (5.2) 15 (3.4) 21 (4.9)
0 (3.8) -13 (7.3) -1 (5.1) 10 (5.4)
8 (4.3) 8 (7.1) 4 (5.7) 16 (5.1)
-1 (3.5) -4 (6.9) 0 (4.9) 0 (6.5)
16 (3.4) 4 (6.4) 16 (4.1) 28 (4.9)
8 (6.1) -8 (9.2) 8 (7.9) 25 (7.7)
20 (4.3) 14 (6.5) 21 (5.8) 25 (5.4)
14 (3.6) 9 (6.5) 14 (4.6) 20 (5.4)
-7 (5.6) -25 (9.1) -6 (6.6) 11 (6.5)
-2 (3.4) -10 (5.5) -3 (4.3) 11 (5.0)
11 (3.1) 3 (5.0) 11 (4.1) 21 (5.5)
7 (2.3) -2 (4.1) 7 (3.1) 16 (3.9)
2 (2.4) -2 (5.8) 1 (3.8) 10 (4.1)
9 (4.2) -6 (6.2) 9 (5.3) 20 (5.5)
-2 (2.8) -14 (6.3) -2 (4.1) 8 (4.5)
11 (2.9) 9 (5.8) 8 (4.0) 19 (5.3)
10 (2.9) -2 (5.4) 9 (4.1) 24 (4.1)
6 (3.9) 5 (6.8) 2 (5.4) 12 (5.4)
4 (3.3) 1 (6.4) 1 (4.2) 11 (6.3)
16 (2.8) 9 (5.1) 16 (4.0) 24 (4.4)
-2 (3.3) -10 (6.5) -4 (4.0) 8 (5.3)
12 (3.3) 0 (6.9) 15 (4.6) 19 (6.7)
6 (4.6) 6 (7.0) 6 (5.7) 7 (6.0)
12 (3.4) 8 (5.1) 9 (4.1) 17 (5.9)
9 (3.1) 0 (5.9) 10 (4.3) 14 (6.0)
8 (0.6) 0 (1.1) 7 (0.9) 16 (0.9)
8 (0.6) 0 (1.0) 8 (0.8) 16 (0.9)
-9 (3.7) -16 (6.9) -10 (4.7) -2 (5.7)
-7 (3.4) -5 (5.1) -5 (4.0) -10 (6.5)
15 (2.4) 9 (2.9) 14 (3.1) 24 (3.9)
6 (3.6) 0 (6.4) 6 (4.8) 11 (6.0)
-2 (4.7) -5 (6.1) -6 (6.2) 9 (7.3)
21 (7.5) 11 (12.7) 20 (10.6) 32 (10.1)
11 (3.4) 6 (4.6) 11 (3.9) 16 (5.3)
16 (3.0) 9 (5.0) 16 (3.6) 25 (5.1)
13 (4.2) 7 (6.3) 13 (5.7) 21 (5.4)
-5 (2.5) -22 (4.9) -6 (3.8) 13 (5.3)
-4 (2.8) -8 (5.1) -6 (3.2) 2 (5.5)
-7 (3.1) -12 (5.3) -8 (3.5) 2 (6.5)
-13 (3.7) -23 (6.1) -15 (4.5) 2 (6.4)
2 (5.1) -11 (8.6) 3 (5.5) 14 (6.0)
-3 (3.6) 1 (5.6) -4 (4.3) -5 (7.0)
-14 (5.5) -32 (6.9) -13 (5.9) 3 (6.6)
9 (2.9) 5 (5.3) 8 (3.9) 16 (6.6)
22 (3.9) 11 (7.5) 22 (5.7) 30 (6.1)
-1 (2.7) -7 (5.6) -2 (3.8) 8 (4.9)
-8 (2.3) -15 (5.6) -8 (3.3) 1 (4.4)
-4 (3.3) -13 (6.9) -6 (5.6) 8 (6.6)
-2 (3.4) -7 (6.8) -3 (5.4) 5 (5.8)
0 (2.9) -10 (5.4) 1 (4.0) 8 (4.9)
9 (3.0) 6 (4.2) 9 (4.2) 13 (5.4)
-12 (2.5) -27 (4.3) -16 (4.0) 10 (3.9)
1 (3.2) -3 (5.9) 1 (4.4) 2 (6.0)
6 (3.5) 0 (6.3) 8 (5.1) 9 (4.9)
0 (2.5) -14 (5.9) -1 (3.7) 14 (4.4)
6 (6.4) -6 (7.2) 8 (6.9) 11 (9.1)
-3 (3.7) -8 (5.0) -4 (4.2) 4 (7.1)
-18 (2.9) -19 (6.2) -21 (4.2) -12 (5.9)
6 (3.0) 0 (5.6) 8 (3.5) 10 (6.1)
-7 (4.9) -26 (6.5) -11 (5.8) 20 (7.0)
14 (3.5) 7 (4.7) 11 (4.5) 23 (7.4)
-3 (3.4) -10 (5.5) -3 (4.5) 4 (5.8)
18 (3.0) 12 (4.7) 16 (4.5) 25 (5.4)

