The Priestesses of Hathor

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ANN ARBOR, Mt 48105(GALVIN, MARIANNE, ‘THE PRIESTESSES OF HATHOR IN THE OLD KINGDOM AND THE 1ST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Brandeis University PaD. 1981 University Microfilms International sox. zee Rx, Ana Asbo 55106 Copyright 1981 by Galvin, Marianne All Rights ReservedThe Priestesses of Hathor Ia The Ola Kingdom and The Ist Intermediate Period A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts ané Sciences Brandeis University Department of Classical and Oriental Studies Jn Partial Falfillnent of the Requirements of the Degree Doctor of Philesophy Marianne Galvin May, 1981‘This dissertation, directed and approved by the candidate's Committee, has been accepted and approved by the Graduate Faculty of Brandeis University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ‘DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Rolo Ayvt Dean, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences MAY 2.4 1981 Disseftation Comittee FUtS Vetlhan Gaiman Thoron O. Lerthny Harvard University Prof. of Semitic Philology Ronald Williams, Prof. of Near Eastern Studies Taiversity of Toronto Dr. David Silverman, University of Pennsylvania, ‘The University MuseumDedicated To Mary Louise Galvin And Ruth GottdienerAcknowledgement: I would like to express my indebtedness to Prof. L, V. Zatkar who for eight years has been my teacher and advisor. I would like to thank Prof. W. K. Simpson for giving my permission to review the file of umpublished photographs of the Egyptian Department of the Musem of Hine Arts of Boston, Ma, I would also like to thank the entire staff of the Egyptian Department of the Museum for their courteous and constant assistance to my research, I would like to thank Dr, S, Doll and Ms. C, Rose for their thorough editorial assistance, their constant support, and their friendship, I would Like to thank Dr. J, McCarty without whose technical assistance my research would have been impossible. I would like to thank Prof, H, G, Fischer for his renarkably prompt and thorough responses to my inquiries, as well as the staffs of the Egyptian Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Fine Art in New York, ‘the Staatliche Museen Preussicher Kulturbesitz, the Pelizaeus Museum, the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wi , and the Egypt Exploration Society for their responses to my many questions, Lastly, I would like to ‘thank Prof. G. L. Cowgill of Brandeis University for his assistance in organizing my data in anticipation of compuborization.Table of Contents Chapter Cnet Chapter Three: Ghapter Four: Chapter Fiver Index A: Index B: ‘Bibliography: 2 Chronological and Geographical Bistribution of Hathoric Mitles in the Old Kingda and Ist Intermediate Period Placement of the Snall Square in the vt Sign Hereditary Status of Hathoric Titles ‘The Hathoric Costume and Hnblems and Their Use ‘Sumary and Conclusias Personal Names with the Name Hathor in their Writing ‘Identification Numbers ani Bibliography for each Priestess Pe Pe Pe Pe Pe Pe Pe Pe 6-128 129-169 170-203 204=2h0 24-287 288-298 299-340 341-356Introduction The purpose of this dissertation is to organize and analyse the titles and positions held by 346 wonen and 53 men attested between Egypt's IVth and XIth Dynasties, who were associated in @ var~ iety of ways with the cult of Hathor, according to their chronological and geographical distribution. This was done in order to per mit a close scrutiny of those titles and to determine whether patterns for the practice of this cult in certain areas over certain periods of time can be identified. Map A records all of the areas in which Hathoric titles have been identified during the Old Kingdom and the Ist Intermediate Period. Each Hathoric title will be examined individually. For each Hathoric title, a group of titles which are designated here as subsidiary titles shall be examined in order to determine if chey also form a pattern of use in conjunction with the Hathoric titles. These subsidiary titles to be considered are $$, king's Acquaintance, YO, wing's sever, FYE, king's onty sever, 1G", king's noble wonan, and any title pertaining to the cult of Neith. The subsidiary titles will also be beneficial in determining whether any social or political variants figured in the membership of the cult of Hathor. In conjunction with this, the members of the royal family and the men who held Hathoric tities will be individually noted. A detailed examination will be made of the writing of the Hathor- ic titles. This will be done in accordance with their specific chronological and geographical distribution. The purpose of thiske examination is to determine whether writing is indicative of a specific dynasty or geographical area. 4m examination of the priestly titles of the Hathoric cult will be made to detemine the hierarchy of that priesthood, 4 examination of the familial pattems of the members of the cult will be made to deter‘ mine the hereditary status of the priéstly titles of the cult of Hathor. Lastly, an examination of the costuse that identified the priestesses as members of the cult of Hathor and the function of this costume 4n a ritual identified as the Presentation of Hathor will be made, It will be determined whether the priestesses fimetioned in an honorific capacity only and if there existed a differentiation of priestly duties according to sex, ‘The primary concem of this study will be the women and men who participated in the cult of Hathor, Any reader who is especially in- ‘terested in the various names and attributes given to Hathor herself during this chronological scope will find notations have been provided for the explanation given by Allan in Beitriige am Hathorimlt and in other pertinent sources, Unless otherwise stated, the dates established by the author/arch— eaologist for the priestesses in this study have been accepted. Also, this research has been affected by the abundance of archeaslogical material from the Old Kingiom and the scarcity of such material fran the Ist Intemmediate Period, Hopefully, the statistics do not reveal an unbalanced picture as a result of this,* Sheikh Said # Deir el Gebrawi cealbbdtton apes tds ‘Thebes*#Seir e]-Bahari eaatah Map A indicates the areas within Egypt that have been recorded within the scope of this survey of Priestesses Hachor.Index to Chapter One Introduction Priestess of Hathor Title King's Acquaintance title King's Only Jewel title King's Jewel ‘tie King's Noblewonan Neithic titles the title King's Acquaintance and sone other title the title King's Only Jewel and some other title with the title King's Noblewoman and some other title with no subsidiary titles with the title Mrt.t within a mrtisatictuary venerated, praised, beloved before Hathor sumary BERSSSARBESAS OD Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycanore with the title King's Acquaintance with the title King's Only Jewel with Neithic titles with the title King's Acquaintance-anid.comenother: tithe with the title Misician-priestess with the title King's Only Jewel and some other title tiore than one Hathoric title summary Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore in all her Places with the title King's Acquaintance with the title King's Acquaintance and some other title with Neithic titles more than one Hathoric title summary Priestess of Hathor in all her Places with the title King’s Acquaintance with the title King's Acquaintance and some other title with Neithic titles ith tities ftom :the.colt of Ptah more than one Hathoric title Chief: Priestess-ofrHathot in all’ her Places hierarchy of Hathoric title in the Giza-Sakkara area summary Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of Twat with the title King's Acquaintance with the title King's Only Jewel with the title King's Acquaintance and some other title with no subsidiary title with more than one Hathoric title venerated, praised, beloved before Hathor, Mistress of Ivat discussion on location of the Mistress of Ivat in Giza~Sakkara area summaryPriestess of Hathor, Mistress of Iwnt in all her Places ‘summary Priestess of Hathor in the Heliopolitan Sun Cult ‘Priest ox Re-Hathor Priest of Hathor’in the sun temple of Neferirkare Priest of Re-Hathor in the sun temple of Neferirkare Priest of Re-Hathor in the sun temple of Userkaf and Neferirkare with more than one Hathoric title summary Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of Kusae with the titles King’s Acquaintance and King's Noblewonan with no subsidiary titles summary Inspector of the Priests for the cult of Hathor with the title King's Acquaintance with the title King's Nobleman with more than one Hathoric title summary Overseer of the Priests for the cult of Hathor ‘Overseer of the Sycamore Saictuary of Hathor summary Overseer of the Thentet Cattle ‘summary Ghief of, the __Dyb-robe of Hathor ‘summary Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of Smivt Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of (ZIP ES Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of J°™% Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of Sent Priestess of Hathor, the Golden OneChapter One is concerned with the chronological and geographical distribution of the various offices within the cult of Hathor. The objective is to determine whether patterns can be traced for the practice of this cult in certain geographical areas and over certain periods of time. Each Hathoric title shall be examined individually. For each Hathoric title, a group of titles which are. here called subsidiary titles shall be exanined in order to deternine if they also forn a pattern of use in conjunction with the Hathoric titles. Those subsidiary titles-to be considered are YS Rb-nsw; King's Acquaintance, Y GES mere-now. wee, King's Only Jevel, i wert-nows $F Spsst-nswy King's Noblewonan, and any title pertaining to the cult of Neith, These subsidiary titles will also be beneficial in determining whether any social or political variants figured in the meubership of the cult of Hathor. In conjunction with this, those members of the royalty ‘who played a part in the Hathoric cult vill be singled out as will those men who participated in the Hathoric cult. Each Hathorie title will be presented with 2 chronological chart divided into the appropriate dynasties for the coverage of that partic ular title, Those priest(esse)s who can not be assigned to a specific dynasty but who can be assigned generally to either the Old Kingdon or the Ist Titermediate Period will be so indicated in the chart as either O.K. of Ist 1.7. Each priest(ess) shall be identified by a number and eiletter F or M enclosed in parenthesis which will correspond to the number for that priest(ess) in Index B. Index B will provide the correct bibliography for each priest (ess). Therefore, that bibliography will not be footnoted.Priestess of Hathor Of the group of Priest(esse)s of Hathor, 31 individuals held no other title or distinction. These were fairly evenly distributed ever the Old Kingdom with the largest number occurring during the VIth Dynasty. W-ve1 V-VI=11l 0.K.=8 During the Ist Intermediate Period, only six priest(esse)s are attested from this group. VI-VII=1 VITI-Ix+1 XI: Ist 1.P. From this group of 31 individuals, eleven were from Sakkara, six vere from Giza, one vas from Memphis, and one was from Heliopolis. Thus, nineteen out of the 31 were from the Giza-Sakkara area. ‘The rest were distributed over Upper Egypt with three from Naga-ed-Dér, one from Aswan, one from Abydos, one from Beni Hasan, and six of unknown provenance. By combining the information from the chronological arid the geographical distribution, it can be shown that in Sakkara during the Vth Dynasty, there were tvo priestesses with no other title or distinction (258, 40F); during the VIth Dynasty, there were seven priestesses (IF, 16F, 3778, 37F, 9F, 15F, 3F); and dated to the Old Kingdom in general, there were two more priestesses (22F, 31F). In Giza, between the IVthand ‘7th Dynasties, there was one priestess (47): during the Vth Dyn- asty, there was one priestess (19F); during the Vith Dynasty, there was one priest (38M); and dated to the Old Kingdom in general, there were three priestesses (6F, 20F, 30F). The single priestess from Heliopolis has been dated to the VIth Dynasty (13F) while the single priestess from Memphis has been dated to between the Vth and Vith Dynasties (39F). In Aswan, the single priestess (24F) also lived during the Vth Dynasty. The only other priestesses of this group who can be identified from the Old Kingdom are of those of unknown provenance. One of these (23F) has been dat: ed to the Vth Dynasty, one (7F) to the VIth Dynasty, and three (14F, 32F, 41F) to the Old Kingdom in general. Thus, during Egypt's Old Kingdom, there were 25 priest (esse)s of Hathor who held no other type of title or distinction. Of these 25, 19 resided in the Giza-Sakkara area, one in Aswan, and five are of unknown provenance. It is, therefore, reasonable to predict the greater likelihood that the five priestesses of unknown provenance vere from the Giza-Sakkara area as well. Further, as 17 of the 25 have been dated to between the Vth and Vith Dynasties, it is reason~ able to predict the greater likelihood of those eight persons dated generally to the Old Kingdom actually lived during the Vth and Vith Dynasties. Returning to the original group of 31 individuals with no other title or distinction, there remain six who have been dated to the Ist Intermediate Period. One of these (277) is known from Naga-ed-Dér between the VITIth and IXth Dynasties; two more (1iF, 33F) are knownfrom Naga-ed-Dér during the Ist Intermediate Period in geueral. One priestess (376F) in Beni Hasan and one priestess (2F) in Abydos have both been dated to the XIth Dynasty. The last priestess of this group, who is of unknown provenance, has-been: dated: to between the: VIth and Vilth Dynasties. Within this group of 31 individuals, there is one mile recorded. He vas 22.8 (38M) who resided in Giza as is known from a fragmented statue which indicated his sole title on its base. There is no record of his genealogy. There were no members of the royal fanily included within this group of Priest(esse)s of Hathor. Of the group of Priest(esse)s of Hathor, 63 individuals held only one other title, that being Y@ or Fan Bb(t)-new, King's Acquain~ tance.1 The use of this title was clearly predominant among those Od Kingdom priestesses as 54 out of the 63 of this group have been dated to the Old Kingdom. VI=16 0.K.