VISUAL DISORDERS
image beyond the retina
Assessment
Ocular examination
 Visual Acuity
-Snellen chart; the fraction 20/20 is
considered the standard of normal
vision.
 Extraocular movement exam
 External eye exam
Diagnostics
 Direct ophthalmoscope is a
hand-held instrument with
various plus and minus
lenses.
 Indirect ophthalmoscope-
affixed with a pair of
binocular lenses, which are
mounted on the examiner’s
head.
 Slit-lamp exam- binocular
microscope on a table
 Color vision testing
 Amsler grid- for patients
with macular problems
 Ultrasonography- use of
high-frequency sound waves
 Color fundus photography-
for retinal lesions detection
 Fluorescein Angiography-
use of dye
 Tonometry- measure IOP
 Gonioscopy- visualizes
angle of anterior chamber
 Perimetry- evaluates field of
vision
Health Promotion
 Proper care of the eyes
 Prevention of eye fatigue
and injury
 Use of glasses
Health Maintenance and Restoration
 Proper instillation of meds
 Use of contact lenses
Refractive Disorders
 Myopia- nearsightedness,
image is in front of retina
 Emmetropia- normal vision
 Hyperopia- farsightedness,
inflammation caused by
 Astigmatism- irregular curve
of the cornea
 Presbyopia- due to age
Extraocular disorders
 Hordeolum- stye;
inflammation of a gland at
the base of an eyelash; bathe
in warm water or remove
eyelash involved
 Chalazion- meibomian cyst;
swollen sebaceous gland in
the eyelid; use antibiotic or
surgical incision and
curettage of gland
 Conjunctivitis- pink eye;
inflammation of conjunctiva;
microbial, allergic or toxic
 Keratitis- inflammation of
the cornea of the eye
 Strabismus- heterotropia;
abnormal alignment of two
eyes; esotropia; exotropia;
diplopia- double vision
 Corneal dystrophies-
deposits in corneal layers;
leads to bullous keratopathy-
formation of blisters
 Corneal scars and opacities
 Ocular melanoma
Intraocular disorders
 Glaucoma- loss of vision
because of increased IOP;
open-angle glaucoma-
without s/sx; close-angle
glaucoma- with s/sx; drugs
used: beta-blocker (timolol);
silent thief of sight; halos
around light; miotics
 Cataract- lens opacity or
cloudiness; nuclear, cortical
or subcapsular
 Retinal detachment-
separation of retina from
sensory layer
 Uveitis- inflammation of the
uveal tract- iris, ciliary body
or choroid
 CMV Retinitis- retinal
AIDS
 Endophthalmitis-
inflammation of the
posterior chamber of the
eye- part behind the lens
 Panophthalmitis-
inflammation involving the
whole interior of the eye
 Retinopathy- caused by DM
Eye trauma
 Blunt injury- hyphema-
hemorrhage within the eye
chambers
 Penetrating injury
 Chemical injury- splash with
irrigating solution
 Thermal injury
 Foreign bodies
 Enucleation- removal of eye
Surgical procedures
 Removal of lens- aphakic
(without lens)
 Phacoemulsification-
liquefies nucleus and cortex
of lens
 Extracapsular cataract
extraction- less trauma to
eye
 Intraocular lens implant
 Trabeculectomy- for
glaucoma, removal of
trabecular meshwork
 Trabeculoplasty- selectively
destroy parts of the
trabecular meshwork
 Iridotomy- incision made in
the iris using a knife or YAG
laser
 Iridectomy- part of the iris is
removed
AUDITORY DISORDERS