FINAL Non Performing Assets of Banks

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON
NON PERFORMING ASSETS

OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
BANKING AND INSURANCE
SEMESTER V
(2010-2011)
SUBMITTED BY
ANIL KUMAR PANDEY

ROLL NO: 14
[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 1

GURU NANAK COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND
COMMERCE
GURU TEGH BAHADUR NAGAR, MUMBAI-400037
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON
NON PERFORMING ASSETS
OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
BANKING AND INSURANCE
SEMESTER V
(2010-2011)
SUBMITTED
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements

For the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Management
BY
ANIL KUMAR PANDEY

ROLL NO: 14

GURU NANAK COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND
COMMERCE
GURU TEGH BAHADUR NAGAR, MUMBAI-400037
DECLARATION
I _________________________ THE STUDENT OF B.COM

BANKING AND INSURANCE SEMESTER V (2010-2011)
HEREBY DECLARE THAT I HAVE COMPLETED THE
PROJECT ON ______________________________________.
THE INFORMATION SUBMITTED IS TRUE AND

ORIGINAL TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE.
SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
ANIL KUMAR PANDEY
ROLL NO: 14
GURU NANAK COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE &

COMMERCE
GURU TEGH BAHADUR NAGAR, MUMBAI – 400037

C E R T I F I C A T E
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

SHRI/MISS_____________________________OF B.COM.
BANKING AND INSURANCE SEMESTER V (2010-2011)
HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE PROJECT
ON_____________________________________ UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF ________________________________
COURSE CO-ORDINATOR PRINCIPAL
PROJECT GUIDE
EXTERNAL EXAMINER

INTRODUCTION
The accumulation of huge non-performing assets in banks has assumed

great importance. The depth of the problem of bad debts was first realized only in
early 1990s. The magnitude of NPAs in banks and financial institutions is over
Rs.1,50,000 crores.
While gross NPA reflects the quality of the loans made by banks, net
NPA shows the actual burden of banks. Now it is increasingly evident that the
major defaulters are the big borrowers coming from the non-priority sector. The
banks and financial institutions have to take the initiative to reduce NPAs in a time
bound strategic approach.
Public sector banks figure prominently in the debate not only because
they dominate the banking industries, but also since they have much larger NPAs
compared with the private sector banks. This raises a concern in the industry and
academia because it is generally felt that NPAs reduce the profitability of a banks,
weaken its financial health and erode its solvency.
For the recovery of NPAs a broad framework has evolved for the
management of NPAs under which several options are provided for debt recovery
and restructuring. Banks and FIs have the freedom to design and implement their
own policies for recovery and write-off incorporating compromise and negotiated
settlements.

((( CONTENTS )))
CHAPTER SUBJECT COVERED PAGE
NO. NO.
1 Introduction to Banking
2 Introduction to Topic
 Definition
 Non Performing Assets
 Factor for rise in NPAs
 Problem due to NPAs
 Types of NPAs
 Income Recognition
 Reporting of NPAs
4 Provisioning Norms
 General
 Floating provisions
 Leased Assets
 Guideline under special circumstances
5 Impact, Reasons and Symptoms of NPAs
 Internal & External Factor
 Early Symptoms
6 Preventive Measurement
 Early Recognition of Problem
 Identifying Borrowers with genuine
Intent
 Timeliness
 Focus on Cash flow

 Management Effectiveness
 Multiple Financing
7 Tools for Recovery
 Willful default
 Inability to Pay
 Special Cases
 Role of ARCIL
8 Analysis
 Deposit-Investment-Advances
 Gross NPAs and Net NPAs
 Priority and Non-Priority Sector
9 Finding, Suggestions and Conclusions
10 Bibliography

HISTORY OF INDIAN BANKING
A bank is a financial institution that provides banking and other financial

services. By the term bank is generally understood an institution that holds a
Banking Licenses. Banking licenses are granted by financial supervision
authorities and provide rights to conduct the most fundamental banking services
such as accepting deposits and making loans. There are also financial institutions
that provide certain banking services without meeting the legal definition of a
bank, a so-called Non-bank. Banks are a subset of the financial services industry.
The word bank is derived from the Italian banca, which is derived from German
and means bench. The terms bankrupt and "broke" are similarly derived from
banca rotta, which refers to an out of business bank, having its bench physically
broken. Moneylenders in Northern Italy originally did business in open areas, or
big open rooms, with each lender working from his own bench or table.
Typically, a bank generates profits from transaction fees on financial services or

the interest spread on resources it holds in trust for clients while paying them
interest on the asset. Development of banking industry in India followed below
stated steps.
 Banking in India has its origin as early as the Vedic period. It is believed
that the transition from money lending to banking must have occurred even
before Manu, the great Hindu Jurist, who has devoted a section of his work
to deposits and advances and laid down rules relating to rates of interest.

 Banking in India has an early origin where the indigenous bankers played a
very important role in lending money and financing foreign trade and
commerce. During the days of the East India Company, was the turn of the
agency houses to carry on the banking business. The General Bank of India
was first Joint Stock Bank to be established in the year 1786. The others
which followed were the Bank Hindustan and the Bengal Bank.
 In the first half of the 19th century the East India Company established three
banks; the Bank of Bengal in 1809, the Bank of Bombay in 1840 and the
Bank of Madras in 1843. These three banks also known as Presidency banks
were amalgamated in 1920 and a new bank, the Imperial Bank of India was
established in 1921. With the passing of the State Bank of India Act in 1955
the undertaking of the Imperial Bank of India was taken by the newly
constituted State Bank of India.
 The Reserve Bank of India which is the Central Bank was created in 1935
by passing Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 which was followed up with the
Banking Regulations in 1949. These acts bestowed Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) with wide ranging powers for licensing, supervision and control of
banks. Considering the proliferation of weak banks, RBI compulsorily
merged many of them with stronger banks in 1969.
 The three decades after nationalization saw a phenomenal expansion in the
geographical coverage and financial spread of the banking system in the

country. As certain rigidities and weaknesses were found to have developed
in the system, during the late eighties the Government of India felt that these
had to be addressed to enable the financial system to play its role in ushering
in a more efficient and competitive economy. Accordingly, a high-level
committee was set up on 14 August 1991 to examine all aspects relating to
the structure, organization, functions and procedures of the financial system.
Based on the recommendations of the Committee (Chairman: Shri M.
Narasimham), a comprehensive reform of the banking system was
introduced in 1992-93. The objective of the reform measures was to ensure
that the balance sheets of banks reflected their actual financial health. One of
the important measures related to income recognition, asset classification
and provisioning by banks, on the basis of objective criteria was laid down
by the Reserve Bank. The introduction of capital adequacy norms in line
with international standards has been another important measure of the
reforms process.
1. Comprises balance of expired loans, compensation and other bonds such

as National Rural Development Bonds and Capital Investment Bonds.
Annuity certificates are excluded.
2. These represent mainly non- negotiable non- interest bearing securities
issued to International Financial Institutions like International Monetary
Fund, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Asian
Development Bank.
3. At book value.
4. Comprises accruals under Small Savings Scheme, Provident Funds,
Special Deposits of Non- Government

 In the post-nationalization era, no new private sector banks were allowed to
be set up. However, in 1993, in recognition of the need to introduce greater

competition which could lead to higher productivity and efficiency of the
banking system, new private sector banks were allowed to be set up in the
Indian banking system. These new banks had to satisfy among others, the
following minimum requirements:
(i) It should be registered as a public limited company;

(ii) The minimum paid-up capital should be Rs 100 crore;
(iii) The shares should be listed on the stock exchange;
(iv) The headquarters of the bank should be preferably located in a
centre which does not have the headquarters of any other bank; and
(v) The bank will be subject to prudential norms in respect of
banking operations, accounting and other policies as laid down by
the RBI. It will have to achieve capital adequacy of eight per cent
from the very beginning.
 A high level Committee, under the Chairmanship of Shri M.

Narasimham, was constituted by the Government of India in December 1997
to review the record of implementation of financial system reforms
recommended by the CFS in 1991 and chart the reforms necessary in the
years ahead to make the banking system stronger and better equipped to
compete effectively in international economic environment. The Committee
has submitted its report to the Government in April 1998. Some of the
recommendations of the Committee, on prudential accounting norms,
particularly in the areas of Capital Adequacy Ratio, Classification of
Government guaranteed advances, provisioning requirements on standard
advances and more disclosures in the Balance Sheets of banks have been
accepted and implemented. The other recommendations are under
consideration.
 The banking industry in India is in a midst of transformation, thanks to

the economic liberalization of the country, which has changed business
environment in the country. During the pre-liberalization period, the industry
was merely focusing on deposit mobilization and branch expansion. But
with liberalization, it found many of its advances under the non-performing
assets (NPA) list. More importantly, the sector has become very competitive
with the entry of many foreign and private sector banks. The face of banking
is changing rapidly. There is no doubt that banking sector reforms have
improved the profitability, productivity and efficiency of banks, but in the
days ahead banks will have to prepare themselves to face new challenges.
Indian Banking: Key Developments

1969  Government acquires ownership in major banks
 Almost all banking operations in manual mode
 Some banks had Unit record Machines of IBM for IBR
& Pay roll

1970- 1980  Unprecedented expansion in geographical coverage,
staff, business & transaction volumes and directed
lending to agriculture, SSI & SB sector
 Manual systems struggle to handle exponential rise in
transaction volumes --
 Outsourcing of data processing to service bureau begins
 Back office systems only in Multinational (MNC) banks'
offices
1981- 1990  Regulator (read RBI) led IT introduction in Banks
 Product level automation on stand alone PCs at branches
(ALPMs)
 In-house EDP infrastructure with Unix boxes, batch
processing in Cobol for MIS.
 Mainframes in corporate office
1991-1995  Expansion slows down

 Banking sector reforms resulting in progressive de-
regulation of banking, introduction of prudential
banking norms entry of new private sector banks
 Total Branch Automation (TBA) in Govt. owned and
old private banks begins
 New private banks are set up with CBS/TBA form the
start

1996-2000  New delivery channels like ATM, Phone banking and
Internet banking and convenience of any branch banking
and auto sweep products introduced by new private and
MNC banks
 Retail banking in focus, proliferation of credit cards
 Communication infrastructure improves and becomes
cheap. IDRBT sets up VSAT network for Banks
 Govt. owned banks feel the heat and attempt to respond
using intermediary technology, TBA implementation
surges ahead under fiat from Central Vigilance
 Commission (CVC), Y2K threat consumes last two
years
2000-2003  Alternate delivery channels find wide consumer

acceptance
 IT Bill passed lending legal validity to electronic
transactions
 Govt. owned banks and old private banks start
implementing CBSs, but initial attempts face problems
 Banks enter insurance business launch debit cards

Introduction to the topic
The three letters “NPA” Strike terror in banking sector and business circle today.
NPA is short form of “Non Performing Asset”. The dreaded NPA rule says simply
this: when interest or other due to a bank remains unpaid for more than 90 days,
the entire bank loan automatically turns a non performing asset. The recovery of
loan has always been problem for banks and financial institution. To come out of
these first we need to think is it possible to avoid NPA, no can not be then left is to
look after the factor responsible for it and managing those factors.
Definitions:
An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-performing when it ceases to
generate income for the bank.
A ‘non-performing asset’ (NPA) was defined as a credit facility in
respect of which the interest and/ or instalment of principal has remained ‘past due’
for a specified period of time.
With a view to moving towards international best practices and to
ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt the ‘90 days’ overdue’
norm for identification of NPAs, from the year ending March 31, 2004.
Accordingly, with effect from March 31, 2004, a non-performing asset (NPA) shall
be a loan or an advance where;
 Interest and/ or instalment of principal remain overdue for a period of

more than 90 days in respect of a term loan,

 The account remains ‘out of order’ for a period of more than 90 days, in
respect of an Overdraft/Cash Credit (OD/CC),
 The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case
of bills purchased and discounted,
 Interest and/or instalment of principal remains overdue for two harvest

seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an
advance granted for agricultural purposes, and
 Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than