=18 Oniy nine priestesses held only this distinction during the Ist 1. For the development of this title during the Old Kingdon, see H.G. Fischer, Egyptian Studies I (New York, Met-Mus.Art, 1976), p. 693 W. Helck, Untersuchungen zu den Beantentiteln des agyptischen A.R. Glickstadt, Ngyptologische Forschungen 18, 1954), p. 26-8; for sex differentiation, see B. Gunn, C. Firth, Pyramid Cemeteries of Teti Cairo, Excavations at Sakkara, i926), p. 57, n- 5; H. Junker, Grab- ungen auf den Beiedho? des Alten Reiches (Wien, Holder-Fichler- Temp- sky, 1929-55), v. V. p. 183 H.G. Fischer, Denderah in the third Mil- ennium (New York, J. J. Augustin, 1968), p. 70, a. 262.Intermediate Period. VI-VII-2 XI=1 Ist 6 The geographical distribution for these 63 individuals again shows a predominant number from the Giza-Sakkera area. Seventeen were from Sakkara and 21 were from Giza. The vest were widely distributed throughout Egypt with three being from Denderah, one being from Ham emieh, one from Abydos, four from Akhmim, two from Kusae, one from Tebneh, one from Deir el-Gebravi, two frou Thebes, two from Nagada, one from Deir el-Bahari, one from Athribis, and six of unknown pro~ venance. In Sakkara, during the IVth Dynasty, there were two priestesses (G58, 718) with only the title King's Acquaintances? between the IVth and Vth Dynasties, there were two (75F, 79F); between the Vth and VIth Dynasties, there was one (69F); during the Vth Dynasty, there were four (SiF, 67F, 73F, 97F); and, during the Old Kingdom in general, there were three priestesses (85F, 101F, 109F). In Giza, during the IVth Dynasty, there were two priestesses (56F, 90F); Between the 2. §. Allan, in Beitrage zum Hathorkult (Berlin, Bruno Hessling, 1963), p. 21, records from Sakkara, during the IVth Dynasty, the wife of a man named @%4 as having held the titles: "Bekannte des Kénigs, Priesterin der Hathor, welche das Gold (i.e. Hathor) preist." How- ever he has apparently mistakenly combined the wife, whose name has been lost, who held the title Rbt-nswt, with her daughter whose inscription reads: $S [kJ 12 Hox me Hef "King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Hathor, His Daughter, Dw3t-Nb" (A. Mariette, Les Mastabas de l'ancien empire (Faris, F. Viewig, 1889), p. 104-7 B14; Borchardt, Statuen und Statuetten von Konigen und Privatleuten (Berlin, Reichs- druckerei, 1911), pt. I, p- 40, abb. 44). Although the attribute "Gold" was often associated with Hathor, as, for example, at Kusae (Blackman, Rock Tombs of Meir (London, E.E.F., 1915), v. IV, pl. 6), I would suggest that Dw3t-Nb is here the daughter's name rather than a reference to the goddess, and that two wen are here indicated, both having held the title of Priestess of Hathor.iWth and Vth Dynasties, there were three (59F, 63F, 105F); during the Vth Dynasty, there were four (SOF, 86F, 93F, 102F); between the Vth and Vith Dynasties, there were two (642, 72F); during the VIth Dynasty, there was one (46F); and, during the Old Kingdom in general, there were nine priestesses (112, 427, 56F, 78F, 846F, 91F, 108F, 100F, 87F). In Denderah, the three priest (esse)s with only the title King's Acquaintance also date to the Old Kingdon, with one (80M) between the IVth and Vth Dynasties, and two during the Vith Dynasty (47F, 52F). In Akhmim, three priestesses (413F, 419F, 420F) have been dated to the Old Kingdom in general. In Kusae, two priestesses (77F, 76F) have been dated to the Vith Dynasty. The one priest (53M) from Tehneh has been dated to the Vith Dynasty, and the priestess from Deir el-Gebraw? (82F) has been dated to the Old Kingdom in general. In Thebes, one priestess (43F) has been dated to between the Vth and Vith Dynasties while the other Theban priestess has been dated to the Vith Dynasty (657). In Nagada, both priestesses have been dated to the Vith Dynasty (55F, 89F). The single priestess from Athribis Ho are of un- (113F) has been dated to the IVth Dynasty. Of those kmown provenance, one lived between the IVth and Vth Dynasties (396F), three lived during the VIth Dynasty (4F, 54F, 1O4F), and two have been dated generally to the Old Kingdom (48F, 74F). Within this group, there are tvo males who were Priest of Hathor and who held the distinction of King's Acquaintance. One was cote (53M) whe e tomb was excavated in Tehneh. His wife is shown in the tomb as well, but her name is lost from the inscription. She13. apparently held no titles or distinction. Three sons are listed, but none of these held Hathoric titles. The other male fron this group vas YM" 3F (gow) of rch Dynasty Denderah. Unfortunately, no genealogical information was recorded on his stela. Schakif Allam, in Beitrage zum Hathorkult, states "das die Zahl der mit diesen Titel ausgezeichneten Hathorpriesterinnen die der Priester bei weiten iberwiegt."3 However, this statement sens super~ Fluous in Ligh of the fact that out of the 63 individuals who held these and only these two titles, just two were men, and, out of the total of 236 priest (esse)s of Hathor, only ten were men. To substan~ tiate his statement, Allam states: Unter den mannlichen “Bekannten des Kénigs", die auch das Hathorpriesterant hatten, sind 2.b Mai, Syo-k3 (wohl am End der 5. Dyn.) und Pth-htp (auch 5. Dys.).4 These three exanples deserve to be examined more closely. GEA] (321), who is known from Giza, does include among his titles the distinction of King's Acquaintance. He was not, hovever, [417] ate gehe, Peseae of tathor tut recher FRVGYPE sta penee uehe, tee spector of the Priests of Hathor. He, therefore, can not be included in this catagory of Priest (esse)s of wathor. [ROLY casem is known from Sakkara where he held many priestly titles. These do not include the title of Priest of Hathor but do include the slightly fragmented title of IV BISA Hm-ntr R¢ Hthr m st-ib. This can correctly be restored to "Priest of Re and Hathor in the Sun 3. S. Allam, Beitrage zum Hathorkult (Berlin, Bruno Hessling, 1963), p. 16. 4. Allam, Ibid., p. 16.Pyranid of Neferirkare."5 Therefore, Shm-k3 can not be included in this catagory either. Allan's third example, 2E52, (61M), who is also known from Sakkara, is the only one of these three who was, in fact, a Priest of Hathor. He was not, however, a King's Acquain- tance but rather held the slightly different distinction of 24> Rh-nswt-pr, King's Acquaintance of the Palace. Therefore, he will not be included in this catagory but vill be included in the discussion on page of this text. In total, then, there were just two men from the Old Kingdom who held only the titles King's Acquaintance and Priest of Hathor. This fact would appear to corroborate the statement by Henry G. Fischer that “after Dyn. V, UGB survived only as a feminine title, not only at Denderah, but throughout the Southern nomes..."6 and that "women have the title in the provinces during the Vth Dynasty while men do not."7 There is one further consideration for the title King's Acquain- tance in combination with the title Priest(ess) of Hathor during the Old Kingdom. That pertains to the matter of royalty holding these titles. W. Helck, in Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des dgypt- schen A. states that the title King's Acquaintance was not usually 5. For similar writing, see K. Sethe, Urkunden des Alten Reich (leipzig, J.C, Hinrichs, 1933), v. I, p. 43; Lepsius, Dea ‘Agyptens und Athiopien (Leipzig, 1897-1913), v. II, 5 Tnschriften der kdniglichen Museen 2u Berlin (Leipzig, J.C. Hinrichs, 1933), p. 54-8, #1159; Mariette, Op. cit., p. 311 D483 and other Listings on page 980f this text. 6. Fiscner, Op. cit., p. 18. 7. Fischer, Ibid., p. 70, note 282.15. given to the relatives of the king.8 Aliam states that a few fe- males descendants of the king or of the king's body did hold this distinction.? This study has revealed that there were fifteen women and two men from the Old Kingdom who were related to the king or to cyel family who also were associated with the cult of Hathor. None of these seventeen claimed the distinction }RIE% s3(t) nsw nt he.f, King's (Daughter) (Son) of his Body, in conjunction with the titles King's Acquaintance and Priest (ess) of Hathor. There were only four wonen out of the fifteen who claimed the distinction (jo S3t nsw, King's Daughter, and King's Acquaintance (270F, 234F, 232F, PUL). This would tend to support the statement made by Helck rather than that made by Allam. There were also four vonen not thensélves of the royalty but who claimed to be the spouse of a royal descendant (2467, 245F, 236F, 225F). These four all held the distinction King's Acquaintance in conjunction with their Hathoric titles. There was one woman (280F) who claimed no royal association for herself but who clained that her son was [R%., s3 nsw: nt ht.f, and her son's wife was GRE , sgt nsw (270F). This woman herself was Priestess of Hathor in all her Places, Priestess of Neith Weptwavet, and King's Acquaintance. Again, this information vould appear to support the statenent by Junker which suggests that the title King's Acquaintance 8. Helck, Op. cit., p. 26. 9. Allam, Op. cit., p. 16; Allam also discusses the social hierarchy of those who held Hathoric titles. This is perhaps sign— ificant for establishing the importance and pervasiveness of these titles, but it will be contended on pages 38 50,52, that it was not relevant to the hierarchy of the offices within the cult of Hat hor or to the society of the menbers of this cult.probably originated with the close relatives of the king but dis- seminated over the succeeding generations through the nobility until finally, by the Vth Dynasty, it held little or no social association or Limitation.10 Returning again to the original group of 63 individuals who held only the titles King's Acquaintance and Priest(ess) of Hathor, there were nine persons who have been dated to the Ist Intermediate Period. Five of these were from Sakkara but can only be dased generally to this period (49F, 57F, 68F, 70F, 103F). One was from Deir el-Bahari between the Vith and VIIth Dynasties (114F). One was from Abydos during the Xith Dynasty (83F). One was from Akhmim and has been dated generally to the Ist Intermediate Period (SIF). The last of this group (88F), who is of unknown provenance, has been dated to between che Vith and ViTth Dynasties. None of these nine were royalty or related to royal~ ty and none were men. Of the original group of Priest(esse)s of Hathor, 52 persons held only the title Y=, Hkrt-nsw. w¢t, King's Only Jewel.t4 this title should be distinguished from the title FY, wkrt-nev, King's Jewel, which will be regarded as a distinct and separate title in relation to these Hathoric titles. The use of the title King's Only Jewel was clearly predominant during the Ist Intermediate Period and can be seen to have increased in popularity at the same time that the use of the title King's 10. Junker, Op. cit., v. V, p- 18; similarly, Helck, Op. cit., P+ 27-8. Ll. Allam, Op. cit., p. 15.Acquaintance began to decrease. During the Old Kingdom, thirteen persons held this title in conjunction with the title Priest(ess) of Hathor. I=1 VI=10 0.K.: During the Ist Intermediate Period, 39 persons held these two titles. vIn I=3 X15 Ist! With regard to the geographical distribution