-1 (3.7) -4 (6.2) -1 (4.4) 0 (5.9)
-7 (2.7) -16 (4.8) -10 (3.8) 6 (4.5)
Table I.5.8b
Boys Median
Mean
OECD
Australia 527 (3.0) 396 (3.8) 531 (3.7)
Austria 509 (4.0) 379 (4.9) 510 (4.7)
Belgium 533 (3.4) 378 (6.4) 542 (4.9)
Canada 541 (2.1) 419 (3.4) 545 (2.4)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic 524 (4.3) 399 (5.7) 523 (5.1)
Denmark 523 (3.4) 404 (4.8) 525 (4.4)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 548 (2.5) 435 (4.9) 548 (2.3)
France 515 (3.6) 385 (8.3) 519 (3.7)
Germany 508 (4.0) 364 (6.9) 513 (6.1)
Greece 455 (4.8) 329 (6.4) 456 (5.3)
Hungary 494 (3.3) 371 (5.1) 492 (4.3)
Iceland 508 (2.3) 383 (4.7) 511 (3.1)
Ireland 510 (3.0) 398 (5.7) 510 (3.3)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy 475 (4.6) 346 (8.2) 476 (5.0)
Japan 539 (5.8) 397 (6.9) 544 (6.1)
Korea 552 (4.4) 430 (7.5) 556 (5.3)
Latvia 485 (4.8) 368 (8.8) 485 (5.3)
Luxembourg 502 (1.9) 377 (4.4) 504 (3.1)
Mexico 391 (4.3) 280 (5.5) 390 (4.7)
Netherlands 540 (4.1) 420 (7.2) 541 (5.6)
New Zealand 531 (2.8) 396 (5.7) 534 (3.5)
Norway 498 (2.8) 373 (4.6) 498 (4.1)
Poland 493 (3.0) 370 (5.6) 494 (3.5)
Portugal 472 (4.2) 349 (6.6) 475 (4.8)
Slovak Republic 507 (3.9) 384 (6.9) 508 (4.7)
Spain 490 (3.4) 367 (6.0) 492 (4.6)
Sweden 512 (3.0) 388 (5.9) 512 (3.7)
Switzerland 535 (4.7) 402 (5.8) 537 (5.6)
Turkey 430 (7.9) 301 (6.7) 422 (8.1)
United States 486 (3.3) 355 (5.5) 486 (3.7)
OECD average-30 504 (0.7) 378 (1.1) 506 (0.8)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 365 (6.1) 240 (7.0) 355 (5.3)
Croatia m m m m m m
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 552 (6.5) 407 (13.2) 565 (7.0)
Indonesia 362 (3.9) 263 (5.9) 359 (4.2)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 538 (4.8) 416 (10.4) 542 (5.8)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 473 (5.3) 351 (6.9) 472 (6.4)
Thailand 415 (4.0) 312 (4.2) 409 (4.5)
Tunisia 365 (2.7) 263 (4.6) 361 (3.4)
Uruguay 428 (4.0) 295 (4.4) 432 (5.7)
Girls Median
Mean Mean
653 (4.2) 522 (2.7) 402 (5.1) 524 (3.5) 637 (3.6)
637 (5.1) 502 (4.0) 387 (3.9) 503 (5.3) 615 (4.7)
673 (3.6) 525 (3.2) 384 (8.4) 533 (3.5) 654 (3.3)
657 (3.4) 530 (1.9) 422 (3.1) 530 (2.3) 635 (3.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
652 (4.6) 509 (4.4) 385 (7.7) 511 (5.5) 626 (4.6)
638 (3.9) 506 (3.0) 388 (5.1) 507 (3.4) 623 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
660 (4.3) 541 (2.1) 441 (3.2) 540 (2.9) 643 (3.3)
636 (4.7) 507 (2.9) 392 (5.5) 511 (3.4) 619 (4.6)
641 (5.1) 499 (3.9) 363 (7.5) 506 (5.6) 624 (4.4)
582 (6.6) 436 (3.8) 320 (6.2) 438 (4.3) 550 (5.3)
618 (5.8) 486 (3.3) 369 (5.3) 487 (4.4) 603 (6.5)
627 (4.9) 523 (2.2) 412 (4.6) 525 (4.0) 631 (4.1)
622 (4.9) 495 (3.4) 388 (4.8) 496 (3.7) 603 (4.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
605 (4.6) 457 (3.8) 340 (6.5) 458 (4.4) 573 (3.2)
674 (9.0) 530 (4.0) 406 (8.1) 536 (4.4) 646 (4.1)
668 (5.0) 528 (5.3) 415 (6.1) 528 (6.3) 643 (7.9)
604 (6.4) 482 (3.6) 373 (5.5) 484 (4.1) 590 (5.0)
624 (3.7) 485 (1.5) 368 (3.2) 487 (2.2) 595 (4.2)
505 (5.8) 380 (4.1) 272 (6.2) 380 (4.2) 488 (6.9)
659 (4.3) 535 (3.5) 410 (7.2) 537 (5.8) 654 (3.9)
661 (3.6) 516 (3.2) 393 (5.5) 518 (4.0) 637 (3.8)
622 (5.2) 492 (2.9) 379 (5.1) 493 (3.7) 605 (3.9)
618 (4.9) 487 (2.9) 381 (4.4) 486 (3.5) 597 (4.4)
593 (4.2) 460 (3.4) 355 (5.4) 461 (4.3) 566 (5.1)
630 (4.7) 489 (3.6) 374 (5.4) 489 (4.3) 606 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
606 (4.6) 481 (2.2) 369 (3.7) 483 (2.8) 587 (2.8)
638 (5.4) 506 (3.1) 387 (4.4) 507 (4.0) 623 (4.4)
664 (6.9) 518 (3.6) 390 (5.4) 522 (4.8) 638 (6.0)
571 (16.9) 415 (6.7) 300 (5.7) 406 (7.2) 545 (14.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
616 (4.7) 480 (3.2) 358 (5.7) 481 (3.3) 599 (5.0)
628 (1.1) 494 (0.6) 377 (1.0) 496 (0.8) 608 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
506 (11.2) 348 (4.4) 228 (5.6) 345 (4.9) 471 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
681 (6.5) 548 (4.6) 426 (6.7) 555 (5.9) 661 (5.1)
464 (5.6) 358 (4.6) 257 (5.4) 354 (4.7) 468 (8.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
652 (9.8) 517 (3.3) 414 (8.7) 518 (6.3) 624 (7.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
600 (7.1) 463 (4.2) 350 (5.4) 463 (4.8) 576 (5.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
527 (6.9) 419 (3.4) 321 (3.9) 414 (3.9) 525 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
472 (6.0) 353 (2.9) 250 (4.0) 349 (3.3) 461 (6.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
559 (5.7) 416 (3.8) 287 (5.9) 419 (5.3) 541 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
5 (3.8) -6 (5.5) 6 (5.1) 16 (5.6)