90 days in respect of other accounts.
As a facilitating measure for smooth transition to 90 days norm, banks have

been advised to move over to charging of interest at monthly rests, by April 1,
2002. However, the date of classification of an advance as NPA should not be
changed on account of charging of interest at monthly rests. Banks should,
therefore, continue to classify an account as NPA only if the interest charged
during any quarter is not serviced fully within 180 days from the end of the quarter
with effect from April 1, 2002 and 90 days from the end of the quarter with effect
from March 31, 2004.
NON PERFORMING ASSETS (NPA)
WHAT IS A NPA (NON PERFORMING ASSETS) ?
Action for enforcement of security interest can be initiated only if the secured asset
is classified as Nonperforming asset.
Non performing asset means an asset or account of borrower ,which has been
classified by bank or financial institution as sub –standard , doubtful or loss asset,
in accordance with the direction or guidelines relating to assets classification
issued by RBI .
An amount due under any credit facility is treated as “past due” when it is not
been paid within 30 days from the due date. Due to the improvement in the
payment and settlement system, recovery climate, up gradation of technology in
the banking system etc, it was decided to dispense with “past due “concept, with
effect from March 31, 2001. Accordingly as from that date, a Non performing asset
shell be an advance where
i. Interest and/or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more

than 180 days in respect of a term loan,
ii. The account remains ‘out of order ‘ for a period of more than 180 days ,in
respect of an overdraft/cash credit (OD/CC)
iii. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in case of bill
purchased or discounted.
iv. Interest and/or principal remains overdue for two harvest season but for a
period not exceeding two half years in case of an advance granted for
agricultural purpose ,and
v. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 180
days in respect of other accounts
With a view to moving towards international best practices and to ensure

greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt ’90 days overdue ‘norms for
identification of NPAs ,from the year ending March 31,2004,a non performing
asset shell be a loan or an advance where;
i. Interest and/or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of

more than 90 days in respect of a term loan,
ii. The account remains ‘out of order ‘ for a period of more than 90
days ,in respect of an overdraft/cash credit (OD/CC)

iii. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in case of
bill purchased or discounted.
iv. Interest and/or principal remains overdue for two harvest season but
for a period not exceeding two half years in case of an advance
granted for agricultural purpose ,and
v. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than

90 days in respect of other accounts
Out of order
An account should be treated as out of order if the outstanding balance

remains continuously in excess of sanctioned limit /drawing power. in case where
the out standing balance in the principal operating account is less than the
sanctioned amount /drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for six
months as on the date of balance sheet or credit are not enough to cover the
interest debited during the same period ,these account should be treated as ‘out of
order’.
Overdue
Any amount due to the bank under any credit facility is ‘overdue’ if it is not
paid on due date fixed by the bank.
FACTORS FOR RISE IN NPAs
The banking sector has been facing the serious problems of the rising NPAs.
But the problem of NPAs is more in public sector banks when compared to private
sector banks and foreign banks. The NPAs in PSB are growing due to external as
well as internal factors.

 EXTERNAL FACTORS :-
----------------------------------
 Ineffective recovery tribunal
The Govt. has set of numbers of recovery tribunals, which works for
recovery of loans and advances. Due to their negligence and ineffectiveness
in their work the bank suffers the consequence of non-recover, their by
reducing their profitability and liquidity.
 Willful Defaults
There are borrowers who are able to payback loans but are
intentionally withdrawing it. These groups of people should be identified
and proper measures should be taken in order to get back the money
extended to them as advances and loans.
 Natural calamities
This is the measure factor, which is creating alarming rise in NPAs of

the PSBs. every now and then India is hit by major natural calamities thus
making the borrowers unable to pay back there loans. Thus the bank has to
make large amount of provisions in order to compensate those loans, hence
end up the fiscal with a reduced profit.
Mainly ours farmers depends on rain fall for cropping. Due to

irregularities of rain fall the farmers are not to achieve the production level
thus they are not repaying the loans.
 Industrial sickness
Improper project handling , ineffective management , lack of
adequate resources , lack of advance technology , day to day changing govt.
Policies give birth to industrial sickness. Hence the banks that finance those
industries ultimately end up with a low recovery of their loans reducing their
profit and liquidity.
 Lack of demand
Entrepreneurs in India could not foresee their product demand and starts
production which ultimately piles up their product thus making them unable
to pay back the money they borrow to operate these activities. The banks
recover the amount by selling of their assets, which covers a minimum label.
Thus the banks record the non recovered part as NPAs and has to make
provision for it.
 Change on Govt. policies
With every new govt. banking sector gets new policies for its
operation. Thus it has to cope with the changing principles and policies for
the regulation of the rising of NPAs.
The fallout of handloom sector is continuing as most of the weavers

Co-operative societies have become defunct largely due to withdrawal of
state patronage. The rehabilitation plan worked out by the Central
government to revive the handloom sector has not yet been implemented.
So the over dues due to the handloom sectors are becoming NPAs.

 INTERNAL FACTORS :-
---------------------------------
 Defective Lending process
There are three cardinal principles of bank lending that have been followed
by the commercial banks since long.
i. Principles of safety
ii. Principle of liquidity
iii. Principles of profitability
i. Principles of safety :-
By safety it means that the borrower is in a position to repay the loan

both principal and interest. The repayment of loan depends upon the
borrowers:
a. Capacity to pay
b. Willingness to pay

Capacity to pay depends upon:
1. Tangible assets
2. Success in business
Willingness to pay depends on:

1. Character
2. Honest
3. Reputation of borrower
The banker should, there fore take utmost care in ensuring that the enterprise
or business for which a loan is sought is a sound one and the borrower is
capable of carrying it out successfully .he should be a person of integrity and
good character.
 Inappropriate technology
Due to inappropriate technology and management information system,

market driven decisions on real time basis can not be taken. Proper MIS and
financial accounting system is not implemented in the banks, which leads to
poor credit collection, thus NPA. All the branches of the bank should be
computerized.
 Improper SWOT analysis
The improper strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis is another

reason for rise in NPAs. While providing unsecured advances the banks
depend more on the honesty, integrity, and financial soundness and credit
worthiness of the borrower.

• Banks should consider the borrowers own capital investment.
• it should collect credit information of the borrowers from_
a. From bankers.
b. Enquiry from market/segment of trade, industry, business.
c. From external credit rating agencies.
• Analyze the balance sheet.
True picture of business will be revealed on analysis of profit/loss a/c

and balance sheet.
• Purpose of the loan
When bankers give loan, he should analyze the purpose of the loan.
To ensure safety and liquidity, banks should grant loan for productive
purpose only. Bank should analyze the profitability, viability, long
term acceptability of the project while financing.
 Poor credit appraisal system

Poor credit appraisal is another factor for the rise in NPAs. Due to poor
credit appraisal the bank gives advances to those who are not able to repay it
back. They should use good credit appraisal to decrease the NPAs.
 Managerial deficiencies
The banker should always select the borrower very carefully and should take
tangible assets as security to safe guard its interests. When accepting
securities banks should consider the_
1. Marketability
2. Acceptability
3. Safety
4. Transferability.
The banker should follow the principle of diversification of risk based

on the famous maxim “do not keep all the eggs in one basket”; it means that
the banker should not grant advances to a few big farms only or to
concentrate them in few industries or in a few cities. If a new big customer
meets misfortune or certain traders or industries affected adversely, the
overall position of the bank will not be affected.
Like OSCB suffered loss due to the OTM Cuttack, and Orissa hand
loom industries. The biggest defaulters of OSCB are the OTM
(117.77lakhs), and the handloom sector Orissa hand loom WCS ltd
(2439.60lakhs).

 Absence of regular industrial visit
The irregularities in spot visit also increases the NPAs. Absence of regularly
visit of bank officials to the customer point decreases the collection of
interest and principals on the loan. The NPAs due to willful defaulters can
be collected by regular visits.
 Re loaning process
Non remittance of recoveries to higher financing agencies and re loaning of

the same have already affected the smooth operation of the credit cycle.
Due to re loaning to the defaulters and CCBs and PACs, the NPAs of OSCB
is increasing day by day.
PROBLEMS DUE TO NPA
1. Owners do not receive a market return on there capital .in the worst case, if
the banks fails, owners loose their assets. In modern times this may affect a
broad pool of shareholders.
2. Depositors do not receive a market return on saving. In the worst case if the
bank fails, depositors loose their assets or uninsured balance.

3. Banks redistribute losses to other borrowers by charging higher interest
rates, lower deposit rates and higher lending rates repress saving and
financial market, which hamper economic growth.
4. Non performing loans epitomize bad investment. They misallocate credit

from good projects, which do not receive funding, to failed projects. Bad
investment ends up in misallocation of capital, and by extension, labour and
natural resources.
Non performing asset may spill over the banking system and contract the money
stock, which may lead to economic contraction. This spill over effect can
channelize through liquidity or bank insolvency:
a) When many borrowers fail to pay interest, banks may experience liquidity
shortage. This can jam payment across the country,
b) Illiquidity constraints bank in paying depositors
.c) Undercapitalized banks exceeds the banks capital base.
The three letters Strike terror in banking sector and business circle today. NPA is
short form of “Non Performing Asset”. The dreaded NPA rule says simply this:
when interest or other due to a bank remains unpaid for more than 90 days, the
entire bank loan automatically turns a non performing asset. The recovery of loan
has always been problem for banks and financial institution. To come out of these
first we need to think is it possible to avoid NPA, no can not be then left is to look
after the factor responsible for it and managing those factors.
 Interest and/or instalment of principal remains overdue for two harvest

seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an
advance granted for agricultural purposes, and

 Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90
days in respect of other accounts.
As a facilitating measure for smooth transition to 90 days norm, banks have been
advised to move over to charging of interest at monthly rests, by April 1, 2002.
However, the date of classification of an advance as NPA should not be changed
on account of charging of interest at monthly rests. Banks should, therefore,
continue to classify an account as NPA only if the interest charged during any
quarter is not serviced fully within 180 days from the end of the quarter with effect
from April 1, 2002 and 90 days from the end of the quarter with effect from March
31, 2004.
'Out of Order' status:
An account should be treated as 'out of order' if the outstanding

balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit/drawing power. In
cases where the outstanding balance in the principal operating account is less than
the sanctioned limit/drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for six
months as on the date of Balance Sheet or credits are not enough to cover the
interest debited during the same period, these accounts should be treated as 'out of
order'.
‘Overdue’:
Any amount due to the bank under any credit facility is ‘overdue’ if it
is not paid on the due date fixed by the bank.
Types of NPA

A] Gross NPA
B] Net NPA
A] Gross NPA:
Gross NPAs are the sum total of all loan assets that are classified as NPAs as per
RBI guidelines as on Balance Sheet date. Gross NPA reflects the quality of the
loans made by banks. It consists of all the non standard assets like as sub-
standard, doubtful, and loss assets.
It can be calculated with the help of following ratio:
Gross NPAs Ratio  Gross NPAs

Gross Advances
B] Net NPA:
Net NPAs are those type of NPAs in which the bank has deducted the provision
regarding NPAs. Net NPA shows the actual burden of banks. Since in India,
bank balance sheets contain a huge amount of NPAs and the process of recovery
and write off of loans is very time consuming, the provisions the banks have to
make against the NPAs according to the central bank guidelines, are quite
significant. That is why the difference between gross and net NPA is quite high.
It can be calculated by following_
Net NPAs  Gross NPAs – Provisions

Gross Advances - Provisions
INCOME RECOGNITION
Income recognition – Policy
 The policy of income recognition has to be objective and based on the record
of recovery. Internationally income from non-performing assets (NPA) is
not recognised on accrual basis but is booked as income only when it is
actually received. Therefore, the banks should not charge and take to income
account interest on any NPA.
 However, interest on advances against term deposits, NSCs, IVPs, KVPs

and Life policies may be taken to income account on the due date, provided
adequate margin is available in the accounts.
 Fees and commissions earned by the banks as a result of re-negotiations or

rescheduling of outstanding debts should be recognised on an accrual basis
over the period of time covered by the re-negotiated or rescheduled
extension of credit.

