EC 1 - 8 Media Water 2006-08-09 PDF

1
Prof. Dr. Müfit Bahadir Media Related Concepts: Water
Ocean Current of the Earth
3000 km
Through Coriolis power the ocean currents on the Northern Hemisphere flow clockwise,
and on the Southern Hemisphere contra clockwise.
2
Water Volumes on the Earth
Volume [km3]
Oceans 1 348 000 000 97.39 %
Polar Ice, Sea Ice, Glacier 27 820 000 2.01 %
Groundwater, Soil Humidity 8 062 000 0.58 %
Lakes and Rivers 225 000 0.02 %
Atmosphere 13 000 0.001 %
Total 1 384 120 000 100 %
Freshwater 36 000 000 2.6 %
3
Freshwater Volumes on the Earth
Polar Ice, Sea Ice, Glacier 77.23 %

Groundwater till 800 m depth 9.86 %
Groundwater till 800 - 4,000 m depth 12.35 %
Soil Humidity 0.17 %
Lakes (freshwater) 0.35 %
Rivers 0.003 %
Hydrated Minerals 0.001 %
Plants, Animal, Man 0.003 %
Atmosphere 0.04 %
Total (36 000 000 km3) 100 %
4
Recovery of Drinking Water
Drinking water is produced presently roughly to
63.3 % from Groundwater

11.6 % from Spring Water Subsurface Water
10.0 % from enriched Groundwater
5.1 % from Riverbank Filtrate

8.9 % from Lake and Reservoir Water Surface Water
1.1% from River Water
5
Water Balance of FRG in 1977 [109 m3]
Rain, Snow, Hail

Outflow through Evaporation from
rivers plants, soil and
water surfaces
Use by the
industry
Inflow
through
rivers
Use by Use by the

power plants households
6
Temperature Layering of a Northern Lake
Winter Summer
Temperature [°C] Temperature [°C]
Depth [m]
Depth [m]
Oxygen [mg/L] Oxygen [mg/L]
Temperature Temperature
Oxygen „Winter Kill“ „Summer Stagnation“
Oxygen
„Spring Circulation“
Summer situation is displayed on the right hand side and the Winter on the left.
In summer the warm and oxygen-enriched water of the Epilimnion is separated from the cold and
oxygen-poor water of the Hypolimnion through the Thermocline. The latter is characterized
through a rapid change of temperature and oxygen concentration with increasing depth.
7
Newspaper Clipp from BZ (8. December 1993)
Police investigates
against Environ.
Fish were choked Office due to
violation against
in Ponticus Pond animal welfare law
8
Quality of Flowing Waters

(physical-chemical parameters)
• Temperature
• pH Value
• Conductivity
• Chloride Content
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)
• ortho-Phosphate Phosphorus (P-PO43-)
• Total Phosphorus (Total-P)
• Oxygen Content
• Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4+-N)
• Heavy Metals
9
Water Quality of Flowing Waters
Grade I unpolluted to low polluted

Spawn area for „noble“ fishes
Grade I-II low polluted
water bodies for „noble“ fishes
Grade II moderately polluted
water bodies for profitable
Grade II-III critically polluted
water bodies usually still profitable for fish production
Grade III severely polluted
low fishing yields, periodical fish kill is expected
Grade III-IV highly severely polluted
fishes are only found occasionally
Grade IV excessively polluted
fishes are missing
10
Trophic Level of Lakes
Oligotrophic Lakes Clear and nutrient-poor lakes with a low plankton production,
which contain at the end of the stagnation period even in the depth
still 70% O2.
Mesotrophic Lakes Lakes with low, having a moderate plankton production
and a visibility depth of over 2 m, which contain 30-70% O2
in deep water at the end of the stagnation period.
Eutrophic Lakes Nutrient-rich lakes, containing 0-30% O2 in deep water at the end of
the stagnation period, surface water is occasionally supersaturated with
oxygen, visibility depth less than 2 m, high plankton production.
Polytrophic Lakes Lakes with very high nutrient supply, always free and bioavailable,
deep water is even in summer free of oxygen, occasional production of H2S,
surface water is occasionally supersaturated with oxygen,
visibility depth is very low, huge development of plankton
11
Quality Rating of Water Bodies
O2-Content O2-Consumption BOD5

