a EAL: 200 Essential Reet erect perce yescrs D eres cog Reo Bea RMT - BRS AREF puSEMA CIEH WHORES s 2 ebaironcvevuil “challerae’ Inticates patterns at the 4th level Indicates pattems at the Sit level Fairly advanced elementary level patterns and examples or items that are not flementary but are rarely discussed in intermediate level texts i Ep olkiinit ini PREACBR LTE 5. rub | Explanat gis or Chinese translations cfpatners 5 of patterns Hh to take and points special Examples to which people who read tne English or Chinese. translations of @azB should refer WHR eAeriin Binion ibaa Fa0T% Rate Lao tae pence rn | fey ence an ale 5) 0 Colloquia usage that includes abbreviated forms Forms used to patterns. Polite forms of verbs, adjectives and noun Plain forms of verbs, adjectives and nouns Examples ceptions Daills Rules for “ib + 4°" and "Zee +d", whieh are treated in ‘Important Gratnmatical Poin Jon He Patio EAT Jor P eee AEA ef BUR AIT PAR aE A B LAR AL OUR ty RL IE NUE POM CRITE LOD Hike BH MOT Se Sk see DN EK Bhi TREAL + SMALE eel Alt NE ut S201 peep 2 AeA ree ds ARMkUwic PT AE DLL ORM TED SHE VAIO OOTEO SET LAS DY It, DR ORM ARNT OOS CRS MMS CBY, bMS AOL FIDAE Le LL, BRE GAD LAD CASE, BRITS COE IE HAGEL L BERET DN CWS LO, FRROD MS SRCOMRMBE TT ES ABUKRDSEIKRAET. BIL, MOB: EAOS. ROS TEE LT HoCh SPR Rib, bh’ PE COMEMMAE LUE BRMEEON THOM GENCE. £LC, MP BRIHOL IG LOAT EVAL CECRDELE OU. RAS, LOMB AEL GC TEA RHEE 5 1B FRE RR MOON Ps Le D SGARAEC, ORSUE - OR LMOWME OME LTE TS ABOU to THE LACIE MAND LI LACH 1 RNG, SRA L TOME OMAN ORME TA LMOBTECET SS Hebe. TORRE (Flo) ORACHIS. 2, MMOMPC KE PBOMRE CUS. EL, GOR BRMEO, DAN OT VEO TS, MALALE HAWS EOE EWTRHCES, 3. WO PFREMR RRO URGE) Row THR ALE ADACHI TT Al METS. A WRLMTH OCH, MM TO PATE EMISNTLED LEDS, BRNERY He [*| VO 2 EO CHD IRE LOTR EMAOBAD LOLI E LALO S, PCL MRL - 180K CSL ECE PR LATA DO MMRERT LTP AD 9 LO SHAE Clo TOLRENZ PE Bost. Pll 6. NMAC E REE He RIE ORBET PN ETE G9, HOBEFOSVECK, HAM MR DURE ORWELL. EL, WRAO TH SEARED MAT CFSE Li. LIBS AO RRL HED E Ahab < LUE COADBMILEM REM THN EF. EAE DCA UME TO BVELE BOW LOWTSEL EBS EOE, HVC URS SSPEBOET, BROCE ORBAP BATA OR, CHAS EE BEET MLE CT 200081 REM - RAE REFO62 AGON |S ae ou EPNCRWIER 8 Jfaijtey Ob EVITA Hy BLOBS - nega o [fs - Dah, /sovong ns G3 OER S VO VIRB RIC TTT DC PORE BYE + B HOH Y= WALA ¥ F2MRA+2A € ae s/s " z Bene h 2 ama x H [aj 2 fe mB EoD Ah ag ts map eda gp 2 Coen UET/ISH OWLS Sow BH eso a Bie Aamo See BB Qh NEMA BOR /GEERIM LTS BBL mo aeing aaneeg wu. AEBS ENB “6 ss BH /sasresreg 9 /stonna vaeat B Be Br PTR BE EG 699% BH WU Hh, prmr9 309 ' > wTaex yO Bene PERE SH Krew BBL Gorn BOER meen 02471 og ig. Ao BS EIVENTVD IH oe soueay . > wy ee Tn Fe AD RUNES O ROH STEM emp smnig Bd at Pe 22TH suo eu — > gucme 1 “c er woe Gove Ee PR EIOHAY Ye LO? Reese RM Poe SLNAINOD % Hveeane a. 1 RRMA AMOHUEAS (PUCK 8 OCT. CULL E BRR OD fe SH nn 1308 TBH Tie ea 4, BE eR MATS HE APH. RTPBS EOI v (a) est wider shaa sagt Vv (5) net fom ied ay ea ent ay wae fice tt | x clk ' #) ie fier | i wD wal ‘uid Bo 13H fase, 3 TSEION Ha ee 7 isiv #SELR Tike REA ® aah Back we EA LEKBO BRE ODA CHS, ARE TORMAO TENSE, AYE VE HBL- ‘ {Structure an 1. The text ODE RBK Points. ‘Th meaning ar included gr 2, Atthe b Han. & check how line. You find out v L. Hot Mark the 3. There i lesson. | explained need to short exa For everyone who uses this text: ‘yt sm [s tesigned for students of the language ranging from those who have completed hal ve f the elementary level of Japanese (about 150 hours) to those wl completed the vew lementary stage and are ready to advance to the intermediate level [ve ven Objectives] Wits ved This text has the following three main objective [a2 ve We have organized elementary level grammatical items and forms of expression tia (pattems) by fanetion to enable students to master those basie fortns of expression ae 2. Inorder to prover Students from stumbling over the latter half of their study of grammar We have put special emy fasis on grammatical items and patterns that would be encountered midway to the latter half of the ¢ nentary level of Japanese language study. We have omitted the simples Please review these areas on your own | su 3. We have intentionally included fairly advanced us me basic items