8 (4.4) -8 (5.7) 7 (6.2) 22 (6.1)
8 (4.8) -6 (11.0) 9 (6.0) 19 (5.1)
11 (2.1) -4 (4.5) 15 (3.1) 22 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m
15 (5.1) 13 (7.5) 13 (6.7) 25 (5.0)
17 (3.2) 16 (6.2) 18 (4.6) 15 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m
7 (2.7) -6 (5.5) 8 (3.1) 17 (4.7)
9 (4.2) -8 (8.8) 8 (4.8) 18 (6.1)
9 (4.4) 1 (9.2) 7 (6.7) 17 (6.5)
19 (3.6) 10 (6.6) 18 (4.5) 33 (6.0)
8 (3.5) 2 (5.5) 5 (5.7) 16 (6.6)
-15 (3.5) -29 (6.6) -14 (5.3) -4 (6.6)
15 (4.2) 9 (7.4) 15 (5.0) 20 (6.8)
m m m m m m m m
18 (5.9) 5 (9.5) 18 (6.6) 32 (4.8)
8 (5.9) -9 (8.8) 8 (6.5) 27 (8.9)
23 (6.8) 15 (9.6) 28 (8.5) 25 (6.6)
3 (4.0) -6 (10.5) 2 (4.8) 14 (6.4)
17 (2.8) 9 (5.9) 17 (3.9) 29 (5.8)
11 (3.9) 8 (7.5) 10 (4.3) 17 (7.6)
5 (4.3) 9 (9.2) 4 (6.5) 6 (5.3)
14 (3.9) 3 (7.8) 16 (5.3) 24 (5.1)
6 (3.2) -5 (7.1) 5 (4.5) 17 (5.9)
6 (3.1) -10 (6.7) 8 (3.7) 21 (6.3)
12 (3.3) -6 (7.2) 14 (4.6) 27 (6.0)
19 (3.7) 10 (5.2) 18 (5.6) 24 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m
9 (3.0) -2 (6.6) 8 (4.3) 19 (4.6)
7 (3.3) 1 (5.7) 4 (4.7) 15 (5.7)
17 (4.9) 12 (6.9) 15 (6.9) 26 (7.5)
15 (6.2) 1 (7.1) 15 (8.1) 26 (11.6)
m m m m m m m m
6 (2.9) -4 (6.8) 5 (3.5) 16 (6.3)
10 (0.8) 1 (1.4) 10 (1.0) 20 (1.1)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
16 (4.1) 11 (7.1) 10 (4.7) 35 (8.2)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
4 (6.6) -20 (12.5) 10 (8.5) 20 (7.9)
3 (3.4) 5 (6.7) 5 (3.5) -4 (6.7)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
21 (5.8) 2 (14.1) 24 (8.0) 28 (12.4)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
10 (4.4) 1 (7.2) 9 (5.6) 25 (6.4)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
-4 (4.2) -9 (4.9) -5 (5.3) 3 (8.6)
m m m m m m m m
12 (2.5) 14 (5.0) 12 (4.1) 11 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m
12 (4.2) 8 (7.2) 13 (5.8) 18 (6.6)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
Table I.5.8c
Boys Median
Mean
OECD
Australia 510 (2.4) 385 (3.1) 509 (2.9)
Austria 517 (3.9) 391 (6.8) 519 (5.2)
Belgium 520 (2.9) 377 (5.4) 524 (3.5)
Canada 523 (2.1) 403 (3.8) 523 (2.3)
Chile 436 (3.8) 334 (4.4) 431 (4.6)
Czech Republic 505 (3.7) 378 (6.4) 507 (4.0)
Denmark 507 (2.9) 399 (5.6) 509 (3.4)
Estonia 523 (2.6) 417 (4.7) 521 (3.0)
Finland 517 (2.6) 400 (4.0) 519 (3.0)
France 499 (3.4) 365 (5.6) 502 (5.0)
Germany 520 (3.0) 389 (5.1) 524 (4.0)
Greece 457 (3.3) 332 (5.8) 460 (4.1)
Hungary 482 (3.7) 359 (5.9) 477 (4.2)
Iceland 490 (2.3) 363 (5.4) 492 (3.8)
Ireland 509 (3.3) 395 (6.1) 511 (3.9)
Israel 472 (7.8) 321 (8.3) 475 (10.1)
Italy 494 (2.4) 367 (2.8) 495 (3.2)
Japan 545 (4.6) 415 (6.5) 550 (5.4)
Korea 562 (5.8) 425 (7.7) 567 (6.8)
Latvia 489 (3.4) 381 (6.2) 486 (3.9)
Luxembourg 502 (1.5) 375 (3.0) 505 (2.4)
Mexico 420 (1.6) 324 (2.6) 419 (1.9)
Netherlands 528 (3.6) 400 (6.5) 533 (5.0)
New Zealand 507 (3.2) 370 (4.9) 508 (4.2)
Norway 490 (2.8) 371 (4.5) 493 (3.3)
Poland 520 (4.3) 399 (4.2) 516 (4.9)
Portugal 493 (4.1) 362 (5.2) 495 (4.4)
Slovak Republic 486 (4.1) 353 (6.5) 482 (4.5)
Slovenia 503 (2.0) 384 (3.6) 500 (3.1)
Spain 492 (2.4) 373 (3.8) 495 (2.8)
Sweden 477 (3.0) 353 (6.0) 477 (3.2)
Switzerland 537 (3.5) 411 (4.2) 541 (4.1)
Turkey 452 (5.1) 340 (4.5) 440 (5.4)
United Kingdom 500 (4.2) 375 (6.1) 502 (4.8)
United States 484 (3.8) 365 (5.0) 481 (5.0)
OECD average-30 501 (0.6) 377 (1.0) 502 (0.8)
OECD average-35 499 (0.6) 376 (0.9) 500 (0.7)
Partners
Albania 394 (2.6) 278 (6.1) 396 (4.0)
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 397 (2.1) 300 (2.8) 391 (2.3)
Bulgaria 438 (4.7) 315 (5.0) 432 (5.6)
CABA (Argentina) 426 (8.1) 299 (18.6) 434 (8.3)
Colombia 390 (3.4) 295 (3.9) 385 (3.8)
Costa Rica 420 (3.6) 332 (4.7) 416 (4.0)
Croatia 477 (4.4) 361 (4.7) 473 (4.8)
Cyprus1,2 440 (1.5) 308 (4.2) 440 (2.5)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) 568 (4.6) 431 (8.0) 578 (5.1)
Indonesia 377 (4.4) 289 (4.6) 372 (4.2)
Jordan 375 (5.4) 273 (5.9) 370 (5.0)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania 479 (2.8) 360 (3.9) 477 (4.0)
Macao (China) 540 (1.4) 412 (3.7) 544 (2.6)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 410 (1.6) 304 (2.8) 405 (2.3)
Peru 378 (3.6) 275 (4.3) 373 (4.0)
Qatar 369 (1.1) 243 (1.8) 355 (1.7)
Romania 447 (4.3) 346 (4.4) 440 (4.8)
Russia 481 (3.7) 369 (5.0) 481 (4.5)
Singapore 572 (1.9) 422 (4.4) 579 (3.0)
Chinese Taipei 563 (5.4) 392 (6.6) 576 (6.9)
Thailand 419 (3.6) 320 (4.4) 413 (3.3)
Tunisia 396 (4.3) 299 (5.6) 393 (4.7)
Uruguay 415 (3.5) 297 (6.0) 414 (4.3)
Viet Nam 517 (5.6) 401 (9.5) 515 (5.5)
Argentina* 396 (4.2) 299 (5.8) 396 (5.0)

Kazakhstan* 432 (3.4) 342 (2.9) 428 (3.8)
Malaysia* 416 (3.7) 314 (3.5) 411 (3.9)
Girls Median
Mean Mean
640 (4.4) 498 (2.0) 379 (3.6) 498 (2.4) 619 (3.2)
637 (5.8) 494 (3.3) 379 (5.2) 496 (4.0) 610 (3.9)
655 (3.5) 509 (2.6) 379 (5.0) 511 (3.0) 636 (3.1)
642 (3.5) 513 (2.1) 401 (2.8) 514 (2.9) 624 (2.6)
546 (5.0) 411 (3.1) 315 (3.9) 405 (4.0) 517 (4.4)
627 (4.2) 493 (3.6) 376 (6.0) 493 (4.7) 614 (5.1)
613 (3.9) 493 (2.3) 389 (4.4) 492 (2.4) 599 (4.1)
632 (4.5) 518 (2.2) 418 (3.4) 516 (3.0) 619 (3.9)
633 (4.1) 520 (2.2) 418 (3.7) 521 (2.9) 623 (3.6)
631 (4.8) 491 (2.5) 366 (6.0) 493 (3.6) 609 (3.5)
647 (4.2) 507 (3.4) 381 (5.3) 509 (4.3) 626 (4.7)
577 (4.5) 449 (2.6) 344 (4.6) 447 (3.6) 555 (4.0)
613 (7.8) 473 (3.6) 358 (5.5) 472 (4.4) 592 (7.4)
614 (5.1) 496 (2.3) 382 (4.3) 496 (2.8) 610 (4.0)
619 (3.9) 494 (2.6) 387 (4.0) 493 (3.6) 600 (3.4)
623 (8.7) 461 (3.5) 337 (5.8) 463 (3.9) 581 (3.7)
621 (3.9) 476 (2.2) 363 (3.1) 477 (2.6) 588 (2.9)
669 (5.8) 527 (3.6) 415 (5.8) 527 (4.3) 641 (6.0)
693 (7.2) 544 (5.1) 425 (6.8) 547 (5.5) 661 (5.3)
601 (4.8) 493 (3.2) 392 (6.6) 493 (4.1) 595 (4.1)
625 (3.9) 477 (1.4) 355 (4.4) 477 (2.2) 599 (3.0)
520 (2.3) 406 (1.4) 316 (2.0) 405 (1.7) 499 (2.4)
645 (4.9) 518 (3.9) 393 (6.3) 524 (5.1) 632 (3.9)
644 (5.4) 492 (2.9) 372 (4.5) 490 (3.6) 616 (4.7)
607 (4.5) 488 (3.4) 376 (4.8) 489 (3.4) 601 (4.8)
645 (7.3) 516 (3.8) 405 (4.0) 513 (4.1) 629 (4.9)
618 (4.5) 481 (3.9) 364 (4.5) 480 (5.1) 601 (4.3)
625 (6.2) 477 (4.1) 350 (7.8) 479 (5.2) 598 (4.5)
629 (4.0) 499 (2.0) 384 (3.9) 497 (2.8) 619 (4.2)
609 (2.8) 476 (2.0) 367 (3.6) 478 (2.5) 583 (2.5)
601 (4.2) 480 (2.4) 367 (4.3) 480 (3.1) 592 (3.7)
659 (5.3) 524 (3.1) 405 (4.0) 526 (4.0) 643 (4.9)
586 (10.7) 444 (5.7) 337 (4.1) 435 (6.4) 569 (10.6)
623 (5.0) 488 (3.8) 367 (6.2) 487 (4.0) 609 (5.6)
605 (5.1) 479 (3.9) 370 (4.2) 475 (4.2) 595 (6.8)
624 (1.0) 491 (0.6) 377 (0.9) 491 (0.7) 605 (0.9)
622 (0.9) 489 (0.5) 375 (0.8) 488 (0.6) 603 (0.8)
513 (4.9) 395 (2.6) 279 (5.6) 398 (3.1) 507 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
505 (4.8) 380 (2.2) 290 (3.1) 375 (2.3) 480 (4.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
570 (6.5) 440 (4.2) 325 (5.8) 439 (4.5) 559 (7.0)
543 (11.6) 411 (7.6) 293 (18.5) 420 (8.1) 520 (7.0)
492 (6.3) 364 (3.2) 278 (3.7) 362 (3.9) 455 (5.3)
511 (6.3) 396 (3.1) 317 (4.1) 393 (3.0) 480 (5.9)
600 (8.1) 465 (3.7) 359 (4.1) 463 (4.1) 576 (8.2)
573 (3.6) 440 (1.6) 335 (2.8) 439 (2.5) 549 (3.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
692 (5.9) 553 (3.9) 430 (6.8) 560 (4.2) 663 (5.5)
473 (8.9) 373 (4.3) 287 (4.5) 369 (4.0) 464 (8.6)
481 (7.2) 396 (3.1) 308 (3.3) 394 (3.4) 487 (5.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
604 (4.4) 479 (3.0) 369 (5.2) 478 (3.6) 590 (4.0)
661 (3.4) 537 (1.3) 420 (3.8) 540 (2.0) 651 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
523 (3.7) 410 (1.6) 309 (2.7) 407 (2.9) 517 (4.0)
489 (8.3) 359 (4.8) 255 (4.7) 355 (5.1) 467 (7.2)
517 (3.2) 385 (0.9) 275 (1.6) 373 (1.4) 512 (2.8)
557 (7.6) 443 (4.0) 344 (4.4) 438 (4.3) 549 (7.0)
594 (6.4) 483 (3.1) 374 (4.9) 481 (3.4) 596 (4.8)
711 (3.2) 575 (1.8) 442 (3.6) 579 (3.3) 702 (4.2)
711 (7.3) 557 (5.7) 411 (5.4) 560 (6.1) 696 (9.3)
527 (7.5) 433 (4.1) 334 (4.0) 427 (4.3) 540 (7.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
496 (6.9) 381 (4.0) 286 (4.7) 376 (4.0) 479 (7.7)
562 (6.1) 436 (3.0) 333 (3.5) 432 (3.6) 548 (4.4)
537 (5.0) 404 (2.9) 298 (4.5) 401 (3.3) 516 (4.6)
634 (7.5) 507 (4.7) 402 (6.8) 507 (5.0) 612 (7.2)
496 (5.0) 382 (3.4) 287 (5.0) 381 (4.1) 481 (4.3)
529 (6.0) 432 (3.3) 345 (3.4) 429 (3.4) 524 (6.9)
528 (6.4) 424 (3.7) 325 (3.5) 421 (4.3) 531 (6.0)
12 (3.1) 6 (4.3) 11 (3.7) 20 (5.1)