Grade [mg/L] [%] [mg/L] [%] [mg/L]
20 °C, 1 bar Saturation 20 °C 20 °C
I 8.45 - 8.84 95 - 100 0.0 -0.3 0-5 0.0 - 0.5
I-II 7.50 - 8.45 85 - 95 0.3 - 1.1 5 - 10 0.5 - 2.0
II 6.20 - 7.50 70 - 85 1.1 - 2.2 10 - 20 2.0 - 4.0
II-III 4.40 - 6.20 50 - 70 2.2 - 3.8 20 - 40 4.0 - 7.0
III 2.20 - 4.40 25 - 50 3.8 - 7.0 40 - 70 7.0 - 13
III-IV 0.90 - 2.20 10 - 25 7.0 - 12.0 70 - 95 13 - 22
IV 0 - 0.90 0 - 10 > 12 > 95 > 22
12
Biological Quality Rating of German Rivers
Percentage in
Grade Grade of Pollution Water Body Network
(total 30 000 km)
I unpolluted to low polluted 0.7%
I-II low polluted 3.8%
II moderately polluted 42.7%
II-III critically polluted 43.6%
III severely polluted 7.4%
III-IV highly severely polluted 1.1%
IV excessively polluted 0.7%
Source: Federal Committee for Water Quality (LAWA), UBA 2000

13
Development Tendency of Macro Zoo Benthos of Selected Animals

and Oxygen Concentration in River Rhine
Oxygen Content [mg/L]

Number of Species
Freshwater sponges Worms Leech

Crabs Molluscs Insects
Moss animals Oxygen content
Source: Federal Dept. of Hydrology, from UBA Data of the Environment 2000
14
Development Tendency of Macro Zoo Benthos of Selected Animals

and Oxygen Concentration in River Elbe
Oxygen Content [mg/L]

Number of Species
Snails Large muscles Leech

Crabs Insects Oxygen content
Source: Federal Dept. of Hydrology, from UBA Data of the Environment 2000
15
Definition of Water Hazard Classes

Water hazardous substances are solid or liquid compounds, which may adversely alter
the physical, chemical, or biological properties of water.
The classification is regulated in the

„Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Wasserhaushaltsgesetz über die Einstufung
wassergefährdender Stoffe in Wassergefährdungsklassen WGK“ from 1999 (VwVwS).
(General administrative regulation to water law for the classification of water
endangering compounds into water hazard classes)
WGK 3: severely hazardous for water, e.g., VCHC, BTEX-Aromatics, HCN,

Mercaptans, Pesticides, Heavy Metal Compounds, etc.
WGK 2: hazardous for water, e.g., Phenol, Formaldehyde, Fuel Oil EL, Alkanols,
Acetonitrile, Potassium Permanganate etc.
WGK 1: slightly hazardous for water, e.g., Acetone, Acetaldehyde, Ethanol, Organic
Acetates, n-Butanol, Dimethylformamide, Ammonia, Caustic-Soda Solution u.a.
(WGK 0) usually not hazardous for water
16
Organoleptic Substance Smell Taste

Phenol 4000 300
Phenol
2-Chlorophenol 10 0.1
Threshold 3-Chlorophenol 50 0.1
Values 4-Chlorophenol 60 0.1
[μg/L], at RT and pH 7 2,3-Dichlorophenol 30 0.04
2,4-Dichlorophenol 40 0.3
2,3,6-Trichlorophenol 300 0.5
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 200 1
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 300 2
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 600 1
Pentachlorophenol 1600 30
2-Cresol 1400 3
3-Cresol 800 2
4-Cresol 200 2
17
Phenol Limit Values for Drinking Water

in Various Countries
Country (Law from) [μg/L]
WHO-Guidelines (1984) Chlorophenole 0.1
Pentachlorophenol 10
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 10*
EU Drinking Water Directive (1980) 0.5
Germany TVO (1991) 0.5
Canada (1969) 2.0
USA (1976) 1.0
Spain (1967) 1.0
France (1974) 1.0
Sweden 1.0
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PAH (TrinkwV 2001)
Benzo(a)pyrene
Fluoranthene
[3,4-Benzpyrene]
C16H10, M = 202.16 g/mol
C20H12, M = 252.32 g/mol
(C < 0.01 µg/L)
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
[1,12-Benzperylene]
[11,12-Benzfluoranthene]
C22H12, M = 276.34 g/mol
C20H12, M = 252.32 g/mol
(Σ < 0.1 µg/L)
Indeno(1,2,3,c,d)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
[2,3-o-Phenylenpyrene]
[3,4-Benzpyrene]
C22H12, M = 276.34g/mol
C20H12, M = 252.32 g/mol
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (EPA)
Naphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene
1a
2
b
c
d
e
Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benz(a)anthracene Chrysene Indeno(1,2,3,c,d,)pyrene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
19
20
Limit Values for Chemicals in Drinking Water