 If Government guaranteed advances become NPA, the interest on such
advances should not be taken to income account unless the interest has been
realised.
Reversal of income:
 If any advance, including bills purchased and discounted, becomes NPA as

at the close of any year, interest accrued and credited to income account in
the corresponding previous year, should be reversed or provided for if the
same is not realised. This will apply to Government guaranteed accounts
also.
 In respect of NPAs, fees, commission and similar income that have accrued
should cease to accrue in the current period and should be reversed or
provided for with respect to past periods, if uncollected.
Leased Assets
 The net lease rentals (finance charge) on the leased asset accrued and
credited to income account before the asset became non-performing, and
remaining unrealised, should be reversed or provided for in the current
accounting period.
 The term 'net lease rentals' would mean the amount of finance charge
taken to the credit of Profit & Loss Account and would be worked out as gross

lease rentals adjusted by amount of statutory depreciation and lease
equalisation account.
 As per the 'Guidance Note on Accounting for Leases' issued by the

Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), a separate
Lease Equalisation Account should be opened by the banks with a
corresponding debit or credit to Lease Adjustment Account, as the case may
be. Further, Lease Equalisation Account should be transferred every year to the
Profit & Loss Account and disclosed separately as a deduction from/addition to
gross value of lease rentals shown under the head 'Gross Income'.
Appropriation of recovery in NPAs
 Interest realised on NPAs may be taken to income account provided the

credits in the accounts towards interest are not out of fresh/ additional credit
facilities sanctioned to the borrower concerned.
 In the absence of a clear agreement between the bank and the borrower for
the purpose of appropriation of recoveries in NPAs (i.e. towards principal or
interest due), banks should adopt an accounting principle and exercise the
right of appropriation of recoveries in a uniform and consistent manner.
Interest Application:

There is no objection to the banks using their own discretion in debiting interest to
an NPA account taking the same to Interest Suspense Account or maintaining only
a record of such interest in proforma accounts.
Reporting of NPAs
 Banks are required to furnish a Report on NPAs as on 31st March each year
after completion of audit. The NPAs would relate to the banks’ global
portfolio, including the advances at the foreign branches. The Report should
be furnished as per the prescribed format given in the Annexure I.
 While reporting NPA figures to RBI, the amount held in interest suspense
account, should be shown as a deduction from gross NPAs as well as gross
advances while arriving at the net NPAs. Banks which do not maintain
Interest Suspense account for parking interest due on non-performing
advance accounts, may furnish the amount of interest receivable on NPAs as
a foot note to the Report.
 Whenever NPAs are reported to RBI, the amount of technical write off, if
any, should be reduced from the outstanding gross advances and gross NPAs
to eliminate any distortion in the quantum of NPAs being reported.
REPORTING FORMAT FOR NPA – GROSS AND NET NPA

Name of the Bank:
Position as on………
PARTICULARS
1) Gross Advanced *
2) Gross NPA *
3) Gross NPA as %age of Gross Advanced
4) Total deduction( a+b+c+d )
( a ) Balance in interest suspense a/c **
( b ) DICGC/ECGC claims received and held
pending
adjustment
( c ) part payment received and kept in suspense a/c
( d ) Total provision held ***
5) Net advanced ( 1-4 )
6) Net NPA ( 2-4 )
7) Net NPA as a %age of Net Advance
*excluding Technical write-off of Rs.________crore.
**Banks which do not maintain an interest suspense a/c to park the accrued interest
on NPAs may furnish the amount of interest receivable on NPAs.
***Excluding amount of Technical write-off (Rs.______crore) and provision on

standard assets. (Rs._____crore).
Asset Classification
Categories of NPAs
Standard Assets:

Standard assets are the ones in which the bank is receiving interest as well as the
principal amount of the loan regularly from the customer. Here it is also very
important that in this case the arrears of interest and the principal amount of loan
does not exceed 90 days at the end of financial year. If asset fails to be in category
of standard asset that is amount due more than 90 days then it is NPA and NPAs
are further need to classify in sub categories.
Banks are required to classify non-performing assets further into

the following three categories based on the period for which the asset has remained
non-performing and the realisability of the dues:
( 1 ) Sub-standard Assets
( 2 ) Doubtful Assets
( 3 ) Loss Assets
( 1 ) Sub-standard Assets:--
With effect from 31 March 2005, a sub standard asset would be one, which has
remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 month. The following features
are exhibited by sub standard assets: the current net worth of the borrowers /
guarantor or the current market value of the security charged is not enough to
ensure recovery of the dues to the banks in full; and the asset has well-defined
credit weaknesses that jeopardise the liquidation of the debt and are characterised
by the distinct possibility that the banks will sustain some loss, if deficiencies are
not corrected.
( 2 ) Doubtful Assets:--

A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in assets that were
classified as sub-standard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make
collection or liquidation in full, – on the basis of currently known facts, conditions
and values – highly questionable and improbable.
With effect from March 31, 2005, an asset would be classified as doubtful if it
remained in the sub-standard category for 12 months.
( 3 ) Loss Assets:--
A loss asset is one which considered uncollectible and of such little value that its
continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted- although there may be some
salvage or recovery value. Also, these assets would have been identified as ‘loss
assets’ by the bank or internal or external auditors or the RBI inspection but the
amount would not have been written-off wholly.
Provisioning Norms
General
 In order to narrow down the divergences and ensure adequate provisioning

by banks, it was suggested that a bank's statutory auditors, if they so desire,
could have a dialogue with RBI's Regional Office/ inspectors who carried

out the bank's inspection during the previous year with regard to the
accounts contributing to the difference.
 Pursuant to this, regional offices were advised to forward a list of individual

advances, where the variance in the provisioning requirements between the
RBI and the bank is above certain cut off levels so that the bank and the
statutory auditors take into account the assessment of the RBI while making
provisions for loan loss, etc.
 The primary responsibility for making adequate provisions for any

diminution in the value of loan assets, investment or other assets is that of
the bank managements and the statutory auditors. The assessment made by
the inspecting officer of the RBI is furnished to the bank to assist the bank
management and the statutory auditors in taking a decision in regard to
making adequate and necessary provisions in terms of prudential guidelines.
 In conformity with the prudential norms, provisions should be made on the

non-performing assets on the basis of classification of assets into prescribed
categories as detailed in paragraphs 4 supra. Taking into account the time lag
between an account becoming doubtful of recovery, its recognition as such,
the realisation of the security and the erosion over time in the value of
security charged to the bank, the banks should make provision against sub-
standard assets, doubtful assets and loss assets as below:
Loss assets:

The entire asset should be written off. If the assets are permitted to remain in the
books for any reason, 100 percent of the outstanding should be provided for.
Doubtful assets:
 100 percent of the extent to which the advance is not covered by the
realisable value of the security to which the bank has a valid recourse and
the realisable value is estimated on a realistic basis.
 In regard to the secured portion, provision may be made on the following

basis, at the rates ranging from 20 percent to 50 percent of the secured
portion depending upon the period for which the asset has remained
doubtful:
Period for which the advance has Provision

been considered as doubtful requirement (%)
Up to one year 20
One to three years 30

More than three years: 60% with effect from
March 31,2005.
(1) Outstanding stock of NPAs as
on March 31, 2004. 75% effect from March
(2) Advances classified as 31, 2006.
‘doubtful’ more than three years
100% with effect from
on or after April 1, 2004.
March 31, 2007.
 Additional provisioning consequent upon the change in the definition of

doubtful assets effective from March 31, 2003 has to be made in phases as
under:
 As on 31.03.2003, 50 percent of the additional provisioning requirement on

the assets which became doubtful on account of new norm of 18 months for
transition from sub-standard asset to doubtful category.
 As on 31.03.2002, balance of the provisions not made during the previous

year, in addition to the provisions needed, as on 31.03.2002.
 Banks are permitted to phase the additional provisioning consequent upon

the reduction in the transition period from substandard to doubtful asset
from 18 to 12 months over a four year period commencing from the year
ending March 31, 2005, with a minimum of 20 % each year.
Note: Valuation of Security for provisioning purposes
With a view to bringing down divergence arising out of difference in assessment of

the value of security, in cases of NPAs with balance of Rs. 5 crore and above stock
audit at annual intervals by external agencies appointed as per the guidelines
approved by the Board would be mandatory in order to enhance the reliability on
stock valuation. Valuers appointed as per the guidelines approved by the Board of
Directors should get collaterals such as immovable properties charged in favour of
the bank valued once in three years.
Sub-standard assets:
A general provision of 10 percent on total outstanding should be made without

making any allowance for DICGC/ECGC guarantee cover and securities available.
Standard assets:
 From the year ending 31.03.2000, the banks should make a general
provision of a minimum of 0.40 percent on standard assets on global loan
portfolio basis.
 The provisions on standard assets should not be reckoned for arriving at net
NPAs.
 The provisions towards Standard Assets need not be netted from gross
advances but shown separately as 'Contingent Provisions against Standard
Assets' under 'Other Liabilities and Provisions - Others' in Schedule 5 of the
balance sheet.
Floating provisions:
Some of the banks make a 'floating provision' over and above the specific
provisions made in respect of accounts identified as NPAs. The floating provisions,

wherever available, could be set-off against provisions required to be made as per
above stated provisioning guidelines. Considering that higher loan loss
provisioning adds to the overall financial strength of the banks and the stability of
the financial sector, banks are urged to voluntarily set apart provisions much above
the minimum prudential levels as a desirable practice.
Provisions on Leased Assets:

Leases are peculiar transactions where the assets are not recorded in the books of
the user of such assets as Assets, whereas they are recorded in the books of the
owner even though the physical existence of the asset is with the user (lessee).
__(AS19 ICAI)
 Sub-standard assets : -
 10 percent of the 'net book value'.
 As per the 'Guidance Note on Accounting for Leases' issued by the ICAI,
'Gross book value' of a fixed asset is its historical cost or other amount substituted
for historical cost in the books of account or financial statements. Statutory
depreciation should be shown separately in the Profit & Loss Account.
Accumulated depreciation should be deducted from the Gross Book Value of the
leased asset in the balance sheet of the lesser to arrive at the 'net book value'.
 Also, balance standing in 'Lease Adjustment Account' should be adjusted in the

'net book value' of the leased assets. The amount of adjustment in respect of each

class of fixed assets may be shown either in the main balance sheet or in the Fixed
Assets Schedule as a separate column in the section related to leased assets.
 Doubtful assets :-
100 percent of the extent to which the finance is not secured by the realisable value
of the leased asset. Realisable value to be estimated on a realistic basis. In
addition to the above provision, the following provision on the net book value of
the secured portion should be made, depending upon the period for which asset
has been doubtful:
Period %age of provision

Up to one year 20
One to three years 30
More than three years 50
 Loss assets :-
The entire asset should be written-off. If for any reason, an asset is allowed to
remain in books, 100 percent of the sum of the net investment in the lease and the
unrealised portion of finance income net of finance charge component should be
provided for. ('net book value')
Guidelines for Provisions under Special Circumstances
Government guaranteed advances

