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Section 7.2: C07S02.001: You Don't Need L'H
Section 7.2: C07S02.001: You Don't Need L'H
2
C07S02.001: You don’t need l’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate this limit, but you may use it:
x−1 1 1
lim = lim = .
x→1 x2 − 1 x→1 2x 2
C04S08.002: You don’t need l’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate this limit, but you may use it:
3x − 4 3 3
lim = lim = .
x→∞ 2x − 5 x→∞ 2 2
C07S02.003: You don’t need l’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate this limit, but you may use it (twice):
2x2 − 1 4x 4 2
lim 2
= lim = lim = .
x→∞ 5x + 3x x→∞ 10x + 3 x→∞ 10 5
C07S02.004: You don’t need l’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate this limit (apply the definition of the derivative
to the evaluation of f (0) where f (x) = e3x ), but you may use it:
e3x − 1 3e3x
lim = lim = 3.
x→0 x x→0 1
sin x2 sin x2
lim = lim x · = 0 · 1 = 0.
x→0 x x→0 x2
sin x
(We used Theorem 1 of Section 2.3, lim = 1, and the product law for limits.)
x→0 x
With l’Hôpital’s rule:
sin x2 2x cos x2
lim = lim = 2 · 0 · 1 = 0.
x→0 x x→0 1
C07S02.006: You don’t need l’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate this limit (see the solution to Problem 3 of Section
2.3), but you may use it:
√ 1 −1/2
1 − cos x 2x sin x1/2 sin x1/2 1
lim = lim+ = lim+ 1/2
=
x→0 + x x→0 1 x→0 2x 2
by Theorem 1 of Section 2.3. If you prefer a “pure” l’Hôpital’s rule solution, you should substitute x = u2
to obtain
√
1 − cos x 1 − cos u sin u cos u 1
lim = lim 2
= lim = lim = .
x→0 + x u→0 u u→0 2u u→0 2 2
Note that it was necessary to apply l’Hôpital’s rule twice in the second solution.
C07S02.007: You may not use l’Hôpital’s rule! The numerator is approaching zero but the denominator
is not. Hence use the quotient law for limits (Section 2.2):
x−1 lim (x − 1) 0
lim = x→1 = = 0.
x→1 sin x lim sin x sin 1
x→1
1
Note that illegal use of l’Hôpital’s rule in this problem will result in the incorrect value sec 1 ≈ 1.8508157177
for the limit.
C07S02.008: The numerator and denominator of the fraction are both approaching zero, so you may try
using l’Hôpital’s rule (twice):
But the latter limit does not exist (the left-hand limit is −∞ and the right-hand limit is +∞). So the
hypotheses of Theorem 1 of Section 7.2 are not satisfied; this is a case in which l’Hôpital’s rule (as stated in
Theorem 1) has failed. Other measures are needed. By l’Hôpital’s rule (or by Problem 3 of Section 2.3), we
have
1 − cos x 1
3
≈
x 2x
1 − cos x
if x is close to zero. Consequently lim does not exist.
x→0 x3
C04S08.009: Without l’Hôpital’s rule we might need to resort to the Taylor series methods of Section 11.9
to evaluate this limit. But l’Hôpital’s rule may be applied (twice):
ex − x − 1 ex − 1 ex 1
lim = lim = lim = .
x→0 x2 x→0 2x x→0 2 2
C07S02.010: You may not apply l’Hôpital’s rule: The numerator is approaching zero but the denominator
is not. But this means that the quotient law of limits (Section 2.2) may be applied instead:
C07S02.011: The numerator and denominator are both approaching zero, so l’Hôpital’s rule may be
applied:
u
lim = 1,
u→0 sin u
a consequence of Theorem 1 of Section 2.3 and the quotient law for limits.
2
C07S02.012: Numerator and denominator are both approaching zero, so l’Hôpital’s rule may be applied
(twice):
x − tan x 1 − sec2 x
lim 3
= lim
x→0 x x→0 3x2
2 sec2 x tan x 1 sec2 x sin x 1 12 1
= lim − = − lim · = − · ·1 = − .
x→0 6x 3 x→0 cos x x 3 1 3
ln x 1 10
C07S02.013: lim = lim 1 −9/10 = lim = 0.
x1/10 x→∞ x · x1/10
10 x
x→∞ x→∞
er er er er er
lim = lim = lim = lim = = +∞.
r→∞ (r + 1)4 r→∞ 4(r + 1)3 r→∞ 12(r + 1)2 r→∞ 24(r + 1) 24
Even though the limit does not exist, the hypotheses of Theorem 1 of Section 7.2 are all satisfied, so the
answer is correct.
ln(x − 9) 1
C07S02.015: lim = lim = 1.
x→10 x − 10 x→10 1 · (x − 9)
t2 + 1 2t 2
C07S02.016: lim = lim = lim −1 = lim (2t) = +∞.
t→∞ t ln t t→∞ 1 + ln t t→∞ t t→∞
C07S02.017: Always verify that the hypotheses of l’Hôpital’s rule are satisfied.
C07S02.018: As x → (π/2)− , tan x → +∞ and cos x → 0+ , so that ln(cos x) → −∞. Hence l’Hôpital’s
rule may be tried:
ex − e−x ex + e−x
C07S02.020: lim = lim = 2.
x→0 x x→0 1
C07S02.021: The factoring techniques of Section 2.2 work well here, or l’Hôpital’s rule yields
x3 − 1 3x2 3
lim = lim = .
x→1 x − 1 x→1 2x
2 2
x3 − 8 3x2 12 3
C07S02.022: lim = lim = = .
x→2 x4 − 16 x→2 4x3 32 8
3
C07S02.023: Both numerator and denominator approach +∞ as x does, so we may attempt to find the
limit with l’Hôpital’s rule:
x + sin x 1 + cos x
lim = lim ,
x→∞ 3x + cos x x→∞ 3 − sin x
but the latter limit does not exist (and so the equals mark in the previous equation is invalid). The reason:
As x → +∞, x runs infinitely many times through numbers of the form nπ where n is a positive even
integer. At such real numbers the value of
1 + cos x
f (x) =
3 − sin x
is 23 . But x also runs infinitely often through numbers of the form nπ where n is a positive odd integer. At
these real numbers the value of f (x) is 0. Because f (x) takes on these two distinct values infinitely often as
x → +∞, f (x) has no limit as x → +∞.
This does not imply that the limit given in Problem 22 does not exist. (Read Theorem 1 carefully.)
In fact, the limit does exist, and we have here the rare phenomenon of failure of l’Hôpital’s rule. Other
techniques must be used to solve this problem. Perhaps the simplest is this:
sin x
x + sin x 1+ 1+0 1
lim = lim x
x→∞ 3x + cos x cos x = 3 − 0 = 3 .
x→∞
3−
x
(x2 + 4)1/2 1
2 (x
2
+ 4)−1/2 · 2x x
lim = lim = lim
x→∞ x x→∞ 1 x→∞ (x + 4)1/2
2
1 (x2 + 4)1/2
= lim = lim .
x→∞ 1 (x2
2 + 4)−1/2 · 2x x→∞ x
Another failure of l’Hôpital’s rule! Here are two ways to find the limit.
2 2
(x2 + 4)1/2 (x2 + 4)1/2 x2 + 4 2x 1
lim = lim = lim 2
= lim = lim = 1.
x→∞ x x→∞ x x→∞ x x→∞ 2x x→∞ 1
Therefore the original limit is also 1. Second method:
1/2 1/2
(x2 + 4)1/2 x2 + 4 4 √
lim = lim = lim 1+ 2 = 1 = 1.
x→∞ x x→∞ x2 x→∞ x
Methods of Section 11.9 may also be used, but—while quite general—are a bit unwieldy in this case.
2x − 1 2x ln 2 ln 2
C07S02.025: lim = lim = ≈ 0.6309297536.
x→0 3 −1
x x→0 x
3 ln 3 ln 3
C07S02.026: You may apply l’Hôpital’s rule, but watch what happens:
If we knew that the original limit existed and was finite, we could conclude that it must be zero, but we
don’t even know that it exists. But
4
3x x
3 27
= > 3x > ex ,
2 8
so
x x
3 2x 2
lim = +∞, and therefore lim x = lim = 0.
