1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The accident rate in two wheelers has risen due to numerous factors. One main factor
is careless human errors. The intelligent bike focuses in the most probable human errors and
the ways to eliminate those errors. The existing systems comprises of features like automatic
headlights off. But, those features are not efficient. Four major peripheral features are added.
They are heart rate sensor, pressure sensor, automatic headlights ON/OFF and automatic
indicators off.
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as
part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems
control many devices in common use today. Since the embedded system is dedicated to
specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and
increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefit
from economies of scale. Intelligent bike also based on embedded systems.

1.1 HEART RATE MEASUREMENT

First one is the automatic vehicle speed control based on the heart rate, the heart rate
will be measured by the heart rate sensors. If the heart rate raises the vehicle speed is
automatically reduced. The heart rate sensor initially senses the heart rate of the person sitting
at the back seat. There is a maximum and minimum threshold level which is previously
programmed in the arduino board. If the heart rate is not within the level, the bike speed is
controlled automatically.

1.2 TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM

The second parameter is tyre pressure of the bike can be calculated, the barometric
sensor is used to find out the pressure in the tyre, the sensor is interfaced to tyre through
wireless medium. The tyre pressure sensor monitors the pressure and gives the voltage
output. This voltage is converted into pascal value using arduino.
 2

1.3 AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT ON/OFF SYSTEM

The third parameter is automatic headlight ON/OFF to control this object sensor is
used if the sunlight is dusk means the head light will be automatically ON otherwise the head
light will be in the OFF condition. The photodiode (object sensor) checks for the dawn or
dusk. If the light intensity is low, the head lights are triggered.

1.4 AUTOMATIC INDICATOR OFF SYSTEM

The last parameter is automatic indicator ON/OFF based on the handle movement the
indicator will OFF automatically.
The four features like heart rate, pressure sensor, automatic headlights and indicator
are easily embedded into bike in future. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific
tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase
the reliability and performance.
 3

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
Accident rate in two wheelers have reached a hike because of careless human errors.
Thus the safety measures in the two wheelers should be taken one step ahead. The existing
safety measures in the two wheelers comprises of features like automatic indicators off. But
those systems are not very efficient. The most probable human errors have been focused and
the ways to eliminate those errors were found. Various peripheral features in a two wheelers
have been added that makes driving even simpler. Features like heart rate sensor, tire pressure
monitoring system and automatic headlight ON/OFF and automatic indicator OFF have been
added. Arduino UNO has been chosen to control all the four peripheral systems because of its
flexible interfacing capability.

Martin Fletscher and Markus Dielacher (2010) described that Monitoring pressure in
the tyre requires attachment of tyre pressure monitoring system in the inner liner of the tyre.
By this process, the vehicle load and tyre wear out can also be determined. When extreme
accelerations are applied, robustness is required. Robustness can be achieved by using Bulk
Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonators. This reduces the start up time to 2 micro seconds and also
reduces the current consumption.

Rebeca Goya Esteban et al (2010) described arhythmometric procedure was designed

to characterize the infradian, circadian, and ultradian components for each patient, as well as
circadian and ultradian fluctuations. Furthermore, about strap test yielded automatically the
arhythmometric model for each patient .The temporal evolution of relevant time domain,
frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRVindexes Long-term monitoring of HRV conveys new
potentially relevant rhythmometric information, which can be analyzed by using the proposed
automatic procedure.

Saif Ahmad and MiodragBolic (2010) described that they apply the Maximal Overlap
Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT)-based spectral density estimation method to measure
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) from short-duration pulse wave signals produced by an
automated oscillometric Blood Pressure (BP) monitor during routine measurements. The
combinations of the MODWT HRV metric with other HRV metrics inside a multiple-linear-
regression model have shown an improvement in the correlations between the predicted and
actual ages and the predicted and actual BP.
 4