 With effect from 31 March 2000, in respect of advances sanctioned against
State Government guarantee, if the guarantee is invoked and remains in default for
more than two quarters (180 days at present), the banks should make normal
provisions as prescribed in paragraph 4.1.2 above.
 As regards advances guaranteed by State Governments, in respect of which

guarantee stood invoked as on 31.03.2000, necessary provision was allowed to be
made, in a phased manner, during the financial years ending 31.03.2000 to
31.03.2003 with a minimum of 25 percent each year.
Advances granted under rehabilitation packages approved by BIFR/term lending

institutions:
 In respect of advances under rehabilitation package approved by BIFR/term

lending institutions, the provision should continue to be made in respect of dues to
the bank on the existing credit facilities as per their classification as sub-standard
or doubtful asset.
 As regards the additional facilities sanctioned as per package finalised by BIFR

and/or term lending institutions, provision on additional facilities sanctioned need
not be made for a period of one year from the date of disbursement.
 In respect of additional credit facilities granted to SSI units which are

identified as sick [as defined in RPCD circular No.PLNFS.BC.57 /06.04.01/2001-
2002 dated 16 January 2002] and where rehabilitation packages/nursing

programmes have been drawn by the banks themselves or under consortium
arrangements, no provision need be made for a period of one year.
Advances against term deposits, NSCs eligible for surrender, IVPs, KVPs, and
life policies are exempted from provisioning requirements.
However, advances against gold ornaments, government securities and all

other kinds of securities are not exempted from provisioning requirements.
Treatment of interest suspense account:
Amounts held in Interest Suspense Account should not be reckoned as part of

provisions. Amounts lying in the Interest Suspense Account should be deducted
from the relative advances and thereafter, provisioning as per the norms, should be
made on the balances after such deduction.
Advances covered by ECGC/DICGC guarantee
In the case of advances guaranteed by DICGC/ECGC, provision should be made

only for the balance in excess of the amount guaranteed by these Corporations.
Further, while arriving at the provision required to be made for doubtful assets,
realisable value of the securities should first be deducted from the outstanding
balance in respect of the amount guaranteed by these Corporations and then
provision made as illustrated hereunder:
Example

Outstanding Balance Rs. 4 lakhs
DICGC Cover 50 percent
Period for which the advance has remained More than 3 years
doubtful remained doubtful
Value of security held Rs. 1.50 lakhs
(excludes worth of Rs.)
Provision required to be made
Outstanding balance Rs. 4.00 lakhs

Less: Value of security held Rs. 1.50 lakhs
Unrealised balance Rs. 2.50 lakhs
Less: DICGC Cover Rs. 1.25 lakhs
(50% of unrealisable balance)
Net unsecured balance Rs. 1.25 lakhs
Provision for unsecured portion of Rs. 1.25 lakhs (@ 100 percent
advance of unsecured portion)
Provision for secured portion of Rs. 0.75 lakhs (@ 50 percent of
advance secured portion)
Total provision required to be made Rs. 2.00 lakhs
Advance covered by CGTSI guarantee
In case the advance covered by CGTSI guarantee becomes non-performing, no

provision need be made towards the guaranteed portion. The amount outstanding
in excess of the guaranteed portion should be provided for as per the extant
guidelines on provisioning for non-performing advances. Two illustrative
examples are given below:

Example I
Asset classification status: Doubtful – More than 3 years;

CGTSI Cover 75% of the amount
outstanding or 75% of the
unsecured amount or Rs.18.75
lakh, whichever is the least
Realisable value of Rs.1.50 lakh
Security
Balance outstanding Rs.10.00 lakh
Less Realisable value of Rs. 1.50 lakh
security
Unsecured amount Rs. 8.50 lakh
Less CGTSI cover (75%) Rs. 6.38 lakh
Net unsecured and Rs. 2.12 lakh
uncovered portion:
Provision Required
Secured portion Rs.1.50 lakh Rs. 0.75 lakh (@ 50%)
Unsecured & uncovered Rs.2.12 lakh Rs. 2.12 lakh ( 100%)
portion
Total provision required Rs. 2.87 lakh
Example II
Asset classification status Doubtful – More than 3 years;

CGTSI Cover 75% of the amount
outstanding or75% of the
unsecured amount or Rs.18.75
lakh, whichever is the least

Realisable value of Rs.10.00 lakh
Security
Balance outstanding Rs.40.00 lakh
Less Realisable value of Rs. 10.00 lakh
security
Unsecured amount Rs. 30.00 lakh
Less CGTSI cover (75%) Rs. 18.75 lakh
Net unsecured and Rs. 11.25 lakh
uncovered portion:
Provision Required
Secured portion Rs.10.00 lakh Rs. 5.00 lakh (@ 50%)
Unsecured & uncovered Rs.11.25 lakh Rs.11.25 lakh (100%)
portion
Total provision required Rs. 16.25 lakh
Take-out finance
The lending institution should make provisions against a 'take-out finance' turning
into NPA pending its take-over by the taking-over institution. As and when the
asset is taken-over by the taking-over institution, the corresponding provisions
could be reversed.
Reserve for Exchange Rate Fluctuations Account (RERFA)
When exchange rate movements of Indian rupee turn adverse, the outstanding
amount of foreign currency denominated a loan (where actual disbursement was

made in Indian Rupee) which becomes overdue goes up correspondingly, with its
attendant implications of provisioning requirements. Such assets should not
normally be revalued. In case such assets need to be revalued as per requirement of
accounting practices or for any other requirement, the following procedure may be
adopted:
 The loss on revaluation of assets has to be booked in the bank's Profit & Loss
Account.
Besides the provisioning requirement as per Asset Classification, banks should

treat the full amount of the Revaluation Gain relating to the corresponding assets,
if any, on account of Foreign Exchange Fluctuation as provision against the
particular assets.
Impact of NPA
 Profitability:-
NPA means booking of money in terms of bad asset, which

occurred due to wrong choice of client. Because of the money getting
blocked the prodigality of bank decreases not only by the amount of NPA
but NPA lead to opportunity cost also as that much of profit invested in
some return earning project/asset. So NPA doesn’t affect current profit but
also future stream of profit, which may lead to loss of some long-term
beneficial opportunity. Another impact of reduction in profitability is low
ROI (return on investment), which adversely affect current earning of bank.
 Liquidity:-

Money is getting blocked, decreased profit lead to lack of enough cash at hand
which lead to borrowing money for shot\rtes period of time which lead to
additional cost to the company. Difficulty in operating the functions of bank is
another cause of NPA due to lack of money. Routine payments and dues.
 Involvement of management:-
Time and efforts of management is another indirect cost which bank has to bear
due to NPA. Time and efforts of management in handling and managing NPA
would have diverted to some fruitful activities, which would have given good
returns. Now day’s banks have special employees to deal and handle NPAs, which
is additional cost to the bank.
 Credit loss:-
Bank is facing problem of NPA then it adversely affect the value of bank in terms
of market credit. It will lose it’s goodwill and brand image and credit which have
negative impact to the people who are putting their money in the banks .
REASONS FOR NPA:
Reasons can be divided in to two broad categories:-
A] Internal Factor
B] External Factor
[ A ] Internal Factors:-
Internal Factors are those, which are internal to the bank and are controllable by
banks.
• Poor lending decision:
• Non-Compliance to lending norms:
• Lack of post credit supervision:
• Failure to appreciate good payers:
• Excessive overdraft lending:
• Non – Transparent accounting policy:
[ B ] External Factors:-
External factors are those, which are external to banks they are not controllable by
banks.
• Socio political pressure:
• Chang in industry environment:

• Endangers macroeconomic disturbances:
• Natural calamities
• Industrial sickness
• Diversion of funds and willful defaults
• Time/ cost overrun in project implementation
• Labour problems of borrowed firm
• Business failure
• Inefficient management
• Obsolete technology
• Product obsolete
Early symptoms by which one can recognize a performing asset turning in to

Non-performing asset

Four categories of early symptoms:-
---------------------------------------------------
( 1 ) Financial:
 Non-payment of the very first installment in case of term loan.

 Bouncing of cheque due to insufficient balance in the accounts.
 Irregularity in installment.
 Irregularity of operations in the accounts.

 Unpaid over due bills.
 Declining Current Ratio.
 Payment which does not cover the interest and principal amount of that
installment.
 While monitoring the accounts it is found that partial amount is diverted to
sister concern or parent company.
( 2 ) Operational and Physical:
 If information is received that the borrower has either initiated the process
of winding up or are not doing the business.
 Overdue receivables.
 Stock statement not submitted on time.
 External non-controllable factor like natural calamities in the city where

borrower conduct his business.
 Frequent changes in plan.
 Non payment of wages.

( 3 ) Attitudinal Changes:

 Use for personal comfort, stocks and shares by borrower.
 Avoidance of contact with bank.
 Problem between partners.
( 4 ) Others:
 Changes in Government policies.

 Death of borrower.
 Competition in the market.
Preventive Measurement For NPA

 Early Recognition of the Problem:-
Invariably, by the time banks start their efforts to get involved in a revival process,
it’s too late to retrieve the situation- both in terms of rehabilitation of the project
and recovery of bank’s dues. Identification of weakness in the very beginning that
is : When the account starts showing first signs of weakness regardless of the fact
that it may not have become NPA, is imperative. Assessment of the potential of
revival may be done on the basis of a techno-economic viability study.
Restructuring should be attempted where, after an objective assessment of the
promoter’s intention, banks are convinced of a turnaround within a scheduled
timeframe. In respect of totally unviable units as decided by the bank, it is better to
facilitate winding up/ selling of the unit earlier, so as to recover whatever is
possible through legal means before the security position becomes worse.
 Identifying Borrowers with Genuine Intent:-

Identifying
borrowers with genuine intent from those who are non- serious with no
commitment or stake in revival is a challenge confronting bankers. Here the role of
frontline officials at the branch level is paramount as they are the ones who has
intelligent inputs with regard to promoters’ sincerity, and capability to achieve
turnaround. Base don this objective assessment, banks should decide as quickly as
possible whether it would be worthwhile to commit additional finance.
In this regard banks may consider having “Special Investigation” of all financial
transaction or business transaction, books of account in order to ascertain real
factors that contributed to sickness of the borrower. Banks may have penal of
technical experts with proven expertise and track record of preparing techno-
economic study of the project of the borrowers.
Borrowers having genuine problems due to temporary mismatch in fund

flow or sudden requirement of additional fund may be entertained at branch level,
and for this purpose a special limit to such type of cases should be decided. This
will obviate the need to route the additional funding through the controlling offices
in deserving cases, and help avert many accounts slipping into NPA category.
Timeliness and Adequacy of response:-
Longer the delay in response, grater the injury to the account and the asset. Time is
a crucial element in any restructuring or rehabilitation activity. The response
decided on the basis of techno-economic study and promoter’s commitment, has to
be adequate in terms of extend of additional funding and relaxations etc. under the

restructuring exercise. The package of assistance may be flexible and bank may
look at the exit option.
 Focus on Cash Flows:-

While financing, at the time of restructuring the banks may not be guided by the
conventional fund flow analysis only, which could yield a potentially misleading
picture. Appraisal for fresh credit requirements may be done by analyzing funds
flow in conjunction with the Cash Flow rather than only on the basis of Funds
Flow.
 Management Effectiveness:-
The general perception among borrower is that it is lack of finance that leads to
sickness and NPAs. But this may not be the case all the time. Management
effectiveness in tackling adverse business conditions is a very important aspect that
affects a borrowing unit’s fortunes. A bank may commit additional finance to an
aling unit only after basic viability of the enterprise also in the context of quality of
management is examined and confirmed. Where the default is due to deeper
malady, viability study or investigative audit should be done – it will be useful to
have consultant appointed as early as possible to examine this aspect. A proper
techno- economic viability study must thus become the basis on which any future
action can be considered.
 Multiple Financing:-

A. During the exercise for assessment of viability and restructuring, a
Pragmatic and unified approach by all the lending banks/ FIs as also
sharing of all relevant information on the borrower would go a long way
toward overall success of rehabilitation exercise, given the probability of
success/failure.
B. In some default cases, where the unit is still working, the bank should make
sure that it captures the cash flows (there is a tendency on part of the
borrowers to switch bankers once they default, for fear of getting their cash
flows forfeited), and ensure that such cash flows are used for working
capital purposes. Toward this end, there should be regular flow of
information among consortium members. A bank, which is not part of the
consortium, may not be allowed to offer credit facilities to such defaulting
clients. Current account facilities may also be denied at non-consortium
banks to such clients and violation may attract penal action. The Credit
Information Bureau of India Ltd.(CIBIL) may be very useful for
meaningful information exchange on defaulting borrowers once the setup
becomes fully operational.
C. In a forum of lenders, the priority of each lender will be different. While one
set of lenders may be willing to wait for a longer time to recover its dues,
another lender may have a much shorter timeframe in mind. So it is possible
that the letter categories of lenders may be willing to exit, even a t a cost –
by a discounted settlement of the exposure. Therefore, any plan for
restructuring/rehabilitation may take this aspect into account.

