Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Primary Sources: Chavan's Diary. PDF Ed., Os, 9 Sept. 1965
Primary Sources: Chavan's Diary. PDF Ed., Os, 9 Sept. 1965
Primary Sources: Chavan's Diary. PDF Ed., Os, 9 Sept. 1965
Primary Sources
This image is a diary entry from a soldier on the battlefield. It shows the ferocity of the
fight on the Khem Karan front. In the September 9 entry, Charan says that fierce counter
attacks forced them to withdraw. Below the entry there is a side-note saying that those
"counter-attacks" related to a tank battle and that the situation was causing plenty of
anxiety. This source assisted us in understanding what the soldiers on the battlefield were
Dugger, Celia W., and Barry Bearak. "Kashmir Thwarts India-Pakistan Attempt at Trust." The
This source says that Kashmir is the reason that India and Pakistan don't cooperate. The
article says that there is a very large military presence in the area and some Muslim
militants are invading India without the knowledge of the Pakistani government. India
and Pakistani relations are getting even more tense and officials are hoping that it doesn't
come down to nuclear warfare. This source helps us with our topic because the article
shows how the Kashmir Conflict is getting in between India-Pakistan relationships and
the reason they are always at war is because of the territorial disputes caused by
Kashmir.
Ghandi, Indira, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. "Simla Agreement." PDF file, 2 July 1972.
This document is the Simla Agreement signed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi
to undo the effects of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and hope for better relationships
between the countries. This source helped us understand how the two countries, India and
Pakistan, tried to work together and figure out a compromise. This source is important
because it shows an important compromise and helped better the relations between the
Hiro, Dilip, editor. The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry between India and Pakistan.
This book talked about the Kashmir Conflict and the relationship of India and Pakistan
and their dispute over Kashmir. This novel also talks about how their relationships with
other countries are affected by this conflict. The Partition of India started this conflict
when Pakistan and India separated and tensions just skyrocketed from there. This source
helped us understand the roots of this conflict and how people are affected by it.
This source helped us understand what happened during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
This War was an unofficial and inconclusive war. During this war, Pakistani soldiers
crossed the Line of Control. In order to prevent the attack, Indian forces crossed the Line
This source helped us appreciate Jawaharlal Nehru's life. Nehru was the first Prime
Minister of India and accomplished many things during his time in office. He was also
the father of Indira Gandhi, the third Prime Minister of India. Nehru was the Prime
Minister when the Instrument of Accession was signed in 1947, giving Jammu and
Kashmir to India.
"Kahmir Access to India." The Hindustan Times [New Delhi], Delhi ed., 26 Oct. 1942.
This image shows a newspaper from when Kashmir acceded to India. Union troops also
went to Jammu and Kashmir to help protect them from Pakistan as they are now part of
India and India has a duty to protect them. This talks about Maharaja Hari Singh's
decision to accede to India and his thoughts on the matter. This source helped us know
This telegram to Liaqat Ali Khan of Pakistan sent by Jawaharlal Nehru explains to him
that India assisting Kashmir in an emergency where the Indian army had to officially
intervene in Kashmir is not in any way supposed to influence the State of Jammu and
Kashmir to accede to India. The officials in India believe that Jammu and Kashmir
should accede to which ever country they see fit to join as per the wishes of their people.
This telegram helped us learn that when India needed to assist Kashmir, the act was not
Nehru, Jawaharlal, PM. "Bandung Speech." Bandung Conference Political Committe, Apr. 1955,
This speech by Jawaharlal Nehru outlines India's desire to avoid a war and that they are
deeply against communism and will reject any advances from Communist countries
regarding communist ideas. He believes that even the greatest forces cannot conquer
India and if they seek aid, then they will appear as weak. This source helped us
understand Nehru's standing in the war and what he believes will happen.
This document is the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh and Count
Mountbatten. This document gave the region of Jammu and Kashmir over to the country
of India. Although the people of the region were mainly Muslim, the Hindu ruler decided
to sign over to India and since the area was under the control of a certain country, the
conflict was partially resolved but tensions are still high. This source helped us
understand our topic better because we were able to see how this document was a partial
Secondary Sources
Banerjee, Shashanka S. "The Untold Story of India’s Decision to Release 93,000 Pakistani
POWs After 1971 War." Indian Defence Update, 26 Mar. 2017, defenceupdate.in/untold-
This web page explains how and when India released 93.000 Pakistani Prison Of War
after 1971 Indo Pakistani war. We have learned how the birth of Bangladesh helped India
Chopra, Anil. "How the Air Force tilted the Kargil War in India's favour." DNA, Diligent Media,
India's superior air force tilted the Kargil war in favor of India in 1999. We have learned
that without air force help, India had to work really hard to win the Kargil war.
Dogra ruler Hari Singh. Kashmir Life, Git Society, kashmirlife.net/hari-singh-despot-not-hero-
This photograph gave us an idea of what the appearance of Hari Singh was like. Hari
Singh was the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir and signed the Instrument of Accession,
giving the province to India. This signing partially resolving the Kashmir Conflict
because now the region was officially under control of one of the conflicting countries.