x→∞ 2 x→∞ 3 x→∞ 3
C07S02.027: You can solve this problem without l’Hôpital’s rule, but if you intend to use it you should
probably proceed as follows:
√ 2 1/2 1/2
x2 − 1 x −1 x2 − 1
lim √ = lim = lim
x→∞ 4x2 − x x→∞ 4x2 − x x→∞ 4x2 − x
√ 1/2 1/2
x3 + x x3 + x 3x2 + 1
lim √ = lim = lim
x→∞ 2x3 − 4 x→∞ 2x3 − 4 x→∞ 6x2
1/2 1/2
6x 1 1
= lim = =√ .
x→∞ 12x 2 2
ln(1 + x) 1
C07S02.029: lim = lim = 1.
x→0 x x→0 1 · (1 + x)
ln(ln x)
lim = 0,
x→∞ ln x
and it would follow immediately that the given limit is zero as well. But let’s see how well a direct approach
succeeds.
1
ln(ln x) x ln x = lim 1
lim = lim =0
x→∞ x ln x x→∞ 1 + ln x x→∞ (1 + ln x)(x ln x)
because
1 1
< if x > 1.8554
(1 + ln x)(x ln x) x
and 1/x → 0 as x → ∞.
5
sin x − tan x cos x − sec2 x − sin x − 2 sec2 x tan x
lim = lim = lim
x→0 x3 x→0 3x2 x→0 6x
− cos x − 4 sec2 x tan2 x − 2 sec4 x −1 − 0 − 2 1
= lim = =− .
x→0 6 6 2
2x − π 2 1
C07S02.035: lim = lim 2
= = 1.
x→π/2 tan 2x x→π/2 2 sec 2x sec2 π
sec x 1 cos x 1 1
lim = lim · = lim = = 1.
x→π/2 tan x x→π/2 cos x sin x x→π/2 sin x 1
C07S02.039: We first simplify (using laws of logarithms), then apply l’Hôpital’s rule:
1
1/2 1
ln(2x) 2 (ln 2 + ln x) 3 x 3
= lim
1
lim = lim+ 1 = .
x→0+ ln(3x)1/3 x→0
3 (ln 3 + ln x) 2 x→0+ 2
x
?
ln(1 + x) x−1
lim = lim .
x→0 ln(1 − x2 ) x→0 2x
The limit on the right-hand side does not exist, so we use left-hand and right-hand limits:
6
exp(x3 ) − 1 3x2 exp(x3 ) (6x + 9x4 ) exp(x3 )
lim = lim = lim
x→0 x − sin x x→0 1 − cos x x→0 sin x
(6 + 9x3 ) exp(x3 ) (6 + 0) · 1
= lim = = 6.
x→0 sin x 1
x
Alternatively, three applications of l’Hôpital’s rule yield
In this problem the Taylor series methods of Section 11.9 are considerably simpler.
C07S02.042: The technique of multiplying numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the numerator
succeeds just as it did in Sections 2.2 and 2.3. Use of l’Hôpital’s rule yields
(1 + 3x)1/2 − 1 1
2 (1 + 3x)−1/2 · 3 3 3
lim = lim = lim = .
x→0 x x→0 1 x→0 2(1 + 3x)1/2 2
(1 + 4x)1/3 − 1 1
3 (1 + 4x)−2/3 · 4 4 4
C07S02.043: lim = lim = lim 2/3
= .
x→0 x x→0 1 x→0 3(1 + 4x) 3
C07S02.044: Multiplication of numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the numerator is one way
to find this limit; l’Hôpital’s rule yields
C07S02.045: If you want to use the conjugate technique to find this limit, you need to know that the
conjugate of a1/3 − b1/3 is a2/3 + a1/3 b1/3 + b2/3 , and the algebra becomes rather long. Here l’Hôpital’s rule
is probably the easy way:
√ 2
1 − tan x − sec2 x − 2 1
C07S02.046: lim = lim = =− .
x→π/4 4x − π x→π/4 4 4 2
ln(1 + x2 ) 2x 0
C07S02.047: lim = lim = = 0.
x→0 ex − cos x x→0 (1 + x2 )(ex + sin x) (1 + 0)(1 + 0)
7
C07S02.048: Because the numerator and denominator are both approaching zero as x → 2, it should be
possible to factor x − 2 out of each, cancel, and proceed without l’Hôpital’s rule. But if we use l’Hôpital’s
rule, the result is
x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 6
= lim
x→2 x9 + 2x8 + 4x7 + 8x6 + 16x5 + 32x4 + 64x3 + 128x2 + 256x + 12
16 + 16 + 16 + 6 + 6 60 1
= = = .