of these two titles, the Giza-Sakkara area was again predominant during the Old Kingdoa. However, by the Ist Intermediate Period, Giza had lost its predominance te the Upper Kingdom, particularly to Naga~ed-Dér. In Sakkara, during the Old Kingdon, there were seven priestesses who held only the title King’s Only Jewel (133F, 401F, 143F, 1547, 166F, 1427, 170F). All seven lived during the VIth Dynasty, with six of the seven being dated to the reign of King Pepi II. In Giza, only the IVth Dynasty revealed a Hathoric priestess holding this title (137). Outside of the Giza-Sakkara area, there were only five priestesses holding this distinction attested during the Old Kingdon. Two of these were from Dara (QScefr el~Amarna) near Meir. One (115F) has been dated to the Vth Dynasty while the other (165F) has been dated generally to the Old Kingdom. In Abydos, one priestess (418F) has been dated to the end of the VIth Dynasty. In Naga-ed-Dér, one priestess (124F) has been dated to the VIth Dynasty, and in Aswan, one priestess has been dated generally to the Old Kingdom (120F). During the Ist Intermediate Period, there were no Priestesses of18. Hathor with only the title King’s Only Jewel in the Giza-Sakkara area. However, turning to the south, it is possible to identify 31 priestesses from the Upper Kingdom. In Naga-ed-Dér alone, 24 priestesses can be identified. Two of these (138F, 166F) have been dated to between the Vith and ViTth Dynasties; five (118F, 123F, 129F, 135F, 150F) have been dated to between the VIIIth and ikth Dynasties; four (130F, 134F, 1637, 167F) have been dated to between the Ixth and Xth Dynasties; three (119F, 132bF, 161F) have been dated to between the Xth and Xith Dynasties; ten (132F, 117F, 126F, 139F, 146F, 147F, 148F, 152F, 159F, 430F) have been dated generally to the Ist Inter- mediate Period. In Denderah, one priestess (136F) has been dated to ith Dynasty. Four priestesses (144F, 414F, 423°, 424F) from ‘Aihmim and one (416F) from Mescheijeh have been dated generally to the Ist Intermediate Period. In Thebes, four priestesses (145F, 153F, 372F, 380F) have been dated to the XIth Dynasty, and, in Deir el- Bahari, one priestess (425%) has been dated to the XIth Dynasty. Lastly, four priestesses (128F, 160F, 398F, 402F) who are of unknown provenance, have been dated generally to the Ist Intermediate Period. one of these, naned $"S', has been identified as having beex from Upper Egypt although the exact location has not been determined.1? In Light of this geographical and chronological distribution, it is likely that the renaining five priestesses who are of unknown provenance also resided somewhere within Upper Egypt. 12. Polotsky, "The Stela of Heka-Yeb. (‘JEA 16 (1930): 194-9.19. The combination of the titles Priestess of Hathor and King's Only Jewel clearly reach its peak in popularity in Upper Egypt during the Ist Intermediate Period. This stands in direct contrast to the combination of the titles Priestess of Hathor and King's Acquaintance which reach its peak in popularity in Lover Egypt during the Old Ringdon. It should be noted that there were no men who held only these two titles.13 There were , however, two priestesses holding only these two titles who were of the royal cless. They have both been attested in Thebes during the XIth Dynasty vhere they were commemorated in a series of chapels built by Mentu-Hotep for the women of the royal pardn.l4 “R21 neta che distinction of YORE, gat-now’ art.£, King's Wife Whom He Loves, in addition to her titles of Priestess of Hathor and King's Only Jewel (153F). The inscription of tamama (145F) unfortunately does not record her filiavion with the king, but it does designate her titles as Priestess of Hathor and King's Only Jew el. Two other women, one naned SZ RcS[(\o(127F), the other named Ye cee, who were also commemorated in these Theban chapels, will be discussed below. They both held the titles Priestess of Hat- hor and King's Only Jewel, but they also held other titles in addition to these. Allan has suggested that these royal women from the XIth Dynasty 13. Allan, Op. cit., p. 15. 14. J. Clére, J. Vandier, Textes de la premitre période inter- nédiaire et de 1a Xiéne dynastie (Brussels, Bibliotheca Aegyptica X, 1948), p- 34; Naville, The XIth Dynasty Temple of Deir el~Bahari (London, 1907-13), pt. I, pl. XIII; pt. II, pl. XI; Lythgoe, Bull Metro Mus Art IT (1907):" 196, sarcophagus Metro Mus 07.230.1; Metro Mus 06.1231.53.mark the first occurrence of a King's Wife who also held the title Priestess of Hathor.15 This, however, overlooks three wonen all of vhou held these titles prior to the XIth Dysasty. The oldest example of a King's Wife who participated in the Hathoric cult is that of Qf? (295F) of the Vth Dynasty. Her royalty 1s identified by her titles ERLE > soe-nsw gue-now;. King's Daughter, King's Wife. Her association with the cult of Hathor is identified by her title [AJR TAY, wontr "thr nb(c) Imnt, Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of Imt. The second example is that of SKY Q 737) trom abydos who has been dated to between the Vth and Vith Dynasties. She held the titles sei Bn » Bet.£ nsw mrt.f Spss-nsw: Yontr Bebe, King's Wife Whom He Loved, Royal Noblewoman, Priestess of Hathor. The third example is that of TT (403F) from Abydos who has been dated generally to the Old Kingdon. she also clained the titles FREES PDI gets now art. Ypsst-nsw: gatoner gebr. of the total group of Priestesses of Hathor, six individuals held nty the titte Uf] , ueet-now; King's Jevel.!6 Five were from the Old Kingdom and one was from the Ist Intermediate Period. Ist L.P.s1 Only one of these six priestesses was from Sakkara. She (158F) has been dated to the end of the Vith Dynasty. In Beni Hasan, there was 15. Allam, Op. cit., p. 15. 16. For the definition, see Faulkner, A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (Oxford, 1964), p- 205; Allam, Op. cit., p. 15.one priestess (169F) who has been dated to the Vith Dynasty, and in Meir, one priestess (157F) has been dated to the end of the Vith Dya~ asty. In Aswan, one priestess (156F) has been dated to the end of the Vith Dynasty, and, in El-Kab, one other priestess (155F) has been dated to the Yith Dynasty. The only priestess with only the title King's Jewel who has been dated to the Ist Intermediate Period is of unknowm provenance (399). The use of this title} in conbination with the title Priest- ess of Hathor was clearly predominant during the Vith Dynasty. In Light of this, it is here suggested that these tvo titles vere utilized as 9 transitional form between the period of predominance for the titles Priestess of Hathor and King's Acquaintance in Lover Egypt during the Old Kingdom and the period of predominance for the titles Priestess of Hathor and King's Only Jevel in Upper Egypt during the Tot Intermediate Period. Again, it should be noted that no men held only these two titles.!7 similarly, it should be noted that there were no meabers of the royal family who held only these two titles.18 Of the total group of Priestesses of Hathor, eleven individuals held only the ticle 4° or Y°A", Spss(t)-nsws King's Noblevonaa.® Thien, le pe 1 SMR com, amo we HUY R CPHSH 1 King's Jewel, Priestess of Hathor, King's Daughter, Priestess of Khu- seem er aaa esees Geltw aunug’ thoes aunbete of" che soyelty tho held the titles Priestess of Hathor, King's Jewel, and one or more 19. Allam, Op. cit., p. 15; Helck, Op. cit., p. 116-9.All eleven priestesses were from the Old Kingdom. Val V-VI=l Vie8 0.K. ‘Three of this group were from Abydos, one being from between the Vth and Vith Dynasties (173F), one being from the VIth Dynasty (180F), and one being from the Old Kingdom in general (403F). One priestess vas from Vth Dynasty Dahshur (172F), one was from Vith Dynasty Her- akleopolis (174F), and one was from the end of tae VIth Dynasty in Deshasheh (175F). Pive priestesses from the VIth Dynasty in Meir were all from the same family comprising mother and four daughters (QI71F, 176F, 177F, 178F, 179F). ‘There were two members of the royalty who held only these two titles, both of whom were discussed above on page 20 (403F, 173F). There were no men who held only these two titles. Of the total group of Priestesses of Hathor, there was only one person (253R) who held only the ezete LG), iente ne, Priestess of Neith,20 in conjunction with her Hathoric titles.21 She was from Giza and has been dated to between the IVth and Vth Dynasties. Of the total group of Priestesses of Hathor, 33 priestesses held the title King's Acquaintance and some other title. Two of these held the titles King's Acquaintance and King's Noblewemau. Both of 20. For variant spellings, see Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar (Lon~ don, 1969), p. 503 R24, R25; also see note 23 of this text. 21, The sister of 253F was also a Priestess of Neith. She will be discussed later under her full titles of King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Hathor, Priestess of Neith.23. these have been dated to the VIth Dynasty. One (187F) was from Aby- dos while the other (196F) was from Sakkara. Both were fenale and neither was of the royal family. wo priestesses from this group held the distinctions King's Acquaintance and King's Only Jewel. One (186F) was from Sakkara dur~ ing the Vith Dynasty. The other (185F) was from Deir el-Gebraw! and has also been dated to the VIth Dynesty. Neither of these two priestesses was of the royalty. There were two priestesses who held the titles King’s Acquain- tance and King's Jewel.2? One, whe is of unknown provenance, has been dated generally to the Old Kingdom (189F). The other, who was from Zauriet el-Meitin, has been dated to between the VIth and VIIth Dynasties (188F). Neither of these two was of the royalty. Two priestesses held the three titles King's Acquaintance, King's Jewel, and King's Noblewoman. One, naned §%e [\{lec22F), is known from Akhmim during the Ist Intermediate Period, probably towards the end of that period. This combination of titles was not uncommon in Ist Intermediate Period Akhmim ard will be seen again among the Priestesses of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore. The sec ond priestess, naned (SUMMG'{" (1320), is attested in Naga-ed-Dér between the VIIIth and IXth Dynasties. There were 14 Priestesses of Hathor who also held the titles King's Acquaintance and Priestess of Neith.23 All 14 lived during the 22, Allam, Op. cit., p. 15. 23.Ibid., p. 7; for variant spellings collected in this study: 247F WES IM Se 246F BVT 243F “* 248F 2oor DUES = 2527 SS asar Oo ey 258F H, 099 rar £92 ner Seq use ay assr 3K 4}2h. Old Kingdom and all 14 resided in the Giza-Sakkara area.24 Four of these priestesses vere from Sakkara, with three being dated to the Vth Dynasty (247F, 98F, 258F) and one being dated generally to the Old Kingdom (261F). The remaining ten priestesses were all from Giza. Three have been dated to the Ith Dynasty (245F, 246F, 255F); three have been dated to between the IVth and Vth Dynasties (243F, 252F, 257E); two have been dated to the Vth Dynasty (248F, 251F); one has been dated to between the Veh and VIth Dynasties (256F); and one has been dated generally to the Old Kingdom (254F). It is possible that both the priestess from Sakkara and the one from Giza who have been dated generally to the Old Kingdom can be dated to between the IVth and Vth Dynasties. This is besed on the fact that eleven out of these fourteen priestesses who held Neithic titles have been dated to that period. None of these priestesses were men and none were of the royal family. It should be noted, however, that Junker has suggested that it was women of high rank who held both the titles Priest- ess of Neith and Priestess of Hathor.25 The remaining priestesses of this group all held the title King's Acquaintance and a wide variety of other titles. Eight were from the Old Kingdom and three were from the Ist Intermediate Period. Vie4 0.K.=4 VIII: Ist ‘The geographical distribution of these eleven priestesses is 24. Allam, Op. cit., p- 11. 