22 (4.9) 12 (8.5) 23 (6.1) 27 (6.4)
11 (3.4) -1 (6.5) 13 (3.9) 20 (4.1)
10 (2.0) 3 (4.2) 9 (2.8) 18 (3.8)
25 (3.6) 19 (4.7) 25 (4.5) 29 (5.0)
12 (4.6) 1 (8.0) 15 (6.2) 13 (6.2)
14 (2.3) 9 (5.5) 17 (3.1) 14 (4.6)
5 (2.6) -1 (5.6) 5 (3.7) 13 (5.6)
-3 (2.9) -18 (4.4) -2 (3.6) 10 (5.1)
9 (3.4) -1 (6.8) 9 (5.9) 21 (4.6)
14 (2.8) 8 (5.2) 15 (4.4) 21 (5.1)
8 (3.2) -13 (6.7) 13 (4.2) 22 (5.5)
9 (3.7) 1 (7.8) 6 (5.2) 22 (5.7)
-6 (3.0) -19 (6.5) -4 (4.4) 4 (6.0)
15 (3.8) 8 (7.0) 18 (5.0) 19 (5.4)
12 (7.6) -16 (8.9) 12 (9.9) 41 (8.8)
18 (2.5) 4 (3.8) 18 (3.2) 33 (3.6)
18 (4.3) 0 (6.7) 23 (5.5) 28 (6.9)
18 (6.2) 0 (8.8) 19 (7.5) 32 (7.2)
-4 (3.6) -11 (8.0) -7 (4.7) 6 (4.9)
25 (2.0) 21 (5.0) 28 (2.8) 26 (5.0)
14 (1.2) 8 (2.5) 14 (1.9) 21 (2.4)
10 (2.8) 7 (6.0) 8 (4.4) 13 (5.1)
15 (4.3) -2 (6.5) 18 (5.4) 28 (7.3)
2 (3.0) -5 (5.8) 4 (3.8) 5 (5.9)
4 (3.4) -6 (5.0) 3 (4.8) 17 (6.0)
11 (2.5) -3 (4.9) 15 (3.6) 18 (4.4)
9 (4.5) 3 (6.7) 3 (5.6) 27 (5.8)
3 (3.1) 0 (4.9) 3 (4.2) 10 (5.5)
16 (2.2) 6 (3.6) 17 (3.2) 27 (3.2)
-3 (3.0) -15 (6.8) -3 (3.9) 8 (5.3)
13 (2.7) 6 (5.1) 14 (3.7) 16 (5.7)
8 (4.7) 3 (5.4) 5 (6.8) 17 (7.6)
12 (4.7) 8 (6.6) 15 (5.3) 14 (7.6)
5 (2.8) -6 (5.5) 6 (3.8) 10 (7.2)
10 (0.6) 0 (1.1) 11 (0.8) 19 (1.0)
10 (0.6) 0 (1.0) 11 (0.8) 19 (1.0)
-1 (3.3) -1 (6.9) -2 (5.0) 5 (6.2)
m m m m m m m m
17 (1.8) 10 (3.6) 16 (2.5) 25 (3.7)
m m m m m m m m
-2 (4.1) -10 (5.5) -6 (5.3) 11 (6.4)
15 (5.7) 6 (15.1) 14 (8.2) 23 (10.6)
25 (3.2) 17 (3.9) 23 (4.3) 37 (7.2)
24 (2.4) 16 (5.6) 23 (3.0) 31 (6.7)
12 (4.1) 1 (5.9) 10 (5.3) 24 (6.7)
0 (2.2) -28 (5.3) 1 (3.7) 25 (5.7)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
15 (5.7) 0 (8.1) 18 (6.4) 28 (8.5)
5 (3.4) 2 (4.1) 3 (4.0) 9 (7.5)
-21 (6.3) -35 (6.8) -23 (6.0) -6 (9.1)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
0 (2.4) -9 (5.3) -1 (4.0) 14 (4.6)
3 (1.9) -8 (5.0) 4 (3.3) 10 (4.5)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
0 (2.4) -5 (3.9) -3 (2.9) 6 (5.8)
19 (3.9) 19 (5.3) 18 (4.5) 21 (7.5)
-16 (1.4) -33 (2.6) -18 (2.1) 5 (4.4)
4 (3.6) 2 (5.2) 3 (4.5) 9 (6.9)
-2 (3.0) -5 (5.5) 0 (4.7) -1 (6.5)
-3 (2.5) -21 (5.5) 0 (3.8) 9 (5.2)
5 (8.9) -19 (7.8) 16 (10.0) 15 (14.0)
-14 (3.6) -14 (5.1) -14 (4.0) -13 (7.6)
m m m m m m m m
15 (2.7) 13 (5.4) 16 (3.8) 17 (5.5)
-5 (4.7) -19 (4.8) -8 (5.1) 14 (7.9)
11 (3.1) -1 (5.9) 12 (4.4) 21 (5.8)
10 (3.0) -1 (6.5) 8 (3.8) 21 (5.3)
14 (2.9) 12 (5.4) 15 (3.7) 14 (5.0)

