SGTH CONFERENCE ares abtedbutod io texeep" could masa sure which cceurs, 480 SRBEAR EP His probable thut 2 mumber ot correctly be alizibuted to the redisieibation of pare p alter constraction, ©) Design in Earthgiake Areas ‘The analysis of the sisbllity of & structure or dan in an area subject to oucthquekes raises special problems which are outai¢e the eeope of this paper. It is, however, koowa that a toanstent load will Jeave residus] excoos pare pressures which may be positive or negative dependiag on the void ratto and Stress history of the avi! (Bishop und Hautel, 1052). A possible way of evalte ating the stcbitity under exrthunie conditions snay therufore be to uso & serles of consolicated-wndrained fests in which the etrese ratio daring ecm solidation is chosen (9 represent the conditions prevailing fa the field before the earikquake, ‘The saunple $5 then cubjucled toa series of emall variations {in devisior slvess under tndroined conditions cartaspanding to the a scisiate streases, ‘he megaliude of the residual pore preseure and Aitions) wirsin wit indicate the Hketthood of falluze ender Geld eowdllic A discussion of the sediliouel eens nirceees Nkely to be set up in earth quuke arene is given by Janbeasors (2088), 2. CoNCLUmONS seussion aa ease records presentad ia thts paper yoist te four main sally vatld mathod for anclyvaing, nes in Bie ey. These nelude al ity andl dracvdown la facom= el by ground water con fare known ov eau bu oxtimaated with rez the elees (a) problems, suck as long ters pressible colls, hove the pore trot Gitions or by « flo ie fa bath clase fa) ane (8) probier sre are avilable, ‘Phova cians (h) ys nagritade of the pore procure bas to bo estimaiad 2 vt te moacared values of the pore preceure prrametors ceo nore simply by theOy a 0 analysis. However, ive gives no Indicasion cf the long term eta DELitY and coes not tusble account fo he calsan Ai elasigetion of pore pressure daring construction, whfch may cantribate greatly to ceanenny to desizn (tt) Where a saiveated clay ts lonved or unleaded ab such t rate that there 48 no significant dlgslyation of the » ot up, the stability cam be detersained by tha ty = 0 aneigsia, using the vxcweined strength ob- fnined in the laboratory or from inesita yan testes ‘This mathod ta very eis ditions specified ahava, fn the naa}anity of four 5 restrieted to the eon reaction siethor e the facts of safety tx no, Ik provides & suff con atubility, Poy opts, ond band, where the factor of safety generally decrennen with time, the, = 9 etiod crn he used only fay lensporazy sor’ and the Tong teeia stabstty imast lated by the eifective wtnaea alysis 783‘TRIAMIAL TEST 491 (UD ‘The two methods of analysis require the measurement of the shear strongth parameters c' and #* in terms of effective stress on the one hand and ‘the undrained shear strength cy under the stress conditions obtaining in the field on the other. For saturated solls the values of c* and #* are obtained from drained tests or consolidated undrained tests with pore pressure measurement, carried out fon undisturbed samples. The range of stresses at failure should be chosen to correspond with those in the field. Values measured in the laboratory ap- peer to be in satisfactory agreement with field records with two exceptions. In stiff fissured clays the field value of e' is lower than the value given by standard laboratory tests; in some very sensitive clays the field value of @ 4s lower than the laboratory value. For partly saturated soils the values of ct and @ are obtained from un- drained or consolidated-undrained tests with pore pressure measurement, or from drained tesis. Provided comparable testing procedures are used the differences between the values of @ oblained appear not to be significant from { practical point of view. The values af ¢! will be slightly influenced by moisture content differences resulting from the different procedures. ‘The undrained shear strength cy is obtained from undrained triaxial tests on undisturbed samples (or from unconfined compression tests, except on fissured clays) and from vane tests in situ. It eannot be obtained, without risk of error on the unsafe side, from consolidated-undrained tests where the sample is reconsolidated under the overburden pressure. The error is seri- us in normally consolidated clays of low plasticity, and though it can be minimised by consolidating under