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12074-0130670227 Ismsec8 PDF
12074-0130670227 Ismsec8 PDF
8
C13S08.001: If f (x, y) = 3x − 7y and P (17, 39) are given, then
C13S08.004: If f (x, y) = sin 14 πxy and P (3, −1) are given, then
1 √ √
∇f (x, y) = 1
4 πy cos 4 πxy,
1 1
4 πx cos 4 πxy , and so ∇f (3, −1) = 1
8π 2 , − 38 π 2 .
C13S08.006: Given f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and P (12, 3, 4), then
x y z
∇f (x, y, z) = , , ,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
12
and therefore ∇f (12, 3, 4) = 3 4
13 , 13 , 13 .
C13S08.007: Given f (x, y, z) = ex sin y + ey sin z + ez sin x and P (0, 0, 0), then
C13S08.009: Given f (x, y, z) = 2 xyz and P (3, −4, −3), then
yz xz xy 3
∇f (x, y, z) = √ , √ , √ , and so ∇f (3, −4, −3) = 2, − , −2 .
xyz xyz xyz 2
1
and therefore ∇f (−5, 1, 3) = 160, −240, 400 .
C13S08.011: Given f (x, y) = x2 + 2xy + 3y 2 , P (2, 1), and v = 1, 1 , we first compute a unit vector
with the same direction as v:
v √ √
u= = 12 2 , 12 2 .
|v|
C13S08.012: Given f (x, y) = ex sin y, P 0, 1
4π , and v = 1, −1 , we first compute a unit vector with
the same direction as v:
v √ √
u= = 12 2 , − 12 2 .
|v|
√ √
Also ∇f (x, y) = ex sin y, ex cos y , so ∇f (P ) = 12 2 , 12 2 . Therefore Du f (P ) = (∇f (P )) · u = 0.
C13S08.014: Given f (x, y) = arctan(y/x), P (−3, 3), and v = 3, 4 , we can automate the computation
of Du f (P ) using Mathematica 3.0 as follows. First we find the unit vector u with the same direction as v
(remember that v.v is the way to compute v · v):
v = {3, 4};
u = v/Sqrt[v.v]
3 4
,
5 5
f[x , y ] := ArcTan[y/x]
% /. {x → -3, y → 3}
2
1 1
− ,−
6 6
%.u
7
−
30
C13S08.015: Given: f (x, y) = sin x cos y, the point P 13 π, − 23 π , and the vector v = 4, −3 , we first
construct a unit vector with the same direction as v:
v 4 3
u= = ,− .
|v| 5 5
13
Du f (P ) = (∇f (P )) · u = − .
20
C13S08.016: Given f (x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx, the point P (1, −1, 2), and the vector v = 1, 1, 1 , we
first construct a unit vector with the same direction as v:
√ √ √
v 3 3 3
u= = , , .
|v| 3 3 3
C13S08.017: Given f (x, y, z) = xyz , the point P (2, −1, −2), and the vector v = 1, 2, −2 , we first
construct a unit vector u with the same direction as v:
v 1 2 2
u= = , ,− .
|v| 3 3 3
Next,
yz xz xy
∇f (x, y, z) = , , ,
2 xyz 2 xyz 2 xyz
1 1 1 2 2 1
and hence Du f (P ) = ∇f (P ) · u = , −1, − · , ,− =− .
2 2 3 3 3 6
C13S08.018: We are given f (x, y, z) = ln(1 + x2 + y 2 − z 2 ), the point P (1, −1, 1), and the vector
v = 2, −2, −3 . The first step is to construct a unit vector u with the same direction as v:
v 2 2 3
u= = √ , −√ , −√ .
|v| 17 17 17
Next,
2x 2y 2z
∇f (x, y, z) = , ,− ,
1+x +y −z 1+x +y −z
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 + x + y2 − z2
2
C13S08.019: Given f (x, y, z) = exp(xyz), the point P (4, 0, −3), and the vector v = 0, 1, −1 , we first
construct a unit vector with the same direction as v:
√ √
v 2 2
u= = 0, ,− .
|v| 2 2
C13S08.020: Given f (x, y, z) = 10 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 , the point P (1, 1, −2), and the vector v =
3, 4, −12 , we begin by constructing the unit vector u with the same direction as v:
v 3 4 12
u= = , ,− .
|v| 13 13 13
Then
x y z
∇f (x, y, z) = − , − , − .