(TrinkwV 2001) - Inorganics
Substance Limit Value [mg/L]

Arsenic (As) 0.01
Lead (Pb) 0.01
Cadmium (Cd) 0.005
Chromium (Cr) 0.05
Cyanide (CN) 0.05
Fluoride (F) 1.5
Copper (Cu) 2
Nickel (Ni) 0.02
Nitrate (NO3-) 50
Nitrite (NO2-) 0.5
Mercury (Hg) 0.001
21
Limit Values for Chemicals in Drinking Water

(TrinkwV 2001) - Organics
Parameter Limit Value [mg/L]

Epichlorohydrine 0.0001
PAH (4 Homologes) 0.0001 (0.1 μg/L)
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.00001 (0.01 μg/L)
Trihalogenated methanes 0.05
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.003
Vinyl chloride 0.0005
Pesticides and Biocide Products, 0.0001 (0.1 μg/L)
individual Substances
Pesticides and Biocide Products, 0.0005 (0.5 μg/L)
Total amount
Further substances under:

www.dvgw.de/wasser/rechtsvorschriften/trinkwasserverordnung/index.html
22
Pesticides detected in Groundwater near to Surface
80 71.1
Relative Abundance [%]
70 Number of wells investigated: 12 886

60
50
40
30
18.6
20
8.6
10 1.1
0
n.d. ≤ 0.1 µg/L 0.1-1.0 µg/L > 1.0 µg/L

23
Frequently detected Pesticides and their Metabolites
AS / Metabolite Range1) AS / Metabolite Range

Deethylatrazine 1 Bentazone 9
Atrazine 2 Mecoprop 10
Bromacile 3 Isoproturone 12
Simazine 4 Metolachlor 13
Hexazinone 5 Prometryne 14
Diurone 6 Terbuthylazine 15
Propazine 7 Chlortolurone 16
Deisopropylatrazine 8 Lindane (γ-HCH) 20
1) Ranked Abundance

24
Pesticides detected in Groundwater

Cl Cl O
CH(CH3)2
N N N N
N
HN N NH SO2
HN N NH N
C 2H 5 CH(CH3)2 C 2H 5 C2H5 H
Atrazin Simazine Bentazone

e
N CH3
N N
N NH2 O COOH
Cl
O CH3
O Cl
Chloridazone S
CMPP = Mecoprop
O (CH2)7CH3
Pyridate
25
Consumption of some Human Pharmaceuticals in Germany (2001) I
Number of Consumption in 2001 [t/a]

Active Agent Group
Products* Hospitals Drugstores Total
Acetylsalicylic acid Analgesic 66 14 822 902
Paracetamol Analgesic 96 24 597 718
Metformine Antidiabetic 25 5 512 517
Ibuprofene Analgesic 80 9 336 425
Theophylline Bronchial spasmolytic 27 5 132 137
Piracetame Antidementic 23 7 115 122
Allopurinole Antiarthritic 28 3 140 142
Amoxilline Antibiotic 45 13 103 160
Blood circulation
Pentoxifylline 18 2 73 75
stimulating agent
Carbamazepine Antiepileptic 21 4 84 88
Penicilline V Antibiotic 1 81 83
* Rote Liste 2002

Source: IMS Health chemical country profile, 2002
26
Consumption of some Human Pharmaceuticals in Germany (2001) II
Number of Consumption in 2001 [t/Jahr]

Active Agent Group
Products* Hospitals Drugstores Total
Stomach-Bowel Agent
Ranitidine 30 5 81 86
(H2-Receptor Blocker)
Diclofenac Analgetic 54 5 81 86
Coronar Agent
Verapamile 34 2 67 68
(Calcium Chanel Blocker)
Metropolol Betareceptor Blocker 58 2 91 151
Cyclophosphamide Cytostatic 3 0.3 0.1 0.4
Ethinylestradiol Sexual Hormon 53 0 0.1 0.1
* Rote Liste 2002
Source: IMS Health chemical country profile, 2002