J. Pastor-P´erez and Sergio Manzano-Fern´andez (2010) discussed a range of properties of

signals generated by a novel oyster heart rate monitor and consequences on signal analysis.
These properties include sudden changes in signal level, transition from periodic to a periodic
signals, large saturated signal interference, and evolution of the periodic structure within the
sequences. We implemented a range of existing methods for estimating heart rate, along with
some tailored approaches aggregating multiple sequences, and a machine learning approach.
The approaches were all able to estimate heart rate. The lag domain approaches biased to
shorter lags were the best single sequence simple estimators achieving 83.2% accuracy.
However none of the existing methods achieved better than 90% accuracy. This accuracy
required a machine learning approach which achieved the best results (96.8%) using all
available estimators as input features. Alternatively an approach utilizing multiple
consecutive sequences (the median filtered autocorrelation method) was required which
achieved acceptable accuracy (93.7%). The ultimate choice is determined by available
computational resources. Future work would require implementation of the algorithms within
the sensor platform and require computationally efficient means in calculating heart rate
variation.

Cheng Hung Tsai et al (2011) described an efficient way to reduce the standby power
consumption of a PIR-sensor-based lighting device. Power consumption is reduced i.e., the
device consumes 0.004 W when the light is turned off, and it is not only easy to set up but
also inexpensive. An MCU receives signals from a PIR sensor which detects any individual
approaching the device. The MCU controls the SSR On/Off when used as a light switch for
shutting off the standby power. The MCU monitoring program provides automatic detection
of any individual by means of the PIR sensor.

Yi leng et al (2012) described the study of electromagnetic wave propagation is very

essential in determining parameters of a rotating environment, since the usage of wireless
communication is the effective way for acquisition of signals from rotating objects. A
mathematical expression for wave propagation in rotating wheel which varies as a function of
time, doppler frequency shift, two ray propagation model were considered in tyre pressure
monitoring system.

Xing yong Song and Zougxuan Sun (2012) described an essential feature required for
efficient performance is clutch shift control. This is critical for transmission designs including
automatic, dual clutch and hybrid transmissions. A precise coordination between the on-
 5

coming and off-going clutches and proper torque control during clutch engagement is
required for smooth clutch to clutch shift. The clutch control can be obtained by placing a
pressure sensor in the clutch chamber. A robust pressure control is achieved while avoiding
the chattering effect by a sliding controller. Thus the observer is constructed to estimate the
clutch piston motion.

S. Di Cairano et al (2012) attempted a substantial analysis of the wave propagation

particularities in such rotating environments. Analysis of propagation characteristics reveals
that the transmit–receive distance and the space angle between the transmitting antenna
rotation velocity direction and the incident wave direction are functions of the rotating radius,
the linear velocity, the rotation angle, and the projection height. The doppler frequency shift
in rotating environments varies periodically in similarity with cosine function curves. The
rotation changes the transmitted linear polarization wave into a circular polarization wave,
and the resultant polarization mismatch causes additional power loss. The two-ray
propagation model in rotating environments was established, and the simulation results show
that the path loss varies with parameters such as rotation angle, relative permittivity,
operating frequency, rotating radius, and rotating velocity.

Guiseppe Parise et al (2013) described the daylight impact on energy performance on

internal lighting main major concept is less power consumption. The paper suggests a
criterion to evaluate the yearly day light impact on energy performance of internal lighting
according to daylight availability, the lighting system layout .here the automatic control
system could be employed to switch or dim the head light. In general the day light impact of
lighting system, we use only night time. Because of night time. A new methodology has been
suggested to contribute in the gap between the traditional system design studies and their
counterpart studies associated with system management aspects both aimed in reducing
energy spent by light systems.

John O Manyala et al (2013) described that in this speed sensing applications of a

gearbox demand high operational air-gaps, tight switching and timing accuracy, and excellent
overall reliability. High teeth density and small diameter helical teeth profiles with fine teeth
pitch pose significant challenges to rotational speed sensing. Low-cost rotational speed sensor
module with high output accuracy and resolution for gear speed sensing in a commercial
vehicle gearbox has been done. The complete sensor module is designed for ease of
 6

manufacturing and application in harsh transmission environments such as high temperature

profiles ranging from -40 °C to 125 °C.