0 (2.9) -3 (4.0) 0 (3.5) 5 (6.4)
-8 (3.8) -12 (4.2) -10 (4.4) -3 (7.2)
Table I.5.8d
Change between 2003 and 2015 in mathematics performance, by gender
PISA 2015 - PISA 2003
Boys Median
Score Mean 10th
Scorepercentile Score (50th
dif. S.E. dif. S.E. percentile)
dif. S.E.
OECD
Australia -30 (6.7) -27 (7.4) -32 (7.3)
Austria 1 (7.8) 1 (9.1) 5 (8.8)
Belgium -19 (7.2) 0 (9.9) -22 (8.5)
Canada -21 (6.6) -18 (7.7) -23 (7.0)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic -28 (7.8) -28 (9.6) -24 (8.7)
Denmark -7 (7.0) 3 (8.3) -7 (8.0)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland -41 (6.7) -39 (8.8) -38 (6.7)
France -19 (7.3) -23 (11.2) -16 (7.8)
Germany 6 (7.7) 33 (10.5) 2 (9.1)
Greece -1 (8.7) 1 (10.6) -2 (9.4)
Hungary -13 (7.4) -15 (9.2) -10 (8.6)
Iceland -20 (6.7) -18 (9.1) -22 (7.5)
Ireland 1 (7.0) 5 (10.0) 3 (7.3)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy 25 (8.0) 30 (11.2) 26 (8.7)
Japan 1 (8.9) 24 (10.5) 0 (9.4)
Korea -31 (8.8) -49 (12.0) -30 (9.8)
Latvia -3 (7.8) 9 (11.4) -4 (8.4)
Luxembourg -10 (6.2) -12 (7.8) -12 (7.0)
Mexico 21 (7.5) 31 (8.6) 21 (8.0)
Netherlands -27 (7.4) -31 (10.6) -24 (8.6)
New Zealand -31 (7.1) -24 (9.6) -32 (8.1)
Norway 2 (6.9) 10 (9.1) 5 (7.8)
Poland 17 (6.9) 26 (9.1) 15 (7.4)
Portugal 24 (7.6) 15 (10.0) 24 (8.4)
Slovak Republic -29 (7.5) -33 (10.2) -27 (8.3)
Spain 4 (7.0) 11 (9.1) 5 (7.8)
Sweden -20 (7.4) -17 (9.9) -18 (7.9)
Switzerland -8 (8.0) -8 (10.0) -3 (8.8)
Turkey -7 (10.7) 19 (10.1) -2 (11.3)
United States -12 (7.5) 0 (9.0) -11 (8.2)
OECD average-30 -9 (5.7) -4 (5.8) -8 (5.7)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil 20 (8.9) 33 (9.7) 23 (8.6)
Croatia m m m m m m
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) -3 (9.3) 14 (15.6) -9 (9.8)
Indonesia 23 (7.7) 26 (9.3) 20 (8.0)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 2 (7.6) 16 (12.6) 1 (8.3)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 24 (8.7) 36 (10.7) 27 (9.7)
Thailand -1 (7.8) -3 (8.7) 1 (8.2)
Tunisia 5 (7.1) -1 (9.5) 6 (7.6)
Uruguay -3 (7.7) 18 (8.0) -11 (9.0)
Girls Median
90th
Scorepercentile Score Mean 10th
Scorepercentile Score (50th 90th
Scorepercentile
dif. S.E. dif. S.E. dif. S.E. percentile)
dif. S.E. dif. S.E.
-32 (7.8) -31 (6.7) -28 (8.4) -32 (7.2) -32 (7.7)
-4 (9.1) -19 (7.7) -25 (9.0) -16 (8.8) -17 (8.4)
-34 (7.4) -26 (7.0) -14 (11.1) -27 (7.5) -36 (7.1)
-22 (7.8) -18 (6.4) -23 (7.3) -17 (6.8) -16 (7.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
-35 (8.6) -20 (7.6) -9 (10.7) -20 (8.5) -27 (8.8)
-16 (7.8) 0 (6.9) 16 (8.6) 3 (7.5) -17 (7.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
-43 (7.9) -26 (6.5) -26 (7.9) -22 (7.0) -32 (7.4)
-16 (8.1) -17 (6.8) -26 (9.2) -16 (7.5) -13 (8.1)
-12 (8.7) -1 (7.5) 18 (10.4) -6 (8.7) -16 (8.1)
-8 (9.8) 18 (7.7) 24 (10.4) 17 (8.2) 15 (9.0)
-13 (9.1) -13 (7.2) -21 (9.5) -9 (8.1) -13 (9.6)
-19 (9.3) -34 (6.5) -43 (8.4) -37 (7.7) -23 (8.4)
-4 (8.2) 0 (7.0) 9 (8.3) 2 (7.4) -12 (8.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
16 (8.5) 23 (7.6) 21 (9.9) 23 (8.2) 23 (8.4)
-21 (12.0) -5 (7.6) 6 (11.2) -7 (8.0) -14 (8.5)
-13 (9.9) -1 (8.7) -9 (10.7) 4 (9.7) 1 (10.6)
-17 (9.3) 1 (7.1) 13 (8.9) 1 (7.6) -14 (8.4)
-6 (7.9) -5 (6.1) -7 (7.5) -6 (6.6) 1 (7.7)
8 (9.0) 24 (7.3) 41 (9.0) 24 (7.5) 8 (9.6)
-27 (7.9) -24 (7.0) -20 (10.1) -21 (8.7) -31 (7.8)
-39 (7.8) -25 (7.0) -16 (8.9) -25 (7.7) -34 (8.0)
-8 (8.6) 11 (6.7) 19 (8.5) 11 (7.4) 1 (7.5)
9 (8.7) 11 (6.9) 7 (8.9) 15 (7.4) 11 (8.4)
32 (7.9) 26 (7.1) 11 (8.8) 29 (7.9) 36 (8.4)
-28 (8.4) -16 (7.6) -28 (9.9) -11 (8.3) -16 (8.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
-2 (8.4) -3 (6.6) 0 (8.0) -2 (7.3) -6 (7.1)
-25 (9.3) -11 (7.2) -5 (9.0) -9 (7.9) -19 (8.6)
-14 (10.2) -3 (7.6) 5 (9.4) -3 (8.6) -7 (9.7)
-38 (19.2) 2 (10.0) 14 (9.7) 8 (10.7) -19 (17.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
-25 (9.1) -14 (7.3) -3 (9.7) -16 (7.5) -22 (9.3)
-15 (5.8) -6 (5.7) -3 (5.8) -6 (5.7) -11 (5.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
2 (13.5) 21 (7.7) 35 (8.7) 19 (8.0) 13 (10.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-16 (9.6) -2 (8.4) 6 (11.1) -3 (9.3) -10 (8.9)
25 (10.3) 29 (8.1) 31 (9.4) 29 (8.4) 27 (12.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-8 (11.9) 31 (6.7) 33 (10.8) 33 (8.8) 19 (9.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
5 (10.1) 28 (7.7) 37 (9.2) 27 (8.4) 21 (8.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-4 (11.1) -2 (7.4) -4 (8.0) 0 (7.8) -5 (10.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
9 (10.0) 11 (7.1) 13 (8.2) 10 (7.3) 10 (10.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
-14 (10.2) -5 (7.2) 18 (8.9) -9 (8.3) -19 (9.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
Score Mean 10th
Scorepercentile 50th
Scorepercentile
0 (5.0) 1 (6.9) 0 (6.4) 0 (6.9)

