Introduction

Titration is a process by which the concentration of an

unknown substance in solution is determined by adding
measured amounts of a standard solution that reacts with
the unknown. Then the concentration of the unknowncan
be calculated using the stoichiometryof the reaction and
the number of moles of standard solution needed to reach
the socalled end point.

Precipitation titrations are based upon reactions that yield

ionic compounds of limited solubility. The most
important precipitating reagent is silver nitrate.
Titrimetric methods based upon silver nitrate are
sometimes termed argentometric methods. Potassium
chromate can serve as an end point indicator for th
argentometric determination ofchloride, bromide and
cyanide ions by reacting with silver ions to form a brick-
red silverchromate precipitate in the equivalence point
region.

The Mohr method uses chromate ions as an indicator in

the titration of chloride ions with a
silver nitrate standard solution. After all the chloride has
been precipitated as white silver
chloride, the first excess of titrant results in the formation
of a silver chromate precipitate,
which signals the end point (1). The reactions are:
Ag + Cl AgCl(s)
2Ag+ + CrO4 Ag2 CrO4 (s)
By knowing the stoichiometry and moles consumed at
the end point, the amount of chloride in an unknown
sample can be determined. This report describes
experiments
aimed at determining the concentration of chloride in a
solid sample.

This method is used to estimate the chloride or bromide,

and adjust with a standard solution of the solution
Silver nitrate and this method depends on thecomposition
of deposit last him a distinctive color at the equivalence
point. It uses
Chromate ion guide, and you know the equivalence point
the emergence of silver chromate precipitate with the red
color Beatitudes.
Not precipitate silver chromate initially Although static
holds dissolving smaller than the static holds melting
Of silver chloride due to the amount of silver ions needed
to precipitate the chloride ions
Bar ... Much less than the amount of silver ions
necessary to precipitate the chromate ions
And thus no residual chromate only after deposition of
chloride ions. × 10-5 mol / L
The concentration of chromate ions important in
determining the equivalence point is the calibration curve
of silver nitrate with ion
This means that silver ion concentration is equal to
chloride, we find that the equivalence point located at
Red silver chromate Beatitudes and once you add a slight
increase from a solution of silver after Altka point
category.

But because chromate gives a bright yellow color when

this focus making it difficult to see red
3-10 × 6 .mol / L of silver chromate easily, it is better
and it is necessary to add concentration of less than
This, of course, requires a greater concentration of silver
needed to be red sludge Beatitudes, resulting in
Add an excessive amount of silver nitrate, especially in
dilute solutions so you can see clearly sludge
In both cases there is some error in the calibration. To
overcome this difficulty, it must be corrected
Size intake and calibrate the size roughly equal to the
total volume of the solution at the point of parity contains
Calcium carbonate and an equivalent amount of the
directory, and then put the size of silver nitrate needed to
be precipitate
Silver chromate size of silver chloride with reactive ion.
In the way Moore should be neutral or alkaline solutions
weak due to the impact of hydrogen ion…….

It is clear that the interaction is heading towards the

right, the more hydrogen ion concentration and this, of
course, cause an error in
Account sizes as the silver dichromate more soluble than
silver chromate

The basement in the middle of the strong will precipitate

silver in the form of silver oxide according to the
equation:……
A precipitation reaction occurs when two or more soluble
species combine to form

an insoluble product that we call a precipitate.

The most common precipitation reaction is a metathesis
reaction, in which two soluble ionic compounds
exchange
parts. A common example is that of the mixing of two
clear solutions: (1) silver nitrate (AgNO3) and (2)
sodium chloride (NaCl): The reaction is
Tools used in the experiment
1. Cups
2. Jugs
3. Cones
4. Volumetric flasks
5. Burette
6. Peristaltic

Materials used experimentally

1. Silver nitrate
2. Sodium chloride
3. Manual potassium chromate
4. Distilled water
Modus operandi
Mohr method

The first part

1. Fill burette textured silver nitrate (( AgNO3 ))
2. pull ((5ml)) of sodium chloride concentration ((0.1
N)) by absorbent and placed in a conical flask
3. Add ((3ml)) of potassium chromate Guide ((K2ro4))
4. the first record read burette
5. starts the process of correction by opening burette
and add silver nitrate on the contents of the
Erlenmeyer flask with shaking. Note be white
precipitate of silver chloride according to the
following reactions

6. is to stop the process of correction when you see the

brown residue ((Brown)) of silver chromate material
according to the following reaction
 7. the second note read burette
8. repeat the process ((3)) times

Part II
The same way to work with the replacement of sodium
chloride solution (chlorine) Anonymous focus
• the first part of the interaction be longer ... The second
part is a short interaction
Debate
Q 1\ What adjustments precipitation reactions
C \ sedimentation adjustments:
Calibrations are occurring reactions of ions in the
solution to be useless or salts scarce solubility
Q2 \ how points are detected in precipitation reactions
parity

C \ point is detected in precipitation reactions parity

through
1 - colored precipitate formation (Moore method)
2 - Configure slushy colored compound (Volhard method
3 - evidence adsorption method (method Fagan)
4 - evidence adsorption either basal or acidic as follows:
A) acidic pigments like Filorsin, Eocene.
2) base pigments like Alrodamen.
5 - way roiling
Q 3\ Most experiments volumetric analysis in
sedimentation Etjra reactions using silver nitrate.
C \ pure silver nitrate degree of purity of 99.9% and the
preparation of standard solutions initial weight directly,
but if you use a regular silver nitrate can be calibrated by
pure sodium chloride solution.
Q 4\ precipitation reactions used in volumetric analysis,
which in gravimetric analysis
C \ because in gravimetric analysis sludge must be free
of all substances dissolved and separated from the
dissolved substances nomination while in volumetric
analysis is not an important separation of sludge if
reagent reacts quantitatively with the substance to be
appreciated.

Q 5\ What are the conditions that must be met in such

calibrations

1 - The rapid sedimentation

2 - The sludge is insoluble in the middle
3 - The results are not affected by adsorption can be done
on the sludge
4 - to be easy to detect the equivalence point using the
appropriate directory.