and elementary to intermediate level grammatical items (these usage are marked with an asterisk) {Hat are not normally treated in general intermediate textbooks. This is to ensur our smooth tran;vho have completed half forms of expre — heir study of grammar would be encountered wage study. We have tems and element rked with an asterisk his is to ensure your [Structure and Use of this Text id of lwenty tain chapters and five chay 4. The text is comp Points, The main chapters are divided into twenty chapters categorized by anctions ¢ meaning and grammatical items. In the chapters on Important Grammatical Point included grammatical iterys and pattems that have many meanings or usages. 2, At the beginning of cach lesson there is a "challenge page.” ‘The parts check how well you know the various patterns, Choose the best word ar line, You can only use a word once. Next move on to the fi}. This section allows you to or if you are using patterns incorrect find out whether or not you Mark the appropriate sentence with a clr 3. There is a list a the beginning of each text that lesson. Items that have asterisks above the item number are at an advanced level, a who do not have much time or think they do not explained in "Objectives 3." above need to study the items now should leave these points for later. Further, we lave provide short examples for iterns that-have the s rm arioly of meanings. lems an Hom 0 Oscar Gra eatze Esanplesm altention are explained. Examples and G42) number 6 xample orata ARB) inake sure t 9. There are drills at the end of and understood, Th 40. In the Inny 11, W examples for Examples ms When a is included within the Br nen you want to Know i you have grasped fairly well th aning indicated in brackets. In the ion below the examples, the f the items, sections difficult to understand or that ne marked with asterisks have th asterisk explained in 3 . abow slish or Chinese translations, please refer to the @ with ame nurnber in the tnark, we have indicated what form of the word prece This is true only for form: studied at the ¢ s within the text. Th columns are filled rmation common to var WS Sentence patterns, The inforn standing nmar and sentenc in priate usage. When you see a refer fer toil each chapter, P heck off the points you have studied riant Grammatical on, we hay organized and explained important grammatical items and sentence pattern which chapter to find the item you wish, please check the fe included short and ones that are diffiewlt to understand only by fe grammatical items, rious symbols and marks are listed at the back of the cover, Please articular BES AAT ET Hem. CAH) ahi HE 1.5 ERIE 28 T RM aime TAL 3 AID urn Teh CeO 4. Fith20 Spee 2 AEULIT A iB TiBtE. 3 RUE neve kt wishave grasped fairly well the below t Xamples, the tand or that arked with mis are included or that the please refer to th receding the pattern should elementary level, ext. The columns are filles terns. The information of grammar and sentence ference to column at an | and explained! in p a Wish, p We have included fave included short t to understand only by Please 1 rod usc BEA KE, HEAD BEG Fen AMF FE Hit HER Hat Ti wk. (Ais) HRABHA NERA EA A ARDEA UL Ae H ASIA) ASP BW T ARR REL ee Ue A RAT, RATT AAMT AL IAI TAULL Mehta, EAE 8 ACS BNE MY RSE YAR ad Mb A THIER YEH BVEIAE A He eRe FD cH, EAD oe Pe EAS Fey TL ct A WIRE CM AT ah, LAT LAW aie A AYO LARD), IW, (tO FUE) 4. Eh 20URIE AISI AMHR S14 HHL Mak fia A PDA ge Hen ee A LY CPA, ERE if Tif cho 3.88 Ree STOYSTPT, wT A = OUST add CHL > RE meee kA a MB ro CSU ee AD. HE ADT Aa Ve & 7 SP wearian His AANA Amd, samt ( Tits: RELA Bay Kime TZE ELEN «Boyan oe AHH Oy AT BEA SH ae FETS. RY a] SATO MON ae tng a 1) AT des a 6 REE FUL TR POM, ithe FHA el ae As 7 C0 dea AIAN OTR IES. cup ay eae NEA, STORE MIMI SOR PISRTR, 00, REDD 4s 1 He apse SEEMS. AEH 8 aM A rae 4 Ak Mite HNROR WrMteT le 10. FAs Hf, ap Rei iy tH AUT RUE TAH Anes 11, tesa TL SORENESS), Mbp ge BOTA S Bb eA ay, iek & 1 ET HH ft, 12 5. brTime Relationships af Te! BAETY 1), OT Fy OR : Fi * 9 0) #425 jot 1 ; : lb Fhe hee Lact . beam, as ba woe (2 2” PO ence a RW, inal lo ; fi : phase Le 5. be Leewaiiil, {; ado RE RDO ele MERE SH Bag Fe auetEe twee. o—— 1. ~£8 6. 