512 + 512 + 512 + 512 + 512 + 512 + 512 + 512 + 512 + 12 4620 77
In this problem l’Hôpital’s rule seems the better choice.
sin2 x
C07S02.049: If f (x) = , then
x
2 sin x cos x
lim f (x) = lim = 2 · 0 · 1 = 0.
x→0 x→0 1
The graph of y = f (x) is next.
0.6
0.4
0.2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
C07S02.050: We don’t need l’Hôpital’s rule—we could use Theorem 1 in Section 2.3—but we’ll use the
rule anyway:
sin2 x 2 sin x cos x sin x cos x
lim = lim = lim lim cos x = lim · 1 = 1 · 1 = 1.
x→0 x2 x→0 2x x→0 x x→0 x→0 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
8
C07S02.051: Here we have
sin x cos x
lim = lim = cos π = −1.
x→π x−π x→π 1
The graph is next.
0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
cos x − sin x 1
lim = lim =− .
x→π/2 2x − π x→π/2 2 2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-10 -5 5 10
9
The graph is next.
0.15
0.125
0.1
0.075
0.05
0.025
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15
x 1
lim f (x) = lim x
= lim x = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ e x→∞ e
−x
Also f (x) = (1 − x)e and f (x) = (x − 2)e−x . It follows that the graph of f is increasing for x < 1,
decreasing for x > 1, concave downward for x < 2, and concave upward for x > 2. The positive x-axis is a
horizontal asymptote and the only intercept is (0, 0). The graph of y = f (x) is shown next.
0.2
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-0.2
-0.4
x1/2 1
lim f (x) = lim = lim = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ ex x→∞ 2x1/2 ex
Next,
1 − 2x 4x2 − 4x − 1
f (x) = and f (x) = .
2x1/2 ex 4x3/2 ex
So the graph of f√isincreasing for 0 < x < 12 and decreasing for x > 12 . There is an inflection point
where x = 12 1 + 2 ; the y-coordinate is approximately 0.3285738758. The positive x-axis is a horizontal
asymptote and the only intercept is (0, 0). The graph of y = f (x) is shown next.
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1 2 3 4
10
C07S02.057: If f (x) = x exp −x1/2 , then
x 2x1/2 2x1/2 2
lim f (x) = lim = lim = lim = lim = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ exp x 1/2 x→∞ exp x1/2 x→∞ x1/2 exp x1/2 x→∞ exp x1/2
2 − x1/2 x1/2 − 3
f (x) = and f (x) = .
2 exp x1/2 4x1/2 exp x1/2
Hence the graph of f is increasing for 0 < x < 4 and decreasing for x > 4; it is concave downward if 0 < x < 9
and concave upward if x > 9. The only intercept is (0, 0). The graph of y = f (x) is shown next.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x2 2x 2
lim f (x) = lim 2x
= lim 2x
= lim = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ e x→∞ 2e x→∞ 4e2x
So the positive x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Also note that f (x) → +∞ as x → −∞. Next,
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
-1 1 2 3 4
ln x
C07S02.059: Given: f (x) = . So
x
ln x
lim f (x) = lim = −∞
x→0+ +
x→0 x
because the numerator is approaching −∞ and the denominator is approaching 0 through positive values.
Next, using l’Hôpital’s rule,
11
ln x 1
lim f (x) = lim = lim = 0,
x→∞ x→∞ x x→∞ 1·x
so the positive y-axis is a horizontal asymptote and the negative y-axis is a vertical asymptote. Moreover,
1 − ln x −3 + 2 ln x
f (x) = and f (x) = ,
x2 x3
and thus the graph of f is increasing if 0 < x < e, decreasing if x > e, concave downward for 0 < x < e3/2 ,
and concave upward if x > e3/2 . The inflection point where x = e3/2 is not visible because the curvature of
the graph is very small for x > 3. The graph of y = f (x) is next.