25. Junker, Op. cit., V. IV, p. 7; similarly, Allen, Op. cit., 16.25. quite diverse. In Giza, there was one priestess who has been dated generally to the Old Kingdom (94F). In Sakkara, there were two priestesses (110F, 99F) who have been dated generally to the Old Kingdom. In Rusae, there was one priestess (60F) who has been dated to the Vith Dynasty. In Deir el-Gebrawi, there was one priestess (185F) dated to the Vith Dynasty, and, from Aswan, there was one priestess (106F) also dated to the VIth Dynasty. The two priestesses of unknown provenance have been dated to the VIth Dynasty (397F) and the Old King- dom (99F) respectively. For the Ist Intermediate Period, there were tuo priestesses from Akhmim (381F, 210F) who have been dated generally to that period. In Nega-ed-Dér, there was one priestess (183F) who hes been dated to bet~ ween the VIIIth and Lith Dynasties. None of these thirteen was of the royalty and none was male. To review this group of 33 priestesses who held the title King's Acquaintance and some other title, 27 were fron the Old Kingdom and six were from the Ist Intermediate Period. Nineteen vere from the Giza-Sakkara area, eleven were from Upper Egypt, and three vere of unknown provenance. ‘This information is consistent with the earlier finding for an Old Kingdom Lover Egyptian predominance for Hathoric titles in association with the title King's Acquaintance. Of the total group of Friestesses of Hathor, eleven held only the title King's Only Jewel and some other title.26 seven of these priestesses held only the titles King's Only Jewel and King's Noble 26. This excluded the two priestesses holding only the titles King's Acquaintance and King's Only Jewel who were mentioned above.26. woman. One of these was fron Sheilh-Said (195F) and has been dated to between the Vth and Vith Dynasties. The renaining six were all from Sakkara. Five of :hese have been dated to the Vith Dynasty (81F, 193F, 191F, 192F), three of whom date to the reign of Pepi II. The last of this group (1947), also being from Sakkara, has been dat~ ed to the Xth Dynasty. All of these eleven were fenale and none was of the royal fanily. Two priestesses held only the title King's Only Jewel and King's Jewel. ‘The occurrence of these tuo titles together ina single inscription fortifies the suggestion above that these two titles mst be regarded as separate and distinct. Both of these priestesses have been dated to the Vith Dynasty and Both are of unknown provenance (184F, 1517). Their occurrence during the Vith Dynasty is consistent with the findings that suggested that the title King's Jewel was used im transition from the title King's Acquaintance to the title King's Only Jewel.27 Two individuals held the titles King's Only Jewel and sone other title. Both have been attested generally in the Ist Intermediate Period and both were from Naga-ed-Dér. One, whose name was RE~l] (149r), was }& priestess in the royal harfn as well as being Priestess of Hathor and King's Only Jewel. The other vas a priest naned Wn (151M) who held several administrative titles, such as {SE £4, overseer of Athes-Hor, the Second None of Upper Egypt, in addition to his Hathorictitle. Neither of these tvo persons was of the royal family. 27. See above, page 21 of this text.27. Therefore, for this group of eleven priestesses who held the title King's Only Jewel and some other title, eight were from the Old Kingdom and three were from the Ist Intermediate Period. Six were from the Giza-Sakkara area, three were from Upper Egypt, and two were of unknown provenance. Three persons held the title King's Noblewoman and some other title in conjunction with theiz Hethoric titles. One, who was from Abydos (400F), has been dated to between the VIth and VIIth Dynasties. One, who was from Naga-ed-Dér (182F), has been dated generaliy to the Ist Intermediate Period. The third (18%), who was named SE] , hhas been dated to the Vith Dynasty in Salamiya. His titles included FA WTP SW deg . bpos-new nb pr-¢3, King's Nobleman, Priest of Hathor, Friend of the Palace, ontr Eth Smr pr imy-r st overseer of the Every Palace Seat. His wife (92F) was also involved in the Hathoric cult. She will be discussed below in accordance with her titles. one Hathoric priegtess held only the tities [93 [@SL2 HQ. Yo-ntr Nt lm-ntr Byiw, Priestess of Neith, Priestess of Khufu. Her nane was S22 {) (244), and she resided in Giza probably between the end of the IVth Dynasty and the beginning of the Veh. She clained the distinction of RSS EK , sye nsw ne he.£, King's Daughter of Bis Body. Seven Priestesses of Hathor held none of the subsidiary titles here considered but did hold one or more other titles in conjunction with their Hathoric titles. All seven of these were from the Old Kingdom and six of the seven lived in the Giza-Sakkara area. Five of28. the seven were men. I=1 V=3 V-VIel 0.K.=2 From Giza, during the 1Vth Dynasty, one priestess whose name vas AS eer) vas YGNT gue nsw ur(t).£, King's Wie Whom He Loves for King Shepseskaf as well as being VNELW~, s(t) nsw nt ht.f, King's Daughter of His Body. Her tities included (R)4] G&A RS AGS HEV 2 98 be req] Ue Bo-ntr Ytbr bket we be-ntr Noty-Spss ort.£ bm-ogr Br (Spss) m33 Hr Sth ku-ntr t3tyspf hswti wrt, Priestess of Hathor, Great Ornament, Beloved Priestess of Nebty-Shep- ses, Priestess of (Horus)-Shepses, One who sees Horus and Seth, Priest- ess of ThaSepef, Great Favorite. From Giza, during the Vth Dynasty, there was one priest named @3® (26M) whose titles included BUpl-a-. Priest of Hathor, One Belonging to the Attendants of the King's Children (or, Mouth of the Attendants of the King's Children).?® Between the Vth and VIth Dynasties, also in Giza, was another priest, whose sane vas BRENE. mp. Bis efetes sneruaes (K]4R foe G Lion 40 gence ebe wtb nsw. bm-ntr web nsw, Priest of Hathor, Royal Wb, Royal WSb Priest. His wife was recorded in his inscription, but she was not affiliated with the cult of Hathor. ess naned €) (28) who held the titles SE TRY. meee t-ner Hthr, Mrt.t and Priestess of Hathor. She was recorded on the same 28. K. Martin, Reliefs des Alten Reiches (Hildeshein, Pelizaeus- Museum, 1978), t. I, p. 473 A. Ippel, G. Roeder, Die DenimAler das Pelizacus-Museum 2u Hildesheim (Berlin, K. Curtis, 1921), p. 61, #4.29. ranted as another vouan named "YQ who vas {SEP AQ, wee. io air Nt, Mett and Priestess of Neith. The relationship of the tvo wonen is not explained. there are only three other examples of a Priestess of Hathor tho also held the titte JSS. one was 2 wnan nased £2, 2H (272F) who was eeTvs Wrote, Met.t bm-ntr Ne wpt- wavt borage Hehe abe nhe rht-novy. Urt.t, Priestess of Neith Wept= wawet, Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore, King's Acquain— tance. She was also attested in Giza during the Old Kingdom. Another was 2 voran sane 2%, (2698) who wes JSS SSS) SRT HOS NS 0 SE SB SSBNS ae yew. ab sgh pr geye abe ht iwnt ovate Ne Wpwgut mrt.t mente thr nbt nht, King’s Acquain- tance, Mistress, Venerated One before Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore and Mistress of Tunt, Priestess of Neith Weptwawet, Mrt.t, Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore. She, likewise, lived in Giza during the IVth Dynasty. The third exouple is a onan naned PS Yul! (2428) who was also attested in Gizi during the IVth Dynasty. She neta the tivtes TSS SE WSS NY , ey-cow tener ve mete porner Bebe, King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Neith, Mrt.t, Priestess of Hathor. The title 9 appears to have been a very old title. It has been identified in some archaic stratum clay seal fragnents?° as well as sone IInd and Ilird Dynasty fragmented inscriptions.>1 By 29. For variants, see Junker, Op. cit., v- V, p- 141; Fischer, Egyptian Studies: Varia I (New York, Metro Mus Art, 1974), p. 69 30. Quibell, Hierakonpolis (London, Bernard Quaritch, 1900), pl. 70, #10, 14. 31. R. Weill, Monuments 2e et 3e dynasties (Paris, 1908), p. 316.the O14 Kingdom, the title appears to have been associated prinerily with wonen, Exman records J as an Old Kingdon wonan's tseie.32 Petrie, in Abydos, identified the title as a “female title common in the IIIrd Dynasty and the early part of the Ivth."33 One Vth Dynasty example is seen in 2 voman named $82 vho bore the tities $US # and, certainly, throughout the VIth Dynasty, there are many examples of women who held this title.3> tn nost cases where this title is recorded by a woman $e was her only title, Tn three cases, it was held in conjunction with the title King's Acquetatence. In four cases, the title was held simultaneously by @ mother and one or sore daughters. with regard to the four Priestesses of Hathor who held the title Mrt.t (and the one Priestess of Neith), they represent the only examples where a title other than King's Acquaintance was also indicat~ ee eee ee ee enna priestly title and appears to be Linked to it as one title. If dt was, in fact, intended to be read as one title, then 1 could per~ haps be read as "Mrt.t-priestess of Hathor (or Neith)" or "Mrt.t and Priestess of Hathor (or Neith)." In either case, the implication would be one of @ person vho served in a art.t capacity for the cult of the particular divinity. 32. Erman, Grapow, Worterbuch der Zgyptischen Sprache (leipzig, 1929-31), v. II, p. 45. 33. Petrie, Abydos (London, E.E-F., 1902-04), v. II, p. 41, pl. XVI #9. 34, Petrie, Medum (London, David Nutt, 1892), pl. XV; see also Maspero, Memoirs Mission Archéologique frangaisewn Cairo (Paris, E. LeRoux, 1885), v- I, p- 191, pt. 2. 35. Murray, Index of Names and Titles in the Old Kingdom (London, British School of Egyptian Archeology, 1908), pl. XX.ae oe ecner specifically with agriculture and field workers.36 If this interpret- ORO ae, Cy ae eee ee eee ee ee tee eee dedicated to Hathor in VIth Dynasty Tehneh.37 This was done, no wohold Les religious standards, ‘the miscmence of the finectsl eee The camps of tut etd ey eh eee §& ox omy tor te O14 Hingioa. Eovever, all. five tathorte or Hefthic enaples occurred only in this cult center and only during the Old Kingdom. 36. Helck, Op. cit., p. 102. 37. Sethe, Urkunden des Alten Reiches (Leipzig, J.C. Hinrichs, 1933), v. I, pe 26-32.32. Further, the statistics of this study would suggest that such an association occurred only within the cuits of Neith and Hathor. It is possible that those fields and estates belonging to both Hathor and Neith, which are known to have existed outside of the fortified city walls of the Old Kingdom capital,3® were located together in one special-precinct ‘area, anid'that, in‘that precinct, ‘the two. cults shared the services of those priestesses affiliated with either cult who also served in a mrt.t capacity. Returning to the group of seven individuals. who held ‘none of the subsidiary titles but did hold other titles in conjunction with their Hathoric ones, two priests can be identified in Vth Dynasty Sakkara. one, namea >] (12m), neld several priestly titles including ENS LAT PSO OTE T MT ee ese tx S8it hu-ntr Nbny-r¢ bm-ntr Inpw sh-(ntr) web iswt-web-Werk3f, Priest of Userkaf, Priest of Menkawre, Priest of Seshat, Priest of the Sun Temple of Nekhen-Re, Priest of Anubis in the Divine Booth, # ‘b in the pyranid Levt-Web-Userkaf. ‘The other priest was TSS (61m) who also was associeted with the Sun Tenple of King Userkaf. His titles, as recorded by Borchardt (A), Mariette (8), and Pirenne (C), show considerable variations: «@) 38. See pages 40, 50 for discussion of Hathoric properties north and south of the Old Kingdom Residence.© hohit t ye wi on CTE r Apparently, on the strength of those inscriptions recorded by Mar— iette, Allam, in Beitrige 2um Hathorkult, has suggested that this Pth~ tp was a Priest of Hathor within the Mrt of King Userkaf.39 However, if this were the case, the inscription would be expected to follow the pattern whereby the word WH, art, is determined by the sign [3 and the signs 4] concluded the whole title. This can be seen in the ecte [KX of Hathor and Userkaf. This pattern can certainly be seen in the sev— eSeS 6 eee ee ee royal are-tlding are apecttialty samnetiea: (EUW (44 39. Allan, Op. cit., p. 9,m. 4 40. Mariette, Op. cit., D10.BETS « asset MEN a Edie - eT en Ptah-Hotep did, in fact, serve as Priest of Hathor but that he did so in a capacity separate and distinct from that of his position as Met-priest. Pie lest priest of this group is dated to the Old Kingdom in general. He is of ucinayn provenance (17M). He worked as a crafts- person holding the title (W°<]q , Tny-r gavty, Overseer of the Sculptors, as did his grandfather and his brother. He was apparently the only menber of his family to hold the title of Priest of Hathor. The next group of Priest(esse)s of Hather to be considered is that of those who, in addition to their priestly titles, held the distinction of being venerated, praised or beloved of Hathor.4> Fifteen persons fall into this catagory, six of whom were from the Old King- dom and nine of whom were from the Ist Intermediate Period. 2 Wied O.K.=1' VII-VIII=1 VIII=1 1X-X=2 Ist 1.P.=4 During the Old Kingdom in general, there was one such priestess in 41. Tbid., p. 418-9, ELS. 42, Tbid., p. 456, H10; Murray, in Index of Names and Titles in the Old Kingdom, records the titles (OC MMINS, Hp and CHM ‘as being held by Issi (H10). However, I was Sabie able wrlocate either of these titles in Yariette. I did find the one fete recorded shave listed for Issi. This is similar to the title RS SURS as recorded for 392F. 43. Mariette, Op. cit., E16. 44. Tbid., D65. 