2. Vers VBECATT VTEC STH VRECSTH | 3. ~ie 7. VED TS 4. ~tC-~® 8. fil» ~fihic 5. VTS 2, +82 rr 1. Whet ROB wu 1. [xte ba (V) MH IVSl eS omit, STOR) (v =e wher: KRNEGU. [~E 8] OMOMNE HER (v.) 158 THE ROME. fe CV) BE bh bitte ORSU. TVACE) ERI, RTMRAUMMCE LON, HA (Vv) xi Dhawan VE PREOLCH (VEER) Be actior simul Hi. Aire a HELO SWEP) Lewes st, { y 7 the n ° even BES ECHO ELE ash v v and # ao § 4 = © Co)1. PSIORA GR mm TVTUBSELZTH. wet + | ot } leave % 4 2, em. [iit] & TH) bo 1. Whether the verb that comes before £1 1 jsUityabialevObL 1 VS 5 OIE i V-fe is unrelated to | ater VE a MISHA, Sy E- 5 wt, EXOWE (Vv we main clause, Incases EK, (- LS) Zeya. HMOs tion (V)) tha FEW ANP. HANOI HE PR (VS) arn eee is already complete ary vre® 2) 208 esa A V) HR DnSwS i nore is a second action (V.), use the form | SERRA EAN) abe. PERIL lB ETI In eases where the motion or | -EAJRNLALRLAMLS WAKA ¢ ~ 1 (V.) is either incomplete or | simultaneous with a second action (VY) in| 2/1 AeA Bor) the main claus we form VBE x the elause stself is in the past 2. + Important. Grammatical Points 2: (18 nd 2%), 8 9, p25 xoRA Yb 1. 1ADAS DUNE NGI RUPRMOT EI BAS. 2. [vEms) nwa, ° £ A? [Enptaosr ty losin WIZE, Hksomne BA [Enphosst 9. [vaea 5) ov abt is. ak Se fen -a tte BA HD) a2 ( Xwichu ene aes + \ NOK HAE Lt 1. This expression ig used to indicate that 1. feak—“PAIBEEATIN FAN. eH Ne person is performing two actions |S AaRKHI TN A I 8 mG simultaneously, It can also be used for | 2 + VAREN5 1 AIR AEN EIR Jong periods of time, as in numbers @ | +e : Br vinats, mete FN 2. Emphasis s placed on what is said after | hl ees 1 Tee the V-720i5 patter, 4 Beha (p22) ~if) 3. Verbs inthe constriction V-224 can before psually use “reomentary verbs." + sa Colum 1, Verbs of Continuation Mi Verbs of Momentariness? state f “+ oD Vee +e1. PBS ] g : B38. ~aTIS [pete zit |] DAPI eH SEL: fami: . BdkLin‘ ks ii Ail 9 805 ici mabe tit oo vz i eeedies BA WET NB [ater ooh ot 7 1 CARRE Be 2. OBOE II. RIT. Be Byg i 0 iD, — HEE A w HE Aska) 4. The constmetions 3. (~ffik2) and od. ai 4.0 th fei k #®) indicate which wo actions occur | ARMS aiTE HIE before or after ther 2 QW DOR IF ARRAN Hs 2 In cases such as mumnbers @ and @, when | ARAARASA RUT ARI ASHRAF HC state follows afterwards, 18°C is no ” mo VE/NDK 1. [AHO] ERE SSCS H [VHS] OMOZERRC. EKUWTTS, ev € tik BSS 2. [VTRS] OMBCBE ERT BhiaD < 6. f *Vonas bo, 29UELES 3. Him aa & ye Kr eRe, HCIH { co be 4 12OKOHT I VeHS) 2M E MICE MCA OL 1. This is used the same way as ~# Y WeHIIA FV ¥ aan expression that emphasizes th NTT We Aaa a will do the action that prec MS | RVG Gee aaMh Mahi, +6 first, or will definitely do the action 2 ANNE KAM MMM ALE, 2. Verbs that express action come after the | 4. (eM FH ATES HV VCS sion 9@ 3. This pattern is nol used when tim ontexts are clearly defined. —@ 4. The V-C#5 form cannot be used over © 5. VTPS(2) verb) 2)“ @) 1 pe IRIKTDS. SIU BHERB ELS WAAC ORICA balls ¢ a : ma bth Ae “ bh Ct Rov b SSoRer This const of a certai = 6 [ abou D ALB Bie @ Biba D #4 Dare Bia, g o>o> RIN 1. of Dud i Bi 2. [vee neste1108 ®ayF HST. MMM GC ENMAERT ‘This construction indicates the starting p ofa certain change « « 6. VOECATHT VTUBECSTHE VEETATH aves done (verb) TEBE = EAE] inning state srulbrrs, couse [aout Ib 1. SOO. (FHORNOP HAP BLO LOR Th OP CBI BORE BBD SONG ROBATHESZLERT RAI EFT SBA COEDOD, BB Dish MOKA, OI AT h 2. [vaecseet] by 2544H Bick DESTAPIED ENE IESE DM 2 CHSMLERTS bo4.The pattern the point in action, as in exact TT is used say that the has been st wants to dedtuced tr time in suc ore, 1. These expressions are used when one | 1. ARB AUPaNfE, APHID Fi, fata 0 9A ss BH ID Rea TE Ceih 12 Neh Mea a ‘fe Fat A ft AB Hea LM OF LL luring the process, and @ anc @ are used F ik 7 0 TF Ao ak a HE mitext of an action or matin and licate acti tly before | 2 VB er the point in time een oy . 2. Here time than in V-7 2. The constr SELATH isnotused | 3. CHBELA CT KAP RAK in hen one sup something 8, Be Ae ARs Ha FH someone will do something, It is used for nitentional acts er when one kn lefinitely that a chan “oe 3.The form VCS ET for conditionality or unintentional a + 3 me one~ @ brisk DOO & 1B ROR THEEWIZEL FERTH IVER CT it. BEM RD 2 CP SOR NBT & EMCSU RUS & KES, DOOKIE [VKWHN GOT JIvesen eo, cuoKe EOE EM Lo CHBHENSH RERWAUE RICE CD EW. BERNIE ds BSf m Libis vanes: sation ore, sider daze ose ae Arie say that the period of time since thy 1 white: ar, time in such constructions as "V-fc}t2) LOT Ye Ff iy 08H roy *, as in numbers D and 2 Here time is de than in Vt ECAC = S 8. WH TPIS [ destne wnt ty tt @ be Lit i ® Wi Bias cui * O hirer — Ae LCvaith, Put wees 5a, HH AOb Lite ce aa RIVE [mii] it. fam cttny os este Menvaer > Seis + (= 1. 