19 (6.6) 25 (9.6) 21 (8.7) 13 (8.2)
7 (5.9) 14 (12.2) 5 (7.7) 1 (6.4)
-2 (3.5) 5 (5.8) -6 (5.1) -6 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m
-8 (6.3) -19 (9.8) -4 (8.3) -8 (7.4)
-7 (4.4) -12 (7.8) -10 (6.5) 1 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m
-15 (3.6) -12 (7.3) -16 (4.4) -11 (6.3)
-3 (5.5) 3 (10.6) 0 (7.1) -3 (7.5)
8 (5.3) 15 (10.6) 7 (7.5) 4 (8.1)
-19 (5.2) -23 (9.8) -19 (6.8) -23 (8.0)
0 (5.5) 6 (9.0) -1 (8.1) 0 (8.3)
14 (4.9) 25 (9.6) 14 (7.2) 4 (9.2)
1 (5.4) -5 (9.8) 2 (6.5) 8 (8.4)
m m m m m m m m
2 (7.3) 9 (11.5) 3 (8.8) -7 (7.2)
5 (6.9) 18 (10.9) 6 (7.9) -8 (10.4)
-30 (8.8) -40 (13.2) -34 (10.8) -14 (9.3)
-5 (5.2) -4 (11.9) -5 (6.4) -3 (8.1)
-6 (4.2) -5 (7.7) -6 (5.7) -7 (8.0)
-4 (4.6) -10 (8.5) -3 (5.3) 0 (8.6)
-3 (4.9) -11 (10.9) -4 (7.5) 4 (6.6)
-6 (5.8) -8 (9.9) -7 (7.5) -5 (7.5)
-8 (4.2) -9 (9.5) -6 (6.1) -9 (7.4)
6 (4.3) 20 (8.8) 0 (5.5) -2 (8.3)
-2 (4.4) 4 (9.0) -5 (6.1) -3 (7.3)
-13 (5.3) -5 (8.5) -16 (7.7) -11 (7.2)
m m m m m m m m
7 (4.1) 11 (8.3) 8 (5.9) 4 (6.4)
-9 (4.6) -12 (8.7) -8 (6.2) -7 (7.8)
-5 (5.9) -13 (9.7) 0 (8.3) -7 (10.1)
-9 (7.7) 5 (10.0) -10 (9.9) -19 (13.1)
m m m m m m m m
2 (4.3) 3 (9.0) 5 (5.5) -3 (8.7)
-3 (1.0) -1 (1.8) -3 (1.3) -4 (1.5)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
-1 (4.7) -2 (7.7) 4 (5.6) -11 (9.1)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
-2 (8.4) 9 (15.2) -7 (10.1) -6 (9.9)
-6 (5.0) -5 (8.7) -9 (5.5) -2 (9.7)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
-29 (6.3) -17 (15.2) -32 (8.6) -27 (13.1)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
-4 (5.6) -1 (9.6) 0 (7.6) -16 (8.1)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
1 (5.6) 1 (7.0) 1 (6.7) 1 (11.1)
m m m m m m m m
-6 (3.9) -14 (7.6) -4 (5.4) -1 (9.2)
m m m m m m m m
2 (5.4) -1 (8.6) -1 (7.3) 6 (9.9)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
Table I.5.8e
Change between 2012 and 2015 in mathematics performance, by gender
PISA 2015 - PISA 2012
Boys Median
Score Mean 10th
Scorepercentile Score (50th
dif. S.E. dif. S.E. percentile)
dif. S.E.
OECD
Australia -13 (4.8) -16 (5.5) -10 (5.4)
Austria -7 (6.5) -11 (9.3) -3 (8.0)
Belgium -6 (5.5) 1 (8.2) -4 (6.4)
Canada -3 (5.0) -3 (6.5) 0 (5.4)
Chile -4 (6.1) -14 (7.2) 1 (6.9)
Czech Republic -9 (6.1) -7 (9.1) -8 (6.8)
Denmark 9 (5.2) 9 (7.7) 9 (6.1)
Estonia -1 (5.2) -5 (7.3) 4 (5.5)
Finland -10 (5.1) -4 (7.1) -9 (5.5)
France -3 (5.7) -3 (8.3) 1 (7.3)
Germany -6 (5.8) 9 (8.3) -9 (6.5)
Greece -3 (6.7) -1 (9.3) -5 (7.6)
Hungary -1 (6.3) -4 (8.6) 4 (7.3)
Iceland -2 (5.1) 2 (8.5) -3 (6.4)
Ireland 3 (5.6) 7 (9.3) 3 (6.2)
Israel 2 (10.1) 7 (11.4) 3 (12.8)
Italy 6 (5.6) 8 (6.9) 7 (6.6)
Japan -6 (7.0) 6 (9.3) -6 (7.9)
Korea -41 (8.6) -44 (11.2) -41 (9.7)
Latvia -7 (5.5) -4 (8.5) -5 (6.2)
Luxembourg -11 (4.4) -11 (5.5) -12 (5.2)
Mexico -9 (4.7) -13 (5.6) -8 (5.2)
Netherlands -14 (5.7) -12 (9.1) -16 (7.0)
New Zealand -8 (5.9) 1 (8.0) -6 (7.2)
Norway 10 (5.4) 13 (7.9) 10 (6.0)
Poland -9 (6.2) -2 (7.0) -7 (6.9)
Portugal 4 (6.2) 2 (8.1) 4 (6.9)
Slovak Republic -8 (6.2) -2 (8.9) -2 (7.0)
Slovenia 9 (4.5) 11 (6.5) 13 (5.5)
Spain 1 (4.9) 6 (6.6) 2 (5.4)
Sweden 16 (6.0) 18 (9.0) 17 (6.4)
Switzerland -10 (5.9) -17 (8.2) -7 (6.6)
Turkey -29 (7.7) -20 (7.7) -21 (8.4)
United Kingdom -2 (6.2) 0 (8.5) -2 (7.0)
United States -10 (6.3) -10 (7.5) -6 (7.6)
OECD average-30 -6 (3.7) -3 (3.8) -4 (3.7)
OECD average-35 -5 (3.6) -3 (3.8) -3 (3.7)
Partners
Albania 15 (6.1) 17 (9.1) 12 (7.3)
Algeria m m m m m m
Brazil -12 (5.2) -28 (5.8) -12 (5.7)
Bulgaria 3 (7.6) -2 (8.3) 6 (9.0)
CABA (Argentina) 41 (11.9) 47 (22.2) 33 (13.8)
Colombia 5 (5.9) 1 (6.9) 7 (6.3)
Costa Rica -11 (5.8) -13 (7.1) -9 (6.2)
Croatia -6 (6.7) -6 (7.7) -4 (7.6)
Cyprus1,2 -5 (4.4) -1 (6.9) -5 (5.2)
FYROM m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China) -19 (6.8) -9 (10.7) -23 (7.4)
Indonesia 7 (6.6) 0 (7.3) 7 (6.7)
Jordan -2 (7.6) -17 (9.3) 4 (7.4)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Lithuania -1 (5.4) 2 (7.0) 0 (6.6)
Macao (China) 0 (4.2) 20 (6.6) -1 (4.9)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 8 (4.4) -1 (6.2) 12 (5.3)
Peru 13 (5.9) 11 (6.5) 15 (6.6)
Qatar 28 (4.1) 23 (4.8) 33 (4.9)
Romania -2 (7.0) -13 (8.3) 2 (7.6)
Russia 16 (6.5) 18 (8.5) 17 (7.4)
Singapore -8 (4.5) 7 (6.7) -9 (5.6)
Chinese Taipei -17 (8.0) 9 (9.4) -24 (9.4)
Thailand -5 (6.3) -11 (7.6) -2 (6.2)
Tunisia -26 (6.6) -37 (9.0) -25 (7.0)
United Arab Emirates -7 (6.5) -19 (6.7) -7 (7.3)
Uruguay 10 (6.1) 16 (7.9) 7 (6.9)
Viet Nam -24 (8.1) -17 (11.6) -24 (8.5)
Argentina* 23 (6.5) 15 (8.0) 21 (7.3)

Kazakhstan* 27 (6.8) 13 (6.9) 28 (7.3)
Malaysia* 26 (6.4) 21 (6.9) 29 (6.8)
Girls Median
90th
Scorepercentile Score Mean 10th
Scorepercentile Score (50th 90th
Scorepercentile
dif. S.E. dif. S.E. dif. S.E. percentile)
dif. S.E. dif. S.E.
-19 (6.6) -7 (4.8) -5 (6.2) -5 (5.1) -14 (6.2)

