Parametric Cycle Analysis of

Real Turbojet

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Introduction

• Parametric cycle analysis of a real turbojet

• Parametric cycle analysis of a real turbojet with
afterburner

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 Introduction

• Parametric cycle analysis of ideal gas turbine engine:

– Engine components are idealized and
– Working fluid is assumed to behave as a perfect gas with
constant cp
– Analysis of engine performance trends
• Component Performance:
– Variation of specific heat with temperature and fuel/air ratio
– More realistic assumptions, e.g. component losses
– Developed figures of merit of various engine components

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Real Engines

• Parametric cycle analysis of real engines:

–Equations for different engine cycles
–Determine their performance
–Determine the effects of real components with losses

Source: The Jet Engine (1986) by Rolls Royce plc,

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 Parametric Cycle Analysis of Real Engines

• Assume one-dimensional flow

• Similar cycle analysis as ideal engine except
– Variation of specific heats : cpc and cpt for upstream and
downstream of the combustor respectively
– Inclusion of component losses,
– Mass flow of fuel through components
– Pressure at exhaust nozzle is not necessarily atmospheric

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Real Turbojet

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
 Ideal Turbojet

T-s Diagram for Ideal Turbojet Engine

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly

Real Turbojet

T-s Diagram for Real Turbojet Engine

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
 Real Turbojet

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly

Real Turbojet

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
 Real Turbojet

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly

Effect of ec on Turbojet Cycle

R-1, Example 7.3

Mission
consideration:
Short range As πc increases, the effect of
interceptor - Low πc engine losses increases.
preferred for high
F/ṁ0 as compressor
size is small and
weight is reduced

Long-range
Optimum πc is transport –
affected by ec prefer high πc
to give lower
S for
operating
efficiency

Source: Example 7.3

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
 Effect of Nozzle Off-Design Conditions

R-1, Example 7.3

πc = 16; ec = 0.92

Effect of slight exit

pressure mismatch is
small

0.8 1.2

Source: Example 7.3

“Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

Effect of Speed on Real Turbojet

Note: thrust for real engine

falls faster at high M0 than f

Source: Example 7.4

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
 Effect of Speed on Real Turbojet

R-1, Example 7.4

• S increases exponentially since

Real cycle thrust for real engine falls to
zero at high M0 before f does
• Thermal efficiency at high M0 is
zero for real engine but
increases in ideal engine

Source: Example 7.4

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly

Effects of Component Losses on Performance

Performance
Ideal Turbojet Real Turbojet
Parameter
Specific Maximum  ⁄ occur Similar variation
Thrust,
⁄ at a higher
Similar magnitude
Goes to zero at high Maximum  ⁄ occur at a lower
(for same  )
 Goes to zero at high  with lower

Thrust Specific Lower S Higher S

Fuel Decreases with Decreases to an minimum, then increases with
Consumption, increasing
increasing

S Increases with velocity, and rapidly towards infinity at

high 
Fuel/Air Ratio, Lower f Higher f due to increase in cp, combustor inefficiency
f and higher combustor exit massflow ( +  )

Propulsive Lower  Slightly higher  due to lower exhaust velocity

Efficiency, 
Thermal Higher  Lower 
Efficiency,  Goes to zero at high  for engine with high

Overall Higher  Lower  due to lower 

Efficiency, 

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 Real Turbojet with Afterburner

Figure 6-4 Station Numbering of an Afterburning Turbojet Engine

(adapted from R-1, page 399)

Input:

Output:

Refer to Study Guide for equations

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly

Effects of Afterburning

• Afterburner
increases both
specific thrust and
fuel consumption
• Magnitude of
increases depend on
πc
• πc is important in gas
turbine engine
design
• Mission type dictates
πc choice

Figure 6-6 Performance of Turbojet Engine with and w/o Afterburner

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
 Summary

• Concept and methodology of parametric cycle

analysis of a real turbojet, without and with
afterburning
• Effects of assumptions and losses on engine
performance
• Effects of afterburning on turbojet output

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Reflection Question

• Perform a parametric cycle analysis on a turbojet

engine, using the input from Example 7.1 (pages
387 – 389) of the reference, “Elements of
Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack
D. Mattingly.

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.