Optical properties

of Colloids
BENITEZ ESQUIVEL LUIS ANTONIO
CORONA MONTES ADRIANA GABRIELA
MONTEALEGRE LÓPEZ EDUARDO
TORRES HERNÁNDEZ ÁNGEL RODRIGO

GROUP: 41

MARZO 2018
 Colloids and dispersion
 When light travels in a
medium in which discrete
particles are present, however
large they may be, they
interact with the light and
deflect it, or disperse it. The
interactions that give rise to
the dispersion are known as
dispersion forces or London
forces (forces due to induced
dipoles, in this case, the
dipoles are induced by the
fluctuating electric field of
light).
When the particles are of
molecular size, the dispersion
produced is very small. Not so
for colloidal particles, which
have an easily measurable
dispersion effect. To this effect
it is called the Tyndall effect.
The Tyndall effect is a way to
easily discriminate between a
true solution and a colloidal
dispersion: the colloidal
dispersion allows you to
observe the path of light in its
path due to scattering, while
the path of a ray of light
traversing a true solution It will
be practically invisible.
Electromagnetic radiation
 When a beam of light hits another medium, the dispersion of said
beam occurs due to:
 Reflection
 Diffraction
 Absortion
 The light is a electromagnetic radiation and it’s compound of:
electric field and magnetic field, that are perpendicular each other
and are perpendicular to the radiation direction
 When the radiation passes from one medium to another, the speed
and wavelength are diminished by a factor η = refractive index:

 To calculate the diameter of the colloidal particles:

 D: Diameter
 η: Refractive index
 ηo: Refractive index of medium
 m: 1-1.55
 Theoreticaltreatments of dispersion due to
particles can be classified into four types:

 Rayleigh scattering
 Dispersion of Rayleigh-Gans-Debye (RGD)
 Dispersion of Mie
 Fraunhofer diffraction
Rayleigh Dispersion
 It is applied when the scattering centers are small compared to λ of
the radiation.
 When a radiation hits a molecule it can be absorbed and dispersed.
 Gases:
2

 Solutions:
  Plotting kc/Ro vs c will be a straight
 In the equilibrium: line where:
 Intersection: 1/M
 Slope: 2B
 Ro is proportional to the turbidity of
the solution

 Diluted solutions and a little

spherical particles (Monodisperse)
 Polydisperse system:
Debye theory
 Debye factor to big particles:

Zimm Graphics:

Intersection: 1/M
Slope: 16π2Rg2/3λ2M
 Mie Dispersion
 In the real atmosphere,
where clouds and aerosols
are found, the dimensions of
the particles are not
negligible in relation to the
wavelength of the radiation.
Its dispersing properties
depend on its size, its shape,
the real and imaginary part
of its refractive index, as well
as the size distribution.
 The first complete theory on
spherical dispersion was
developed by Gustav Mie
(1908). According to the
dispersion of Mie, more forward
dispersion occurs than in any
other direction. As the particle
size increases, forward
scattering also increases. The
following figure shows the
typical appearance of the
scattering produced by
particles larger than the
wavelength of the incident light.
Applications
 Turbidimetry: In this case, the intensity transmitted along the path of
the incident light beam is measured and interpreted according to
an equation of the Lambert-Beer type. Instead of calculating the
absorbance, the turbidity, also called turbidity, of the dispersion is
calculated. This type of measurement is located within the Rayleigh
scattering treatment. The measurement of turbidity constitutes a
routine test in the assurance of water quality, and can also be used
to estimate molecular weights.
 The measurements can be made with any spectrophotometer
 The blue color of the sky is due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh
scattering, which refers to the selective dispersion of light by
particles whose size is less than one tenth of the wavelength of light.
Rayleigh scattering depends mostly on the wavelength of light;
being the light with the shortest wavelength the most dispersed. In
the lower atmosphere, small molecules of oxygen and nitrogen
disperse short-wave light, such as blue and violet light. Although
atmospheric particles scatter violet light more than blue (450 nm),
the sky looks blue because our eyes are more sensitive to blue light
and because part of the violet light is absorbed in the upper
atmosphere.
Problem

 Calculate Rayleigh dispersion of molecular hydrogen

measured from a distance of 30 cm. With an angle of 60°.
 Wavelength of hydrogen: 4861 A
 Density: 8.38x10^-5 g/cm3
 Refraction index: 1.000132

2
  Above a certain concentration, the turbidity of sodium
dodecyl sulfate solutions increases with the
concentration as if particles in the colloidal size range
were present. Use the following data to evaluate the
apparent molecular weight of the species responsible for
the scattering. H=3.99x10^-6

Cx10^3 (g cm- 2.7 4.2 7.7 9.7 13.2 17.7 22.2

3)
rx10^4 (cm-1) 1.10 1.29 1.71 1.98 2.02 2.14 2.33
References
 http://www.muyinteresante.com.mx/preguntas-y-
respuestas/14/06/11/cielo-azul/
 http://lqi.tripod.com/FQAv/propopti.htm
 http://cbe.snu.ac.kr/sites/cbe.snu.ac.kr/files/board/LectureBoard/A
SS-6-2017.pdf
 http://cfieburgos.centros.educa.jcyl.es/sitio/upload/EL_DOMINIO_C
OLOIDAL.pdf
 Hiemenz, P. (1977). “Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry”
Estados Unidos. 161-187 pp.
 Weisheng, L. (2012). “The phenomena and applications of Light
Disperssion” Vol. 116. China. 273-280 pp.