Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main II, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts
www.batstate-u.edu.ph Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118

ECE-303 Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design

Lab Activity No. 2

Small Signal Parameters

Submitted by:
Group No.
Candava, Yoshua Martel M.
Ebora, Levi Q.
Ru-aya, Karl Vann Dyke Q.
(Members)

Submitted to:
Engineer Antonette V. Chua
(Instructor)
I. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION
Small Signal Amplifiers are also known as Voltage Amplifiers. Voltage Amplifiers have 3 main
properties, Input Resistance, Output Resistance and Gain. The Gain of a small signal amplifier is
the amount by which the amplifiers “Amplifies” the input signal. Gain is a ratio of output
divided by input, therefore it has no units but is given the symbol (A) with the most common
types of transistor gain being, Voltage Gain (Av), Current Gain (Ai) and Power Gain (Ap).
The power Gain of the amplifier can also be expressed in Decibels or simply dB. In order to
amplify all of the input signal distortion free in a Class A type amplifier, DC Base Biasing is
required. DC Bias sets the Q-point of the amplifier half way along the load line.
This DC Base biasing means that the amplifier consumes power even if there is no input signal
present. The transistor amplifier is non-linear and an incorrect bias setting will produce large
amounts of distortion to the output waveform. Too large an input signal will produce large
amounts of distortion due to clipping, which is also a form of amplitude distortion.
Voltage gain is defined as Vout/Vin, this can be a constant or can vary over a range of input
frequencies. Voltage is produced when some current flows through some resistance this is simply
Ohms law, V =IR. In this case if there is only a current and no resistance there is no way to get
voltage.
The input impedance of an amplifier is the input impedance “seen” by the source driving the
input of the amplifier. If it is too low, it can have an adverse loading effect on the previous stage
and possibly affecting the frequency response and output signal level of that stage. The Output
Impedance of an amplifier can be thought of as being the impedance (or resistance) that the load
sees “looking back” into the amplifier when the input is zero.
The output voltage is proportional to the drain resistance and the load resistance which it drives.
Increasing the load by reducing the load resistance reduces the voltage gain.

II. OBJECTIVES
 To measure the no-load gain of a transistor circuit.
 To measure the input and output impedance of a transistor circuit.
 To determine the effects of source and load resistances.

III. MATERIALS/COMPONENTS
 Breadboard
 Resistors ; 100 ohm, 220 ohm, 330 ohm, 500 ohm, 1k , 3k , 5k, and 10k ohm
 Capacitor ; 1 nF
 BJT NPN ; 2N2222
 Connecting Wires

IV. PROCEDURES
Voltage Gain
1. Construct the circuit in Lab Experiment 1 in prototyping.
2. Connect a 1 nF ceramic capacitor as a coupler.
3. Using a function generator, apply a 5 mV 1 kHz sinusoidal input to the amplifier constructed.
4. Measure the input and output of the amplifier using an oscilloscope.
5. Solve for the voltage gain.
6. Repeat using the other amplifiers.
 Input Impedance
1. Construct the circuit in Lab Experiment 1 in prototyping.
2. Connect a 1 nF ceramic capacitor as a coupler.

3. Using a function generator in series with a 100 Ω series resistor Rseries – apply a 5 mV 1 kHz
sinusoidal input to the amplifier constructed.
4. Measure the voltage at the source and the input of the amplifier.
5. Compute the input current.
6. Compute for input impedance.
7. Repeat the process for the other configuration.

Output Impedance
1. Construct the circuit in Lab Experiment 1 in prototyping.
2. Connect a 1 nF ceramic capacitor as a coupler.
3. Short out the input of the amplifier.

4. Using a function generator in series with a 100 Ω series resistor Rseries – apply a 5 mV 1 kHz
sinusoidal input to the amplifier constructed.
5. Measure the voltage at the source (function generator) and the output of the amplifier.
6. Compute the output current.
7. Compute for the output impedance.
8. Repeat the process for the other configuration.

Effects of Load and Source Resistance

1. Construct the circuit in Lab Experiment 1 in prototyping.
2. Connect a 1 nF ceramic capacitor as a coupler.
3. Connect a 1k ohm load resistor.
4. Connect a 5 mV 1 kHz sinusoidal wave to the input.
5. Measure the gain.
6. Repeat the process for 2 kΩ, 3 kΩ 5 kΩ and 10 kΩ load resistances.
7. Remove the load resistor.
8. Now, connect a 100 Ω series resistance to the function generator.
9. Measure the gain with respect to the input of the amplifier and with respect to the source
voltage.
10. Record your measurements.
11. Repeat steps 7-10 for a resistance of 220 Ω, 330 Ω, 500 Ω and 1kΩ.
12. Combine the different source and load resistances in your measurements.
13. Record your measurements.
V. DATA AND RESULTS

Effects of Load and Source Resistance

R sense

Value (Ω) V source V input

100 5 mV 13 mV
220 5 mV 19 mV
330 5 mV 9 mV
500 5 mV 9 mV
1k 5 mV 8 mV

R load
Value (Ω) V input V output
1k 21 mV 47 mV
2k 7 mV 15 mV
3.3k 52 mV 74 mV
5k 11 mV 41 mV
10k 39 mV 49 mV

VI. ANALYSIS
As we can see in both actual ang simulated measurements that different configurations
have different ways on amplifying AC signal. The fixed bias configuration is an example of a
common emitter configuration also tne voltage divider and as we can see, the voltage gain of
these configuration are high in both configurations. And also this configurations based on the
measurements have moderate input impedances and high ouput impedances. As for the common
base configuration we can see on the ocilloscope that it is not inverting means that input
impedance is low while the output impedance is higher that it. As the given configurations all of
it havs high voltage gain.
As the part of puting R sense in both actual and simulations on the given configuration at
different values the input and output voltages doesn't change, it means having R sense alone
doesn't change both parameters. Putting R load on the output side we can see at the table that it
gives big changes in the output of the amplifier, meaning putting R load alone brings big change
on a given fixed bias configuration on a amplifier.

VII. CONCLUSION
After the conducted experiment, we're able to attain values and compute for the no load
voltage gain of a certain circuit. We're also able to acquire values in multisim and in actual
experiment that can be used for computing the value of input impedance. Were also able to
determine the effects of RL, Rs and both in a circuit. In the last part, we can conclude that the
loaded voltage gain is inversely proportional to the value of the resistor RL, meaning, as we
increase the value of the load resistance, the voltage gain of a circuit decreases. Lastly, we're able
to compare the values acquired in multisim and in actual experiment.