C. Beal and J. C. Gerdes (2013) proposed a systematic design for engine speed
control during vehicle deceleration, when the torque converter\is open. The multivariable
constrained controller must keep the engine speed close to the turbine speed to maintain
vehicle responsiveness, yet it should avoid crossing the lash to minimize disturbances on the
driveline and degraded drivability. By reparameterizing the power train dynamics to
eliminate a multiplicative nonlinearity, we have implemented a feedback controller based on
linear quadratic MPC, which enforces the power train constraints. In the experimental tests,
the controller has been shown to achieve improved tracking performance and fuel economy
as compared with a baseline strategy. In terms of its computational footprint, the controller is
adequate for implementation in a production ECU.

Stefano Di Cairano et al (2014) described the speed control of a spark ignition engine
during vehicle deceleration has been considered. When the torque converter bypass clutch is
open, the engine speed needs to be kept close to the turbine speed to guarantee
responsiveness of the vehicle for subsequent accelerations. However, to maintain vehicle
drivability, undesired crossing between engine speed and turbine speed must not occur,
despite the presence of significant torque disturbances. Hence, the engine speed during
vehicle decelerations needs to be precisely controlled by feedback control, which has to
coordinate airflow and spark timing and enforce several constraints including engine stall
avoidance, combustion stability, and actuator limits. Model predictive controllers that
manipulates airflow and spark to track the reference signal for engine speed while enforcing
constraints, and synthesize it in the form of a feedback law has been developed.

Andrew D Hellicar et al (2015) described the situ optical oyster heart rate sensor
generates signals requiring frequency estimation with properties different to human ECG and
speech signals. An optimal heart rate estimation approach was identified by application of a
variety of frequency estimation techniques and comparing results to manually acquired
values. Although a machine learning approach achieved the best performance, accurately
estimating 96.8% of the heart rates correctly, a median filtered autocorrelation approach
achieved 93.7% with significantly less computational requirement.
 7

2.1 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW

From the literature review we concluded that each proposed scheme has certain merits
and demerits. There is still a scope of designing a better intelligent bike using arduino having
improved performance and everything in an automatic manner. The peoples can drive in the
safety technology. Nowadays there are many accidents in vehicle because of the high speed
and some of the careless mistake so avoid these problems interfacing the some parameters in
bike. If the heart rate exceeds the level means the speed is reduced and headlight and
indicator will be control in the automatic manner and the tyre pressure is monitor using
arduino. The disadvantage of this work is that previous days everything in manual control so
wastage of power.

From the current problem, it can be seen that, existing methods are insufficient to
handle the problems of manual control in the manual control the manual control means
wastage of power but automatic means to avoid the wastage of battery power.
 8

CHAPTER 3

INTELLIGENT BIKE WITH ADDED FEATURES

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Various peripheral features were added in two wheelers. Features like heart rate
sensor, tyre pressure monitoring system, automatic headlight on and off and automatic
indicators off were added. Arduino UNO board has been chosen to control all the four
peripheral systems.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 3.1 shows the overall block diagram for intelligent bike. The four features are
controlled by four sensors like pulse rate sensor, barometric pressure sensor, object sensor
and flex sensor.

Figure 3.1 Overall Block Diagram of Intelligent Bike

The heart rate will be measured by the heart rate sensors. If the heart rate
raises the vehicle speed is automatically reduced. The heart rate sensor initially senses the
heart rate of the person sitting at the back seat. There is a maximum and minimum threshold
level which is previously programmed in the arduino board. If the heart rate is not within the
level, the bike speed is controlled automatically. The second parameter is tyre pressure of the
bike. The barometric sensor is used to find out the pressure in the tyre, the sensor is
interfaced to tyre through wireless medium. The first parameter is automatic headlight
ON/OFF. To control this, object sensor is used. If the sunlight is dusk means the head light
will be automatically ON otherwise the head light will be in OFF condition. The sensor
 9

checks for the dawn or dusk. If the light intensity is low, the head lights are triggered. The
next parameter is automatic indicator turn ON/OFF, which is done with the help of flex
sensor by spectra symbol. When the handle turned means, the sensor senses the motion of the
handle and it will trigger the indicator to glow. Similarly, handle come back to straight
position means the sensor will glow OFF the indicator.