45. Allam, Op. cit., p. 20; for variants, see Fischer, Op. cit., p. 51-53. iGiza (250F). During the VIth Dynasty, there were two priestesses (249F, 95F) in Sakkara, one (121F) in Athribis, one (92F) in Salamiya, and one (29F) who is of unknown provenance. For the Ist Intermediate Period, there were four priestesses who have been dated generally to that period. Two were from Naga~ed- dé, one deing named BAQYSP. (328), and one being naned ,B. eels Bai as 225F). Another, naned *1}(If.,(204F) was from the region of Rizagat-Gebelein across the river from Salamiya. The fourth priestess was $% (421P) who is attested in Akimim. In Thebes, during the XIth Dynasty, two women from the royal harfm of Mentu-Hotep were venerated before Hathor (162F, 164F). In Assidut, between the IXth and Xth Dynasties, there was one priestess (122F). In Herakleopolis, between the VITth and VIIIth Dynasties, there was one priestess (168F) and, lastly, from Sakkara, during the VITIth Dynasty, there was one Priestess (3757). ALL nine of the Ist Intermediate Period priestesses in this group held the title King's Only Jewel; one IVth Dynasty priestess held the title King's Acquaintance. All fifteen were wonen and, al~ though two were recorded in a royal hari, none were of the royal family. ALL were venerated, praised, or beloved before Hathor. There were also certain persons who claimed the distinction of being venerated, praised, or beloved of athor but who did not hold a title within the cult cf Hathor. Such distinctions were prevelant in association with the king. For example, the nunerous triad statues of Menkawre of the Old Kingdom are so inscribed that Menkawre was "beloved of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore in all herPlaces."46 similarly, Khafre was recorded as being beloved of Bathor in his valley temple in Giza.47 In the VIth Dynasty, Teti dedicated a sistrum to Hathor at Denderah which included the inscription: "The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Son of Re, Teti, Beloved of Hathor, Mistress of Denderah..."48 Other menbers of the royal fanily also claimed this type of distinction. 5 Co* mlb SSQYLo carr) who was King's Daughter of His Body, clained to have been (YG SARRE [KIS roxy yw. £ hsst thr r(nb, Venerated One before iim and Praised before Hathor every day." S&St ie attested in Sakkara during the VIth Dynasty. Menbers of the noble class shared these distinctions as well. one nate, naned (BUDS Fieal] coo, who ves 2 resident of Denderah during the Vith Dynasty, claimed a list of distinguished titles as weil as the phrase bMS S FSS AVS. tube or pebe ab a iwmt, Venerated One Before Hathor, Mistress of Denderah. One woman, also of the noble class (410F), claimed the titles King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Neith Weptwawet, and the distinction Venerated One before Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore, Mistress of Iwat. She did not, however, claim the title of Priestess of Hathor. She was a resident ef Gize during the IVth Dynasty. One other male member of the noble 46. E. Terrace, Fischer, Treasures of Egyptian Art in the Cairo Museum (London, Thames & Hudson, Ltd., 17) eS “45-48; A.G. Reisner, Mycerinus, The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza (Cambridge, Har- vard University, 1931), v. I, p. 109; Allam, Op. cit., p. 20, 21. 47. Uro Hélscher, Das Grabdenkmal des Kénigs Chephren (Leipzig, J.C. Hinrichs, 1912), p. 58. 48. N. de Davies, JEA 6 (1916): pl. 8, 69; W.C. Hayes, The Scep- ter of Egypt (New York, Metro Mus Art, 1953), v. I, p. 125; Jequier, Considerations sur les religions égyptiennes (Neuchatel, 1946), p. 205; ‘Allam, Op. cit., p. 90class (308M), who is attested in Sakkara during the VIth Dynasty, casimed the distintion of being QA SS [RT Wie. mage br Htbr nbt ise, Venerated One before Hathor, Mistress of Iwnt. Among his other titles is recorded Overseer of the Priests which, although it does not specifically indicate the cult of Hathor, will be discussed below for its possible Eathoric conections.49 Among the general population such Hathoric distinction were also frequently utilized. one male, named Ball) on, vno rived in Giza during the Old Kingdom, claimed no titles and only one distinc— tion, that being Ms4a) » Venerated before Hathor. Inter- estingly enough, his inscription was recorded on a tomb lintel which also recorded the inscriptions of one Priestess of Hathor (288F) and one Priestess of Neith.50 Another woman, named G8 (412F), claimed the single title of King's Acquaintance and the distinction @xo[Q]G,, puget aebr re nb, Who worships Hathor every day. She is attested in Memphis dur- sng the 1th Dynasty. One final example, a vonmn, named YS" R={] (429F), is known froma stela found in Assioit and dated to between the VIIth and VIIIth Dynasties. No genealogical material was recorded on her stela so it is difficultto determine-her social: status. ter, inscription only included. che.atattaction > SAQS BBS TL. tmay ve aepe ae 12d, veneraved One ben. fore Hathor, Mistress of Mad. 51 49. See page 113 of this text. 50. C. S. Fisher, The Minor Cenetery at Giza (Philadelphia, University Museum, 1934), p. 146, #21, pl. 49, PHE.13529. SL. P. Lacau, Sarcophages antériers au nouvel empire (Le Caire, 1904-06), v. II, #28119; Gardiner, ABO (Oxford, University Press,It is probable that those persons who claimed these Hathoric distinctions did so out of religious devotion to Hathor rather than for any social or political benefit. Venerations before the Mistress of Denderah appear to have been the most popular type of distinction. ‘This was particularly true among the royalty who bestowed lavish there does grants and offerings on that temple center. However, mot appear to have been any social barrier or geographical restric— tions for these religious distinctions. A priestess from Naga-ed-Dér, for example, was free to devote her worship to Hathor as the Mistress of Denderah. Similarly, a resident from Giza, not otherwise affil- dated with the cult of Hathor, was permitted to worship both the Mistress of the Sycamore and the Mistress of Iwat. Allam, in Bei- trige zum Hathorkult, has suggested that the reference to the Mist~ ress of Denderah in Giza, where the cult of the Mistress of the Syc- amore was supreme, may have been due to the transferring or moving of certain persons from Denderah to Giza, or, presumably, from any cult center to another.5? This would, indeed, have been the case for one particular man, that being Imi (308M), who was attested in both Giza and Denderah during the Vith Dynasty. It would also appear to have been the case for one woman, named Ifi (234F), who moved from Giza to 1947), v. II, p. 68; Allam, Op. cit., p. 95-6; Lacau dates this stela to the Vith Dynasty, but as ali indications forf¥ZaUIédd are Middle Kingdom or Heracleopolitan period, it has been designated here as be~ tveen the VIIth and VIIIth Dynasties. Chassinat, in Une campagne de fouilles dans la necroplis d'Assiolt (Le Caire, 1911), p. 179, 189, 221, also records several persons honored before Hathor as the Mis- tress of Mdd. All of his examples have been dated to between: the kth end Xth Dynasties. 52. Allan, Op. cit., p. 21.Hamemieh during the IVth Dynasty.°? However, no other cases can be documented. As the name of the Mistress of Denderah can be found in such remote areas as Rizagat-Gebelein (304F), it seems more likely that these distinctions reflect devotion to and religious pre- ference for Hathor as the Mistress of Denderah, or for Hathor in any other cult affiliation. It should be noted that the ratio of men who claimed these types of Hathorie distinctions to women who also claimed them is much more proportionate. This would also point to a demonstration of religious involvement. If it were not possible for men to actively participate in the service of this deity, they could at least actively participate in her worship. They could demonstrate their faith through the use of these Hathoric distinctions. Special consideration shall be given to two priestesses as their unique titles prevent them from being catagorized exactly into any of the classifications so far discussed. Both were Priestess of Hathor. Both also held a second position in the cult of Hathor that was unique to that person. ‘The first woman was naned/=AES (395F). She has been attest~ ed in Giza between the IVth and Vth Dynasties. Her titles included VSD ME Se AVES. yoo pease gene ae ntr Nt Wptw3wt hm-ntr Hthr mbtt inb, King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Hathor, Priestess of Neith Weptwawet, Priestess of Hathor, North of the Wall. Her title of Priestess of Hathor, North of the Wall, 53:.See page 115 for further discussion on Imi and page 88 for further éiscussion on Ifi.undoubtedly refers to Hathor's temple in the Giza necropolis which has been identified north of the fortification wall of that city.54 It ds possible that thenorthern side of the city was designated as a sacred or temple precinct where other deities as well had cult buildings and estates. It is, for example, known that a temple dedicated to the god Ptah was built north of the fortification wall in Memphis.55 Similarly, the goddess Neith, who is frequently identified by the attribute North of the Wall, probably had tenpes in that northern iocation as well.5® It is curious that Nbt-htp did not hold the position of Priestess of Neith, North of the Wall rather than that of Neith Weptwawet. Such a combination would have been consistent with the suggestion on page 32 that these two goddesses shared certain fields and estates in a location north of the fort~ ification wall of the Old Kingdom capital. However, as Nbt-htp is the only woman documented in this study to have held the title of Priestess of Hathor, North of the Wall, it is not possible to sug gest a specific priestly title that would have served both Neith and Hathor in their sanctuaries north of the city wall. f the eocond prisstens to be considered here vas aan QIGYYY (96F). She is attested in Hamemieh during the IVth Dynasty. She held the positions of King's Acquaintance and Priestess of Hathor. 55. Ibid., p. 3+: 56. Wendy Wood, "A Reconstruction of the Triads of King Myc~ exinus," JEA 60 (1974): 92-3; Rameses Maftah, "Die uralte Syko- more und andere Erscheinungen der Hathor," ZKS 92 (1962): 425 I. E.S. Edwards, Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge, 1971), v. I, Pt. 2, pe 53.Her inscription remains in a very fragmented condition, but it is possible to see these two titles written clearly in three separate places. tn a fourth place, her inscription reads Y{_\ 49, ee eee ieee oe that, due to the sinflarlity of the sign to the seth sign, A, this title should read "Priestess of Hathor and Seth."57 Hathor is known to have been associated with Seth in one particular Coffin Text inscription. There, she is labeled the "Mistress of the Northern Sky"" and Seth is labeled the "Lord of the Northern Sky."58 Also, in the XIth Dynasty Temple of Hathor at Deir el-Bahari, Hathor can be seen in one relief with the gods Anon and Seth with King Mentu-Hotep. In that context, she is regarded as the "Mistress of Denderah."59 qn no other instance is Hathor connected with Seth in either a teaple or colt. Nor 1s there any other example of a priesthood for athor and Seth together. Tt, therefore, seens unlikely that the title 7 should be read "Priestess of Hathor and Seth." This is, perhaps, a variant spelling for the title ay > Or simply an erroneous spelling for that title. Such an explanation would seem more likely in light of the fact that Khentkawes was thrice 1abeted [KJ4 with no reference to the titie (1149 ana cnty once tabeted [JT] wien ao reference to he exe [RTAY - 57. Mackay, Harding, Petrie, Babrien and Hamemieh (iondon, University College, 1929), p. 31, pl. IX-XVII. 58. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts (Warminster, Aris & Phillips, Ltd., 1973), p. 256-7, Spell 332. 59. Naville, The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir el~Bahari (London, E.E.F., 1907), pt. I, p. 405 pt. Il, pl. 5d pt. Iii, pl. 7, 12.This completes the examination of those priestesses who held the title Priestess of Hathor. In total, 236 individuals have been recorded. Ten of these were men, nine of whom were from the Old King- dom and one of whom was from the Ist Intermediate Period. Five of the men were from the Giza~Sakkara area, four were from Upper Egypt, and one was of unknown provenance. 