27
Pharmaceutical Residues in 25 Drinking Water Samples

from various Drinking Water Plants
DL* Number of Number of Median 90 Percentile Maximum

Substances (Indication) in Samples Samples value value value
ng/L C > DL C > 10 ng/L ng/L ng/L ng/L
Acetylsalicylic acid (Pain) 10 0 0 n.n. n.n. n.n.
Chlofibric acid (Cholesterol) 1 16 6 1 24 70
Ibuprofene (Pain) 1 3 0 n.n. 1 3
Gemfibrozile (Lipids) 5 0 0 n.n. n.n. n.n.
Fenoprofene (Pain) 5 0 0 n.n. n.n. n.n.
Ketoprofene (Pain) 5 0 0 n.n. n.n. n.n.
Diclofenac (Pain) 1 8 0 n.n. 2 6
Fenofibric acid (Cholesterol) 5 0 0 n.n. n.n. n.n.
Bezafibrate (Cholesterol) 25 1 1 n.n. n.n. 27
Indometacine (Rheumatism) 5 0 0 n.n. n.n. n.n.
* DL: Detection Limit
28
Concentration of Pharmaceutical Residues in River Rhine
DL* Alpen Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine

Substances
ng/L Rhine km 0 km 43.8 km 163.9 463.6 km 507.1 km 686 km 852
Acetylsalicylic acid 10 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n.
Chlofibric acid 5 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. 17 12 51 17
Ibuprofene 5 n.n. n.n. n.n. 12 11 6 41 27
Gemfibroziel 5 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n.
Fenoprofene 5 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n.
Ketoprofene 5 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n.
Diclofenac 5 15 26 19 43 304 233 132 162
Fenofibric acid 5 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n.
Bezafibrate 25 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. 106 295
Indometacine 5 n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. n.n. 15 26
* DL: Detection Limit

29
Elimination of Pharmaceutical Residues

in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
700 96%
before treatment
600
after treatment
[g/d] ]
500 83%
Load [g/d]
400 83%
Beladung
90%
300
81%
200 69%
66% 7%
51%
100 64% 38% 69%
33% 75%
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30
Pharmaceutical Residues in 39 different WWTP Effluents
90
DL* Number of Number of Number of Median Maximum
Percentile
Substances in Samples Samples Samples value value
value
µg/L C > DL C > 0.1 µg/L C > 1 µg/L µg/L µg/L
µg/L
Acetylsalicylic acid 0.05 23 21 2 0.13 0.46 1.51

Chlofibric acid 0.05 37 32 1 0.27 0.66 1.56
Ibuprofene 0.05 33 27 5 0.26 1.20 3.35
Gemfibrozile 0.05 31 30 2 0.30 0.87 1.46
Fenoprofene 0.05 0 0 0 n.n. n.n. n.n.
Ketoprofene 0.05 30 30 0 0.18 0.26 0.38
Diclofenac 0.05 39 39 7 0.75 1.05 1.59
Fenofibric acid 0.05 32 32 1 0.27 0.70 1.19
Bezafibrate 0.25 38 38 37 2.61 3.49 4.56
Indometacine 0.05 39 39 0 0.27 0.39 0.52
31
Environmental Risk Assessment for Human Pharmaceuticals

Phase I Extended environmental risk
Prediction of exposition assessment for human drugs
to surface waters if PECWater > 0.01 μg/L
and for „problematic compounds“
Phase II (e.g. cytostatic agents, hormones)
Stage A
Stage B
Fate & Degradation
in MWTP and surface waters,
Chronic effects,
acute effects
bioaccumulation,
fate & degradation
in soil
PEC / PNEC > 1
→ Regulations to protect
the environment
http://www.emea.eu.int
32
Environmental Risk Assessment for Veterinary Pharmaceuticals
Phase I Extended environmental risk

Prediction of exposition assessment for veterinary drugs
to soils if PECsoil > 100 μg/kg
and for anti-parasitic agents
Phase II
Stage A
Stage B
Fate & Degradation
Stage C
in soils and surface waters,
acute effects Chronic effects,
bioaccumulation
Case adapted,
PEC / PNEC > 1 individual
→ Regulations to protect study designs
the environment
http://vich.eudra.org/
33
Anthropogenic Discharges into the North Sea

Discharges into the North Sea result from
indirect (diffuse sources)

- Inflow through rivers
- Aerosol deposition from the atmosphere
- Run-off and seepage at the coasts
direct (point sources)

-Discharges of municipal and industrial wastewaters from land
- Discharges from platforms
- Sea dumping of industrial wastes, excavated sediments, and sewage sludge
- Sea incineration of wastes
- Marine transportation
34
Pesticides Load into Surface Waters in Germany (1993/94 [t/a])1)

Diffuse Inputs Point Source Inputs
~ 24 (9-65) >4
Seepage,
Agriculture ~ 9 (1.5-19) Total
Load > 42) Industrial
direct discharges
Spray Drift ~ 3.5 (0.5-6)

k.A. Municipal
WWTP 3)
~ 1.5 (0.1-16)
Drainage
~ 28 1) Fluctuation ranges due to
(13-68)
Parameter variations
Farm Effluents ~ 10 (7-22) 2) only Rhine Region
3) indirect discharges
(e.g. from formulations),
Source: UBA 2000 Application on sealed surfaces
35
Phosphorus Load into Surface Waters in Germany (1993-97 in [1,000 t/a])

~ 24.5 (66%) 12.5 (34%)
Atmospheric < 0,5

Depositions Total
Load 1 (3%) Industrial
Seepage, 3.5 (9%) direct discharges
Agriculture
3.5 (9%)
Drainage 11.5 (31%)
8 (22%) Municipal
Erosion WWTP
5.5 (15%)
Groundwater 37
4 (11%)
Urban Surfaces
Source: UBA 2000

36
Nitrogen Load into Surface Waters in Germany (1993-97 in [1,000 t/a])

~ 590 (72%) 230 (28%)
Atmospheric 10 (1%)
Depositions Total
Load 25 (3%) Industrial
Seepage, 15 (2%) direct discharges
Agriculture
120 (15%)
Drainage 205 (25%)
15 (2%) Municipal
Erosion WWTP
Groundwater 395 (48%) 820
35 (4%)
Urban Surfaces
Source: UBA 2000

37
PO4-P and NO3-N Concentrations in River Elbe

in dependence of water supply (rain events)
PO4-P [mg/L] NO3-N [mg/L]

0.5 10
Weir Geesthacht 1985-1987 Weir Geesthacht 1985-1987
PO4-P (dissolved) NO3-N (dissolved)
0.4 8
0.3 6
0.2 4
0.1 2
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Water Supply Qs [m3/s] Water Supply Qs [m3/s]

38
Phosphorus Inputs into Municipal WWTP
Dirt from textile & cleaning water

Phosphorus Load [g P/(E . d)]
Soaps and detergents

Food remainder
Human excrements
Year
39
Cadmium and Lead Concentrations

in Sediments of German Bay 1994-98
Source: UBA 2000

40
Heavy Metal Concentration Range in Surface Waters

at the Coast of Lower Saxony (1996-97)
Elements March and December 1996 February and November 1997

(Total Content) [μg/L] [μg/L]
Cadmium < 0.10 – 0.74 < 0.05 - 0.51
Mercury < 0.03 - 0.40 < 0.005 - 0.130
Lead < 0.50 - 13.0 < 0.3 - 11.0
Copper < 1.0 - 4.2 1.4 - 6.2
Zinc 1.2 - 19.2 2.2 - 36.0
Nickel 0.6 - 8.1 0.8 - 11.0
Chromium 0.8 - 3.6 < 0.5 - 6.0
Arsenic 0.8 - 3.3 < 0.4 - 5.7
Suspended Matter Suspended Matter
32 – 130 mg d.m. / L 38-200 mg d.m. / L
Source: UBA 2000

41
Annual Deposition of selected POPs at the Station Westerland
Year α-HCH γ-HCH HCB Aldrine Heptachlor BaP
1994 1.97 6.33 0.13 0.67 0.48 -

1995 0.62 3.28 0.12 0.22 0.31 -
1996 0.30 3.51 0.03 n.n. n.n. 1.37
1997 0.29 5.42 0.05 n.n. n.n. 1.17
1998 0.42 4.47 0.08 0.05 0.08 1.10
in [μg/m2]
Source: UBA 2000