3.3 FLOW CHART

Figure 3.2 shows the overall flow chart of intelligent bike. The four features are
controlled by four sensors like pulse rate sensor, barometric pressure sensor, object sensor
and flex sensor.

Figure 3.2 Flow Chart for Intelligent Bike

 10

The intelligent bike has four parameters, first one is the speed control by sensing
heart rate measurement if it is within the given limits the rider is allowed to accelerate or else
rider is denied to accelerate. Second parameter is headlights ON/OFF this allows the
headlights automatic ON/OFF by sensing the dark and dawn of sunlight. Third parameter is
the tyre pressure sensor which senses pressure of the tyre using BMP180 module. Last
parameter is the automatic indicator turn ON/OFF which is done by using flex sensor based
on handle movement.

3.4 HEART RATE MEASUREMENT

Measurement of Heart Rate
The heart rate sensor provides a simple way to study the heart's function. The sensor
monitors the flow of blood through ear lobe. The blood flowing through the earlobe rises at
the start of the heartbeat. This is caused by the contraction of the ventricles forcing blood into
the arteries. Then the blood flowing through the ear lobe decreases. This is caused by the
shutting of the heart valve, at the end of the active phase, which raises the pressure in the
arteries and the earlobe. As the heart forces blood through the blood vessels in the ear lobe,
the amount of blood in the ear changes with time. The IR sensor shines a light lobe (small
incandescent lamp) through the ear and measures the light that is transmitted. The clip can
also be used on a fingertip or on the web of skin between the thumb and index finger. The
signal is amplified, inverted and filtered, in the box.

Vehicle Speed Control

The speed control of a spark ignition engine during vehicle deceleration is considered.
When the torque converter bypass clutch is open, the engine speed needs to be kept close to
the turbine speed to guarantee responsiveness of the vehicle for subsequent accelerations.
However, to maintain vehicle drivability, undesired crossing between engine speed and
turbine speed must not occur, despite the presence of significant torque disturbances. Hence,
the engine speed during vehicle decelerations needs to be precisely controlled by feedback
control, which has to coordinate airflow and spark timing and enforce several constraints
including engine stall avoidance, combustion stability, and actuator limits. The speed sensing
applications of a gearbox demand high operational air-gaps, tight switching and timing
accuracy, and excellent overall reliability. High teeth density and small diameter helical (non-
symmetrical) teeth profiles with fine teeth pitch pose significant challenges to rotational
speed sensing. For many embedded control systems, such as an automated mechanical
 11

transmission, it is critical that before the transmission control module decides whether to
open or close a clutch, the speed of a shaft and the corresponding gear have to be
synchronized. This requires high fidelity in the accuracy of the computed shaft’s speed. The
complete sensor module is designed for ease of manufacturing and application in harsh
transmission environments such as high temperature profiles ranging from −40°Cto125 °C.

3.5 TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM

Pressure Monitoring
A Tyre-Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) is an electronic system designed to
monitor the air pressure inside the pneumatic tyres on various types of vehicles. To do real
time sensing of the exact pressure inside the tyre, the sensing device must be located in the
tyre. This pressure measurement information must then be carried to the driver and displayed
to the driver. The remote sensing module is comprised of a pressure sensor, a signal
processor, and a RF transmitter. The system must compensate pressure variations due to
temperature. Hence a temperature sensor is also required. The power supply is provided by a
long life battery that the embedded intelligence helps to manage as effectively as possible.

Conversion Method
The sensed pressure is in the form of voltage. This voltage signal should be converted
to user understandable form. Thus the voltage output is converted into pascal in the
microcontroller and displayed via LCD.