D. Corporate Debt Restructuring mechanism has been institutionalized in
2001 to provide a timely and transparent system for restructuring of the
corporate debt of Rs. 20 crore and above with the banks and FIs on a
voluntary basis and outside the legal framework. Under this system, banks
may greatly benefit in terms of restructuring of large standard accounts
(potential NPAs) and viable sub-standard accounts with
consortium/multiple banking arrangements.

Tools for recovery of NPAs
Credit Default
Inability to Pay Willful default
Unviable Viable
Lok Adalat
Rehabilitation Securitization
Compromise Debt Recovery
Tribunals Rephasement
Act of
Repayment Period
Sole Banker Asset

Reconstruction
Consortium Finance
Corporate Debt Restructuring
Fresh Issue ofConversion Fresh WC Limit

Term Loan into WCTL

Once NPA occurred, one must come out of it or it should be managed in most
efficient manner. Legal ways and means are there to over come and manage NPAs.
We will look into each one of it.
 Willful Default :-
A] Lok Adalat and Debt Recovery Tribunal
B] Securitization Act
C] Asset Reconstruction
Lok Adalat:
Lok Adalat institutions help banks to settle disputes involving account in

“doubtful” and “loss” category, with outstanding balance of Rs. 5 lakh for
compromise settlement under Lok Adalat. Debt recovery tribunals have been
empowered to organize Lok Adalat to decide on cases of NPAs of Rs. 10 lakh and
above. This mechanism has proved to be quite effective for speedy justice and
recovery of small loans. The progress through this channel is expected to pick up
in the coming years.
 Debt Recovery Tribunals(DRT):
The recovery of debts due to banks and

financial institution passed in March 2000 has helped in strengthening the function
of DRTs. Provision for placement of more than one recovery officer, power to
attach defendant’s property/assets before judgment, penal provision for
disobedience of tribunal’s order or for breach of any terms of order and
appointment of receiver with power of realization, management, protection and
preservation of property are expected to provide necessary teeth to the DRTs and
speed up the recovery of NPAs in the times to come. DRTs which have been set
up by the Government to facilitate speedy recovery by banks/DFIs, have not been
able make much impact on loan recovery due to variety of reasons like inadequate
number, lack of infrastructure, under staffing and frequent adjournment of cases. It
is essential that DRT mechanism is strengthened and vested with a proper
enforcement mechanism to enforce their orders. Non observation of any order
passed by the tribunal should amount to contempt of court, the DRT should have
right to initiate contempt proceedings. The DRT should empowered to sell asset of
the debtor companies and forward the proceed to the winding – up court for
distribution among the lenders
Inability to Pay
Consortium arrangements:
Asset classification of accounts under
consortium should be based on the record of recovery of the individual member
banks and other aspects having a bearing on the recoverability of the advances.
Where the remittances by the borrower under consortium lending arrangements are
pooled with one bank and/or where the bank receiving remittances is not parting
with the share of other member banks, the account will be treated as not serviced in
the books of the other member banks and therefore, be treated as NPA. The banks
participating in the consortium should, therefore, arrange to get their share of
recovery transferred from the lead bank or get an express consent from the lead

bank for the transfer of their share of recovery, to ensure proper asset classification
in their respective books.
Corporate debt Restructuring (CDR):
Background
In spite of their best efforts and intentions, sometimes corporate find themselves in
financial difficulty because of factors beyond their control and also due to certain
internal reasons. For the revival of the corporate as well as for the safety of the
money lent by the banks and FIs, timely support through restructuring in genuine
cases is called for. However, delay in agreement amongst different lending
institutions often comes in the way of such endeavours.
Based on the experience in other countries like the U.K., Thailand, Korea,
etc. of putting in place institutional mechanism for restructuring of corporate debt
and need for a similar mechanism in India, a Corporate Debt Restructuring System
has been evolved, as under :
Objective
The objective of the Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR) framework is to

ensure timely and transparent mechanism for restructuring of the corporate debts of
viable entities facing problems, outside the purview of BIFR, DRT and other
legal proceedings, for the benefit of all concerned. In particular, the framework
will aim at preserving viable corporate that are affected by certain internal and
external factors and minimize the losses to the creditors and other stakeholders
through an orderly and coordinated restructuring programme.
Structure:
CDR system in the country will have a three-tier structure:
(A) CDR Standing Forum

(B) CDR Empowered Group
(C) CDR Cell
(A) CDR Standing Forum :
The CDR Standing Forum would be the representative general body of all
financial institutions and banks participating in CDR system. All financial
institutions and banks should participate in the system in their own interest. CDR
Standing Forum will be a self-empowered body, which will lay down policies and
guidelines, guide and monitor the progress of corporate debt restructuring.
The Forum will also provide an official platform for both the creditors and
borrowers (by consultation) to amicably and collectively evolve policies and
guidelines for working out debt restructuring plans in the interests of all concerned.
The CDR Standing Forum shall comprise Chairman & Managing Director,
Industrial Development Bank of India; Managing Director, Industrial Credit &
Investment Corporation of India Limited; Chairman, State Bank of India;
Chairman, Indian Banks Association and Executive Director, Reserve Bank of
India as well as Chairmen and Managing Directors of all banks and financial
institutions participating as permanent members in the system. The Forum will
elect its Chairman for a period of one year and the principle of rotation will be
followed in the subsequent years. However, the Forum may decide to have a
Working Chairman as a whole-time officer to guide and carry out the decisions of
the CDR Standing Forum.
A CDR Core Group will be carved out of the CDR Standing Forum to assist
the Standing Forum in convening the meetings and taking decisions relating to
policy, on behalf of the Standing Forum. The Core Group will consist of Chief
Executives of IDBI, ICICI, SBI, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Punjab National
Bank, Indian Banks Association and a representative of Reserve Bank of India.
The CDR Standing Forum shall meet at least once every six months and
would review and monitor the progress of corporate debt restructuring system. The
Forum would also lay down the policies and guidelines to be followed by the CDR
Empowered Group and CDR Cell for debt restructuring and would ensure their
smooth functioning and adherence to the prescribed time schedules for debt
restructuring. It can also review any individual decisions of the CDR Empowered
Group and CDR Cell.
The CDR Standing Forum, the CDR Empowered Group and CDR Cell
(described in following paragraphs) shall be housed in IDBI. All financial
institutions and banks shall share the administrative and other costs. The sharing
pattern shall be as determined by the Standing Forum.
CDR Empowered Group and CDR Cell:

The individual cases of corporate debt restructuring shall be decided by the
CDR Empowered Group, consisting of ED level representatives of IDBI, ICICI
Limited and SBI as standing members, in addition to ED level representatives of
financial institutions and banks who have an exposure to the concerned company.
In order to make the CDR Empowered Group effective and broad based and
operate efficiently and smoothly, it would have to be ensured that each financial
institution and bank, as participants of the CDR system, nominates a panel of two
or three EDs, one of whom will participate in a specific meeting of the Empowered
Group dealing with individual restructuring cases. Where, however, a bank /
financial institution has only one Executive Director, the panel may consist of
senior officials, duly authorized by its Board. The level of representation of banks/
financial institutions on the CDR Empowered Group should be at a sufficiently
senior level to ensure that concerned bank / FI abides by the necessary
commitments including sacrifices, made towards debt restructuring.
The Empowered Group will consider the preliminary report of all cases of
requests of restructuring, submitted to it by the CDR Cell. After the Empowered
Group decides that restructuring of the company is prima-facie feasible and the
enterprise is potentially viable in terms of the policies and guidelines evolved by
Standing Forum, the detailed restructuring package will be worked out by the CDR
Cell in conjunction with the Lead Institution.
The CDR Empowered Group would be mandated to look into each case of
debt restructuring, examine the viability and rehabilitation potential of the
Company and approve the restructuring package within a specified time frame of
90 days, or at best 180 days of reference to the Empowered Group.

There should be a general authorisation by the respective Boards of the
participating institutions / banks in favour of their representatives on the CDR
Empowered Group, authorising them to take decisions on behalf of their
organization, regarding restructuring of debts of individual corporate.
The decisions of the CDR Empowered Group shall be final and action-
reference point. If restructuring of debt is found viable and feasible and accepted
by the Empowered Group, the company would be put on the restructuring mode.
If, however, restructuring is not found viable, the creditors would then be free to
take necessary steps for immediate recovery of dues and / or liquidation or winding
up of the company, collectively or individually.
CDR Cell:
The CDR Standing Forum and the CDR Empowered Group will be assisted
by a CDR Cell in all their functions. The CDR Cell will make the initial scrutiny of
the proposals received from borrowers / lenders, by calling for proposed
rehabilitation plan and other information and put up the matter before the CDR
Empowered Group, within one month to decide whether rehabilitation is prima
facie feasible, if so, the CDR Cell will proceed to prepare detailed Rehabilitation
Plan with the help of lenders and if necessary, experts to be engaged from outside.
If not found prima facie feasible, the lenders may start action for recovery of their
dues.
To begin with, CDR Cell will be constituted in IDBI, Mumbai and adequate
members of staff for the Cell will be deputed from banks and financial institutions.
The CDR Cell may also take outside professional help. The initial cost in operating
the CDR mechanism including CDR Cell will be met by IDBI initially for one year
and then from contribution from the financial institutions and banks in the Core
Group at the rate of Rs.50 lakh each and contribution from other institutions and
banks at the rate of Rs.5 lakh each.
All references for corporate debt restructuring by lenders or borrowers will
be made to the CDR Cell. It shall be the responsibility of the lead institution /
major stakeholder to the corporate, to work out a preliminary restructuring plan in
consultation with other stakeholders and submit to the CDR Cell within one month.
The CDR Cell will prepare the restructuring plan in terms of the general policies
and guidelines approved by the CDR Standing Forum and place for the
consideration of the Empowered Group within 30 days for decision. The
Empowered Group can approve or suggest modifications, so, however, that a final
decision must be taken within a total period of 90 days. However, for sufficient
reasons the period can be extended maximum upto 180 days from the date of
reference to the CDR Cell.
Other features:
CDR will be a Non-statutory mechanism.
CDR mechanism will be a voluntary system based on debtor-creditor

agreement and inter-creditor agreement.
The scheme will not apply to accounts involving only one financial
institution or one bank. The CDR mechanism will cover only multiple banking
accounts / syndication / consortium accounts with outstanding exposure of Rs.20
crore and above by banks and institutions.