42
Oil Discharges from Refineries into North Sea (1997)

Total : 596 t Oil
Belgium Germany
1.7% 5.7% France
17.5%
Netherlands 17.3%
Great Britain Norway
55.2 %
Sweden 1.3%
1.3%
Source: UBA 2000

43
Ocean Dumping I
Definition: Disposal of liquid or solid wastes into the Ocean

(by stirring in or burying)
Legal Basis for ocean dumping into North Sea:
Oslo Convention of North Sea Countries from 1972
Analog Basis worldwide:
London Convention
Ocean dumping into North Sea 1982:
Industrial wastes (7.8 Mio. t)
Sewage sludge (8.2 Mio. t)
Excavated sediments (101.6 Mio. t)
Since 1990 ocean dumping from Germany only of excavated sediments from seaports,
since the permission for other types of waste (e.g. spent acids) run out.
Additionally 35 Mio. t/a sediments are translocated from estuary (river mouth)
due to sea traffic purposes.
44
Ocean Dumping II
Consequences:
High load of toxic heavy metals and persistent organic compounds into the ocean
(e.g. antifoulings from ship bodies - TBTO)
Producing of ecotoxicological problems

a) direct impairment of marine live (e.g. fish toxicity)
b) indirect damage of the marine ecosystem
through excessive fertilizer input and growth promotion (e.g. algae bloom)
45
Dirt – Composition and Properties
Pigments Metal oxides, Dust, Soot, Carbonates, Humus

Fats and Oils Animal and Plant Fats, Skin Fat,
Mineral Oils and Waxes
Water soluble compounds Inorganic Salts, Sugar, Urea, Sweat
Proteins,
pigment containing dirt Blood, Egg, Milk, Tea, Coffee, Fruits
Carbohydrates Starch
46
Non-Pathogenic (Coliform) Germs in Household Textiles
Ladies blouses 102 - 104 Germs / g Textile

Men shirts 104 - 106 Germs / g Textile
Underwear 105 - 107 Germs / g Textile
Tea Towels 108 Germs / g Textile
Socks 109 Germs / g Textile
47
Typical Composition of Washing Agents
1. Washing-active substances (surfactants)

2. Builder
3. Bleaching agents
4. Process materials
48
Standard Formulation of Universal Washing Powders

Components Effect Portion [%]
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) Washing 8 - 12
Fatty alcohol polyglycol ether Emulsifying
Dispersion
Soap Foam depression 3-6
Pentasodium triphosphate Complex building 30 - 40
Dispersion
Water softening etc.
Sodium perborate Bleaching 20 - 30
Silicates (water glass) Corrosion inhibition 4-6
Alkalinity
Magnesium silicate Perborate stabilization 1-2
Optical bleacher Optical brightening 0.1 - 0.5
Carboxymethyl cellulose Greying inhibition 0.5 - 2
Perfume Odour improvement 0.1 - 0.5
Dyes Coloring 0.0008 - 0.001
Sodium sulphate Peptizer 5 - 15
Water 5 - 10
49
Calcium Binding Capacity of Selected Complex Ligands I
Ca Binding Capacity [mg CaO/g]

Formula Chemical Notation
20 °C 90 °C
Sodium diphosphate 114 28
Sodium triphosphate 158 113
1-Hydroxyethane-
394 378
1,1-diphosphonic acid
Amino-tri(methylene
224 224
phosphoric acid)
Nitrilo-acetic acid 285 202
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-imino-
145 91
diacetic acid
50
Calcium Binding Capacity of Selected Complex Ligands II

Ca Binding Capacity
Formula Chemical Notation [mg CaO/g]
20 °C 90 °C
Ethylene-diamine-
219 154
tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
1,2,3,4-Cyclopentane
280 235
tetracarboxylic acid
Citric acid 195 30

O-(Carboxymethyl)-
247 123
tartronic acid
O-(Carboxymethyl)-
368 54
malic acid
51
Prof. Dr. Müfit Bahadir KV Media Related Concepts: Water
Surfactant Consumption in Germany

1992: Total consumption : 506 000 t
1.8% 63.2%
Amphoteric surfactants
Non-ionic surfactants
31.6%
Cationic surfactants 3.4%
Anionic surfactants
1994: Total consumption : 526 000 t
4.0% 61.0%
Amphotere surfactants
Non-ionic surfactants
Cationic surfactants 33.1% 2.0%
Anionic surfactants
52
Classes of Surfactants
Class of Surfactants Model Specimen
H3C (CH2)5 O
Anionic surfactants S O
-
Na
+
(LAS) H3C (CH2)5 O
H3C (CH2)14 CH3
Cationic CH2 N
+
CH3 Cl
-
surfactants (Quats) CH3
H3C (CH2)14 CH3 O

Amphoteric +
surfactants CH2 N C
-
CH3 O
Non-ionic
H3C (CH2)10 CH2 (O-CH 2)10 OH
surfactants
53
Surfactants
Anionic surfactants Salts of fatty acids

Sulphuric acid esters
Alkylbenzene sulphonates
Cationic surfactants Amine salts (prim., sec., tert.)

