Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Raker or Battered Pile PDF
Raker or Battered Pile PDF
SUMMARY
This report presents an evaluation of the design method of the seismic bearing capacity of group piles. By
model tests using the aluminum bar-laminar, it was found that the concept of effective width depending
on load eccentricity can be used to evaluate the bearing capacity of grouped piles in the same manner as
the calculation method for shallow foundations. The lateral bearing capacity equation of battered piles was
derived by using the admissible velocity field method, and the proposed equation gave satisfactory
agreement with the results of laboratory tests.
INTRODUCTION
In the seismic design of bridge foundations regarding a large earthquake, the pile foundation is designed
to prevent fall-down. The vertical resistance-deflection (PV-z) relationship and the lateral soil resistance-
deflection (PH –y) relationship are used as a elasto-plastic formulation (Japan Road Association1997) in
which the ultimate vertical and lateral resistance is defined. In order to realize more optimum seismic
design of the group pile foundation, it was concluded that the following studies were required: (1)
Application of the design method using the effective width depending on the load eccentricity for group
piles as the deep foundation: (2) Establishment of the equation for the ultimate lateral bearing capacity of
the battered pile which is a more rigid structure to lateral loads than the vertical pile. In order to study the
items described above, (1) model tests using aluminum bar-laminar were performed, (2) the failure
mechanism of the battered pile was evaluated, and (3) the equation of the ultimate bearing resistance used
by the admissible velocity field method was derived, then the results of the analyses using the equation
were compared with the test results.
MODEL TESTS
Experimental setup
A two-dimensional testing vessel having internal dimensions of 1500mm in length, 900mm in height, and
50mm in width as shown in Figs.1and 2 was used. Aluminum bar-laminar was used as the soil model.
1
Engineer, Nippon Steel Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. Email: komatsu.akira@eng.nsc.co.jp
2
Professor, KyusyuKyoritu University, Kitakyusyu, Japan. Email: maeda@kyukyo-u.ac.jp
3
Senior Engineer, CTI Engineering Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. Email: sakata@ctie.co.jp
Aluminum bars having a radius of 3mm and of 1.6mm were mixed at the rate of 3 to 2, respectively. This
aluminum bar-laminar has unit weights of 16.7 kN/m3, and an internal friction angle of 21˚obtained from
the shear test. Vertical and lateral loads were applied to the pile head through a rigid loading rod by an air
jack. The applied load and deflection of the pile head were measured with a load cell and the
potentiometer. Loads were applied to the pile head in increments of n×25N/min for vertical loads and
n×7.5N/min for lateral loads where n is the number of piles. A flexible model pile was made from an
aluminum plate 650mm long, 5mm thick, and 600mm in embedded depth on the tip of which a small
aluminum plate of 30mm was connected in order to sustain vertical loading capacity. Pile spacing center
to center is 150mm. Then a rigid model pile was made from an aluminum rectangular bar of 50mm ×
50mm in width, 650mm in length, and 325mm in embedded depth. Results of model tests using flexible
test piles are shown in Fig.3. The group effect and battered effect on the lateral resistance of the piles was
found to be dependent on the number of piles, pile spacing, and the head fixity condition. In this paper,
the pile battered in the direction of the horizontal load is described as the in-batter pile, and the opposite
pile is described as the out-batter pile.
Group effect
Deformation at ultimate vertical load (50mm) for a single pile and group piles is shown in Fig.3. Vertical
load – displacement curves for a single pile and group piles are shown in Fig.4. In case of cohesionless
soil, vertical bearing capacity of group piles has been found to be greater than that of the single pile
multiplied. In this model test using aluminum bar-laminar, the same results were obtained.
○ : