DBMA: consists of a group of programs that manipulate the database and provide an interface between

the database and its users and other application programs. Usually purchased from a database
company, a DBMS provides a single point of management and control over data resources, which can be
critical to maintaining the integrity and security of the data. A database,

METADATA: The term metadata can be understood as “data about data.” For example, when looking at
one of the values of Year of Birth in the Students table, the data itself may be “1992″. The metadata
about that value would be the field name Year of Birth, the time it was last updated, and the data type
(integer).

DATAMINING: Data mining is the process of sifting through large amounts of data to produce data
content relationships.

DBA: is a skilled and trained IS professional who directs all activities related to an organization’s
database, including providing security from intruders.

OS:‫هذا عليكم‬

VIRTUALIZIATION: One technology that is utilized extensively as part of cloud computing is

virtualization.” Virtualization is the process of using software to simulate a computer or some other
device. For example, using virtualization, a single computer can perform the functions of several
computers. Companies such as EMC provide virtualization software that allows cloud service providers
to provision web servers to their clients quickly and efficiently. Organizations are also implementing
virtualization in order to reduce the number of servers needed to provide the necessary services

NORMALIZIATION: When designing a database, one important concept to understand is normalization.

In simple terms, to normalize a database means to design it in a way that: 1) reduces duplication of data
between tables and 2) gives the table as much flexibility as possible.

Q//SYSTEM CAN CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS LIST THEM WITH SUPPORTING
SCHEME?

System can be classified on the basis of various parameters like elements, interactive behavior, degree
of human intervention and working output as shown in Fig below:
 1)Elements: Abstract System also known as Conceptual System or Model can be defined as an
orderly arrangement of interdependent ideas or constructs. Physical system is a set of tangible
elements, which operated together to accomplish an objective e.g. Computer system

2 )Interactive behavior: Open system interacts with other systems in its environment Closed
system does not interact with the environment and does not change with the changes in
environment. Information system is an open system & a ‘throw-away’ type sealed digital watch
composed of a number of components this watch is a closed system as it is completely isolated
from its environment for its operation.

3)Degree of human intervention: manual system the data collection, maintenance and final
Reporting is done by human whereas it is carried out by computer system or say machine itself
in the case of automated system.

4) Working/output: deterministic system operates in a predictable manner whereas probabilistic

system can be defined in terms of probable behavior. For example; software & inventory
system.

Q\\SOFT WARE CAN BE BROADLY DEVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORES EXPLAIN THEM IN DETAIL??

A\\ Software can be broadly divided into two categories: system and application software. Operating
systems manage the hardware and create the interface between the hardware and the user. Application
software is the category of programs that do something useful for the user. ‫يمكن تقسيم البرنامج على نطاق واسع‬
‫ برنامج التطبيق هو فئة‬.‫ تقوم أنظمة التشغيل بإدارة األجهزة وإنشاء الواجهة بين الجهاز والمستخدم‬.‫ نظام التطبيق والبرمجيات‬:‫إلى فئتين‬
‫البرامج التي تقوم بعمل مفيد للمستخدم‬

Q\\EVERY ORGANIZIATION MUST HAVE AWELL DEFINED ORGANIZIATION STRUCTURE DISCUSS THIS
PHRASE DISCUS THIS PHRASE WITH SUPPURTING??

A\\ Every organization must have a well-defined organization structure if it wants to work efficiently and
achieve its goal with fewer hurdles. ‫يجب أن يكون لكل منظمة هيكل تنظيمي محدد بشكل جيد إذا كانت تريد العمل بكفاءة‬
‫وتحقيق هدفها بعوائق أقل‬. Nowadays, organizations have to be very competitive, productive, efficient and
dynamic if they want to survive and grow. Clients and consumers are becoming more quality conscious
and demanding and they need a quick response from organizations. ‫ يجب أن تكون المنظمات‬، ‫في الوقت الحاضر‬
‫شديدة التنافسية واإلنتاجية والكفاءة والديناميكية إذا أرادت البقاء والنمو‬. ‫وأصبح العمالء والمستهلكون أكثر وعيا بجودة عالية ومتطلبين‬
‫ويحتاجون إلى استجابة سريعة من المنظمات‬. Therefore to fulfill customer requirements, market demand and for
self-survival, it is very necessary for any organization to define a structure for itself which is best suited
to its requirements and supports its objective

Q\\HAVING PROPER ORGANI…. STRUCTURE CAN BRING IMMENSE BENEFITS TO ANY ORGAN…. LIST FIVE
OF THIS??