10 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 10 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 10 − x2 − y 2 − z 2
Therefore
1 1 3 4 12 31
Du f (P ) = ∇f (P ) · u = − ,− ,1 · , ,− =− .
2 2 13 13 13 26
C13S08.021: Given f (x, y) = 2x2 + 3xy + 4y 2 and the point P (1, 1), we first compute
∇f (x, y) = 4x + 3y, 3x + 8y .
y x
∇f (x, y) = − 2 , .
x + y 2 x2 + y 2
3 2
v = ∇f (P ) = , ,
13 13
4
√
13
and its rate of increase in that direction is |v| = .
13
C13S08.023: Given f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ) and the point P (3, 4), we first compute
2x 2y
∇f (x, y) = , .
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
Therefore the direction in which f is increasing the most rapidly at P is
6 8
v = ∇f (P ) = , ,
25 25
2
and its rate of increase in that direction is |v| = .
5
1
C13S08.024: Given f (x, y) = sin(3x − 4y) and the point P 1
3 π, 4 π , we first compute
Therefore the direction in which f is increasing the most rapidly at P is v = ∇f (P ) = 3, −4 and its rate
of increase in that direction is |v| = 5.
C13S08.025: Given f (x, y, z) = 3x2 + y 2 + 4z 2 and the point P (1, 5, −2), we first compute
Therefore the direction in which f is increasing √ the most rapidly at P is v = ∇f (P ) = 6, 10, −16 and
its rate of increase in that direction is |v| = 14 2 .
C13S08.026: We are to find the direction in which f (x, y, z) = exp(x − y − z) is increasing the most
rapidly at the point P (5, 2, 3) and its rate of increase in that direction. Such computations can easily be
carried out with computer algebra systems such as Mathematica 3.0. We first define f :
f[x , y , z ] := Exp[x - y - z]
% /. {x → 5, y → 2, z → 3}
1, −1, −1
The last output, ∇f (P ), gives the direction in which f is increasing the most rapidly at P . Its magnitude
is the rate of increase of f in that direction:
Sqrt[%.%]
√
3
5
C13S08.027: We are given f (x, y, z) = xy 2 z 3 and the point P (2, 2, 2). We first compute the gradient
of f :
y2 z3 xyz 3 3xy 2 z 2
∇f (x, y, z) = , , .
2 xy 2 z 3 xy 2 z 3 2 xy 2 z 3
Thus the direction in which f is increasing√ the most rapidly at P is ∇f (P ) = 2, 4, 6 and its rate of
increase in that direction is |∇f (P )| = 2 14 .
C13S08.028: Given: f (x, y, z) = 2x + 4y + 6x and the point P (7, 5, 5). We first compute the gradient
of f :
1 2 3
∇f (x, y, z) = , , .
2x + 4y + 6x 2x + 4y + 6x 2x + 4y + 6x
1 1 3
v = ∇f (P ) = , ,
8 4 8
√
and its rate of increase in that direction is |v| = 1
8 14 .
so at P (3, 4) we have ∇f (P ) = −6, −8 , a vector normal to the graph of f (x, y) = 0 at the point P .
Hence, as in Example 7, an equation of the line tangent to the graph at P is −6(x − 3) − 8(y − 4) = 0;
simplified, this is 3x + 4y = 25.
C13S08.030: Let f (x, y) = 2x2 + 3y 2 − 35. Then ∇f (x, y) = 4x, 6y . Thus a vector normal to the
graph of f (x, y) = 0 at the point P (2, 3) is ∇f (P ) = 8, 18 . Hence an equation of the line tangent to the
graph at P is 8(x − 2) + 18(y − 3) = 0; that is, 4x + 9y = 35.
C13S08.032: Let f (x, y, z) = 3x2 + 4y 2 + 5z 2 − 73. Then ∇f (x, y, z) = 6x, 8y, 10z , so a vector normal
to the graph of f (x, y, z) = 0 at the point P (2, 2, 3) is ∇f (P ) = 12, 16, 30 . Therefore the plane tangent
to the graph at P has equation
1 1 1
∇f (x, y, z) = , , ,
3x2/3 3y 2/3 3z 2/3
and thus a vector normal to the surface f (x, y, z) = 0 at the point P (1, −1, 1) is
1 1 1
∇f (P ) = , , .