By using this illustration, we were able to depict how Maharaja Hari Singh looked. Hari
Singh played an important role in the Kashmir Conflict and this picture gave us an idea
"The First Proposed Map of Pakistan & the Partition of India." Brilliant Maps, 12 Jan. 2016,
brilliantmaps.com/first-pakistan/. Accessed 29 Jan. 2018. This web page shows the map
of Pakistan created by Choudhry Rahmat Ali just before the partition of India. We have
learned how Pakistani nationalists liked to see India partitioned based on the
Hunt, Katie. "India and Pakistan's Kashmir dispute: What you need to know." CNN World, Cable
This site gives an overview of the entire Conflict. The conflict was started at the birth of
the two countries and has been continued ever since. It demonstrates the rise of tensions
and the large costs of this conflict, more than 47000 people have been killed since 1989.
This source helped us with understanding the entire conflict and the costs that it has
brought.
"Indira Gandhi 100th Birth Anniversary: Top Quotes of the Former Indian Prime Minister."
Gandhi, the first and only woman Prime Minister of India. The web page lists famous
quotes of Indira Gandhi publisged on her 100th birth anniversary. We have learned about
"Indo-Pakistan Wars - 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999." WorldAtlas, 25 Apr. 2017,
also includes information about who was involved in the wars and critical persons who
helped each side of the war. It thoroughly explains the relationship between India and
war-events-unfolded/. This website focuses on the Kargil War and its effects on Kashmir
after the war ended. Going into depth out the Kargil War helped us add information to the
one separate page that we added just on the Kargil War. The source included dates in
which important events happened which was very useful not only on the Kargil War but
2017. This web page shows the statistics of human casualties, missing persons, custodial
killings and number of orphanes created as a result of the Kashmir conflict. It also shows
the geographical areas of Kashmir. We have learned the statistical effects of Kashmir
This article is written from the Pakistani standpoint and they claim that a few things India
has announced are false. According to them, India was trying to feed its media an
"illusion" by flying local and foreign media to reiterate the point of hitting a surgical
strike. The recent fights escalated fears between the countries, especially with large
military build-up and village evacuation on the Indian side. Pakistan does not want to
invade but will if they have to. This source helped us understand the rising tensions
Khan, Nasir. "Resolving the Kashmir Conflict." Foreign Policy Journal, Elite CafeMedia, 13
This website is a summary of the Kashmir Conflict and depicts the contributions of the
UN and other countries as a response to the problems going on. The article also shows
how social class and religion both factor into this conflict. The conflict has forced many
Kashmiris to evacuate the area and find refuge elsewhere and many people, not
necessarily Kashmiris are being heavily affected by this. This website helped us
N, Deepika. "5 Wars Within 69 Years - Indian Won 4 and Lost 1." Viralistic, 2016,
2017. This source provided us with additional information about the number of casualties
within all of the Indo Pakistan wars. It had information about where each war was located
and exactly how long each war lasted. The source benefited us with fact checking each of
our dates.
Pike, John. "Indo-Pakistan War of 1965." Reliable Security Information, 7 Nov. 2011,
This site assisted us in knowing what had occurred during the Indo-Pakistani War of
1965. We understood how Pakistani soldiers dressed as locals and crossed the Line of
Control, an area of ceasefire between India and Pakistan. Indian forces were given
information by the residents of the area and they were able to counter Pakistani attacks.
This website helped us by telling us what happened during the Kargil War in 1999. This
war had heavy casualties on both sides. Operation Vijay was India's plan to offensively
deal with the intrusions into their territory. There were several invasions into the territory
that India detected and the war was the result of these intrusions.
Rasool, Mir Suhail. Conflict over Kashmir. Digital file, 15 June 2017.
This is an image of two arms wrestling, one being India and the other being Pakistan.
They are both in the midst of fighting and are deadlocked. We used this image to
represent our topic because it shows the two conflicted countries sparring with each other
and we thought that it was a good visual representation of the countries at war.
Schmitt, Caroline. "Corruption, Nepotism, Kashmir: Democracy Indian Style?" Deutsche Welle,
This source talks about the corruption surrounding Kashmir. The author of this article
shows how the practice of nepotism has affected the goings-on in the Kashmir region.
The government in Kashmir is heavily corrupted and nepotism has made the people not
work for the benefit of the locality. but for the benefit of their own families. One of the
people in charge, Shashi Tharoor, has said that this needs to change but also says that
everyone is doing it. This source helped us understand the government of Kashmir better
"70 years of Jammu and Kashmir's accession to India: Here's what happened this day in 1947."
kashmir-s-accession-to-india-in-1947-here-s-what-happened/story-
This site tells us about the history of the Jammu/Kashmir accession to India. The
Pakistanis tried to use force to make the Kashmiris submit but the Governor-General
believed that Kashmir should submit to India. Jammu and Kashmir sent a representative
to Delhi to ask for India's help and later signed the Instrument of Accession. This source
assisted us in knowing and comprehending the history of the Jammu and Kashmir
Accession to India.
This image shows statistics from the Kashmir Conflict and the Jammu and Kashmir
Region. It shows things like death count and population. This source helped us
Why Are Pakistan and India Fighting Over Kashmir? NowThis World, 2015. This video
explains the first Indo Pakistani war of 1947. It helped us in collecting information about
the number of causalties and people involved within the war. This source was very useful
"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Biography." The Famous People, Famous People, 4 Oct. 2017,
This web page explains Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who had served as both the President and
Prime Minister of Pakistan. We have learned how Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto helped
Tertiary Sources
"All You Need to Know about Kargil War - How, When and Where." The Economic Times, 26
2017. This website provides additional information about minor details of the Kashmir
Conflict. The article also provides primary source images of Indian troops after winning
the Kargil War in 1999. The source helped us have visual information to support all of