0N (EN. I 2. Ny EY Na 3. N ENE 4. N, (ENE 5. N, OREN 6. ~t#et 7 N, ldo, ® Kilinvodi TAM HS £N), KRLT 2. iki ez XA m x biel 3. DOOEIK. Biesei: it a] onitrasts — NIN. O 2. N SUN: D531 8. NEN, EEBS NAAN, BE~REA wteas 4 5. Ni OPN, BUBIEA 6 Te Nim #8 Noid DERI LT (N Nut £0), debi 2. RRERT TOW. DEOMI T HS.1. This construction is used when the | 1. ii AMER THE EOURD BEER A DUIE speaker takes up a certain topic (Ni Fd) 00) UN Hy MEE AT HO and wants 10 compare the state of that subject based on something else (Ne ED). | 2. Aes LOAR AS) 7, — AASB A 2 2. Normally, this construction, which | = ndicates comparisons, is not used in the 3. (JH BEVIalea: O 1 (Feat Ae ea negative. + (un 1956) 3. When the construct “interrogative + £0 ised, aS in numbers S and ©, expresses the superlative degree 2 DALLA VIDE AER TH a HiT LD) HRM PKU OIE 3 ABE SAAB UYot ®@ LATHAS EV, AABE FEB IED AM 5 wR tr CE AIR, SCT MCHA ACF 89. Se OK DATED AMADIED A a 2. OPSOEII, BBWC HOES 1. This patie is used when one com ywo things and wants to say that one iter (N: 249 45) is a greater or lesser degre I some attribute than the other. It is } sally not used in the negative. + | 2 There are constructs, Dike in} vumbers @ and G), where this pattern is | appended to parts of speech other than | $3. N,EN2g 0 Nea B MRIS MES Ae me & @A: iié BIesoTOMMT @ A: de AR- tb bat @ab 22ND 2 TN EY NOI DH, @a: BL dob IIH This pattern isu comparison betwee taken up in conve response to this pat the phrase "Nik D 578) and uses only 28 instead. Di kar b Ave cA vot § RR. Ths ulistlo<ston ou). J MH tem jon Ie HR 4 0 “+ BREE alo pi BN, EN, CESS [wretis (rou, or Croan. 2/Nrvmer te ] Araerisivé Bik tf DA: tie Twas Ys BrrbS Oa: Bi Eb Sbiac EOE EE SMES COD bowed Behl A ah 22DbntBHe LUMNEWVT, THES SMaA, COVOLROBME, 2 x ZINY NOE DH) OTN EY] EE MLT. [NOES] CHAS GA:cor-y-ban we? Bidbosoej Hand This pattern is used to ask about a {fr AW asbe eA 49. Somparison between two items that an (i Bl ik PEL AT IE taken up in conversation, Usually, the response to this pattern of question omits the phrase ‘Nid: 0" rom 2. (Nik ON. OLE 5 20" instead. = ‘and uses only the pattern "No 1&9 £4. NAN EE~RHA — [orm snot aras comm 8s 3 olladiecs FST ERK BUCS @ orLite 4% if O Soblise bAMBOTHAL UP LIL FP TLS D FA eS ott, Ft Brida. Ch, HOthsE © coHHi cur © cobiitizae wrae acy 2. Bet imRAY 4.When something concret particular topic, as in sabIe/ ~OHe pened WA BMC L A BOUL (NUE). & construct 227 2. The phrase something, has the ros attribute among a variet ‘When the items are in tach other, ~°C is used — PED SODIUM DAL et MD co7-*ieb rok This pattern is used when the degree of tw ‘ wi eay nt H ~ fly Ee ee items is not very different from each « ne a ee 1 bb. 202-7107 Ww pot quite as..2a8 th © ActecEsriy Ie is not used when the degree mis is completely different, =@ @ HOARELDE [(oun)sis the most (noun) AEENSAL NEE ] 5 5. NOPTN, BUBIEA Aly eon : ier ‘This expression is us | j , exceeded wants to indicate 4a certain P negative evaluation. "A Cu bith COT : coo Ve / 1AM 27. Ni l~ DIE 3 EI aHices & THUS HEY z83-5 HEALER OUR HE ig ag ssp Oe) ane BUN Ay 2 Bey Hee 0 aM) AEN J PS Ao beta = #8 When something concrete is asked about a 1. eth] A DASPE AEH FU seit Fe al Particular topic, as in number @), th NN ENA BTA — 1 LRH, eonstmct 22'S A. ~ is used. 2. AGM Ce Ae AW FOI The phrase ~OPC i hen Dil debs 08 UK FPO Something has the most or least of som EE a SEIN HS Bribute among a variety of item: iF When the items are indistinguishable fron each other, Loo — [0s EOy-Fb oxEd BH. LOA WHICH, MHTFEVE Ort viok + MD GOAMIE CHEE, 2-ET HES +2 ZB BRS FT EWUREBA THOSE VEWE SIRI. VITAE fh Mhis expression is used when Un fe LO IR HY I wants to indicate Uial something tas exceeded a certain perfoct balance. Ih is a negative evaluation. = oo vet (A= exes BT NlE~B Ne IS [oom isda (rou: ts- Siem J COKE’ FRAT LID, HOA j @ br LeSOEWTI @ flo License (SA OP BAIT LEY b @ bre Lisi tteh. Gomme coe AL HAR HC BI belie ee Pb Ci be Ln etme Bee (eA ATVoOb HARES cieck© 9 een ss. HEC Arb: LbeKxsct | a — ' | ose =! 2. (ERI % .nilovyys gA:@ oe KaveF CHa. b HE ct cyRE balesOhy SERS CEE RAT Boro e Be HRow* A: BA IC wie RS BibeLinwtt dois 5 vpacs. HAE ) Po ; ALVobrae C:Boke alin zy. ALdrLos ORI HEH WhEA air aE t, CONDOS ysic} ee Ed 8. bt LMM tke TAR Leb mu gs 2. NFL HOI, AARTCRE a ED ELA frie { b fron Lé le: EVNADDYS e{ Ik, HO HIS { b FSokcE 8. bRLEGETI { a FRASIER a Aberece b AbeLAce 1. Enumerations Il. Experiences 1 spa) 1 MBAS T9YRR TTY Lk A DED PEI SECO CHAS, HITS ELC PALEY EF, eLEt ZIELA ,hersonh, a WELS b Hck eh DET } HVETHS, RL ae BN EA, DY EASLaem) eet VEU EW LES WiRERALN. FLERRLN LED, (WAV Lo tOL TUE, MENUS 1-1. VikY VEY LES) [ De uty ant (eyes tier taigs (DRV.LV J AKU, FL i PMD LES FEGOLA, HELLY, Bee ot) ECWOHEOELE . HOA) LRH OSS EF BOF EG tb pe re Lay. ag KHEOS LEY LTWET, @4z2h) VBUSSTEETSER, ELUVAVARZEMEZEE A, tD9502, semuk PMNS CRELEOBOA. DOKI. TAPUSUS SHEET SBSE, O45. BOMBA EET BBE H S. ‘This expression is used when Usting up two | MUP RRSITE, Firble or three of a variety of things that one does, | UKM, ATLL APES SRR FE ARIUS or that occur, ‘There are such cases, asin AIH fe Abah fit a LL G04 Ata Bhatt numbers @ and @, when one person is | doing various activities, and there are cases, as in number here several people are! doing a variety of actions. 4a 5.b 33YS I-t Vi EUV, EV LEF2) [be qwerty. and (verbye and (2) KV, LVE ] BT Mar HM) Rok LTUVED 2 ii] 6 vote AMY Le Le 2 SOALMOME oO LVRLVLTOET, LILAMELEG, SG ® KADBEE Naoto oho horn Laucdétaen, Eawcdns RL h) RHObE- Hake oc CERTEUR. 2 ONY oma (Hs Ka. ad BL EWS FHSeE) ES, This pattern expresses a ropetition of | dikes ‘opposite actions or effgets. Two contrasting | SELATRAVANLAHIM CAMHS, ABD: F<, verbs (such as HBAS, FS RB, | KA: bMS. FAAP, B+ FRMSUE dare used, : ENESCO, Te SEW SEW DEF [samines antsonees -pnhovaee ] D OSs CICALED, BL AY, haem Let. DIB CRY feowbns THY BBP OAD LSC, he ocTH ERA, @ ARC he ote CHE, ken vem oth cay $4, Peo h DEPTETH, Pot TT MS, b Rb HEL CHEOCEERT, HEOBAC HED, GWOEIE [~LU~RNET! O Beha cee su. This pattern shows that something is not | ae-K—seMO AY, tal LETHAIA ELON fixed, It is also used for parts of speech | HEM. RMIDOMEE WHA 1 = A other than verbs. IL is often used in the form | 0 ~ NCS 1 AMEE, £0 CT, asin numbers @ and ©,3. [a0 ER 1-3. Ny BOUL Ne BH [ours isan (noun): is also RN RN: |] flare 1 > wl, Beuweet Ue tokl, Mabe b> HOS Lt BOL. Broker, Whe ee eecd. UReb, RE - = @ dL ARR Bb LOTAH bit whoo. SL ACLE, ® SOF EHRIAS TOLL, BIBRA S fio c, HEA R4 Yb BOHBO Te tii TANS EWE. 2. [NON G5 (SMO MEOE TH] CUIBOBLY, INOL, Nb. (F .RMLVETH | EOIBOBOR IM, ARS EMNS Bae MOUSE 8. OOESI. ING] MESSE, +44 [LI coe) 4 MTU. a 1 OMAK Pb) MOCE. TL BL Te] PO [#) HAS 1 | pre 41. This pattern is used to list iterus of similar | 1. RAEWLbAODEENI(S UNE He HMA quality 2. HIE NBN 8 GAIL FLO 2 The expression Ni &B~L. Ne bs JERR Nob L, Nob GRR (This week I'm free and next week Im also | F/WAT%. 11 BAER, free) carries a stronger emphasis of | 3, ofLI@/NQIH AR NG 1. +ah4 repetition than Ni Nr Bee (Im free | BI-4. 1 ~ Ld (pa) Doth this week and next) ABR. OR tes REE BB, TR, 3. There are constructs, as in number @, ai, #1 HK, HET ahi) 2" where Nf isnot used. > Lessop4, 1-4, | #8" #4" BUHHSE 4 (p52) (~L), pat : 4, When % is appended after the particles (2, Aand %, bt, 08 and © are eliminated > Column 7, The Particles td, #8 and # | Disappear', p.152 —_— coo Nb +B Ls 35,CL ERHUEF 2. VECEPHUEF* VEUCERHUEE ZT-1. VEC EMHBW EF [toons meerverence otaoing (wy /at~ ] SAEED 1 NE HRSA: FESOES, leit th BD TARDIALAR TY CHALLE MH ETA Lath DET 4 - HVET BA? Bh DTD. be @ PE, D5 A ® kes . RITb 1. PREBOLS! [AE] [EMLITSE TK) SEDEI GRRE SL IRI EMS » 2. SEVER BLOHERTER Eo Lacihbtu, Fe, Too) feu cu) Pec) EDERE VoL EKMIZE BTN, XDELUBERU. BLAR SES bo a4 | ObELEBE LO, LO L&E RAE OST, BRIBE CEH LEN IRR HRD, 36[S05 18S m MO FEGOIA (AR) 1 a FESO Alin childhood), (bf) 1 real CAD a p), tL (long ago), and PETIT THD GES IL) 1B iahit — AH, now). 2. AMR a HAE ML Set a — BA, constriction is not used with | WARES CL Uk WS) RS (ERM) 1 Bindi ARAN, ether ist used with words such as || = P(always), 1C4 (usually), and b 3. CATES Oey ). 0 TSE, jexpression, as in numbers 6), @ and ited to show that something. spocial inthe past fs offen used with expressions | 1. ms that refer to the immediate ! RE Be Be BR 2 VGC EPSUET- VEUCERHUET aetines when the agent does (verb) and thee are times when e doesnt (verb). / HE HAH] ECHVOT, EER CH Cea ET pcvecH CTH, LELKESORTMMT SIE CHVET. Th ears Important Grammatical Points 3: (V - TC. Vets TV and VEST), p21? | Z1-8 SOT [snc J] n D OF RMS HEN EDO? wh Bs ohgeAcLe, KAIME LAL 2 BAAIMVOT, 421 ORR + Be mm CRE LAL BAB. WMH OROT, Bib Riana BLELKALOC, KEK Emme ITS ES. dune ELEMOT HEV ERAD FAIA, biok RBS UETOT, DUBE CEE BAOU THEE? ENE ERIC ENS, CRIBB re pHLBoORUcto, Ashe (XRCAEOE 208) XPBEVOTC PDD. {ooo8 fh. RDS 2. Ghibemund HAN SMBICH [~OT] ODM [~MS] SURE ARS POR Bess. 3. [~OCTH! OHCA MDE. ALES LCEMES BOTTI O) XBL Ar-H RSOCTH BAYA CRS MH TS LOOK dK. KNTMIBORWVE Si, THHIERT SCE OHS. 1, (Case or reason) OT. (J. There are Ba oc; El. mae many times when the succeeding clause SR, OAR TN AHL a contains the result or direction of the first. } a>, Meibfiik, +e + GP 8 tig clause. Imperatives and prohibition do not; ‘Ree | (p204) appear atthe end of the sentence, —+@ | 2 Ab AiRATHHAFR FIL © = °C EHH + Column & , Watch Out for, Sentence (=m 5 1 HES ME, Endings, p 204 3 KHEWM F-OCTT 1A oe 2. In cases where personal justifications are | 4, Ge) @AF SER AFL Sesh Ae TARY, MEL given, ~@C is a more formal and soRer RoR, expression than ~#) 5. 3.The form ~ DTT isnot used. 4. When the speaker wants to be more polite, asin number @ he or she can append the polite form. = coo FEB ye GF AR FAG NENG tOC 43S 1-4 ~L [ane riire ] D ADRS Aes LCR aba eA, ° B Bihat a LoS De (EHO HSL, Wbibo COOL. Ya¥y yew LA DALERLTHOMTATHA, Bi FOTN pitti o ML APA Le eecet © RLFROLEL, RAG OVS, AWS EL ES. RI b 1, BEBO CHO E SRS. 1-1. [~9 5). 1-3 [~OC) KU RBMRUB LO. Oe DITA LJ M1 OBS, EO OMA ES LURE HS. 2. +9 BRI-3 INS~L. Neb as) 41. This is used when sting reasons, The causal relationstups are weaker than in he construct ANT den BH, (WAL 1.1 Sa, 1-31 - OCs MERE. H@ 1-1 5) and. (~OT), When ther SUASUILE hr = Ls (Oe Hh ssonly one ~L,asin munber GD, the nuance is | ABU EEE hat thereare other reasons as well, 283M ~ 3. INB~L, Neb! Gas) 2. Lesson 8,1-3. (NIG we oo EB 21-5. ~&& (Ic) [ownagto /tr ] fon 20) Riot, Ruate heeds . 2 WES Act A Aner 9 aa REMATLE Loma. 14 EATS BO © Poised eo nt, wma) Amor, RITA 1. [iil] 2 0). [-), ik cu eU ieee mmc ones, BeBe ce @ 2. Clauses that express the speaker's will or requests do not follow ~#25, °@ 1 8 , Wateh Out for Sentence Endings, p.204 —_— coo RB ey i) keg #9 1m & + ¢ s1-1.~* © 9AKEVEL @ 20 @ ware te ERMA C$ WEWCH, @a7h heather ©) BLOL, [amuse | DPB EM. te wicras, SP 4. 1 RB 2. [~hd] OBS. BTAORHERT RPMS EOR MCU. +3948 BR: { 1IGRRE) 200 (12), =]. This construct is | 1. RB) tab), EE). deaths sed to explain that a result is not what | AAR UHI, 2 HAS mii MMA FRA ATM 20 Revs ERA A AOE BYE WAR AeA RY A, EYES PEROT IE | (p204) DA FAR FAL /NR ND +40 (12) [contrary Resuns “atte ] OBA T SHIRE HDL IOVE DES 2. ROLSC2W LEI CLUOBUHS, [BOMBS] LTH DNS, tobe AVG OL EET HS3, FOROEIC [BOWL] PHIBERTROHEL THA CONS, VAR ATL AID. NE b) OF [~GE) EEC D PRE 5 HRS 1. This conjunetinn joins two opposite or | 1. X.QRUHZse er A stuart ae contrasting clauses. 2 VLR FLA ESL Py 2. There are cases, such as the following Bete 8, Rea RR MSS | When #¢ is used simply to join two clauses “+ It is often used to proface what the | 3. ULOTDL® MIKI) AE AEE A Ra speaiker is goings to say. RAR LEAH NTRS» CT 8. IL is also often used as an expression with “+ which to broach a subject or as ay to) 4 ECR ER HEI Ce es se subily leave the sentence open-ended asin |r 1b 2a (UHC = aN the following examples, > 4, In colloquial speech, the abbreviated form of SONY (~HE) is often used in place of ~A8 +8 ET 2 SOIC [erento Zt, te J Db FORERUEOIL, ENEMA ERA 2 oA Lavon, treme ce BL CORT. USE OIZ, LI LTORBATH AN OM CO(L, BRIBED ADE 9 VUSARS IY ELAM, Soto homie. Ab) 1. |] ore, eR erSu, o BTADR ORES. ® . a Re RS 46HAGE PH A BM. Maio. (Gomeiningunespected) . Tn many cases, the speaker's feelings of surprise, dissatisfaction, criticism or regret are conveyed. 