3 3 3
1 1 1
(x − 1) + (y + 1) + (z − 1) = 0; that is, x + y + z = 1.
3 3 3
C13S08.035: If u and v are differentiable functions of x and y and a and b are constants, then
∂ ∂
∇ au(x, y) + bv(x, y) = au(x, y) + bv(x, y) , au(x, y) + bv(x, y)
∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
∇ u(x, y) · v(x, y) = (uv), (uv)
∂x ∂y
C13S08.038: Suppose that n is a positive integer and that u is a differentiable function of x and y. Then
∂ n ∂ n
∇(u ) =
n
(u ), (u ) = nun−1 ux , nun−1 uy
∂x ∂y
7
C13S08.040: Suppose that f is a differentiable function of the three independent variables x, y, and z.
Then
Di f (x, y, z) = ∇f (x, y, z) · i = fx , fy , fz · 1, 0, 0 = fx (x, y, z),
Dj f (x, y, z) = ∇f (x, y, z) · j = fx , fy , fz · 0, 1, 0 = fy (x, y, z), and
Dk f (x, y, z) = ∇f (x, y, z) · k = fx , fy , fz · 0, 0, 1 = fz (x, y, z).
A vector normal to the paraboloid at the point P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is n = 2Ax0 , 2By0 , −1, and hence the plane
tangent to the paraboloid at P has an equation of the form
2Ax0 x + 2By0 y − z = d.
8
But the point P also lies on the plane, and hence
Hence an equation of the tangent plane is 2Ax0 x + 2By0 y − z = z0 , and the result in Problem 43 follows
immediately.
C13S08.044: Because v is not a unit vector, we must replace it with a unit vector having the same direction
before we can use the formulas of this section. So we take
v 1 2 2
u = = , ,− .
|v| 3 3 3
Du f (P ) = 5, 4, 3 · 13 , 23 , − 23 = 7
3
(degrees per kilometer) for the desired range of change of temperature with respect to distance.
C13S08.045: In the solution of Problem 44 we calculated ∇f (P ) = 5, 4, 3, and the unit vector in the
direction from P to Q is
−
PQ 2 2 1
u = − = , , .
| P Q| 3 3 3
Then
2
Du f (P ) = ∇f (P ) · u = 5, 4, 3 · 2 1
3, 3, 3 = 7
∂f ∂f
∇f = i+ j = (0.006)xi − (0.008)y j,
∂x ∂y
so
√
∇f (40, 30) = (0.24)i − (0.24)j = 0.24 2 u.
9
points southeast (into the fourth quadrant); this is the direction in which the bumblebee should initially fly.
And, according to Section 13.8, the directional derivative of f in this optimal direction is
√
Du f (40, 30) = |∇f (40, 30)| = (0.24) 2 ≈ 0.34
C13S08.047: Part (a): If W (x, y, z) = 50 + xyz, then ∇W = yz, xz, xy , so at the point P (3, 4, 1)
we have ∇W (P ) = 4, 3, 12 . The unit vector with the same direction as v = 1, 2, 2 is
v 1 2 2
u= = , , ,
|v| 3 3 3
1 2 2 34
∇W (P ) · u = 4, 3, 12 · , , = .
3 3 3 3
Because distance is measured in feet, the units for this rate of change are degrees Celsius per foot.
Part (b): The maximal directional derivative of W at P is |∇W (P )| = | 4, 3, 12 | = 13 and the direction
in which it occurs is ∇W (P ) = 4, 3, 12 .
C13S08.048: Part (a): If W (x, y, z) = 100 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 , then ∇W = −2x, −2y, −2z . The unit
vector with the same direction as v = 3, −4, 12 is
v 3 4 12
u= = ,− , ,
|v| 13 13 13
3 4 12 170
∇W (P ) · u = −6, 8, −10 · ,− , =− .
13 13 13 13
Because distance is measured in meters, the units for this rate of change are degrees Celsius per meter.