3.6 AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT ON/OFF SYSTEM

Sensor Module
Headlights automatically turn on during rain or twilight, helping to improve the
visibility of the vehicle. Object detection expands the conventional distinguishing range of
sensors measuring the brightness of the surroundings, enhancing the precision so as not to
misidentify the daytime shadows with dusk. By determining if the vehicle has entered a
shady area or whether the surroundings have become darker, the system avoids unnecessary
automatic lighting when passing through shade. Further, in order to eliminate the frequent
turning on and off of headlights, the system is set to remain lit for longer.
 12

Interface with Headlight

The object sensor is interfaced with the headlight of the bike. When the sensor detects
the brightness of the surroundings to be low, it illuminates the headlight. Interface with
headlight done by using a transistor as a switch.
3.7 AUTOMATIC INDICATOR OFF SYSTEM
In the automatic indicator turn ON/OFF, the flex sensor placed in handle bar. First
the indicator turn ON automatically when the handle turned because the flex sensor has the
series of graphite resistance and electrode when the flex sensor bends the resistance decreases
and starts conducting this will trigger the indicator to turn ON and to turn OFF.

3.8 ARDUINO UNO R3 BOARD

The arduino uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of arduino software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of
USB arduino boards, and the reference model for the arduino platform; for an extensive list
of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards. Table 3.1 shows the
technical specification of arduino.
 13

Table 3.1 Technical Specifications of Arduino

S.No Components Specification

1 Microcontroller ATmega328P
2 Operating Voltage 5V
3 Input Voltage 7-12V
(recommended)
4 Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
5 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6 Digital I/O Pins 6
7 Analog Input Pins 6
8 DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
9 DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
10 Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P)of which 0.5 KB used by boot
loader
11 SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
12 EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
13 Clock Speed 16 MHz
14 Length 68.6 mm
15 Width 53.4 mm

3.9 HEART RATE SENSOR

Figure 3.3 shows the pulse sensor. The pulse sensor amped is a plug-and-play heart-
rate sensor for Arduino. It essentially combines a simple optical heart rate sensor with
amplification and noise cancellation circuitry making it fast and easy to get reliable pulse
readings. The sensor clips onto a fingertip or earlobe and plugs right into arduino with some
jumper cables. Also, it sips power with just 4mA current draw at 5V. The 24" cable on the
pulse sensor is terminated with standard male headers so there’s no soldering required.

Figure 3.3 Pulse Sensor

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Technical Specification
The pulse sensor that we make is essentially a photoplethysmograph, which is a well
known medical device used for non-invasive heart rate monitoring. The heart pulse signal
that comes out of a photoplethysmograph is an analog fluctuation in voltage, and it has a
predictable wave shape as shown in Figure 3.4. The depiction of the pulse wave is called a
photoplethysmogram, or PPG. Pulse sensor amped amplifies the raw signal of the previous
pulse sensor, and normalizes the pulse wave around V/2 (midpoint in voltage). Pulse sensor
amped responds to relative changes in light intensity. If the amount of light incident on the
sensor remains constant, the signal value will remain at 512 (midpoint of ADC range). More
light and the signal goes up. Less light, the opposite. Light from the green LED that is
reflected back to the sensor changes during each pulse.

Figure 3.4 Heart Pulse Wave

3.10 PRESSURE SENSOR

BM180 barometric sensor has been used for sensing pressure inside the tyre. This is a
breakout board for the Bosch BMP180 high-precision, low-power digital barometer. The
BMP180 offers a pressure measuring range of 300 to 1100 hPa with accuracy down to 0.02
hPa in advanced resolution mode. It’s based on piezo-resistive technology for high accuracy,
ruggedness and long term stability. These come factory-calibrated, with the calibration
coefficients already stored in ROM. Table 3.2 shows the technical specification of pressure
sensor.
 15

Table 3.2 Technical Specification of Pressure Sensor BM 180

S.No Specification Range

1 Pressure range 300 … 1100hPa (+9000m … -500m relating to
sea level)
2 Supply voltage 1.8 ... 3.6V (VDD)

1.62V ... 3.6V (VDDIO)

3 Package LGA package with metal lid
4 Small footprint 3.6mm x 3.8mm
5 Low power 5μA at 1 sample / sec. in standard mode

3.11 FLEX SENSOR

A simple flex sensor has the length 4.5cm. As the sensor is flexed the resistance
across sensor increases. Patented technology by spectra symbol they claim these sensors were
used in the original Nintendo Power Glove. The resistance of the flex sensor changes when
the metal pads are on the outside of the bend.

KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS

 High resistance to extreme temperature.

 Reliable and consistent
 Can be mounted on stationary and flexible surface
 Countless bend ratios and resistance possibilities

3.12 OBJECT SENSOR

The object sensor has the ability to sense when a vehicle’s headlights should be
turned on at dusk and off at dawn; it can also sense when headlights should be turned on or
off due to changes in sky conditions. The object sensor’s advanced optical technology
improves driver safety by making the vehicle more visible to other vehicles and pedestrians.
This patented diffuser technology provides uniform horizon-to-horizon sensor response. The
sensor generates an output directly proportional to the ambient light level. Object sensor is
sensitive to measure property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a
voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K], this sensor is linear because
 16

the ratio is constant at all points of measurement. For an analog sensor signal to be processed
or used in digital equipment, it needs to be converted to a digital signal using an analog to
digital converter. Table 3.3 shows the technical specification of object sensor.

Table 3.3 Technical Specification of Object Sensor

S.No Sources Specifications
1 Package material PBT or PC + ABS
2 Weight <6g
3 Connector 2-pin typical
4 Output type Analog currents converted to voltage inputs with load
resistors
5 Non-linearity < 0.5%
6 Temperature 1 µA / ˚C
coefficient
7 Power supply rejection 13 µA / ˚C
8 Input response time 10 ms
9 Operating temperature -40˚C to 125˚C
range
10 Storage temperature -40˚C to 125˚C
range
11 Supply voltage 5 ± 0.5 V
12 Quiescent current 0.3 mA
13 Saturation current 2.6 mA
14 Reverse voltage -14 V
protection
 17

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Arduino board has been used to interface the heart rate sensor, pressure sensor and
object sensor. ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. Hence Arduino board has been
chosen.

4.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Figure 4.1 shows the pulse generator can be interfaced to the arduino with the help of
three male header connectors. It has three wires- red, black and purple. These three wires are
connected to the arduino board’s three terminals. Red wire to +3to+5v, black wire to GND
and purple wire to signal.

Figure 4.1 Interfacing Pulse Generator with Arduino

Figure 4.2 shows the pressure sensor interfaced with Arduino with the help of five pins.
Table 4.1 gives the connection details of pressure sensor.
 18

Table 4.1 Interfacing Pressure Sensor with Arduino

S.No BMP 180 label Pin function Arduino UNO connection

1 DA(SDA) I2C data A4

2 CL(SCL) I2C clock A5
3 “-”(GND) Ground GND
4 3.3V Power
“+”(VDD) 3.3V
supply
5 Leave disconnected unless you are connecting
IO(VDDIO) I/O voltage
to a lower voltage microprocessor

Figure 4.2 Interfacing Pressure Sensor with Arduino

4.3 REASON FOR SELECTION

Arduino uno board has been chosen for interfacing the peripherals because it is one
of the most efficient microcontroller boards in market. It has a large number of peripheral
interface system. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs),
6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. Moreover, it is cost effective. We decided to provide safety to two
wheelers at low cost. Hence Arduino uno board has been chosen.
 19

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The heart rate is fixed at the different zone level minimum rate is 60Bpm and the
maximum rate is 120Bpm. The heart rate is measured by pulse rate sensor and displayed by
LCD display with helping of arduino. The tyre pressure is measured by barometric pressure
sensor and displayed by LCD display with helping of arduino. The automatic headlight turn
ON/OFF were done by object sensor and automatic indicator turn off were done by flex
sensor with arduino board.

OUTPUT

Simulation Output for Heart Rate

Arduino software (IDE) version 1.0 was used to obtain the simulation results for heart
rate measurement. Figure.5.1 represents the simulation output of heart rate sensor. Here This
simulation shows three parameter 83 BPM (Beat Per Minute), pulse waveform with Pulse
Window Scale 0.73, and IBI 716mS (Inter Beat Interval). This simulation also indicates the
beat vibration of human which is indicated by heart symbol and red colored.

