4.

3 Yield Criteria
• Cannot perform tests for all combinations of 3D
loading so we need yield criterion to generalize
from small number of tests.
• What are the ideal properties of a 3D yield
criterion? f (σ , Y) < 0 Elastic Behavior
ij

f ( σij , Y ) = 0 Onset of Inelastic Behavior

• We usually visualize yield criterion by a surface

in principal stress space. Why?
• We also calculate “effective” stress to compare
with yield stress.
 Maximum principal stress criterion
William Rankine (1820-1872)
• Applicable to brittle materials (mostly in tension)

f = max ( σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 ) = Y
 Maximum principal strain criterion
Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant
1797 - 1886
• Has the advantage that strains are often easier
to measure than stresses
• Assume that epsilon1 is the largest principal
strain
1
ε1 = (σ 1 −νσ 2 −νσ 3 )
E
f1 = σ 1 −νσ 2 −νσ 3 − Y
σ 1 −νσ 2 −νσ 3 = ± Y
σ e = max σ i −νσ j −νσ k → f = σ e − Y
i ≠ j≠ k
 Anti-optimization for selecting test
conditions
• What test will give us maximum difference
between maximum principal stress and
maximum principal strain criteria?
• Obviously σ 1 = σ 2 = σ 3 = σ
• With max principal stress σe = σ
• With max principal strain σ e = σ (1 − 2ν ) = 0.4
• Alternatively σ 1 = −σ 2 = −σ 3 = σ
• Max principal strain σ e = σ (1 + 2ν ) = 1.6
• What is bad about these test conditions?
 In plane stress
• Figure 4.8
 Strain energy density criterion
(Eugenio Beltrami 1835-1900)
• Strain energy density
1
U0 = ⎡⎣σ 12 + σ 22 + σ 32 − 2ν (σ 1σ 2 + σ 1σ 3 + σ 2σ 3 ) ⎤⎦
2E
1 Y2
Uniaxial test : σ 1 = Y σ 2 = σ 3 = 0 U0 = ⎡⎣σ 1 ⎤⎦ =
2

2E 2E

• Criterion σ12 + σ 22 + σ32 − 2ν ( σ1σ 2 + σ1σ3 + σ 2σ3 ) − Y 2 = 0

f = ( σe ) − Y 2 σ e = σ12 + σ 22 + σ32 − 2ν ( σ1σ 2 + σ1σ3 + σ 2σ3 )

2
• Effective stress

• Extreme σ 1 = −σ 2 = −σ 3 = σ σ e = σ 3 + 2ν = 1.90
 Plane stress
• Depends on Poisson’s ratio

• What is common to strain and energy

criteria?
 4.4. Yielding of ductile metals
• Maximum shear-stress criterion (Henri Eduard Tresca,
1814-1885)
Y− 0 Y
• Uniaxial loading σ1 = Y; σ 2 = 0;σ 3 = 0 → τ max = =
2 2
• Criterion Y
f = σe −
2
• Effective stress
σ2 −σ3 σ 3 − σ1 σ1 − σ 2
σe = τ max = max (τ1 ,τ 2 ,τ 3 ) τ1 = τ2 = τ3 =
2 2 2
• Conservative for metals in shear
• Extreme case σ 1 = −σ 2 = −σ 3 = σ σe = σ
 Distortional energy density criterion
(Ludwig von Mises 1881-1973)
• Strain energy density
1
U0 = U V + UD = ⎡σ12 + σ 22 + σ32 − 2ν ( σ1σ 2 + σ1σ3 + σ 2σ3 ) ⎤
2E ⎣ ⎦

UV =
( σ1 + σ2 + σ3 )
2
UD =
( σ1 − σ2 ) + ( σ2 − σ3 ) + ( σ3 − σ1 )
2 2 2

18K 12 G

• Uniaxial test σ1 = Y σ2 = 0 σ3 = 0
( Y− 0) + (0 − 0) + (0 − Y )
2 2 2
Y2
UD = =
12 G 6G
( σ1 − σ2 )2 + ( σ2 − σ3 )2 + ( σ3 − σ1 )2 =
Y2
• Criterion 12 G 6G
σe = 0.5 ⎡( σ1 − σ2 ) + ( σ2 − σ3 ) + ( σ3 − σ1 ) ⎤
2 2 2
Max difference? ⎣ ⎦
f = σe − Y
 In plane stress
• Where is maximum difference?
Example comapring failure criteria
Stress analysis of a spacecraft structural member
gives the state of stress as shown below. If the
part is made from an alloy with Y = 500 MPa,
check yielding according to Rankine, Tresca
and von Mises criteria. What is its safety factor
for each criterion?
Maximum principal stress Criterion
(Rankine)
⎡ 200 0 0 ⎤
σ = ⎢⎢ 0 100 −30 ⎥⎥ MPa
⎢⎣ 0 −30 −50 ⎥⎦

• The principal stresses are:

σ1 = 200; σ 2 = 105.77; σ3 = −55.77;
• Maximum principal stress is 200MPa
• Factor of safety FS=500/200=2.5
 Maximum shear stress Criterion
(Tresca)
Y
• Yield function f = σe −
2

σ1 − σ 3 200 + 55.78
σe = = = 127.89 MPa
• Maximum shear stress 2 2

• Shear stress for uniaxial tension

Y
= 250 MPa f = 127.89 − 250 < 0
2
• Factor of safety FS=250/127.89=1.95
 Distortional Energy Density
Criterion (von Mises)
• Yield function
( σ1 − σ2 ) + ( σ2 − σ3 ) + ( σ3 − σ1 ) − Y = 224 − 500
2 2 2
f = 1
2

• Factor of safety FS=500/224=2.2

• Why are all the results so close?

σ1 = 200; σ 2 = 105.77; σ3 = −55.77;

 Other yield criteria
• For isotropic materials there is usually
substantial difference between yield in
tension and compression. Why?
• For orthotropic materials there is also
differences between the behavior along
the three principal directions and between
shear and normal stresses
• Fortunately, for most applications we have
at least transverse isotropy
 Reading assignment
Sections 4.4-5: Question: Under what conditions will we have
maximum differences between Tresca and Von-Mises
criteria? (consider both the case that Tresca is more
conservative and the case that Von Mises is)

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