2, Clauses that express the speaker's will or requests do not come at the end of the sentence, —-@ — Column 8, Wateh Out for Sentence Endings, p:204 — FACET AREER TL OM GEOR BET OO, 1 ET] 27a TERMED ED | 1.8) oc, EERE. om FRA WIA AM EYL, ARI TEMES ER FAR. 2. HE RRA TARIAA MBIA DL, WILE IRM RIA TR, 8 TERME IE J (p204) eo MB yi CAR TAC / NENG $0MI [ eC Rec 1 Hesomewarau 1. SERAOE, HAIRS LA. ELIE RaAD DD wD ELA 2. kD, 3, ata & 4, WOAIEA oho & FEATS 5. Ms Aca PH (|) ObOZE EMM Kofi CHa HSU OC Oe 1. EO FIERO DF ABCLE DEAE, y KONEHATL ED (HS) VE SALEEOT CHS: ORE LA Chto iby Bh oOCRELAT Lite Bika) 2 PAR (€aB) BBR BOSH. Ch EPI aTHTeeeA # #2, HNeLw LET AIYERBUACH NS (58) SERVOS IBS OMS, HRI 48L Expectations Il. Objectives Lee 1 Aes LRN 3. EC HAS FE 4. bb, RU, {i do FTP KAAS CF 5. bb, Rus, dt howe ortAa ct Mm east a Lav 1. Peel kay Ltt antiitete { . b HELO CH a ELUTF. | 2. sho yavit b Lab sd DE BHLE w Adio THB LO { Tay eae a fae “4 Wo cant 5. LOKVAYIEE AME DS { b ijk PAWSON YCHUET. 498 its 14% 2 | spectations “| 1. NBIELOTH 3. UES 2. VETTE 4. KEWUITH HE EUUTH + ~EWUTT 5. VTELWTH VEOTELUTH 1. NBIELUYECH — [account | D DELILZ = hsv ty aEL eH, 2 Pose aailibe Conte: SAMA (thd DL Ga VBTAL Ob Otter > B: CF ta, FEAST Dy EARN KH BAMELOE A= 4B) 1. BOK (HEL) OR RPRDERT. WEOMK AB eM BSE EDARIEDEUMED IU, 1-2 [VRUCT) BFL. (abere) 0) Ame. 7 3. BEA thw EROZOLR COR SAL, -3FK3 [EMMSA HORE BOWED) yr5) OXY SARA DRIED AE LY a. [a0 Ed] 50 Mite 2c Sb 4d Sa5. 1S 1 Be A. RB APRN EER, OH, arb AP TAM A BOR, WE IR RET RAFMM LA, 1-2 rv er watt, # 2. A BELA 3. ASHE FEAR Ei AB = I 0 F 0 ES TERESINA = A Ret £1 (pS) 4. This pattern expresses desire or expectation on Uke part of the Hirst person (D. It is also used to ask the desires or expectations of others, but it is better not to use this construct directly toward superiors. ‘This also htolds true for the 12, (ETT) pattern, > 2 This pattern is conjugated in the same way asan 1 -adjective. 4. This construct cannot be used at the end of sentences where the subject is in the third person. —-@ — Column 3, Watch Out for Sentences in Which Subjects Are inthe Third Person, p.75 —— 1-2, VEWEHF — [Wate oem) 0] 0 Wikarcwiicoity ces, OTABIA, KALBD LA CTA, + > NAPIEES CT. © erdis ache Od. Ho, Bruve—wahanoss @ AOFRT = ABE RITA ELA, BLY Bk goho R47) 1. BL (EL) OF ROHR, HACKY. HEORRr ASEM BAL IRI HF, BHALOAC pos HU. 1-1 INDE LOTT] DHE 1. (Laaeirree ©) AMEE, fA terete, OME. il sO Edm. 2. AHRMERAU LE ICBATS. 3. fethOBA OO. 91o [E—VRMRG) — [Ewha EU OFF [A 1H) cepa cergu, RAVEROLOLHIC LOK EBAT. 1A INSELOTT] Owe 3, 55 VARA 1. This pattern is used to express desire or ‘expectation to do something on the part of the first person (1) the desires or expectations of others butt it I is also used to ask is best not to use this pattern directly toward superiors, —+@ WAKELY eH 2. This pattern is conjugated the same way eee) in bd as an f-adjective 3. In the case of transitive verbs, as in number @, = J) ther E11 ata 1 (drink beer... want to drink beer), the particle & is often changed to 4%. 4. This pattern cannot be used at the end of sentences in which the subject isin the tind person, 42283. in HL (NAUELU CH 5. This pattern, as in muniber is often used at the beginning of a conversation to ask or request something. VROA THB, V BOTLEIM Examples: Cb oop Vat thet 1-38 ~PUET t RSPAS EEL MOT, the QBMET-ARFIU TOKE b. RIEL ONE v RIYB POE GCA A UHRA LEW TS SRRDI AIC L <8. 2 V THOT [ Tena to want to CHst FRA CORT P5RLA STP OIPEEN $b) £4 oF Ved An # ¢ C@VELA EWLEDOFEL Dio CHS LOE FELON VACUs Ry SUEY BLU RARE © Ue Yn fern — A RRNET r ) ‘He OT LL ir A AE ALIEN FH) -+ AML 1 Hs@eB1 2. IMA 9-1 Te, 3. ITE esting one bo evant re Stee, A ASHE FLRR IP TSE = PS A, SEL. ENDTELU CT eens 5. RONDA, Lem LF MA A, ft A i FF . RE 1 fe 1-1 N sv Bies 1 SR RL CI TE ik VTbLL Yel 1 kom 78] UT BELBO 88-48 ShaiskeM ERT. 11 CN LOTT! 1-2 DvRUTH CR, FRYE LOMB GBH oO IMO. Be TTT INFELUTH! OMI. 3+3543 | ASO PEEL +{- SEO PAE LO kas 2 [oat] tai 1 MEER, De LIENDHELO CHT 4, Halt [~o TOS T] OF CHES H t) OF CBA 1. The “appended to such words as wo, INL, ELo, § and is used to indicate desires, expectations, POET i v bee sentence suffix physical sensations and emotions in the third person. As in FL, (NAUEL ETT) and 12. Wz UT), it is best not to use this pattern when the subject isasuperior. —>@ + @228),, 3. in LL, (NANELWTS) = Column 3, Watch Out for Sentences in Which Subjects Are in the Third Person, »:75 HORT is ‘conjugated in the same way as a Group verb (-u verb) 3, Watch out for particles, bf: LEENA. Lech, -RANEEL A THRt 4. This is normally used in the form ~ 259 bet tendencies are expressed a itis used in the form ~250 8S 2 The sentence sult but in cases where general in number coo Viet Am/rA +H ET DOES CAA HEE ABB [~ ae 5. 