-4 (8.4) -11 (6.0) -16 (8.6) -8 (6.8) -12 (6.7)
-16 (5.9) -9 (5.2) -9 (7.6) -5 (5.9) -17 (5.5)
-7 (6.6) -2 (4.8) -1 (5.7) -1 (5.6) -5 (5.6)
-2 (7.5) 3 (5.6) -8 (6.8) 7 (6.3) 5 (6.9)
-10 (7.2) -4 (5.7) 0 (8.5) -2 (6.7) -15 (8.0)
8 (6.4) 13 (5.1) 14 (7.0) 18 (5.6) 6 (6.5)
-3 (7.1) -1 (4.8) 1 (6.0) 1 (5.4) -2 (6.6)
-16 (6.5) -5 (4.9) -4 (6.8) -3 (5.5) -12 (6.1)
-11 (6.9) -1 (5.1) 1 (8.5) 2 (6.3) -4 (6.1)
-18 (7.0) -9 (5.7) 0 (7.8) -9 (6.6) -18 (7.0)
-3 (7.4) 5 (5.7) -1 (8.4) 8 (6.5) 9 (7.1)
-8 (9.6) 0 (5.9) -10 (8.6) 6 (6.8) -3 (9.3)
-6 (8.2) -7 (4.9) -13 (7.0) -7 (5.7) -2 (7.1)
0 (6.2) 2 (5.0) 10 (6.5) 4 (5.9) -10 (6.2)
-9 (12.0) 5 (6.4) -1 (9.1) 7 (7.3) 8 (7.0)
0 (6.8) 4 (5.4) -2 (6.8) 4 (6.0) 8 (7.1)
-16 (8.8) -2 (5.9) -3 (8.6) 2 (6.7) -9 (8.5)
-38 (10.3) -16 (7.4) -20 (10.2) -15 (8.1) -17 (7.6)
-14 (7.0) -9 (5.4) -6 (8.5) -8 (6.2) -18 (6.6)
-8 (6.7) 3 (4.3) 7 (6.9) 4 (4.9) -3 (5.6)
-7 (5.8) -2 (4.5) -3 (5.1) -1 (4.8) -3 (5.7)
-13 (7.0) -7 (5.8) -3 (8.5) -8 (7.0) -9 (6.4)
-22 (7.7) -1 (5.3) 5 (7.2) 2 (6.1) -14 (7.2)
7 (7.0) 15 (5.5) 21 (7.0) 16 (5.8) 5 (6.8)
-18 (9.3) -17 (5.9) -18 (7.5) -12 (6.4) -21 (7.5)
7 (6.8) 5 (5.9) 2 (7.1) 10 (7.2) 1 (6.6)
-22 (8.3) -4 (6.5) -4 (10.5) -1 (7.6) -8 (7.3)
-1 (7.1) 9 (4.6) 9 (6.5) 15 (5.4) -3 (6.9)
-5 (6.2) 2 (4.9) 2 (6.7) 3 (5.7) -2 (5.5)
12 (7.4) 15 (5.4) 14 (7.8) 18 (6.1) 12 (7.0)
-9 (8.2) -9 (5.9) -10 (7.5) -8 (6.9) -12 (8.0)
-53 (13.4) -26 (8.3) -23 (7.8) -21 (9.2) -43 (13.1)
-5 (7.5) -1 (6.1) 0 (8.6) 4 (6.4) -8 (7.9)
-14 (8.2) -14 (6.3) -15 (7.8) -10 (6.6) -18 (9.4)
-11 (3.8) -3 (3.6) -3 (3.8) -1 (3.7) -8 (3.7)
-10 (3.7) -2 (3.6) -2 (3.7) 0 (3.7) -7 (3.7)
11 (8.4) 23 (5.6) 32 (8.4) 20 (6.6) 19 (7.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
3 (7.8) -11 (5.1) -27 (5.9) -10 (5.2) 3 (7.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
2 (10.0) 2 (7.0) -7 (9.3) 5 (7.9) 4 (10.2)
43 (15.9) 35 (11.4) 43 (21.3) 28 (12.8) 35 (12.3)
8 (8.3) 20 (5.3) 12 (6.2) 19 (6.0) 28 (7.6)
-10 (8.9) -4 (5.5) -6 (6.5) -3 (5.7) -3 (8.2)
-9 (10.1) -7 (6.1) -12 (7.5) -7 (6.9) -6 (9.9)
-9 (6.5) 0 (4.5) -6 (6.3) 1 (5.0) 3 (6.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-27 (8.1) -6 (6.8) 2 (10.3) -7 (7.1) -12 (8.0)
16 (11.6) 15 (6.7) 2 (7.8) 14 (6.8) 30 (11.3)
10 (9.4) -8 (5.9) -21 (7.2) -6 (6.3) 1 (7.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-10 (7.3) 0 (5.3) -1 (8.2) 1 (5.8) -4 (6.7)
-17 (6.2) 11 (4.1) 27 (6.1) 10 (4.7) -8 (5.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
12 (6.2) 8 (4.4) 4 (5.8) 9 (5.2) 11 (6.5)
12 (10.1) 23 (6.8) 25 (6.8) 24 (7.2) 21 (9.6)
24 (5.5) 24 (4.1) 18 (5.0) 32 (4.7) 19 (5.5)
1 (10.5) 1 (6.7) -8 (7.6) 4 (7.4) 7 (10.0)
11 (8.6) 8 (5.7) 13 (7.9) 9 (6.4) 1 (7.3)
-22 (5.9) -11 (4.3) 1 (6.7) -8 (5.4) -27 (6.5)
-36 (10.4) -18 (7.8) -4 (8.3) -15 (8.3) -32 (11.7)
-4 (10.7) -16 (6.4) -18 (6.8) -13 (6.7) -21 (10.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
-15 (9.6) -17 (6.3) -24 (7.4) -17 (6.3) -9 (10.4)
5 (8.9) -6 (5.5) -13 (6.5) -4 (6.2) 0 (7.2)
8 (8.8) 8 (5.2) 8 (6.8) 8 (5.7) 5 (7.3)
-28 (10.5) -11 (7.6) -8 (10.1) -14 (7.9) -11 (11.6)
30 (8.1) 19 (5.9) 14 (7.5) 19 (6.8) 19 (7.2)

39 (9.6) 29 (6.7) 14 (7.8) 29 (6.9) 44 (10.8)
24 (9.4) 25 (6.0) 25 (6.6) 30 (6.8) 16 (8.1)
Score Mean 10th
Scorepercentile
-7 (4.5) -10 (6.0) -5 (5.4) -5 (6.5)