Arduino Processing Simulation Software

Figure 5.1 Heart Rate Simulation Output

 20

Heart Rate Measurement

Figure 5.2(a), 5.2(b), and 5.2(c) shows the three different persons like normal,
moderate, and abnormal. The heart rate of those persons are 76, 81 and 41 respectively.
During normal and moderate situation the bike rider allowed to accelerate, but in the
abnormal case the bike rider denied to accelerate. The abnormal case is below 60 and above
120. The pulse rate sensor first sense heart rate of the bike rider and send to the arduino.
Based on the pulse rate the arduino program contains two level, one is normal and abnormal.
When the pulse rate reaches abnormal condition, the bike speed will reduced.

Figure 5.2 (a) Heart Rate Measurement of Normal Person

Figure 5.2 (b) Heart Rate Measurement of Moderate Person

 21

Figure 5.2 (c) Heart Rate Measurement of Abnormal Person

Normal, moderate and abnormal persons heart rate variations are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Heart Rate Variations

S.No. Type of Person Heart Rate(Bps)

1 Normal 76

2 Moderate 81

3 Abnormal 41

Pressure Sensor

Figure 5.3(a), 5.3(b) shows the barometric pressure sensor variations that reads the
atmosphere pressure which is used to measure the tyre pressure. This sensor is mounted on
the knob of the tyre which should be wirelessly connected to the arduino uno. The pressure is
measured in terms of heptopascal unit of that is MilliBars (mb). To transmit the barometric
pressure data wirelessly to arduino, RF transmitter and receiver is used.
 22

Figure 5.3 (a) Hardware Output for Pressure Sensor in Air Space

Figure 5.3 (b) Hardware of Output for Pressure Sensor in Tyre

Table 5.2 shows the normal and tyre atmosphere pressure in terms of Milli Bar(mb).

Table 5.2 Pressure Variation

S.No Place Pressure in Milli Bar(mb)

1 Normal 992
2 Tyre 1012

Indicator OFF System

Flex sensor by spectra symbol was used to automatically turn indicator ON/OFF. The
flex sensor is made up of alternative electrodes and insulators where the insulator used here is
graphite. When the edge of the flex sensor slightly bends means the insulator and electrodes
contracts and resistance decreases that allows the flow of currents through the electrodes this
 23

makes the sensing of turning of handle. Figure 5.4(a), 5.4(b) shows the hardware output for
automatic indicator turn ON/OFF system. The flex sensor placed in handle bar. First the
indicator turn ON automatically when the handle turned because the flex sensor has the series
of graphite resistance and electrode when the flex sensor bends the resistance decreases and
starts conducting this will trigger the indicator to turn OFF.

Figure 5.4(a) Output of Indicator ON System

Figure 5.4(b) Output of Indicator OFF System

 24

Automatic Headlights ON/OFF System

Figure 5.5 shows the hardware output for headlight system. Object sensor is used in
automatic headlights ON/OFF system. The object sensor sense the weather condition, if it is
day time the head light will be in OFF condition or if it is night time headlight will be in ON
condition. The object sensor consist infrared LED and it act as a input of the sensor. The
infrared LED gets the weather condition, based on the weather condition head light glows.

Figure 5.5 Hardware Output of Headlight System

 25

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The four parameters like heart rate, pressure sensor, automatic headlights ON/OFF
and automatic indicator OFF system were successfully done with the help of Arduino board.
First, the heart rate program is successfully simulated by the arduino processing app. Then
the hardware output for heart rate measurement was obtained. Second parameter is pressure
sensor, first, the program simulated successfully then the hardware output were obtained with
the help of arduino board. The data is transferred using RF transmitter and RF receiver used
to receive the data. The heart rate and pressure measurements are displayed by using LCD
display. The third parameter is automatic headlights ON/OFF. With help of the object sensor
the hardware output of the headlights were obtained successfully. Here, the LED has been
considered as Headlight. Finally, the indicators OFF system, with help of the flex sensor the
hardware output of the indicator system were obtained successfully. The indicators turn OFF
automatically based on handle movement. In future, the intelligent bike will be implemented
in real time. Based on the technology, some more features will also be added.
 26

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