A\\

 It allows an organization to grow.

 It allows you to pay attention to your strategic goal, instead of each department focusing on its own
agenda.

 It binds a group of people and points them towards a common goal.  It allows employees to enhance
their skills.

 It makes the decision making process efficient, smoother and faster.

Q\\WHAT DO YOU MAIN BY CLOUD COMPUTING DISCUSS THIS TERM PREFLY THIEM GIVE ADVANTAGE
AND DIS ADVANTAGE OF CLOUD COMPUTING??

A\\ Historically, for software to run on a computer, an individual copy of the software had to be installed
on the computer, either from a disk or, more recently, after being downloaded from the Internet. The
concept of “cloud” computing changes this, however. To understand cloud computing, we first have to
understand what the cloud is. “The cloud” refers to applications, services, and data storage on the
Internet. These service providers rely on giant server farms and massive storage devices that are
connected via Internet protocols. Cloud computing is the use of these services by individuals and
organizations

Advantages of Cloud Computing

• No software to install or upgrades to maintain.

• Available from any computer that has access to the Internet.

• Can scale to a large number of users easily.

• New applications can be up and running very quickly.

• Services can be leased for a limited time on an as-needed basis.

• Your information is not lost if your hard disk crashes or your laptop is stolen.

• You are not limited by the available memory or disk space on your computer.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

• Your information is stored on someone else’s computer – how safe is it?

• You must have Internet access to use it. If you do not have access, you’re out of luck.

• You are relying on a third-party to provide these services.

Q\\WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ATERM DATA WARE HOUSE AND WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT REASONS
THAT MADE AQUITE BENEFICAL??

A\\ The concept of the data warehouse is simple: extract data from one or more of the organization’s
databases and load it into the data warehouse (which is itself another database) for storage and
analysis. However, the execution of this concept is not that simple. A data warehouse should be
designed so that it meets the following criteria

• The process of developing a data warehouse forces an organization to better understand the data that
it is currently collecting and, equally important, what data is not being collected.

• A data warehouse provides a centralized view of all data being collected across the enterprise and
provides a means for determining data that is inconsistent

• Once all data is identified as consistent, an organization can generate one version of the truth. This is
important when the company wants to report consistent statistics about itself, such as revenue or
number of employees

• By having a data warehouse, snapshots of data can be taken over time. This creates a historical record
of data, which allows for an analysis of trends.

• A data warehouse provides tools to combine data, which can provide new information and analysis.

Q\\WHAT DO WE MEAN BY DATA WARE HOUSE GIVE THE MOST CRITERIA THAT MEETS??

A\\ The concept of the data warehouse is simple: extract data from one or more of the organization’s
databases and load it into the data warehouse (which is itself another database) for storage and
analysis. However, the execution of this concept is not that simple. A data warehouse should be
designed so that it meets the following criteria:
• It uses non-operational data. This means that the data warehouse is using a copy of data from the
active databases that the company uses in its day-to-day operations, so the data warehouse must pull
data from the existing databases on a regular, scheduled basis.

• The data is time-variant. This means that whenever data is loaded into the data warehouse, it receives
a time stamp, which allows for comparisons between different time periods. •

FILL THE BLANKS::::

1-SOME PEOPLE SORT ORGANIZIATION STRUCTURE INTO FUNCTIONAL

ORGANIZIATION ,MATRIX ORGANIZIATION ,PROJECTED
ORGANIZIATION,COMPOSITE ORGANIZIATIONS.

2-THE SPEED OF THE PROCESSOR WILL DEPEND ON UPON ANUMBER

OF DIFFERENT FACTORIES SUCH AS CLOCK SPEED,BUS WIDTH.

3-SOFT WARE CAN BE BROADLY INTO TWO CATEGORIES system and

application software .

metadata

The term metadata can be understood as “data about data.” For

example, when looking at one of the values of Year of Birth in the
Students table, the data itself may be “1992″. The metadata about
that value would be the field name Year of Birth, the time it was last
updated, and the data type (integer).