The CDR system will be applicable only to standard and sub-standard
accounts. However, as an interim measure, permission for corporate debt
restructuring will be made available by RBI on the basis of specific
recommendation of CDR "Core-Group", if a minimum of 75 per cent (by value) of
the lenders constituting banks and FIs consent for CDR, irrespective of differences
in asset classification status in banks/ financial institutions. There would be no
requirement of the account / company being sick, NPA or being in default for
a specified period before reference to the CDR Group. However, potentially
viable cases of NPAs will get priority. This approach would provide the
necessary flexibility and facilitate timely intervention for debt restructuring.
Prescribing any milestone(s) may not be necessary, since the debt restructuring
exercise is being triggered by banks and financial institutions or with their consent.
In no case, the requests of any corporate indulging in wilful default or misfeasance
will be considered for restructuring under CDR.
Reference to Corporate Debt Restructuring System could be triggered by (i)

any or more of the secured creditor who have minimum 20% share in either
working capital or term finance, or (ii) by the concerned corporate, if supported by
a bank or financial institution having stake as in (i) above.
Legal Basis
The legal basis to the CDR mechanism shall be provided by the Debtor-
Creditor Agreement (DCA) and the Inter-Creditor Agreement. The debtors
shall have to accede to the DCA, either at the time of original loan documentation
(for future cases) or at the time of reference to Corporate Debt Restructuring Cell.
Similarly, all participants in the CDR mechanism through their membership of the
Standing Forum shall have to enter into a legally binding agreement, with
necessary enforcement and penal clauses, to operate the System through laid-down
policies and guidelines.
Stand-Still Clause:
One of the most important elements of Debtor-Creditor

Agreement would be 'stand still' agreement binding for 90 days, or 180 days by
both sides. Under this clause, both the debtor and creditor(s) shall agree to a
legally binding 'stand-still' whereby both the parties commit themselves not to
taking recourse to any other legal action during the 'stand-still' period, this
would be necessary for enabling the CDR System to undertake the necessary debt
restructuring exercise without any outside intervention judicial or otherwise.
The Inter-Creditors Agreement would be a legally binding agreement

amongst the secured creditors, with necessary enforcement and penal clauses,
wherein the creditors would commit themselves to abide by the various elements
of CDR system. Further , the creditors shall agree that if 75% of secured
creditors by value, agree to a debt restructuring package, the same would be
binding on the remaining secured creditors.
Accounting treatment for restructured accounts
The accounting treatment of accounts restructured under CDR would be governed

by the prudential norms indicated in circular DBOD. BP. BC. 98 / 21.04.048 /

2000-01 dated March 30, 2001. Restructuring of corporate debts under CDR could
take place in the following stages:
 Before commencement of commercial production;

 After commencement of commercial production but before the asset has
been classified as sub-standard;
 After commencement of commercial production and the asset has been
classified as sub-standard.
The prudential treatment of the accounts, subjected to restructuring under CDR,

would be governed by the following norms:
Treatment of standard accounts restructured under CDR:
 A rescheduling of the instalments of principal alone, at any of the aforesaid

first two stages [paragraph 5(a) and (b) above] would not cause a standard
asset to be classified in the sub-standard category, provided the loan / credit
facility is fully secured.
 A rescheduling of interest element at any of the foregoing first two stages

would not cause an asset to be downgraded to sub-standard category subject
to the condition that the amount of sacrifice, if any, in the element of
interest, measured in present value terms, is either written off or provision is
made to the extent of the sacrifice involved. For the purpose, the future
interest due as per the original loan agreement in respect of an account
should be discounted to the present value at a rate appropriate to the risk

category of the borrower (i.e. current PLR + the appropriate credit risk
premium for the borrower-category) and compared with the present value of
the dues expected to be received under the restructuring package, discounted
on the same basis.
 In case there is a sacrifice involved in the amount of interest in present value

terms, as at (b) above, the amount of sacrifice should either be written off or
provision made to the extent of the sacrifice involved.
Treatment of sub-standard accounts restructured under CDR
A rescheduling of the instalments of principal alone, would render a sub-

standard asset eligible to be continued in the sub-standard category for the
specified period, provided the loan / credit facility is fully secured.
A rescheduling of interest element would render a sub-standard asset eligible

to be continued to be classified in sub-standard category for the specified period
subject to the condition that the amount of sacrifice, if any, in the element of
interest, measured in present value terms, is either written off or provision is made
to the extent of the sacrifice involved. For the purpose, the future interest due as
per the original loan agreement in respect of an account should be discounted to
the present value at a rate appropriate to the risk category of the borrower (i.e.,
current PLR + the appropriate credit risk premium for the borrower-category) and
compared with the present value of the dues expected to be received under the
restructuring package, discounted on the same basis.
In case there is a sacrifice involved in the amount of interest in present value

provision made to the extent of the sacrifice involved. Even in cases where the
sacrifice is by way of write off of the past interest dues, the asset should continue
to be treated as sub-standard.
The sub-standard accounts at (ii) (a), (b) and (c) above, which have been
subjected to restructuring, etc. whether in respect of principal instalment or interest
amount, by whatever modality, would be eligible to be upgraded to the standard
category only after the specified period, i.e., a period of one year after the date
when first payment of interest or of principal, whichever is earlier, falls due,
subject to satisfactory performance during the period. The amount of provision
made earlier, net of the amount provided for the sacrifice in the interest amount in
present value terms as aforesaid, could also be reversed after the one-year period.
During this one-year period, the sub-standard asset will not deteriorate in its
classification if satisfactory performance of the account is demonstrated during the
period. In case, however, the satisfactory performance during the one year period is
not evidenced, the asset classification of the restructured account would be
governed as per the applicable prudential norms with reference to the pre-
restructuring payment schedule.
The asset classification under CDR would continue to be bank-specific

based on record of recovery of each bank, as per the existing prudential norms
applicable to banks.
Restructuring / Rescheduling of Loans

A standard asset where the terms of the loan agreement regarding interest
and principal have been renegotiated or rescheduled after commencement of
production should be classified as sub-standard and should remain in such category
for at least one year of satisfactory performance under the renegotiated or
rescheduled terms. In the case of sub-standard and doubtful assets also,
rescheduling does not entitle a bank to upgrade the quality of advance
automatically unless there is satisfactory performance under the rescheduled /
renegotiated terms. Following representations from banks that the foregoing
stipulations deter the banks from restructuring of standard and sub-standard
loan assets even though the modification of terms might not jeopardise the
assurance of repayment of dues from the borrower, the norms relating to
restructuring of standard and sub-standard assets were reviewed in March 2001. In
the context of restructuring of the accounts, the following stages at which the
restructuring / rescheduling / renegotiation of the terms of loan agreement could
take place, can be identified:
 Before commencement of commercial production;

 After commencement of commercial production but before the asset
has been classified as sub standard,
 After commencement of commercial production and after the asset has
been classified as sub standard.
In each of the foregoing three stages, the rescheduling, etc., of principal and/or of
interest could take place, with or without sacrifice, as part of the restructuring
package evolved.

Treatment of Restructured Standard Accounts:
A rescheduling of the instalments of principal alone, at any of the aforesaid first

two stages would not cause a standard asset to be classified in the sub standard
category provided the loan/credit facility is fully secured.
A rescheduling of interest element at any of the foregoing first two stages

would not cause an asset to be downgraded to sub standard category subject to the
condition that the amount of sacrifice, if any, in the element of interest, measured
in present value terms, is either written off or provision is made to the extent of
the sacrifice involved. For the purpose, the future interest due as per the original
loan agreement in respect of an account should be discounted to the present value
at a rate appropriate to the risk category of the borrower (i.e., current PLR+ the
appropriate credit risk premium for the borrower-category) and compared with the
present value of the dues expected to be received under the restructuring package,
discounted on the same basis.

provision made to the extent of the sacrifice involved.
Treatment of restructured sub-standard accounts:
A rescheduling of the instalments of principal alone, would render a sub-

standard asset eligible to be continued in the sub-standard category for the
specified period, provided the loan/credit facility is fully secured.

A rescheduling of interest element would render a sub-standard asset eligible
to be continued to be classified in sub standard category for the specified period
subject to the condition that the amount of sacrifice, if any, in the element of
interest, measured in present value terms, is either written off or provision is
made to the extent of the sacrifice involved. For the purpose, the future interest due
as per the original loan agreement in respect of an account should be discounted to
the present value at a rate appropriate to the risk category of the borrower (i.e.,
current PLR + the appropriate credit risk premium for the borrower-category) and
compared with the present value of the dues expected to be received under the
restructuring package, discounted on the same basis.
provision made to the extent of the sacrifice involved. Even in cases where the
sacrifice is by way of write off of the past interest dues, the asset should continue
to be treated as sub-standard.
Up gradation of restructured accounts:
The sub-standard accounts which have been subjected to restructuring etc.,

whether in respect of principal instalment or interest amount, by whatever
modality, would be eligible to be upgraded to the standard category only after the
specified period i.e., a period of one year after the date when first payment of
interest or of principal, whichever is earlier, falls due, subject to satisfactory
performance during the period. The amount of provision made earlier, net of the
amount provided for the sacrifice in the interest amount in present value terms as
aforesaid, could also be reversed after the one year period. During this one-year
period, the sub-standard asset will not deteriorate in its classification if satisfactory
performance of the account is demonstrated during the period. In case, however,
the satisfactory performance during the one-year period is not evidenced, the asset
classification of the restructured account would be governed as per the applicable
prudential norms with reference to the pre-restructuring payment schedule.
General:
These instructions would be applicable to all type of credit facilities

including working capital limits, extended to industrial units, provided they are
fully covered by tangible securities.
As trading involves only buying and selling of commodities and the
problems associated with manufacturing units such as bottleneck in commercial
production, time and cost escalation etc. are not applicable to them, these
guidelines should not be applied to restructuring/ rescheduling of credit facilities
extended to traders.
While assessing the extent of security cover available to the credit facilities,
which are being restructured/ rescheduled, collateral security would also be
reckoned, provided such collateral is a tangible security properly charged to the
bank and is not in the intangible form like guarantee etc. of the promoter/ others.
Income recognition
There will be no change in the existing instructions on income recognition.

Consequently, banks should not recognise income on accrual basis in respect of the
projects even though the asset is classified as a standard asset if the asset is a "non
performing asset" in terms of the extant instructions. In other words, while the
accounts of the project may be classified as a standard asset, banks shall recognise
income in such accounts only on realisation on cash basis if the asset has otherwise
become ‘non performing’ as per the extant delinquency norm of 180 days. The
delinquency norm would become 90 days with effect from 31 March 2004.
Consequently, banks, which have wrongly recognised income in the past,

should reverse the interest if it was recognised as income during the current year or
make a provision for an equivalent amount if it was recognised as income in the
previous year(s). As regards the regulatory treatment of income recognised as
‘funded interest’ and ‘conversion into equity, debentures or any other instrument’
banks should adopt the following:
 Funded Interest: Income recognition in respect of the NPAs, regardless of

whether these are or are not subjected to restructuring/ rescheduling/ renegotiation
of terms of the loan agreement, should be done strictly on cash basis, only on
realisation and not if the amount of interest overdue has been funded. If, however,
the amount of funded interest is recognised as income, a provision for an equal
amount should also be made simultaneously. In other words, any funding of
interest in respect of NPAs, if recognised as income, should be fully provided for.
 Conversion into equity, debentures or any other instrument: The amount