60 From the total group of 236 priestesses, 161 have been dated to the Old Kingdom, 71 of whom have been dated to the Vith Dynasty. Dur- ing the Ist Intermediate Period, 75 priestesses have been identified. Most of these can not be identified within one specific dynastic period, although 20 of them can be dated to the end of that period between the IXth and XIth Dynasties. Therefore, from those persons who held the singular Hathoric title of Priestess of Hathor, it is clear that the cult realized its greatest popularity during the Old Kingdom with a peak in popularity during the Vith Dynasty. Allan, in Beitrage zum Hathorkult, has reached a similar conclusion based on the amount of offerings extended to the cult of Hathor by the royalty during the Old Kingdom. Geographically, 107 priestesses have been attested within Lover Egypt which, for this study, inciudes Athribis, Dahshur, Giza, 60. The identification numbers for the ten Priests of Hathor are 10M, 12M,17M, 18M, 26M, 38M, 53M, 61M, 80M, 151M. This total does not include two men who held the title Priest of Hathor. One, named "GPx (Su), held the position of Inspector of the Priests as well as Priest of Hathor. He shall be recorded below. The other, named &} SS -(36M), also served as Overseer of the Sycamore Sanct- uary of Hathor and will be recorded below also. 61. Allam, Op. cit., p. 50.GRAPH IA records the chronological breakdown for the total group of 236 Priestesses of Hathor. Lower Egypt here includes Athribis, Dahshur, Giza, Heliopolis, Memphis, and Sakkara. Upper Egypt includes Abydos, Akhmim, Assiout, Aswan, Beni Hasan, Chenoboskian Dara, Denderah, Deir el-Bahari, Deir el-Gebrawi, Deshasheh, El— Kab, Hanemich, Herakleopolis, Meschiejch, Meir, Nagada, Naga-ed~ Dér, Rizagat-Gebelin, Salaniya, Sheikh Said, Tehneh, Thebes, and Zauiet el-Meitin. LOWER EGYPT UPPER EGYPT wv 10 Ww 1 wy 2 w-v v 16 v v-vr 6 yur vr 32 vr OK 24 OK VI-VIL VI-vII 5 VII-VIIE VII-VIIT 1 VIIT vit VIII-1X VIII-Ix 8 Ix x 1 IX-K Der x x X-xL Rx 3 XI XI 10 Ist IP Ist IP 28 UNKNOWN PROVENANCE wv v vr OK VI-VIL Ist 1B44, Heliopolis, Memphis, and Sakkara. The chronological breakdown for these areas: is:recorded: in Graph IB. Within Lower Egypt, 55 priestesses have been attested in Sakkara, 47 in Giza, one in Memphis, and one in Heliopolis. Therefore, within the area imediately surrounding and including the Old Kingdom Royal Residence, 104 priestesses are identifiable. Only seven priestesses attested in Lower Egypt have been identified during the Ist Intermediate Period. All seven of these resided in Sakkara. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that within Lower Egypt and, more specifically, within the Old King- dom Residence, the title of Priestess of Hathor was primarily an Old Kingdom phenomenon. Graph I-B records the chronological distribution for the Lower Egypt~ Gan locations during the Old Kingdom and Ist Intermediate Period. SAKKARA Giza w 2 wv IW-v 2 Ivey vo7 v VevVI 1 Vv-vI VI 28 VI ok a) OK VIZ 1 =) IstIP 5 MEMPHIS HELIOPOLIS 7 WEL vr i 10 8 4 2 ATHRIBIS DAHSHUR 16 he vou vd Within Upper Egypt, 105 priestesses have been identified. For this study that includes the areas of Abydos, Akhmim, Assiolt, Beni Basan, Chenoboskian, Dara, Denderah, Deir el-Bahari, Deir el-Gebrav!, Deshasheh, El-Kab, Hamemich, Herakleopolis, Meschiejch, Meir, Nagada, Naga-ed-Dér, Rizagat-Cebelein, Salaniya, Sheikh Said, Tebneh, Thebes, and Zauriet el-Meitin. provenance. ‘The remaining 25 priestesses are of unknownWithin Upper Egypt, Naga-ed-Dér appears to have held the largest number of priestesses. Thirty-five out of a total of 105 priestesses can be identified in that location. Thirty-four of these 35 have been dated to the Ist Intermediate Period while the single remaining priestess has been dated to the VIth Dynasty. This would clearly indicate that the Naga~ed-Dér participation in the cult of Hathor should be considered a Ist Intermediate Period phenomonon. Graph I-C records the chronological distribution for the Upper Egypt- Han locations during the Old Kingdom and the Ist Intermediate Period. NAGA-ED-DER AKEMT ABYDOS SWAN ASSIOUT VE oie eee v-vI VI 3 eX 1 VI-VIE. 2 Istip 9 VL OK 1 VIII-IX 8 OK Tx 4 VI-VIL X-XI 3 x IstIp 17 BENI HASAN CHENOBOSKIAN DARA DENDERAH DEIR EL~BAHART VE es 2 Iv-V 1 VI-VIE 1 xt a Vo 2) 1 DEIR EL-GEBRAWI DESHASHEH HAMEMTEH © HERAKLEOPOLTS VE 2 a yr 1 OK 1 VII-VIIT 1 MESCHIEJCH RIZAGAT —SALAMTYA Isto IstIP 10 VI 2 SHEIKH SATD ZAURIET EL-MEITIN V-vI 1 VIVIE 1 Akhmin shows the second largest group of Priestesses of Hathor. There, twelve persons are ideatifiable,. nine of whom have been dated to the Ist Intermediate Period. Deir el-Bahari and Thebes also appear to have held the majority of their Priestesses of Hathor during theIst Intermediate Period. All of the remaining Upper Egyptian locations as identified in Graph I-C were primarily active during the Old Kingdom with respect to the title Priestess of Hathor. Ten of those 22 locations had only Old Kingdom participation. Two more, Denderah and Abydos, show the majority of activity during the Old Kingdon. Meir, in particular, is noteworthy. A significant number of Priestesses of Hathor are evidenced in that cult center during the Hathor is known to have been the chief deity for that Vith Dynasty. city from its earliest history. She was considered "Hathor, the Mis- tress of Kusae," and her cult survived well into the New Kingdom. There is substantial evidence that the cult of Hathor was very active in Kusae during the Middle Kingdom,63 and the findings of this study substantiate an active cult during the Old Kingdom, specifically during the VIth Dynasty. There would, then, appear to have been a conspicuous absence of priestesses during the Ist Intermediate Period in Kusae. This is more profound when it is noted that there was Ist Intermediate Period activity in the cult of Hathor to the north of Meir in Beni Hasan, and to the south in Assiout and Akhmim. To summarize, geographically, most Hathoric activity as denon:- strated through the title Priestess of Hathor occurred in Lower Egypt, primarily within the Giza-Sakkara area. This Giza-Sakkara activity clearly happened during the Old Kingdom. Within Upper Egypt, @ larger number of priestesses can be identified during the Ist Inter- mediate Period than during the Old Kingdom, but most Upper Egyptian 62, Allam, Op. cit., p. 23-5; Blackman, Op. cit., v. I, p. 1-2. 63. Blackman, Op. cit., v. I, p- 1-2.Hathoric activity occurred during the Old Kingdom. Chronologically, the majority of Hathoric activity as denonstrat~ ed through the use of the title Priestess of Hathor, for both Upper and Lower Egypt, occurred during the Old Kingdom. Exceptions to this are Naga-ed-Dér, Akhnin, and Thebes, vhere the majority of the Priest- esses are in evidence during the Ist Intermediate Period. With regard to the subsidiary titles including King's Acquain- tance, King's Only Jewel, King's Jewel, King's Noblewoman, and any Neithic priestly title, certain geographical and chronological pat ters can be identified. From the total of 63 person who held only the title King's Acquaintance only nine lived during the Ist Inter- mediate Period. Four of these mine lived in Upper Egypt, while the remaining five lived in Sakkara. Thirty-eight of the 63 lived in Lower Egypt, 19 lived in Upper Egypt, and six are of unknown provenance. This information can be combined with that of the 33 priestesses who held the title King's Acquaintance and sone other title. ‘Twenty-seven of those lived during the Old Kingdom, six during the Ist Intermediate Period. Nineteen were from Lover Egypt, eleven were from Upper Egypt, and three are of unknown provenance. All six who lived during the Ist Intermediate Period have been attested in Upper Egypt. In total, 96 Priestesses of Hathor held the title King's Acquain- tance either exclusively or with some other titie. Fifty-seven have been attested in Lower Egypt or in the Giza-Sakkara area specifically, 30 are attested in Upper Egypt, and nine are of unknown provenance. Eighty-one lived during the Old Kingdom, fifteen lived during the IstIntermediate Period. Fifty-two Priestesses of Hathor who also held Lower Egypt =57 Old Kingdom =81 Lower Egypt Upper Egypt =30 Ist I. P. =15 Lower Egypt Unknown =9 Upper Egypt Upper Egypt the title King's Acquaintance lived in Lower Egypt during the Old Kingdom. The use of these two titles together was clearly predominant during the Old Kingdom in Lower Egypt. Of this group of 96 priestesses, two were men. The title King's Only Jewel was the second most popular distinc~ tion. Sixty-three Priestesses of Hathor held it either exclusively or in conjunction with one or more titles. Fourteen of these are attested in Lower Egypt, 43 are attested in Upper Egypt, and six are of unknown provenance. A total of 21 Priestesses of Hathor with the title King's Only Jewel lived during the Old Kingdom while 42 priestesses lived during the Ist Intermediate Period. Thirteen of this Lower Egypt =14 Old Kingdom =21 Lower Upper Egypt =43 Ist I. P. =42 Lower Unknown = 6 Upper Upper Egypt IstIP =37 group Lived in Lower Egypt during the Old Kingdom but only one priestess resided in Lower Egypt during the Ist Intermediate Period. In contrast to this, six priestesses with the title King's Only Jevel Lived in Upper Egypt during the Old Kingdom while 37 lived in Upper Egypt during the Ist Intermediate Period. Clearly, the use of the title King's Only Jewel by the Priestesses of Hathor was predominantamong those Upper Egyptain residents during the Ist Intermediate Period. This information substantiates the suggestion that the title King's Acquaintance as utilized by the Priestesses of Hathor reached its peak in popularity during the Old Kingdom in Lower Egypt and be~ gan to decrease in use at the same tine that the use of the title King's Only Jewel by Priestesses of Hathor, which reached its peak in popularity during the Ist Intermediate Period in Upper Egypt, in~ creased. Naville, in The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir el~Bahari, also re~ corded a correlation between the titles Priestess of Hathor and King's Only Jewel. He stated: sssWe must conclude that there was a college of Priestesses of Hathor who all had the title of royal favorites, or that the princesses of the harfm of the kings, probably those who lived at Thebes, were Priestesses of Hathor specially devoted to the goddess.64 ‘The statistics of this study do substantiate certain geographical and chronological patterns and preferences such as is identified above by Naville. There was, in fact, a high instance of Priestesses of Hathor holding the title King's Only Jewel in Thebes and Deir el~Bah- ari during the Ist Intermediate Period. However, in no geographical area did there appear an exclusive use of a title such as King's Only Jewel in association with the cult of Hathor. It is, therefore, not possible to support the idea of a college of priestesses or grouping of any kind for the priestesses according to these subsidiary titles. No cult center required its priestesses to have a particular subsid~ iary title. Nor can the prevalence of a particular title in 64: Navillé; ‘Op. eits, volume T; p, 8.association with the Hathoric Priestesses be used to evaluate a func~ tion or responsibility that these priestesses may have fulfilled. It is feasible to utilize the subsidiary titles to interpret the social standings of the Priestesses of Hathor. This would certainly be reflected in Naville's observation that the princesses of the royal karim in Thebes who were Priestesses of Hathor also held the title King's Only Jewel. This title would have been indicative of their social connection to the king® and would, perhaps, have been indica~ tive of all of the women in that royal harfn regardless of their affil~ dation with the cult of Hathor. ‘Therefore, for the Ist Intermediate Period, the title King's Only Jewel is useful in establishing the royal identity of some. women who participated in the cult of Hathor, but it is not useful in identifying then in any special devotion to that cult. ‘The title King's Jewel was claimed by a total of eleven priest esses. This title, unlike that of King's Only Jewel, was predominantly used during the Old Kingdom with a peak in popularity during the Vth Dynasty. Nine of the eleven priestesses have been dated to the Old Kingdom and seven of these nine have been dated to the VIth Dynasty. However, like the title King's Only Jevel, this title wes primarily an Lower Egypt Old Kingdom Lower Egypt OK =2 Upper Egypt Ist I.P. Lower Egypt IstIP ‘Unknown Upper Egypt OK Upper Egypt IstIP Upper Egyptian phenomenon. This information vould substantiate the 65. Allam, Op. cit., p. 15.suggestion that the title King's Jewel was used in Upper Egypt dur~ fing the Old Kingdom, particularly during the Vith Dynasty, in combina~ tion with the title Priestess of Hathor as a transitional form from the predominant use of the title King's Acquaintance to the use of the title King's Only Jewel. The use of the title King's Noblewoman by the Priestesses of Bathor was also predominantly Old Kingdom in practice. The eleven priestesses who held this title exclusively were all from the Old Kingdom. Of the ten priestesses who held this title with one or more other titles, seven were from the Old Kingdom and three were from the Ist Intermediate Period. Fourteen of the total group of 21 have been dated specifically to the Vith Dynasty. Geographically, this title Lower Egypt Old Kingdom =18 Lower Egypt OK =7 Upper Egypt Ist LP. 3 Lower Egypt IstIP =1 Upper Egypt OX =i Upper Egypt IstIP =2 appears