Quaternary ammonium salts (Quats)
Quaternary phosphonium salts
Onium compounds
Amphoteric surfactants (Sulpho-)Betaines a.o.
Non-ionic surfactants Polyethylene glycols (PEG) a.o.

54
better Properties of Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LAS)
Biodegradation behavior
Washing behavior
Fi s
ht
ox
ic
ity
worst
Optimum Range
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 n n = Number of C-Atoms
in Alkyl Chain
55
Mineralization of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates

CH3 CH3
CH3
(O) COOH
ω-Oxidation
NaO3S NaO3S
β-Oxidation
CH3 CH3 CH3
COOH COOH COOH
NaO3S
O
Ring Cleavage NaO3S OH Hydroxylation NaO3S
COOH
Desulphonation
CH3
Mineralization: CO2+H2O+Energy
COOH
Oxidation
O O
e.g., H3C Insertion into Biomass

COOH
SCoA

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1

Prof. Dr. Müfit Bahadir Media Related Concepts: Water

Ocean Current of the Earth

Water Volumes on the Earth

Freshwater Volumes on the Earth

Polar Ice, Sea Ice, Glacier 77.23 %

Recovery of Drinking Water

Drinking water is produced presently roughly to

63.3 % from Groundwater

5.1 % from Riverbank Filtrate

Water Balance of FRG in 1977 [109 m3]

Rain, Snow, Hail

Use by Use by the

Temperature Layering of a Northern Lake

Newspaper Clipp from BZ (8. December 1993)

Quality of Flowing Waters

Water Quality of Flowing Waters

Grade I unpolluted to low polluted

Trophic Level of Lakes

Quality Rating of Water Bodies

O2-Content O2-Consumption BOD5

Biological Quality Rating of German Rivers

Source: Federal Committee for Water Quality (LAWA), UBA 2000

Development Tendency of Macro Zoo Benthos of Selected Animals

Oxygen Content [mg/L]

Freshwater sponges Worms Leech

Development Tendency of Macro Zoo Benthos of Selected Animals

Oxygen Content [mg/L]

Snails Large muscles Leech

Definition of Water Hazard Classes

The classification is regulated in the

WGK 3: severely hazardous for water, e.g., VCHC, BTEX-Aromatics, HCN,

Organoleptic Substance Smell Taste

Phenol Limit Values for Drinking Water

PAH (TrinkwV 2001)

(Σ < 0.1 µg/L)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (EPA)

Naphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene

Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benz(a)anthracene Chrysene Indeno(1,2,3,c,d,)pyrene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene

Limit Values for Chemicals in Drinking Water

Substance Limit Value [mg/L]

Limit Values for Chemicals in Drinking Water

Parameter Limit Value [mg/L]

Further substances under:

Pesticides detected in Groundwater near to Surface

70 Number of wells investigated: 12 886

Source: Federal Committee for Water Quality (LAWA), UBA 2000

Frequently detected Pesticides and their Metabolites

AS / Metabolite Range1) AS / Metabolite Range

Source: Federal Committee for Water Quality (LAWA), UBA 2000

Pesticides detected in Groundwater

Atrazin Simazine Bentazone

Consumption of some Human Pharmaceuticals in Germany (2001) I

Number of Consumption in 2001 [t/a]

* Rote Liste 2002

Consumption of some Human Pharmaceuticals in Germany (2001) II

Number of Consumption in 2001 [t/Jahr]

* Rote Liste 2002

Source: IMS Health chemical country profile, 2002

Pharmaceutical Residues in 25 Drinking Water Samples

DL* Number of Number of Median 90 Percentile Maximum

Concentration of Pharmaceutical Residues in River Rhine

DL* Alpen Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine Rhine