outstanding converted into other instruments would normally comprise principal
and the interest components. If the amount of interest dues is converted into equity
or any other instrument, and income is recognised in consequence, full provision
should be made for the amount of income so recognised to offset the effect of such
income recognition. Such provision would be in addition to the amount of
provision that may be necessary for the depreciation in the value of the equity or
other instruments, as per the investment valuation norms. However, if the
conversion of interest is into equity, which is quoted, interest income can be
recognised at market value of equity, as on the date of conversion, not exceeding
the amount of interest converted to equity. Such equity must thereafter be
classified in the "available for sale" category and valued at lower of cost or market
value. In case of conversion of principal and /or interest in respect of NPAs into
debentures, such debentures should be treated as NPA, ab initio, in the same asset
classification as was applicable to loan just before conversion and provision made
as per norms. This norm would also apply to zero coupon bonds or other
instruments which seek to defer the liability of the issuer. On such debentures,
income should be recognised only on realisation basis. The income in respect of
unrealised interest, which is converted into debentures or any other fixed maturity
instrument, should be recognised only on redemption of such instrument. Subject
to the above, the equity shares or other instruments arising from conversion of the
principal amount of loan would also be subject to the usual prudential valuation
norms as applicable to such instruments.
Provisioning
While there will be no change in the extant norms on provisioning for NPAs,
banks which are already holding provisions against some of the accounts, which
may now be classified as ‘standard’, shall continue to hold the provisions and shall
not reverse the same.
Special Cases
Accounts with temporary deficiencies:
The classification of an asset as NPA should be based on the record of

recovery. Bank should not classify an advance account as NPA merely due to the
existence of some deficiencies which are temporary in nature such as non-
availability of adequate drawing power based on the latest available stock
statement, balance outstanding exceeding the limit temporarily, non-submission of
stock statements and non-renewal of the limits on the due date, etc. In the matter of
classification of accounts with such deficiencies banks may follow the following
guidelines:
 Banks should ensure that drawings in the working capital accounts are
covered by the adequacy of current assets, since current assets are first
appropriated in times of distress. Drawing power is required to be arrived at based
on the stock statement which is current. However, considering the difficulties of
large borrowers, stock statements relied upon by the banks for determining
drawing power should not be older than three months. The outstanding in the
account based on drawing power calculated from stock statements older than three
months, would be deemed as irregular. A working capital borrower account will
become NPA if such irregular drawings are permitted in the account for a
continuous period of 180 days even though the unit may be working or the
borrower's financial position is satisfactory.
 Regular and ad hoc credit limits need to be reviewed/ regularised not

later than three months from the due date/date of ad hoc sanction. In case of
constraints such as non-availability of financial statements and other data from the
borrowers, the branch should furnish evidence to show that renewal/ review of
credit limits is already on and would be completed soon. In any case, delay beyond
six months is not considered desirable as a general discipline. Hence, an account
where the regular/ ad hoc credit limits have not been reviewed/ renewed within 180
days from the due date/ date of ad hoc sanction will be treated as NPA.
Accounts regularised near about the balance sheet date:

The asset
classification of borrower accounts where a solitary or a few credits are recorded
before the balance sheet date should be handled with care and without scope for
subjectivity. Where the account indicates inherent weakness on the basis of the
data available, the account should be deemed as a NPA. In other genuine cases, the
banks must furnish satisfactory evidence to the Statutory Auditors/Inspecting
Officers about the manner of regularisation of the account to eliminate doubts on
their performing status.
Asset Classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise
It is difficult to envisage a situation when only one facility to a borrower becomes

a problem credit and not others. Therefore, all the facilities granted by a bank to a
borrower will have to be treated as NPA and not the particular facility or part
thereof which has become irregular.
If the debits arising out of devolvement of letters of credit or invoked

guarantees are parked in a separate account, the balance outstanding in that account
also should be treated as a part of the borrower’s principal operating account for

the purpose of application of prudential norms on income recognition, asset
classification and provisioning.
Accounts where there is erosion in the value of security
A NPA need not go through the various stages of classification in cases of

serious credit impairment and such assets should be straightaway classified as
doubtful or loss asset as appropriate. Erosion in the value of security can be
reckoned as significant when the realisable value of the security is less than 50 per
cent of the value assessed by the bank or accepted by RBI at the time of last
inspection, as the case may be. Such NPAs may be straightaway classified under
doubtful category and provisioning should be made as applicable to doubtful
assets.
If the realisable value of the security, as assessed by the bank/ approved

values/ RBI is less than 10 per cent of the outstanding in the borrower accounts,
the existence of security should be ignored and the asset should be straightaway
classified as loss asset. It may be either written off or fully provided for by the
bank.
Advances to PACS/FSS ceded to Commercial Banks:

In respect of
agricultural advances as well as advances for other purposes granted by banks to
ceded PACS/ FSS under the on-lending system, only that particular credit facility
granted to PACS/ FSS which is in default for a period of two harvest seasons (not
exceeding two half years)/two quarters, as the case may be, after it has become due
will be classified as NPA and not all the credit facilities sanctioned to a PACS/
FSS. The other direct loans & advances, if any, granted by the bank to the member
borrower of a PACS/ FSS outside the on-lending arrangement will become NPA
even if one of the credit facilities granted to the same borrower becomes NPA.
Advances against Term Deposits, NSCs, KVP/IVP, etc:

Advances
against term deposits, NSCs eligible for surrender, IVPs, KVPs and life policies
need not be treated as NPAs. Advances against gold ornaments, government
securities and all other securities are not covered by this exemption.
Loans with moratorium for payment of interest
In the case of bank finance given for industrial projects or for agricultural
plantations etc. where moratorium is available for payment of interest, payment of
interest becomes 'due' only after the moratorium or gestation period is over.
Therefore, such amounts of interest do not become overdue and hence NPA, with
reference to the date of debit of interest. They become overdue after due date for
payment of interest, if uncollected.
In the case of housing loan or similar advances granted to staff members

where interest is payable after recovery of principal, interest need not be
considered as overdue from the first quarter onwards. Such loans/advances should
be classified as NPA only when there is a default in repayment of instalment of
principal or payment of interest on the respective due dates

Agricultural advances
In respect of advances granted for agricultural purpose where interest and/or

instalment of principal remains unpaid after it has become past due for two harvest
seasons but for a period not exceeding two half-years, such an advance should be
treated as NPA. The above norms should be made applicable to all direct
agricultural advances as listed at items 1.1, 1.1.2 (i) to (vii), 1.1.2 (viii)(a)(1) and
1.1.2 (viii)(b)(1) of Master Circular on lending to priority sector No. RPCD.
PLAN. BC. 12/04.09.01/ 2001- 2002 dated 1 August 2001. An extract of the list of
these items is furnished in the Annexure II. In respect of agricultural loans, other
than those specified above, identification of NPAs would be done on the same
basis as non agricultural advances which, at present, is the 180 days delinquency
norm.
Where natural calamities impair the repaying capacity of agricultural

borrowers, banks may decide on their own as a relief measure - conversion of the
short-term production loan into a term loan or re-schedulement of the repayment
period; and the sanctioning of fresh short-term loan, subject to various guidelines
contained in RBI circulars RPCD.No.PLFS.BC.128/05.04.02/97-98 dated 20.06.98
and RPCD.No.PLFS.BC.9/05.01.04/98-99 dated 21.07.98.
In such cases of conversion or re-schedulement, the term loan as well as

fresh short-term loan may be treated as current dues and need not be classified as
NPA. The asset classification of these loans would thereafter be governed by the
revised terms & conditions and would be treated as NPA if interest and/or
instalment of principal remains unpaid, for two harvest seasons but for a period not
exceeding two half years.
Government guaranteed advances:
The credit facilities backed by guarantee of the Central Government though

overdue may be treated as NPA only when the Government repudiates its
guarantee when invoked. This exemption from classification of Government
guaranteed advances as NPA is not for the purpose of recognition of income. With
effect from 1st April 2000, advances sanctioned against State Government
guarantees should be classified as NPA in the normal course, if the guarantee is
invoked and remains in default for more than two quarters. With effect from March
31, 2001 the period of default is revised as more than 180 days.
Take-out Finance:
Takeout finance is the product emerging in the context of the funding of

long-term infrastructure projects. Under this arrangement, the institution/the bank
financing infrastructure projects will have an arrangement with any financial
institution for transferring to the latter the outstanding in respect of such financing
in their books on a pre-determined basis. In view of the time-lag involved in
taking-over, the possibility of a default in the meantime cannot be ruled out. The
norms of asset classification will have to be followed by the concerned
bank/financial institution in whose books the account stands as balance sheet item
as on the relevant date. If the lending institution observes that the asset has turned
NPA on the basis of the record of recovery, it should be classified accordingly. The
lending institution should not recognise income on accrual basis and account for
the same only when it is paid by the borrower/ taking over institution (if the
arrangement so provides). The lending institution should also make provisions
against any asset turning into NPA pending its take over by taking over institution.
As and when the asset is taken over by the taking over institution, the
corresponding provisions could be reversed. However, the taking over institution,
on taking over such assets, should make provisions treating the account as NPA
from the actual date of it becoming NPA even though the account was not in its
books as on that date.
Post-shipment Supplier's Credit
In respect of post-shipment credit extended by the banks covering export of

goods to countries for which the ECGC’s cover is available, EXIM Bank has
introduced a guarantee-cum-refinance programme whereby, in the event of default,
EXIM Bank will pay the guaranteed amount to the bank within a period of 30 days
from the day the bank invokes the guarantee after the exporter has filed claim with
ECGC.
Accordingly, to the extent payment has been received from the EXIM Bank,
the advance may not be treated as a non-performing asset for asset classification
and provisioning purposes.
Export Project Finance:
In respect of export project finance, there could be instances where the

actual importer has paid the dues to the bank abroad but the bank in turn is unable
to remit the amount due to political developments such as war, strife, UN embargo,
etc.

In such cases, where the lending bank is able to establish through
documentary evidence that the importer has cleared the dues in full by depositing
the amount in the bank abroad before it turned into NPA in the books of the bank,
but the importer's country is not allowing the funds to be remitted due to political
or other reasons, the asset classification may be made after a period of one year
from the date the amount was deposited by the importer in the bank abroad.
Advances under rehabilitation approved by BIFR/ TLI:

Banks are
not permitted to upgrade the classification of any advance in respect of which the
terms have been re-negotiated unless the package of re-negotiated terms has
worked satisfactorily for a period of one year. While the existing credit facilities
sanctioned to a unit under rehabilitation packages approved by BIFR/term lending
institutions will continue to be classified as sub-standard or doubtful as the case
may be, in respect of additional facilities sanctioned under the rehabilitation
packages, the Income Recognition, Asset Classification norms will become
applicable after a period of one year from the date of disbursement.
ROLE OF ARCIL :-
This empowerment encouraged the three major players in Indian banking system,
namely, State Bank of India (SBI), ICICI Bank Limited (ICICI) and IDBI Bank
Limited (IDBI) to come together to set-up the first ARC. Arcil was incorporated as
a public limited company on February 11, 2002 and obtained its certificate of
commencement of business on May 7, 2003. In pursuance of Section 3 of the
Securitization Act 2002, it holds a certificate of registration dated August 29, 2003,
issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and operates under powers conferred
under the Securitization Act, 2002. Arcil is also a "financial institution" within the
meaning of Section 2 (h) (ia) of the Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial
Institutions Act, 1993 (the "DRT Act").
Arcil is the first ARC in the country to commence business of resolution of non-
performing assets (NPAs) upon acquisition from Indian banks and financial
institutions. As the first ARC, Arcil has played a pioneering role in setting
standards for the industry in India.
• Unlocking capital for the banking system and the economy
The primary objective of Arcil is to expedite recovery of the amounts locked

in NPAs of lenders and thereby recycling capital. Arcil thus, provides relief
to the banking system by managing NPAs and help them concentrate on core
banking activities thereby enhancing shareholders value.
• Creating a vibrant market for distressed debt assets / securities in India

offering a trading platform for Lenders
Arcil has made successful efforts in funneling investment from both from
domestic and international players for funding these acquisitions of
distressed assets, followed by showcasing them to prospective buyers. This
has initiated creation of a secondary market of distressed assets in the
country besides hastening their resolution. The efforts of Arcil would lead
the country’s distressed debt market to international standards.
• To evolve and create significant capacity in the system for quicker

resolution of NPAs by deploying the assets optimally
With a view to achieving high delivery capabilities for resolution, Arcil has
put in place a structure aimed at outsourcing the various sub-functions of
resolution to specialized agencies, wherever applicable under the provision
of the Securitisation Act, 2002. Arcil has also encourage, groomed and
developed many such agencies to enhance its capacity in line with the
growth of its activity.
ANALYSIS
For the purpose of analysis and comparison between private sector and public
sector banks, we take five-five banks in both sector to compare the non performing
assets of banks. For understanding we further bifurcate the non performing assets
in priority sector and non priority sector, gross NPA and net NPA in percentage as
well as in rupees, deposit – investment – advances.
Deposit – Investment – Advances is the first in the analysis because due to these
we can understand the where the bank stands in the competitive market. As at end
of march 2008, in private sector ICICI Bank is the highest deposit-investment-
advances figures in rupees crore, second is HDFC Bank and KOTAK Bank has
least figures.
In public sector banks Punjab National Bank has highest deposit-investment-
advances but when we look at graph first three means Bank of Baroda and Bank of
India are almost the similar in numbers and Dena Bank is stands for last in public
sector bank. When we compare the private sector banks with public sector banks
among these banks, we can understand the more number of people prefer to choose
public sector banks for deposit-investment.
But when we compare the private sector bank ICICI Bank with the public sector
banks ICICI Bank is more deposit-investment figures and first in the all banks.
DEPOSIT-INVESTMENT-ADVANCES ( RS.CRORE) of both sector banks
and comparison among them, year 2007-08.
BANK DEPOSIT INVESTMENT ADVANCES