√
Part (b): The maximal directional derivative of W at P is |∇W (P )| = 10 2 and the direction in which
it occurs is ∇W (P ) = −6, 8, −10 .
1
g(x, y, z) = z − f (x, y); then ∇g(x, y, z) =
y − 2x, x − 4y, 10 .
10
Thus a normal to the surface z = f (x, y) at the point P 2, 1, 25 is 10 1
−3, −2, 10 . Hence an equation
of the plane tangent to this surface at P is
3 1 2
3x + 2y − 10z = 4; that is, z= x+ y− .
10 5 5
−
Part (b): Let Q denote the point (2, 1) and R the point (2.2, 0.9). Then v = QR = 0.2, −0.1 . Thus an
approximation to f (2.2, 0.9) is
11
f (2, 1) + ∇f (Q) · v = 0.4 + 0.3, 0.2 · 0.2, −0.1 = = 0.44.
25
56
The true value is f (2.2, 0.9) = 125 = 0.448.
10
C13S08.050: Let F (x, y, z) = 2x2 + 3y 2 − z. The equation F (x, y, z) = 0 has the paraboloid as its graph.
The vector n = 4, −3, −1 is normal to the plane. All we require is that ∇F = 4x, 6y, −1 is parallel
to n. This leads to x = 1, y = − 12 , and (because F (x, y, z) = 0) z = 11
4 . Thus an equation of the required
plane is
1 11
4(x − 1) − 3 y + − z− = 0; that is, 16x − 12y − 4z = 11.
2 4
C13S08.051: Let F (x, y, z) = z 2 − x2 − y 2 and G(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y + 4z + 2. Then the cone is the graph
of F (x, y, z) = 0 and the plane is the graph of G(x, y, z) = 0. At the given point P (3, 4, −5) we have
Let P denote the plane normal to the ellipse (the intersection of the cone and the first plane) at the point
P . Then a normal to P is
i j k
n = −6, −8, −10 × 2, 3, 4 = −6 −8 −10 = −2, 4, −2 .
2 3 4
We will use instead the parallel vector 1, −2, 1 . In the usual way we find that P has Cartesian equation
x − 2y + z + 10 = 0.
C13S08.052: Let F (x, y, z) = z 2 − x2 − y 2 and G(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y + 4z + 2. Then the cone is the graph
of F (x, y, z) = 0 and the plane is the graph of G(x, y, z) = 0. Then a plane P normal to the ellipse at the
point P (x, y, z) will itself have normal vector
i j k
n = ∇F × ∇G = −2x −2y 2z = −8y − 6z, 8x + 4z, 4y − 6x .
2 3 4
The condition that the line tangent to the ellipse be horizontal implies that the third component of n must
be zero, so that P is a vertical plane. Thus we obtain the three simultaneous equations that the highest and
lowest points of the ellipse must satisfy:
4y − 6x = 0,
z 2 = x2 + y 2 , and
2x + 3y + 4z + 2 = 0.
They have exactly two simultaneous solutions, and thus we discover the answers:
11
√
52 + 16 13
Low point: x= ≈ 2.8125338566006110,
39
√
26 + 8 13
y= ≈ 4.2188007849009165,
13
√
−8 − 2 13
z= ≈ −5.0703675169759929.
3
√
52 − 16 13
High point: x= ≈ −0.1458671899339443,
39
√
26 − 8 13
y= ≈ −0.2188007849009165,
13
√
−8 + 2 13
z= ≈ −0.2629658163573405.
3
∇F · ∇G = 2x, 2y, 2z · −2a2 x, −2b2 y, 2z = −4a2 x2 − 4b2 y 2 + 4z 2 = 4(z 2 − a2 x2 − b2 y 2 ) = 0
because (x, y, z) lies on the cone. Therefore the tangent planes are perpendicular at every point of the
intersection of the sphere and the cone.
F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 − 2 = 0,
and ∇F (x, y, z) = 2x, 2y, 4z is normal to the ellipsoidal surface at the point (x, y, z). A normal at
P (a, b, c) is therefore n = a, b, 2c, and in general there are four points on the ellipsoid with z-coordinate
c: They are (±a, ±b, c). Thus there are four normal vectors in question, ±a, ±b, 2c, and consequently
four tangent planes, with equations ±ax ± by + 2cz = d for some constant d (the same d for all four planes).