5 (7.0) 5 (11.5) 5 (8.6) 8 (8.4)
3 (4.9) 10 (8.5) 1 (6.2) 1 (5.6)
-1 (3.5) -2 (5.6) 0 (4.8) -2 (6.1)
-7 (5.0) -6 (7.4) -7 (6.3) -7 (7.2)
-5 (5.9) -7 (10.2) -6 (7.9) 5 (8.3)
-5 (3.8) -5 (7.3) -9 (5.5) 2 (6.3)
0 (3.9) -6 (7.2) 3 (5.0) -1 (7.6)
-5 (3.7) 0 (6.5) -7 (4.8) -4 (6.6)
-3 (5.0) -4 (9.0) -1 (7.9) -7 (6.2)
3 (4.0) 9 (7.4) 0 (5.5) 0 (7.1)
-8 (5.0) 0 (9.9) -13 (6.6) -12 (7.7)
-1 (5.7) 7 (10.6) -2 (7.7) -6 (7.6)
5 (4.6) 15 (9.5) 4 (6.6) -4 (8.8)
1 (5.1) -3 (9.5) -1 (6.5) 9 (7.3)
-3 (9.7) 8 (12.7) -3 (12.6) -16 (11.7)
2 (4.9) 10 (7.6) 3 (6.6) -8 (6.5)
-4 (5.6) 9 (9.4) -8 (7.2) -8 (8.7)
-25 (8.4) -25 (12.6) -25 (10.0) -21 (9.7)
2 (5.0) 1 (9.7) 4 (6.4) 5 (7.0)
-14 (3.6) -17 (7.1) -17 (5.0) -5 (7.4)
-7 (2.7) -10 (4.8) -7 (3.6) -5 (4.6)
-8 (3.7) -9 (8.3) -8 (5.8) -3 (6.5)
-7 (6.0) -4 (9.0) -8 (7.6) -8 (9.1)
-4 (4.1) -9 (8.5) -5 (5.6) 3 (7.4)
7 (4.5) 16 (7.6) 6 (6.2) 3 (8.1)
-1 (3.8) 0 (7.3) -6 (5.4) 6 (6.0)
-4 (5.9) 1 (9.5) -1 (7.7) -15 (7.9)
0 (4.5) 2 (8.1) -2 (5.9) 2 (8.3)
0 (3.6) 3 (6.2) -1 (5.1) -3 (5.4)
0 (4.4) 4 (9.4) -1 (5.6) 0 (7.5)
-1 (4.3) -6 (8.5) 1 (5.9) 3 (8.8)
-2 (6.6) 3 (8.9) 0 (8.9) -10 (9.7)
-1 (5.8) 0 (8.4) -6 (6.7) 3 (9.7)
4 (4.2) 5 (8.1) 4 (5.7) 4 (9.4)
-3 (0.9) 0 (1.6) -3 (1.2) -3 (1.4)
-3 (0.9) 0 (1.5) -3 (1.1) -3 (1.3)
-9 (4.9) -15 (9.7) -8 (6.9) -8 (8.5)
m m m m m m m m
-1 (3.0) -1 (4.7) -2 (3.9) -1 (5.4)
m m m m m m mm
1 (6.2) 5 (8.3) 1 (8.2) -2 (9.7)
6 (9.4) 4 (19.7) 6 (13.4) 8 (14.6)
-15 (4.7) -11 (6.0) -12 (5.8) -21 (8.9)
-7 (3.9) -7 (7.5) -6 (4.7) -6 (8.4)
1 (5.9) 6 (8.6) 3 (7.8) -3 (8.6)
-5 (3.4) 5 (7.2) -6 (5.3) -12 (7.7)
m m m m m m mm
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m mm
-13 (7.6) -12 (11.8) -15 (8.4) -15 (10.4)
-7 (5.0) -2 (6.9) -7 (5.9) -15 (10.3)
6 (8.3) 4 (9.7) 10 (8.4) 8 (11.2)
m m m m m m mm
m m m m m m m m
-1 (3.6) 3 (7.7) -1 (5.5) -7 (6.7)
-11 (3.0) -7 (7.6) -12 (4.7) -9 (6.3)
m m m m m m mm
m m m m m m mm
0 (3.7) -5 (6.7) 3 (4.9) 1 (7.6)
-9 (5.0) -13 (6.7) -9 (6.2) -8 (9.2)
4 (2.9) 6 (5.0) 2 (4.6) 5 (5.9)
-3 (4.8) -5 (7.9) -2 (6.2) -6 (9.1)
8 (4.6) 5 (8.4) 8 (6.9) 10 (8.1)
3 (3.6) 6 (8.1) 0 (5.3) 5 (6.8)
0 (10.9) 13 (10.6) -8 (12.1) -4 (16.7)
11 (5.1) 7 (7.2) 11 (5.8) 16 (10.4)
m m m m m m mm
-9 (4.1) -13 (7.8) -9 (5.2) -6 (8.2)
-2 (6.8) -6 (8.0) -3 (7.7) 5 (10.6)
2 (4.7) 8 (7.5) -1 (6.3) 3 (9.4)
-13 (4.5) -9 (8.5) -11 (5.9) -17 (7.8)
4 (4.2) 1 (7.2) 1 (5.9) 11 (7.4)

-2 (4.7) 0 (7.4) -1 (5.6) -5 (8.7)
1 (4.7) -4 (6.4) -1 (5.9) 9 (8.5)

Annex B1 Annex B1.5 Annex B1.5 Results (Tables) :mathematics Performance Among 15-Year-Olds Version 1 - Last Updated: 05-Dec-2016

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Annex B1 Annex B1.5 Annex B1.5 Results (Tables) :mathematics Performance Among 15-Year-Olds Version 1 - Last Updated: 05-Dec-2016

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PISA 2015 Results (Volume I): Excellence and Equity in Education - © OECD 2016

Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Table I.5.1a Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics

Argentina* 26.6 (1.3) 29.4 (1.0) 26.0 (0.9)

25.4 (0.6) 18.7 (0.5) 8.6 (0.5) 2.7 (0.3)

13.0 (0.8) 4.2 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)

Students at the different levels of prof

Argentina* 45.0 (1.4) 14.6 (0.8) 16.2 (0.7)

s at the different levels of proficiency in mathematics, as a percentage of all 15-year-olds

Proficiency levels in PISA 2003 Proficiency levels in PISA 2006

Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2

Argentina* m m m m 64.1 (2.5)

m m 67.7 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 60.7 (1.0) 0.8 (0.2)

53.3 (1.9) 1.1 (0.2) m m m m m m

56.1 (1.7) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m -8.1 (4.0)

essment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

m m -14.5 (3.9) 0.7 (0.3) -7.4 (3.3) 0.3 (0.3)

Proficiency levels in PISA 2003 Proficiency levels in PISA 2006

Not in secondary Not in secondary

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

Argentina* m m m m 71.7 (2.5)

2003 through 2015

Not in secondary Not in secondary

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

m m 80.2 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1) 78.3 (0.8) 0.4 (0.1)

Not in secondary Not in secondary Not in secondary

% S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.

60.7 (2.4) 0.9 (0.2) m m m m m m

75.9 (1.1) 0.5 (0.1) m m m m 4.2 (3.8)

udent or school-level exclusions).

Not in secondary Not in secondary

m m -19.5 (4.0) 0.7 (0.2) -17.6 (3.6) 0.5 (0.2)

Adjusted percentage of students in Adjusted percentage of students in

Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

Argentina* m m m m 64.2 (2.5)

usted for demographic changes

ed percentage of students in Adjusted percentage of students in Adjusted percentage of students in

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

m m 67.7 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 60.8 (1.0) 0.8 (0.2)

% S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.

53.3 (1.9) 1.1 (0.2) m m m m m m

56.1 (1.7) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m -8.1 (4.0)

essment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

m m -14.4 (4.0) 0.7 (0.3) -7.5 (3.3) 0.3 (0.3)

Mean score Standard deviation

Argentina* 409 (3.1) 81 (1.5) 280 (4.3)

PISA 2003 PISA 2006 PISA 2009

Mean Mean Mean

Argentina* m m 381 (6.2) 388 (4.1)

Change between Change between Change between

394 (2.0) 413 (3.4) m m m m 36 (6.5)

388 (3.5) 409 (3.1) m m 28 (7.8) 21 (6.4)

Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. p-value

-10 (4.2) -7.7 (1.3) 0.000

19 (5.3) 17.8 (3.2) 0.000

21 (5.9) 8.4 (2.4) 0.001

A 2003 PISA 2006

m m m m 249 (9.8) 316 (7.9) 385 (7.0)

463 (3.7) 514 (4.1) m m m m m m

-33 (6.5) -31 (7.0) -11 (4.9) -7 (4.5) -8 (4.6)

m m m m 15 (6.8) 17 (6.3) 19 (6.5)

-12 (4.7) -17 (5.4) -8 (1.4) -8 (1.4) -8 (1.4)