to have been an Upper Egyptian favorite as 13 out of the total of 21 priestesses have been attested in that region. Therefore, the titles King's Jewel and King's Noblewoman were used by Priestesses of Hathor predominantly in Upper Egypt during the Old Kingdom. They were used in Upper Egypt at the same time that the title King's Acquaintance was used by Priestesses of Hathor in Lower Egypt. Their use vas largely discontinued in Upper Egypt dur ing the Ist Intermediate Period when the title King's Only Jewel predominated. ‘A total of 20 Priestesses of Hathor also held a priestly title in the cult of Neith. all 20 have been attested in the Giza-Sakkaraarea during the Old Kingdom. The majority of these have been dated to the IVth and Vth Dynasties. None of these priestesses held the titles King's Only Jewel, King's Jewel, or King's Noblevoman. This would be consistent with the geographical and chronological patterns for these three titles as described above. Eighteen of the 20 held the title King's Acquaintance. One of those who did not hold this distinction was King's Daughter of His Body. This would also be consistent with the patterns discerned above. As was suggested above, an evaluation of these subsidiary titles is useful in determining the social status of the women involved iin the cult of Hathor. However, this should not be amstmed to mean that there existed an established social requirement for entrance into the service of the cult of Hathor. On the contrary, it can be shown by the presence or absence of these titles that there existed within the cult of Hathor during both the Old Kingdom and the Ist Intermediate Period a cross section of Egyptian society among its participants. Thirty-one of these priestesses held no title or distinction other than their Hathoric one. One priest, who held none of these subsidiary titles, held the position of Overseer of the Sculptors. Most of those who held the title King's Acquaintance came from families of the noble class, and several who held the title King's Only Jewel were affiliated with the royalty. For both the chronological periods, priestesses who were directly related to the royalty as either wife or daughter, some with these subsidiary titles, some without, can be identified. Therefore, representative from all of the Egyptian social strata can be found among the membership of the Priestesses of Hathor.Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore nose persons holding the eitie [RMPLINIO, nesestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore, comprise a group of 52 women. rr is a well-known fact that the cult of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore vas established in the Memphite area froma time early within the Old Kingdom and that it survived well into the New Kingdom.67 Tt is not surprising that 47 of the total 52 Priestesses of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore lived in the Giza-Sakkara area. Forty-nine of the 52 have been dated to the Old Kingdom and only four priestesses, all from Akhmim, have been dated to the Ist Intermediate Pericd. Six Priestesses of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore held no other title or distinction. All six lived during the Old Kingdom. 86. This group of 52 will include those persons who held the titles Priestess of Hathor and Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore simultaneously. It vill not include the women who were Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore and some other Hathoric title other than Priestess of Hathor. Those combinetions will be recorded below. ‘Allam, in Beitrijge zum Hathorkult, p. 19, cites a man named SOP as the sole exception to the all female membership of this group. The Lengthy inscription of Mrrw does include the titles King's Acquaintance and Priest(ess) of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore (Davies, Rock Tomb of Sheikh Said (London, 1901), pl. XX). However, the placement of ‘this part of the inscription is such that it may originally have been intended to indicate the titles of Mrrw's wife, all, who is elsevhere recorded as King’s Acquaintance and Priestess of Hathor (Davies, pl. XVII). Fischer, in Denderah in the Third Millennium, p. 70, has similarly suggested that these two titles, which do not appear on the false door of Mrrw, actually belonged to his wife who would, then, have been King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Hathor, Priestess of Hat- hor, Mistress of the Sycamore. Therefore, the all female identity of this group is maintained. 67. Kees, Der Gétterglaube im Alten Agypten (Berlin, 1956), p. 222; Papyrus Harris I (Edition de la fondation egyptologique, 1933), 49, 2-3; Papyrus Sallier TV, v. 1, 1. Hassan, Excavations at Giza (Oxford, University Press, 1941-53), v. VIII, pl. 44b; Alla, Op. cit., p. 53 Goeticke, "Route of Sinuhe's Flight," JEA 43 (1957): 82.Four of these were from Giza with two (201F, 215F) living during the IVth Dynasty, one (218F) during the Vth Dynasty, and one (123F) being dated generally to the Old Kingdom. The Vth Dynasty priestess Tve2 Ve? Viel 0.K.=2 was a menber of the royal family and clained the distinction of being QF. soe now,, King's Daughter. From Sakkara, one priestess has been dated to the VIth Dynasty (197F). The last priestess is of unknown provenance (224F). ‘Twelve priestesses held only the title King's Acquaintance in conjunction with their Hathoric title. All 12 have been dated to the Old Kingdom. Four were from Giza, with three being dated to between the IVth and Veh Dynasties (198F, 200F, 212F), and one being dated generally to the Old Kingdom (222F). Six of these priestesses were from Sakkara. Three have been dated to the Vth Dynasty (223F, 217F, 219F), one has been dated to between the Vth and VIth Dynasties (216F), one has been dated to the VIth Dynasties (205F), and one has been dated generally to the Old Kingdon (221F). Two priestesses have been at~ tested in Dahshur, with one being dated to the IVth Dynasty (203F), and one being dated to between the IVth and Vth Dynasties (204F). One of the above mentioned Sakkara priestesses, naned S31>(205F), aa is of particular interest as she held both the tities (AJ= we OTR, wn Sse Seo orn Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Southern Sycamore. She hasdesignated both of her Hathoric titles as separate and distinct. She has made it clear that she fulfilled the responsibilities of two separate offices, one within the Temple of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore, and the other within the southern Temple of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore. There is evidence from the New Kingdom onward to suggest that there were two Hathoric temples within the Giza-Sakkara erea.6® one of these was certainly dedicated to Hathor as the Mistress of the Southern Sycanore. During the Ist Intermediate Period, specificially the VIIIth Dynasty, one Priestess of Hathor claimed the distinction QS SLIS—O-4, sasn n6cy gene av ane sey, Venerazed one before Hathor, Mistress of the Southern Sycamore (327F). This would substantiate the existance of such a cult during that period and the titles as inscribed in the tomb of Nbt would confirm that Hathor as Mistress of the Southern Sycamore was revered at least as early as the Old Kingdom. Allam has suggested that this temple of Hathor, Mistress of the Southern Sycamore was actually located south of the fortification wall ‘ ro in Giza.59 Thus, the title foe$ could be read "Hathor, Mis- tress of the Southern Sycamore" or "Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore” in her southern location. That southern temple dedicated to Bathor, Mistress of the Sycamore would have been complimented by 2 second 68. Allam, Op. cit., p. 53 Gardiner, Op. cit., v. II, p. 1243 Quibell, Hayter, Excavation at Sakkara: Teti Pyramid, North Side (Le Caire, 1927), pl. 17; Hassan, The Great Sphinx (Oxford, University Press), p. 251, Siz. 189; Moftah, Op. cit., p. 41-3; W. Erickson, Papyrus Harris I Hieroglyphische Transkription (Brussels, Bibliotheca ‘egyptiaca 5, 1933), pl. 49,2; Maj Sandman-Holmberg, The God Ptah (Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup, 1946), p. 191, 219. 69. Allam, Op. cit., p. 3-5.temple located north of the fortification wall. Such is indicated by the title Priestess of Hathor, North of the Wall (395F).72 Thus, it can be understood that Nbt enacted her duties as Priestess of Hat~ hor, Mistress of the Sycamore in both of the temples dedicated to Hathor of the Sycemore. Ss one priestess, naned Dy AS 207), chained the title King's Only Jewel as her only other titie. She was a member of the royal family and claimed the status of Bee » Sgt-nsw- nt ht.f, King's Daughter of his Body. She was also Royal Wife of King Shep- sesptah of the IVth Dynasty in Giza. Four Priestesses of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycanore held sone title within the cult of Neith as their only other title. all four wees from the Old Kingdom and all four have been identified in the Giza-Sakkara area. In Sakkara, one priestess (229F) has been dated to the IVth Dynasty, and one‘ (259F) has been dated to the Veh Dyn asty. In Giza, one priestess has been dated to between the Vth and Vith Dynasties (275F) while the other (261F) has been dated to the Old Kingdom in general. This last priestess was of the royal family. She clained the distinction of being Yaw N=G> » S3(t)-new nt ht.£, King’s Daughter of his Body. Three of these women held the title Priestess of Neith, one held the title Priestess of Neith, North of the Wall, and one held the */tle Priestess of Neith, Weptwawet, North of the Wall. There is mo dis- cernible pattern in the association of Hathoric priestly titles with those of the Neithic cult. All of the various Neithic titles can be found with all of the various Hathoric titles. Geographically, 70. See page 40 of this text for further discussion.however, the vast majority of the instances of a Neithic title in conjunction with a Hathoric title occurred in the Giza-Sakkara area. Chronologically, all of these occurrences happened during the Old Kingdom. Fifteen Priestesses of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore claimed the title King's Acquaintance and one or more other titles. Six of these held only the titles King's Acquaintance and Priestess of Neith. All six were from the Old Kingdom. In Sakkara, one was from the Vth Dynasty (273F), one was from between the Vth and Vith Dynasties (266F), and one was from the VIth Dynasty (268F). In Giza, one was from between the IVth and Vth Dynasties (260F), one was from the Vth Dyn- asty (270F), and one has been dated generally to the Old Kingdom (263F). One Priestess (262F) claimed the titles King's Acquaintance, King's Jewel, and Priestess of Neith, North of the Wall. Because the conbination of these two subsidiary titles with a Hathoric title was shown in the previous section to have been exclusively a VIth Dynasty phenomenon, it is probable that this woman, who is other wise dated generally to the Old Kingdom, should be dated to the Vith Dynasty. Four women held the titles King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Neith, and a wide variety of other titles. One priestess, named (2658), is attested in Memphis during the IVth Dynasty. She claimed the title of W‘b-priestess. A second priestess, naned ©] @y(233F), lived in Memphis and has been dated generally to the Old Kington. ter cities soctudes [GY] zaro nyt me JAESB MMS pence eee abt oht bm-ngr Nt rh-new pati hofrt dwt Rehr r mb m sut.s mbt,Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore, Priestess of Neith, King's Acquaintance, Forenost of Khafre, Who Worships Hathor Every- day in all her Places. Allam has suggested 2 conection between Debet's Hathoric title and her position as Foremost of Khafre. He reads these as one title and sees then as an indication for a "be~ sonderen Kultstatte in einen Baukomplex, der den Nanen des Cheshren trge."71 However, in Debet's inscription, the title Foremost of Khafre occurs once after her Hathoric title and once after her Neithic title. It is possible that she intended to express some connection between her priestly titles ané the House of Khafre, where she, perhaps, acted as a representative of these two cults, but there is nothing in the placement of her titles to suggest that she served as Priestess of Hathor (or Priestess of Neith) within the House of Khafre. It seens wisest to consider these titles in Gividually and not to suggest a formal position as Priestess of Hat~ hor, Forenost in the House of Khafre. This would be substantiated by the fact that Debet is unique among the Priestesses of Hathor in the combination of these titles. The third woman, who resided in Giza and has been dated generally to the Old Kingéom, was discussed above on page 29 in relation to her title of Mrt.t (272F) as was the fourth woman (269F) who has been attested in Giza during the Vth Dynasty. Four wonen held the title King's Acquaintance in association with a wide variety of other titles. One, nanea SQ) (428F), was from Akhmim and has been dated generally to the Ist Intermediate 71. Allam, Op. cit., p. 10-11; 20.Period. She elained the titles 19457945 [ 4oqjeum ox Hkct-nsw. Spss-asw. rh-nsw bo-atr Behr abt abe pret, King's Jevel, King's Noblewoman, King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore, Musician-priestess. Her title for singer or musician- priestess may suggest a further responsibility that Ini fulfilled for the cult of Hathor. The determinative for the word yavt holds a sis~ trun which is Hathoric in nature, or is, at least a type of sistrum with a rattle of bovine design such as is known to have been used in the cult of Bathor. 