AXIS 87626 33705 59661
HDFC 100769 49394 63427
ICICI 244431 111454 225616
KOTAK 16424 9142 15552
INDUSIND 19037 6630 12795
TOTAL 468287 210325 377051
250000
200000
150000 DEPOSIT
INVESTMENT
100000
ADVANCES
50000
0
ICICI HDFC AXIS INDUSIND KOTAK

BOB 152034 43870 106701
BOI 150012 41803 113476
DENA 33943 10282 23024
PNB 166457 53992 119502
UBI 103859 33823 74348
TOTAL 606305 183770 437051
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000 DEPOSIT
80000 INVESTMENT
60000 ADVANCES
40000
20000
0
PNB BOB BOI UBI DENA
ICICI BANK AND PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK :-


ICICI BANK 244431 111454 225616
PNB 166457 53992 119502
250000
200000
150000 DEPOSIT
INVESTMENT
100000
ADVANCES
50000
0
ICICI PNB
There are two concepts related to non-performing assets_ gross and net. Gross
refers to all NPAs on a bank’s balance sheet irrespective of the provisions made. It
consists of all the non standard assets, viz. sub standard, doubtful, and loss assets.
A loan asset is classified as ‘ sub standard” if it remains NPA up to a period of 18
months; “ doubtful” if it remains NPA for more than 18 months; and loss,
without any waiting period, where the dues are considered not collectible or
marginally collectible.
Net NPA is gross NPA less provisions. Since in India, bank balance sheets
contains a huge amount of NPAs and the process of recovery and write off of loans

is very time consuming, the provisions the banks have to make against the NPA
according to the central bank guidelines, are quite significant.
Here, we can see that there are huge difference between gross and net NPA. While
gross NPA reflects the quality of the loans made by banks, net NPA shows the
actual burden of banks. The requirements for provisions are :
 100% for loss assets
 100% of the unsecured portion plus 20-50% of the secured portion,
depending on the period for which the account has remained in the doubtful
category
 10% general provision on the outstanding balance under the sub standard
category.
Here, there are gross and net NPA data for 2006-07 and 2007-08 we taken for
comparison among banks. These data are NPA AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
ASSETS. As we discuss earlier that gross NPA reflects the quality of the loans
made by banks. Among all the ten banks Dena Banks has highest gross NPA as a
percentage of total assets in the year 2006-07 and also net NPA. Punjab National
Bank shows vast difference between gross and net NPA. There is almost same
figures between BOI and BOB.

YEAR 2006-07
BANK GROSS NPA NET NPA
BOB 1.46 0.35

BOI 1.48 0.45
DENA 2.37 1.16
PNB 2.09 0.45
UBI 1.82 0.59
2.5
1.5
GROSSNPA
1 NETNPA
0.5
0
DENA UBI PNB BOI BOB
2007-08

BOB 1.10 0.27
BOI 1.08 0.33
DENA 1.48 0.56
PNB 1.67 0.38
UBI 1.34 0.10
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
GROSSNPA
0.8
NETNPA
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
DENA PNB BOI BOB UBI
2006-07

AXIS 0.57 0.36
HDFC 0.72 0.22
ICICI 1.20 0.58
KOTAK 1.39 1.09
INDUSIND 1.64 1.31

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
GROSSNPA
0.8
NETNPA
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
INDUSIND KOTAK ICICI AXIS HDFC
2007-08
AXIS 0.45 0.23

HDFC 0.68 0.22
ICICI 1.90 0.87
KOTAK 1.55 0.98
INDUSIND 1.69 1.25
1.5
1 GROSSNPA
NETNPA
0.5
0
INDUSIND KOTAK ICICI HDFC AXIS

 COMPARISON OF GROSS NPA WITH ALL BANKS FOR THE YEAR
2007-08. The growing NPAs affects the health of banks, profitability and
efficiency. In the long run, it eats up the net worth of the banks. We can say
that NPA is not a healthy sign for financial institutions. Here we take all the
ten banks gross NPA together for better understanding. Average of these ten
banks gross NPAs is 1.29 as percentage of total assets. So if we compare in
private sector banks AXIS and HDFC Bank are below average of all banks
and in public sector BOB and BOI. Average of these five private sector
banks gross NPA is 1.25 and average of public sector banks is 1.33. Which
is higher in compare of private sector banks.
GROSS NPA :-
1.5
0.5
0
IC IC I KOTAK AXIS BOB DENA
 COMPARISON OF NET NPA WITH ALL BANKS FOR THE YEAR
2007-08. Average of these ten bank’s net NPA is 0.56. And in the public
sector banks all these five banks are below this. But in private sector banks
there are three banks are above average. The difference between private and
public banks average is also vast. Private sector banks net NPA average is
0.71 and in public sector banks it is 0.41 as percentage of total assets. As
we know that net NPA shows actual burden of banks. IndusInd bank has
highest net NPA figure and HDFC Bank has lowest in comparison.

NET NPA of banks:-
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
ICICI INDUSIND KOTAK HDFC AXIS BOI BOB UBI DENA PNB
PRIORITY –NON PRIORITY SECTOR

When we further bifurcate NPA in priority sector and Non priority sector.
Agriculture + small + others are priority sector. In private sector banks ICICI
Bank has the highest NPA in both sector in compare to other private sector banks.
Around 72% of NPA is with ICICI Bank with Rs.1359 crore in priority sector and
around 78% in non priority sector. We can see that in private sector banks , banks
has more NPA in non priority sector than priority sector.
BANK AGRI SMALL OTHERS PRIORITY NON-

(1) (2) (3) SECTOR PRIORITY
( 1+2+3 )
AXIS 109.12 14.76 86.71 210.59 275.06
HDFC 36.12 110.56 47.70 194.41 709.23
ICICI 981.85 23.35 354.13 1359.34 6211.12
KOTAK 10.00 33.84 4.04 47.87 405.20
INDUSIND 30.44 3.18 30.02 63.64 328.67
TOTAL 1167.53 185.69 522.60 1875.85 7929.28

7000
6000
5000
4000
PRIORITY
3000
NON-PRIORITY
2000
1000
0
AXIS HDFC ICICI KOTAK INDUSIND
BANK PRIORITY SECTOR NPA

(ADVANCED
RS.CRORE )
BOB 5469 350
BOI 3269 325
DENA 1160 106
PNB 3772 443
UBI 1924 197
6000
5000
4000
3000 PRIORITY
NPA
2000
1000
0
BOB BOI DENA PNB UBI

When we talk about public sector banks they are more in priority sector and they
given advanced to weaker sector or industries. Public sector banks give more
loans to Agriculture , small scale and others units and as a result we see that there
are more number of NPA in public sector banks than in private sector banks. BOB
given more advanced to priority sector in 2007-08 than other four banks and Dena
Bank is in least.
But when there are comparison between private bank and public sector bank still
ICICI Bank has more NPA in both priority and non priority sector with the
comparison of public sector banks. Large NPA in ICICI Bank because the strategy
of bank that risk-reward attitude and initiative in each sector. Above we also
discuss that ICICI Bank has highest deposit-investment-advance than other banks.
Now, when we compare the all public sector banks and public sector banks on
priority and non-priority sector than the figures are really shocking. Because in
compare of private sector banks, public sector banks numbers are very large.
PUBLIC SECTOR NEW PRIVATE

2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08
SECTOR
PRIORITY 22954 25287 1468 2080
PUBLIC 490 299 3 0
NON PRT 15158 14163 4800 8339
TOTAL 38602 39749 6271 10419
Here, there are huge difference between private and public sector banks NPA.
There is increase in new private sector banks NPA of Rs.4148 cr in 2007-08 which

is almost 66% rise than previous year. In public sector banks the numbers are not
increased like private sector banks.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 It is recommended that the proper documentation and verification to be

made before sanctioning the loan.
 Empowering staff to make decisions related to sanctioning of loans.
 Constant interactions have to be maintained with the customers to keep

track of their loan payment.
 Strict measures have to be taken while issuing or sanctioning the loan. The
measures can include verification of job and salary slips, verification of
securities and the like.
CONCLUSION
The Indian banking sector is facing a serious problem of NPA. The extent of NPA is
comparatively higher in public sectors banks.To improve the efficiency and
profitability, the NPA has to be scheduled. Various steps have been taken by
government to reduce the NPA. It is highly impossible to have zero percentage NPA.
But at least Indian banks can try competing with foreign banks to maintain
international standard.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON

NON PERFORMING ASSETS

ANIL KUMAR PANDEY

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 1

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements

ANIL KUMAR PANDEY

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 2

I _________________________ THE STUDENT OF B.COM

THE INFORMATION SUBMITTED IS TRUE AND

GURU NANAK COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE &

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 3

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR PRINCIPAL

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 4

The accumulation of huge non-performing assets in banks has assumed

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 5

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 6

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 7

A bank is a financial institution that provides banking and other financial

Typically, a bank generates profits from transaction fees on financial services or

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 8

 The three decades after nationalization saw a phenomenal expansion in the

geographical coverage and financial spread of the banking system in the

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 9

1. Comprises balance of expired loans, compensation and other bonds such

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 10

be set up. However, in 1993, in recognition of the need to introduce greater

(i) It should be registered as a public limited company;

 A high level Committee, under the Chairmanship of Shri M.

 The banking industry in India is in a midst of transformation, thanks to

Indian Banking: Key Developments

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 12

1991-1995  Expansion slows down

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 13

2000-2003  Alternate delivery channels find wide consumer

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 14

 Interest and/ or instalment of principal remain overdue for a period of

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 15

 Interest and/or instalment of principal remains overdue for two harvest

 Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than

As a facilitating measure for smooth transition to 90 days norm, banks have

NON PERFORMING ASSETS (NPA)

WHAT IS A NPA (NON PERFORMING ASSETS) ?

i. Interest and/or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more

With a view to moving towards international best practices and to ensure

i. Interest and/or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 17

v. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than

An account should be treated as out of order if the outstanding balance

FACTORS FOR RISE IN NPAs

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 18

 Ineffective recovery tribunal

This is the measure factor, which is creating alarming rise in NPAs of

Mainly ours farmers depends on rain fall for cropping. Due to

 Change on Govt. policies

The fallout of handloom sector is continuing as most of the weavers

[Comparative analysis on NPA of Private & Public sector Banks]Page 20

 Defective Lending process