The Modified z-transform

M. Sami Fadali
Professor of Electrical Engineering
University of Nevada

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 Why do we need it?
• To evaluate a sampled function between
sampling points.
• Insert a delay Td < T before the sampler.

y(t) yd(t) T yd(kT)

Delay Td

 y (t  Td ), t  0
y d (t )  
0, t0
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 Effect of Delay
• Causal sequence: zero amplitude for
negative time.
• Delay always results in a zero at t = 0
regardless of the signal amplitude.
• Break up delay into time advance by a
fraction of period followed by delay by one
period to avoid inappropriate values at t = 0.

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 Decompose Time Delay
𝑇𝑑 = 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑇, 0≤𝑚<1
𝑚 = 1 − 𝑇𝑑 /𝑇
Example: 𝑇𝑑 = 0.3 𝑠 with 𝑇 = 1 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑚 = 0.7
𝑦−1 𝑡 = 𝑦 𝑡 delayed by one sampling period
𝑦𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑇 + 𝑚𝑇 = 𝑦−1 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑇
Sample the delayed waveform with period T
𝑦𝑑 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑦−1 𝑘𝑇 + 𝑚𝑇 , 𝑘 = 0,1,2, …
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 Z-transform
𝑌−1 𝑧 = 𝑧 −1 𝑌 𝑧
𝑌 𝑧, 𝑚 = Z𝑚 𝑦 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑧 −1 Z 𝑦 𝑘𝑇 + 𝑚𝑇

• Answer depends on the shape of 𝑦 𝑡

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2.5

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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 Example 2.22: Step
• The step function has fixed amplitude for all
time arguments.
• Shifting it or delaying it results in no
change in the sampled values.
• The modified z-transform
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𝑌 𝑧, 𝑚 =
𝑧−1

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 Example 2.23: Exponential
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑝𝑡
Time advance 𝑚𝑇 scales the waveform by 𝑒 −𝑝𝑚𝑇
𝑦 𝑘𝑇 + 𝑚𝑇 = 𝑒 −𝑝 𝑘+𝑚 𝑇
= 𝑒 −𝑝𝑚𝑇 𝑒 −𝑝𝑘𝑇 , 𝑘 = 0,1,2, …
−1
𝑧. 𝑧
Z 𝑦 𝑘𝑇 + 𝑚𝑇 − 𝑇 = 𝑒 −𝑝𝑚𝑇
𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑝𝑇
𝑒 −𝑝𝑚𝑇
𝑌 𝑧, 𝑚 =
𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑝𝑇

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Sampling for the Modified Z-transform

exp 𝑎𝑇 𝑘 + 𝑚  1
exp 𝑎𝑘𝑇 − 𝑇

exp 𝑎𝑘𝑇

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 Numerical Values
𝑇𝑑
• 𝑇𝑑 = 0.08 𝑠, 𝑇 = 0.1 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑚 = 1 − = 0.2
𝑇

• For 𝑝 = 4
𝑒 −𝑝𝑚𝑇
𝑌 𝑧, 𝑚 =
𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑝𝑇
𝑒 −4×0.2×0.1 0.9231
= −4×0.1
=
𝑧−𝑒 𝑧 − 0.6703
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