72 The nature of the design of the rattle and the fact that Ini did serve in the Hathoric cult would cireunstan~ tially suggest that she fulfilled her musician responsibilities with- im the cult of Hathor. Three other women may also have served as singers or musician priestesses for the cult of Hathor. One, named S $= (60F), serv- cc 20 VETRIWORAR . mp-nee imoge Hebe bmve, King’s Acquaintance, Priestess of Hathor, Musician-priestess. She is attested in Meir in the VIth Dynasty. Also from Meir during the VIth Dynasty, a priestess named QA.8 [7] (aizF) fuifitied a musician eapongibil- ity. She clained, among other titles, the tities [RJ SAPM, gowe ube, Masietan-priestess of Hathor and SAMS BIS WS, gave Hthr mbt Ke Musician-priestess of Hathor, Mistress of Kusae. Here, the titles specifically identity the cult of Hathor as the recipient 2 of this priestess's musical activities. Hvtith also served as (f= wre » Hmntr Hthr abt Kis, Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of 72. Gardiner, Davies, The Tomb of Amenenhet (London, EEF, 1515), Pl. XIX-XKG Newberry, Beni Hasan (London, 1893), pt. I, tomb 2, p. 31, pl. XII; Gardiner, "Notes on the Story of Sinuhe, 74-5; G. Beate, "Hathor, Herrin der Sistren,” Bull Medelhausmuset 13 (ag78): 25-31.60. Rusae. The third woman was from Giza during the Vth Dynasty (264F). She pend sever prtesty ties tchoding FSIS SOS PALESR DLL TPR, ryrnoe: paenge gee abe abe toner Se wptuget gout nist, King's Acquaintance, Priestess of Hathor, wis- tress of the Sycamore, Priestess of Neith Weptvavet, Musieian-priestess (of the invocation?). This last title is somewhat problematic. Be ee (eee cenee ae reece toe ores other specific type of musician-priestess. ¢. E. Fisher, in The Minor Censtery at Giza, did not include nvt within the List of this vouan's titles. Rather, he suggested chat her name, written in full, vas SEP'HN-$ SEV 73 cercainty, the nine BEG and the nane SEM are etsevnere attested in Old Kingdom Egypt. However, neither Morray, in Index of Nanes and Titles of the Old Kingdom, nor Ranke, fn Die Aegyptische Personennanen, recorded the nane fff or any coubination thereof. Therefore, it is suggested char chis vouan's nane was sinply GLY] and that she did serve in a musician capacity. With the exception of the titles of Hwtith, it is not possible to fdentify exactly where or for vhom these women performed thetr usietan duties. There is, hovever, evidence that such duties were associated with the cult of athor. From the later periods, evidence 4s most available. Tn Denderah, on the south vall of the Boon of Archives of the Prolenaic Tenple of Hathor, there is recorded a list of priestly tities associated with the cult of Hathor. The third title listed is that of SE Beare , "soarer of the Menat 73. Clarence S. Fisher, The Minor Cemetery at Giza (Philadelphie, University Press, 1924), NS'v. I, p- 163-66, pl. 55.Amulet, The Great Singer."74 From the Temple of Horus at Edfu, two inscriptions reveal that all of the Ptolenaic period temples retained musicsan-priestesses cated SYP who "rattle thet sistrum before them and make music for their kas."75 During the New Kingdom, there is an anbundance of evidence attesting to singers or msician-priestesses of various types connected to the Hathoric cult and to many others, 76 and, during the Middle Kingdom, there were @O9 spec ifically attached to the Temple of Hathor in Kusae.’?7/ During the Old Kingdom, the titles of Hwtith attest to a musician-priestess in ass- cciation with the cult of Hathor. The position of Musician-priestess has been suggested to have carried with it the responsibility of a Chief Priestess. Sethe suggested that the position of S851, wrt din, Greatest of Musician~ Priestesses,1mas:, the title used to designate the High Priestess of Heliopolis.78 Blackman discussed the probability of the title "“Musician-priestess of Hathor," specifically in Kusae, as being the indication for the title of High Priestess of Hathor. One of his 74. 5. Dimichen, Bavurkunden der Tempelanlagen von Dendera in inen der geheimen Corridore im Innern der Tempelmauer (Leipzig, J.C. Hinricss, 1865), taf. VIII (same as Chassinat, v. VI, pl.-DXCT). 75. Rochemonteix, Le Temple d'fdfou (Paris, E. LeRoux, 1897), v. I, 329,-3367 Blacknan; "Position of Women in the:Ancient Egyptian Hier— archy;" JEA*7 (1921):' 8. 76. Blackman, 0p. cit., p. 9. 77. Blackman, The Rock Tombs of Meir (London, 1914), v- I, pl. IT, XV; L. Brugsch, Die Aegyptologie Abriss der Entzifferungen und Forsch ungen auf dem Gebiete der Aegyptischen Scrift. Sprache, wud Aiterthum- ‘skunde (Leipzig, W. Friedrich, 1891), p. 283. 78, Sethe, "Zu den mit wr "der Grosse" beginnenden, Alten Tit- eln," 2KS 55 (1918): 65-73 "die Gréfte der Musikantinnen.”main criteria for this determination is that the High Priestess or Chief Priestess be married to the Chief Priest or Overseer of the Priests for that cult.79 This was the case for Hwtith who was the Musician-priestess of Hathor in Kusae and who was married to the Over- seer of the Priests of Kusae. This would also suggest that Pernof— ret (607) served as Chief Priestess in her Qu8PB capacity as ber husband also served as Chief Priest and Overseer of the Priests of tathor in Yosae. However, 4¢ can not be cafd that the wife of every oversser of the Priests of Kusse was necessarily the Chief Priestess cr the Mustesan-priestess in Husse. Five overseers of the Priests from the chief nomarch family in Kusse can be identified with thetx wives. Only three of these wives served as Priestess of Hathor, with one also serving as Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of Kusae. Tvo held no Hathoric titles at all. Only evo recorded any office including iBERB responsibitities.8° therefore, although evo women who did serve in a Mosietan-priecteca capacity were married to the Overseer of the Priests, the position of Overseer of the Priests or that of Chief Priest did not necessarily carry the authority to impart the duties of a Chlet Priestess upon a wife. In the case of Ini, no genealogical information was included in her sarcophagus inscriptions. It is not possible to judge her according to Blackman's criteria for being the Chief Priestess. This does, however, lead one to speculate on the reverse of this criteria: if 79. Blackman, "Position of Women," JEA 7 (1921): 10. 80. Blackman, The Rock Tombs of Meir (London, 1914}, v. I, p. 13; v. IV, pl. XV, p. 10; see also page 113 of this text for further discussion on the Overseers of the Priests.the wife of the Chief Priest served as Chief Priestess, then was the husband of the Chief Priestess the Chief Priest? The inscription of Inti gives some insight here as part of her husband's inserip- tion has survived. Her husband, ((SEVEB » served as Ista SRE JSF, Bnsw sha wth “it Snfrw rh-nev wrt Sacw , King's Acquaintance, Inspector of the Wbw of Sneferu-appears-in-glory, King's Acquaintance (?), Greatest of the tens of Upper Egypt.® He does not record an overseer's position (although he was, certainly, a significant menber of the religious community in his capacity as Inspector of the Wbw). Therefore, it would seem unwise to predict that the husband of a Chief Priestess would have been the Chief Priest. It is equally unwise to predict the reverse of this statement as exceptions have been denonstrated here. With regard to the title EV specifically, it is more benefical to designate a Musician-priestess position in association with the cult of Hathor, and, within that position, a hierarchy that allowed a,@Blf to raise herself up to the position of [Q\ OS or chief Mustetan- priestess of Hathor in a particular cult. This type of hierarchical situation would leave room for the possibility of a very Jarge bnwt staff as would appear to have been the case in the New Kingdom. This was especially the case in Thebes where almost every woman claimed to have served as a nusician-priestess.82 It should be noted, hovever, that all four wonen in question here served as Priestess of Hathor and that such a title was undoubtedly required within the 81. C. Fisher, Op. cit., p. 163-73, pl. 55. 82. Blackman, "Position of Women," JEA 7 (1921):~ Gh cult of Hathor for any one aspiring to the position of nvt. The second Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore vho held the title King's Acquaintance and sme-other title was 42,5 (2117) of ‘the Ivth Dynasty in Dahshur, Nfrenew was also a princess as she clained the distinction of King's Daughter. She also sezved as Priestess of Sneferu, A third priestess in this group was Gf) (220F) of sctmim who has been dated generally tothe Ist Intemediate Period, She also served as Priestess of Heket. ‘The last priestess of this group was BLT (2087) wo is attested in Giza during the Vth Iyasty, She is one of only two Priestesses of Eathor, Mistress of the Sycamore who claimed the distinction of being venerated or beloved of Hathor, The other was Qe) (l2T7P) of Akhmim during the end of the Ist Intemediate Period. One Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore claimed the title of King's Only Jewel and sue other title, she was iQ (4267) who served in Akhnim during the Ist Intemediate Period, probably between ‘the IXth and Xth Dynasties, She also served as we #22 a EG. + Inyi-r mrt Tum Mutt 2 welt Yow, orecseer of the arin of Tim Mwt.f (who is) in the daily service (7) of min,82@ Que Priestess claimed the titles King's Only Jevel and King's Jevel. She (209F) is also from Akhmim during the Ist Intermediate Period. In addition to these tvo titles she also held the title AsS@ . ‘The next group of Priestesses of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore to be considered consists of those who also held the title Priestess of Hathor, These tvo titles should te considered distinct 82a,-For discussion of this title see H, Gauthier, Le personel du dien Hin (Le Caire, 1931), p. 76-77.and separate just as they would be when an individual held only one or the other of the two. It should not be assumed that the titie Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore absorbed or obliterat— ed the title Priestess of Hathor, or that the duties of only one of these titles were performed by an individual whose inscription indicated that both titles were held. Neither should it be assumed that the title Priestess of Hathor was simply a short-hand form for the fuller writing of Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Syca~ more.83 The fact that these priestesses themselves distinguished the two titles as separate and distinct by so writing them side by side is proof thar they must be considered individually and indep- endently. Nine priestesses fall into this catagory. All were women, one was of the royalty, and all lived during the Old Kingdom with predominance during the Vth Dynasty. Six of these priestesses were from Ivel ves V-VIe1 0.K.=2 the Giza-Sakkara area, one was from Abusir, and the remaining two were from Upper Egypt. ‘Two priestesses claimed only the title King's Acquaintance. One (199F) was from Sakkara during the Vth Dynasty. The other (107F) was from Sheikh Said between the Vth and Vith Dynasties. One priestess claimed only the title King's Only Jewel. She has been attested in Abydos during the VIth Dynasty (206F). This 83. Allam, Op. cit., p- 19-20.priestess and the one from Sheikh Said mark the only Old Kingdom examples of Priestess of Hathor, Mistress of the Sycamore who lived outside of the Giza-Sakkara area. The remaining six priestesses all held the title King's Acquain- tance and one or more other titles. Five of them also held a position in the cule of Neith. Two held only the title King's Acquain- tance and Priestess of Neith. /\ S25 (230F) was from Sakkara during the Vth Dynasty while [K]$You might also like
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Robert A. Johnson - Chave Do Reino Interior - Inner Work PDF
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The Priestesses of Hathor

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The Priestesses of Hathor

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