the stress ratio obtaining in the field, the effect of reconsolidation on the vold ratio eannot be avoided. For this same reason it is probably more realistic to calculate the value of the pore pressure parameter A for undisturbed goil from the relationship between the undrained strength of undisturbed samples and the values of c! and, rather than to measure it in a consolidated-undrained test. QV) The reliability of any method can ultimately be checked only by mak- {ng the relevant fleld measurements when failures occur or when construction operations are likely to bring a soll mass near to limiting equilibrium. The number of published ease records in which the data is sufficiently complete for a critical comparison of methods is still regrettably small. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘The workof K. Terzaghi, Arthur Casagrande, A. W. Skempton and the late D. W. Taylor has contributed so much to the background of any study of shear strength and stability that specitle references in the text are inadequate acknowledgment. ‘The authors would also like to express their gratitude to thetr colleagues at Imperial College and the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute for valuable comments on the manuscript. APPENDIX I. THE USE OF THE PARAMETER Oy In section 4b reference has been made to errors Likely to arise in applying {in the field the relationship between undrained strength and consolidation pressure obtained in the laboratory from the consolidated-undrained test. 744F STRENGTH CONFEREN eww referred lo: The effect of racons after sampling on the void vutio and on the value of the pore pressure par ter At and the error eriving from con ‘vader & str from that obtaining in fe provid. A further error may arise from the say tnwhich tho resuits nve Sctzoduced into the elsbitity naalysis "Phils peint ip Mlwstiwted tn Fig. 21 shop ane Fier test is usually perforsned by consolidating the sample wider a eal ines candttions by inere 492 ‘tyo Saherent erzore hey “he stape of U2 envelope to a weries annie Ug Sea) Ie denctod Joy, the of torsl straba cisele angle of tllsaring raeictance in consol Alf of the slope of the effe congaildated camples, ‘This res hormal stresa ei only be uscd fn pr Galion pressure and total alnor principal sires: ranted by fi") for morn ay strength and total ssentity hetaven onsale We tes 616 FAN Fig. H1.—2hs commas terms of tated and 748applies around the 1. Paesive onsth pressure to ho the only ease Ja whi caentautaly tres, Fad the fetlure bean encod by holufeg ¢] constant end equst te p and de- exensing the toiel rainar princlycl sir have reraatoed the gas, acta ra veer Sotazned, Fiz. Sis The re! noraial stress you'd tien epneoimais to Oh Sen Ghettned | sistenge & conventional Hability noalyees \e therefore likely to lead ie very oF fs’ potroptestly consolidated. ry tuevenaes ding fg (ha ia fonneation problems) Ba Betne of safety WIE bo 6 tha exeavetion cuttiag, the jantas of eniety. 2 most logleas solution appears to bo to corength ta terms of tbo ecaeaildaston an th veined Josding lo be emained, wn than (0 use tho Dy = Cantlyats. his rathod 19 of enue milan go tin ect ef constraation avclysi, in whieh 845 kemumed tet insufficient tine Ina elapsed for consolidation or ewelling to engi nd 213 uw) a2 an angle of shoneing re~ sind by Percaghl (943) and Lowe az : tye effective normal feawesa. cewever, wnlees the 215 8 danger of overeett- salon ave aiftieult 10 shee eve failed by peswelag th taating Gye indesine’ stzengt of « ssatusate fully by the labornicry. oaioat of pave water pressares. Canadl- or Procentings, 7. 2-16, igs), #1214 mea ee entesence, (2551), thgeta chap, A. WH (1082, Bor dam bn the Thema valle fend Foudation Ragin: v9 involved ta the design of e Lazge earth Inlernatiors? Confereney op Soil Machiantea g. 2. Roveriem, Preccadings, Vole By p. 1S 15, A. 1, (4952), The stabitty of garth dues. Thests. (University of Kondon 170 pe 6. Bishop, A.W. (19562), Geotechnigs, Vou 4, Bo. 4p 2 Lop, A. We (1954 b), 7 Alig clucie ia the stebllity enalyais . Bivepean Conferenae on Stabittly of Ba soeldolane Proceedings, Vol. 1, pe 1-£8, Geotschalgye, Vol. &, No. J, 1955, p- TAIT. Bishop, A. W. (1887), Come tneiova contvatling the pore pressures set up doring the eonstruction of me, lavernationsl Conterance on Soil giseerhig 4. usatoa. Proceedings, Vol. 2 yrenguve gacifictents In practien. 746