0.4
0.2
2 4 6 8
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
C07S02.060: Given:
ln x
f (x) = .
x1/2 + x1/3
We used Mathematica to find f (x) and solve f (x) = 0, and thus discovered that there is a global maximum
near (10.094566, 0.433088). Similarly, we found an inflection point near (20.379823, 0.416035). Clearly
f (x) → −∞ as x → 0+ , so the negative y-axis is a vertical asymptote. Also
ln x 1 1
lim f (x) = lim = lim = lim = 0,
x1/2 + x1/3 x→∞ x 1 x−1/2 + 1 x−2/3 1 1/2
+ 13 x1/3
2x
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
2 3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
10 20 30 40
-0.1
xn
lim =0 (1)
x→∞ ex
in the case n = 1. Suppose that Eq. (1) holds for n = k, a positive integer. Then (by l’Hôpital’s rule)
12
xk+1 (k + 1)xk xk
lim = lim = (k + 1) lim = (k + 1) · 0 = 0.
x→∞ ex x→∞ ex x→∞ ex
Therefore, by induction, Eq. (1) holds for every positive integer n. Now suppose that k > 0 (a positive
number not necessarily an integer). Let n be an integer larger than k. Then, for x large positive, we have
xk xn
0 < x
< x.
e e
xk
Therefore, by the squeeze law for limits, lim = 0 for every positive number k.
x→∞ ex
C07s02.062: Suppose that k is a positive real number. Then (by l’Hôpital’s rule)
ln x 1 1
lim = lim = lim = 0.
x→∞ xk x→∞ kxk−1 ·x x→∞ kxk
C07S02.063: Given: f (x) = xn e−x where n is a positive integer larger than 1. Then
xn
lim f (x) = lim =0
x→∞ x→∞ ex
by the result in Problem 61. So the positive x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Next,
1 − k ln x
f (x) = ,
xk+1
and the sign of f (x) is the same as the sign of 1 − k ln x, which is positive if 0 < x < e1/k but negative if
x > e1/k . Hence the graph of f will have a single local maximum where x = e1/k . Next,
k 2 ln x + k ln x − 2k − 1
f (x) = ,
xk+2
so f (x) = 0 when
2k + 1
x = exp ,
k2 + k
so the graph of f has at most one inflection point. Moreover, if x is near zero then f (x) < 0, whereas
f (x) > 0 if x is large positive. Therefore the graph of f has exactly one inflection point. Finally, the result
in Problem 62 shows that the positive x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
1
C07S02.065: The substitution y = yields
x
13
− ln y 1
k
lim x ln x = lim = − lim = 0.
x→0 + y→∞ yk y→∞ ky k
(ln x)n 1
lim = lim = 0.
x→∞ x x→∞ x(ln x)k
(ln x)n 1
lim = lim = 0.
x→∞ x x→∞ x
(ln x)n ln x 1
lim = lim = lim = 0.
x→∞ x x→∞ x x→∞ x
Assume that
(ln x)k
lim = 0
x→∞ x
for some positive integer k. Then, by l’Hôpital’s rule,
f (x + h) − f (x − h) f (x + h) + f (x − h) 2f (x)
lim = lim = = f (x).
h→0 2h h→0 2 2
The continuity of f (x) is needed for two reasons: It implies that f is also continuous, so the first numerator
approaches zero as h → 0; moreover, continuity of f (x) is needed to ensure that f (x + h) and f (x − h)
both approach f (x) as h → 0.
C07S02.068: In the following computations we take derivatives with respect to h in the first two steps.
By l’Hôpital’s rule,
f (x + h) − 2f (x) + f (x − h) f (x + h) − f (x − h)
lim 2
= lim
h→0 h h→0 2h
f (x + h) + f (x − h) 2f (x)
= lim = = f (x).
h→0 2 2
The continuity of f (x) is needed for the following reasons: We needed to know that f (x + h) and f (x − h)
both approach f (x) as h → 0. We also needed to know that f was continuous so that the second numerator
approaches zero as h → 0. There is a third reason, which you will see when you discover the reason for the
presence of the term −2f (x) in the first numerator.