18% 08t% KAOLERED LI! (975 1 (5 Beb) CELE SRRTS RUNBL A OTORT 1. de RIN ELIA, VAL iit, SAL, BL, ROR, lee ER, OU RSA, 1 ONDE Leer 2. Vet OTs HIM BLE RAF EMEA bee =e SEL. NA #81 a, eS MB Fi (5) 1 = A802 iB MBSR Tabi hi, ES binl 9 NY DELIRNANELY ASANEIEL A OTHERS kot CRIES, B14 KEWUTH + SLEUTH + HLOUTF [le woutd be good ifs it would be nice uf; t would be best i RE RAE FY] YkRoWON ALOLAL MATES AVeY Bi Z4 Cha (2D Bee L Fue LU RRIES ECF Aa, HULE Om, HED Bite Mo TET 532 ROLE IDLE Ld oRBOUOI hd, DAKE A, WOPEROEE Ko Base? BS 5th, Fils eo pe te Rt b) 1. EOKFCH TELE HERR & SBA MS, BLE. KRICURIO RH BERT [~06) EMASZ COBY, RHOW LOBE THSBEEU, DOOKIE TAO. ~H HE) BEE DUST EMBO, 2. [~] Kk TADERE SOS IZ BO. KbLAL VI BAL { LI, TIRALRALOO ED 3. [HEMT] [WR EOU TH] [SHOU TT] SHUR BA MRR T HS, 1. These express ns are used when the | 1. JP AcE SIMO, Et speaker wishes something would turn outa | LM. AUJBREAGMILE dasa 1 = A605 certain way. Teiseolloquial. There are many | §&SUALFIEMM, LHR OL DOI cases when the interjection ~7d) is | 1 ~ OZ, =A ELF, appended to the end of the sentence for | 2. 6 ~ 1 HURHUMR ARIA Bas A aU, exclamation. Often, ~ 42, ~, and ~1 “+ & are appended, as in minbers Dand @, | & (~ Ew CH | -RSUCT when the reality seems difficult to achieve, (EEO CF AILLILA BO 2 No words to include the speaker's intentions are used before these expressions. = 3. It is possible to interchange the three patterns ~EWWTH, VBL or and “XU CH. L 1-5. VTELUTCH + VEUTELUTH [Want (seu or third person) to do (ent); Want (sound or third prscr) not todo (verb) / EE «RAE |] D 7IABO PERE OO, FOMGUTELOO TT Im, LAL BASEL Ev 2G tH, Ronsosucugt, Hii to cel LOLEREMOAL DEO CHLUOTT, CF tas5. 18% 1849) Rak BOA (DEL) MBE PE DOA, BOTECHL THES SBS MS APART IE ARES A, TE 8 CH ‘This expression is used when the speaker (0) wants the second or third person, or & thing todo something, s VES VRE SIE - NOH (I=) 81-1. Vil Gees) [ (G0) do (verb) ] Darr, Fb Muicis t4 @ Hikari, BAH’ eo Ed ODALALITe LIKED. Mb Lee chone. ok U Mb FI, U2 [Varo] FHS, UE + WIR RII BASLE ATER SF RQOEIK, TEMMDBWGOSHCLI¢, -aAFhs [FsmMOZMt) ooomovement] ic [verbs retum, goback ele)} 2. In cases where the objective is serious, the pattern Y-IZ is not usually used ; rather, 12. (V4. isused, @ 3. Ibis also appended to the nominal portions of %% verbs, as in number > Column 4 Nominalization of $4 Verbs, p.99 GOO Ves TORMMON +12 UFRaT = 1-2 VEE (Ic) DPF YAEL A BL GSD fe @ WPS Lay aod Ho tw 3) [sl ® AAO AER T { OSH Dad CH < fab 3. 4R1-5 [~ sem (IC) | (psa) 1.[Purpose of action] abit. [=]. it Is used when the speaker wants to express his or her objective more direetly than in the patie Hel. (V=I2). This also used in the form “nominal of the verb + + 729 (IE), asin number 2. This is appended to verbs of volition, + 3. Lesson 4, 1-5. (~#226 (12D), psd 36 2. AE AT ARE FAS. AI W216 VeRO, +0 3. $B) DASH ART aN Hil BBA, SERS PZ shin ite 4 (p93) [montero = r= J FAY RE R o CORT . MINOF TES ks RIT MOR. FIL YAR EF o I TV) SU BME SHB AUE BIS, Ott (1) | OM TEES DIL, HOWE bY EF WORT) EF mOEAT] Rei, [=]. ear FIA, ATLL ROLE HERA 1-72 ie Gi ABA + + ead as DUDS (p44)5. 1% 180m 21-3. VOOIE —_ [monertodo worm te] D corte Ae @ PARAS S ik eh rictic £4 @ WWE ET SONAR bE CT 6 DIC EEING doa EF wat Det y DS AALS 1. Beebe) oc [UBT Boe T. MCT. Pest) wel 2. OOLIE [TSMBORAC) OF COMED, OED [0] HEH EHS. 3. OME FE 1 [Uses or objectives] OIx [(nece 1. (fs) oie A convenient, take time oF mo Se. tem ete] « 12 MM OMAE BPEL | FS shiney % 2 As in number @, in cases of $B idlabay +121 BRIE, this pattern is also in the | 3, tLaTbL Gel, ‘nominal ofthe $2 verb + 42." nominal construc 3, There are ocr the @ following, the verb is omitted om ns when, as in number @, £1-4 VOADE+ VOWED [Todo em): nor todo (erry ZH HA] OFEKELDHSLG @ Hemera k < BX 2 @ Preomewd ici B ® Hikony ECHL T CHE. RELIC BL, MORE THD ELL etek