These planes meet the z-axis where x = y = 0, and thus all four have the same z-intercept z = d/(2c).
(If c = 0, then all four tangent planes are vertical—parallel to the z-axis—and none meets the z-axis. If
a = b = 0 then there is only one tangent plane meeting the ellipsoidal surface at a point with z-coordinate
c. If exactly one of a and b is zero, then there are only two tangent planes of the sort specified in Problem
54, but the same argument shows that both meet the z-axis at the same point.)
Suppose that P (a, b, c) is a point strictly within the first octant (so that a, b, and c are all positive). Note
that abc = 1. A vector normal to the surface at P is n = bc, ac, ab, and hence the plane tangent to the
surface at P has equation
12
for some constant d. Moreover, because P is a point of the surface,
Hence an equation of the tangent plane is bcx + acy + abz = 3abc. The intercepts of the pyramid therefore
occur at (3a, 0, 0), (0, 3b, 0), and (0, 0, 3c). Therefore, because of the right angle at the origin, the pyramid
has volume
1 27 9
V = (3a)(3b)(3c) = abc = ,
6 6 2
independent of the choice of P , as we were to show.
C13S08.056: Part (a): Given z = f (x, y) = 500 − (0.003)x2 − (0.004)y 2 , we begin by constructing a
vector v = −1, 1 that points northwest, then the unit vector with the same direction:
√ √
v 2 2
u= = − , .
|v| 2 2
Next, ∇f (x, y) = −(0.006)x, −(0.008)y , so the value of the gradient at your position on the hill is
v = ∇f (−100, −100) = 0.6, 0.8 . So your initial rate of climb in the direction of u is
3 √ 4 √ 1 √
Du f (−100, −100) = v · u = − 2 + 2 = 2 ≈ 0.1414213562
10 10 10
in units of feet per foot; that is, you initially climb at the rate of about 0.1414 feet upward for every foot
you travel horizontally. Your initial angle of climb is
1 √
arctan 2
10
3 √ 4 √ 7 √
Du f (−100, −100) = v · u = 2 + 2 = 2 ≈ 0.989949493661
10 10 10
7√
feet per foot. The initial angle of climb will be arctan 10 2 radians, approximately 44◦ 42 38.241 , an
extremly steep climb, comparable to the last 30 meters up the north face of Rabun Bald.
C13S08.057: The hill is steepest in the direction of ∇z(−100, −100) = 0.6, 0.8 . The slope of the hill
in that direction is | 0.6, 0.8 | = 1, so that your initial angle of climb would be 45◦ . The compass heading
in the direction you are climbing is
π 4
− arctan
2 3
radians, approximately 36◦ 52 11.632 .
13
1000
z= :
1 + (0.00003)x2 + (0.00007)y 2
1
∇z = − 2 (0.06)x, (0.14)y .
[1 + (0.00003)x2 + (0.00007)y 2 ]
The slope of this hill at the point (100, 100, 500) in the northwest direction is
√
√ √
2 3 7 2 2 √
[∇z(100, 100)] · −1, 1 = − ,− · − , = − 2 ≈ −1.4142135623731.
2 2 2 2 2
Your initial angle of descent is thus approximately 1.4142 feet per foot and the angle of descent is approxi-
mately 54◦ 44 8.2 .
Part (b): The slope of this hill at the point (100, 100, 500) in the northeast direction is
√
√ √ √
2 3 7 2 2 5 2
[∇z(100, 100)] · 1, 1 = − ,− · , =− ≈ −3.535533905933.
2 2 2 2 2 2
Your initial rate of descent is thus approximately 3.5355 feet per foot and the angle of descent is approximately
74◦ 12 13.6 , a very steep descent.
C13S08.059: Given
1000
z = f (x, y) = ,
1 + (0.00003)x2 + (0.00007)y 2
we first compute
3 7
∇f (100, 100) = − , − ,
2 2
√
and the initial rate of ascent will
√ be |∇f (100, 100)| = 22 58 ≈ 3.807886553 feet per foot. The initial
angle of climb will be arctan 12 58 ≈ 1.313982409 radians, approximately 75◦ 17 8.327 . The compass
heading is
◦
◦ 7
270 − arctan ≈ 203◦ 11 54.926 .
3
C13S08.060: Given
2
x + 3y 2
z = f (x, y) = 100 exp − ,
701
we first compute
2 2
200 x + 3y 2 600 x + 3y 2
∇f (x, y) = − x exp − , − y exp − .
701 701 701 701
14
Part (a):
≈ −0.427965138743, −0.855930277485
gives the initial direction in which you should head to climb the most steeply, and if you do so, your rate
of climb will initially be |v| ≈ 0.956959142228 feet per foot. That will be at an angle of approximately
43◦ 44 24.196 from the horizontal. The initial heading will be approximately
◦
0.855930277485
270◦ − arctan ≈ 206◦ 33 54.184 .
0.427965138743
Part (b): If you initially head west, with direction vector u = −1, 0 , then your initial rate of ascent will
be
6000 2100
v·u = exp − ≈ 0.427965138743
701 701
feet per foot, so you will initially climb at an angle of approximately 23◦ 10 9.252 from the horizontal.
C13S08.061: Let
1
f (x, y) = (3x2 − 5xy + y 2 ).
1000
Then
1
∇f (x, y) = 6x − 5y, 2y − 5x ,
1000
and therefore v = ∇f (100, 100) = 1
10 , − 10
3
.
1
√ √
Part (a): A unit vector in the northeast direction is u = 2 2, 2 , so the directional derivative of f
at (100, 100) in the northeast direction is
√ √ √
v·u = 1
10 , − 10
3
· 12 2, 2 = − 10
1
2.
1√
Hence you will initially be descending the hill, and at an angle of arctan 10 2 below the horizontal,
◦
approximately 8 2 58.081 .
√
Part (b): A unit vector in the direction 30◦ north of east is u = 12 3 , 1 , so the directional derivative
of f at (100, 100) in the direction of u is
√
1 1 √ 3− 3
10 , − 10 ·2 3, 1 = − ≈ −0.06339746.
3
20
Hence you will initially be descending the hill, and at an angle of approximately 3◦ 37 56.665 .
C13S08.062: Given: The two surfaces f (x, y, z) = 0 and g(x, y, z) = 0 both pass through the point P
at which both ∇f (P ) and ∇g(P ) exist. Part (a): Suppose that the two surfaces are mutually tangent at
P . Then their tangent planes there coincide. So their normal vectors at P are parallel. Therefore
∇f (P ) × ∇g(P ) = 0.
15
To prove the converse, simply reverse the steps in this argument.
Part (b): Suppose that the two surfaces are orthogonal at P . Then their tangent planes at P are perpen-
dicular. So their normal vectors at P are perpendicular. Therefore
∇f (P ) · ∇g(P ) = 0.
To prove the converse, simply reverse the steps in this argument. Also see the solution of Problem 53.
C13S08.063: Because u = a, b and v = c, d are not collinear, neither is zero and neither is a scalar
multiple of the other. Hence, as vectors, they are linearly independent, and this implies that the simultaneous
equations
afx (P ) + bfy (P ) = Du f (P ),
cfx (P ) + dfy (P ) = Dv f (P )
have a unique solution for the values of fx (P ) and fy (P ). Thus ∇f (P ) = fx (P ), fy (P ) is uniquely
determined, and therefore so is the directional derivative
Dw f (P ) = ∇f (P ) · w
C13S08.064: Obviously f is continuous at the origin because f (x, y) → 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0). Next,
√ √ 3
f (at, bt) − f (0, 0)
3
at + 3
bt √ √ 3
3 3
Da,b f (0, 0) = lim = lim = a+ b (1)
t→0 t t→0 t
for all a and b. Thus every directional derivative exists. For instance, with a = 1 and b = 0 we find that
fx (0, 0) = 1, and with a = 0 and b = 1 we find that fy (0, 0) = 1. Therefore ∇f (0, 0) = 1, 1.
But if f were differentiable at the origin, it would follow with u = 35 , 45 that
3 4 7
Du f (0, 0) = ∇f (0, 0) · u = 1 · +1· = .
5 5 5
But the calculation in Eq. (1) shows that
3
7
Du f (0, 0) = 3 3
5 + 3 4
5 ≈ 5.561701
= .
5
16