C07S02.069: If
14
(2x − x4 )1/2 − x1/3
f (x) = ,
1 − x4/3
then both the numerator n(x) = (2x − x4 )1/2 − x1/3 and the denominator d(x) = 1 − x4/3 approach zero as
x → 1, and both are differentiable, so l’Hôpital’s rule may be applied. After simplifications we find that
Therefore
C07S02.070: We are to show that if f (x) and g(x) both approach zero as x → +∞, both f (x) and g (x)
exist for arbitrarily large values of x, and the second limit in the next line exists, then
f (x) f (x)
lim = lim .
x→∞ g(x) x→∞ g (x)
Following the Suggestion, we let F (t) = f (1/t) and G(t) = g(1/t). Then, with t = 1/x, we have
provided that the last limit exists. Note that F and G are differentiable if t > 0 and t is close to zero. Hence
x x x
e2
C07S02.071: lim lim = lim ex = +∞.
x→∞ e x→∞ e x→∞
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
2 4 6 8 10
-0.05
-0.1
Next,
dC A x2 1 x2
= √ − exp − .
dt kπt 4kt2 2t 4kt
15
Now dC/dt = 0 when 2x2 t = 4kt2 , so t = 0 or t = x2 /(2k). The general shape of the graph shown here makes
it clear that the former yields the minimum of C(t) (define C(0) = 0 and C will be continuous on [0, +∞])
and the latter yields the maximum, and the maximum pollutant concentration is the corresponding value of
C(t); that is,
A 2
Cmax = .
x πe
C07S02.073: If f (x) = xn e−x (with n a fixed positive integer), then f (x) = (n − x)xn−1 e−x . Because
f (x) 0 for x 0, f (0) = 0, and f (x) → 0 as x → +∞, f (x) must have a maximum value, and the critical
point where x = n is the sole candidate. Hence the global maximum value of f (x) is f (n) = nn e−n .
Next, f (n − 1) = (n − 1)n e−(n−1) < nn e−n , so
n
n−1 en−1 1
< = .
n en e
Therefore
n −n −n
n n−1 1
e < = = 1− .
n−1 n n
nn
Also f (n + 1) = (n + 1)n e−(n+1) < . Therefore, by similar computations,
en
n
1
1+ < e.
n
When we substitute n = 106 (using a computer algebra program, of course) we find that
(round down on the left, up on the right). Thus, to five places, e = 2.71828.
C07S02.074: We used Mathematica 3.0 to plot the graphs of y = ln x and y = x1/10 on the interval [1, 10].
The result is shown next.
1.5
0.5
2 4 6 8 10
The graph makes it clear that a solution of ln x = x1/10 is close to x0 = 3.1. With this initial estimate, a
few iterations of Newton’s method yields the approximate solution x1 ≈ 3.05972667962080885461.
16
Next we let f (x) = (ln x) − x1/10 and followed the suggestion in Problem 74. The graph of f finally
crossed the x-axis when viewed on the interval [1015 , 1016 ]. A few magnifications yielded the graph shown
next.
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
-0.002
-0.004
-0.006
The scale on the x-axis ranges from 3.42×1015 to 3.44×1015 . Thus we have x2 ≈ 3.43×1015 . A few iterations
of Newton’s method soon yielded the more accurate approximation x2 ≈ 3.43063112140780120278 × 1015 .
C07S02.075: Let f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 . The area of the region bounded by the graphs of f and g is
1
1 1 1
A = (x − x2 ) dx = − = .
0 2 3 6
1
1 1 1
My = (x2 − x3 ) dx = − = and
0 3 4 12
1
1 2 1 1 1 1
Mx = (x − x4 ) dx = · − = .
0 2 2 3 5 15
Therefore the centroid is located at the point
1 2
(x, y) = C , .
2 5
The axis L of rotation is the line y = x; the line through the centroid perpendicular to L has equation
9
−x y =
10
9 9
and this perpendicular meets L at the point P , . The distance from P to C is
20 20
2 2 √
1 9 2 9 2
d = − + − = .
2 20 5 20 20
Because d is the radius of the circle through which C is rotated, the volume generated is (by the first
theorem of Pappus)
√ √
2 1 π 2
V = 2πdA = 2π · · = ≈ 0.07404804897.
20 6 60
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C07S02.076: We let f (x) = xm and g(x) = xn . Then we used Mathematica 3.0:
(1 + m)(1 + n) 1 + m + n + mn
{ , }
(2 + m)(2 + n) 1 + 2m + 2n + 4mn
For selected values of m and with n = m + 1 we check to see if it’s True that the centroid lies within the
region:
m = 1; n = m + 1;
yc < xc∧m
yc > xc∧n
True
True
m = 2; n = m + 1;
yc < xc∧m
yc > xc∧n
True
True
m = 3; n = m + 1;
yc < xc∧m
yc > xc∧n
False
True
Therefore if m = 3 and n = 4, then the centroid does not lie within the region.
18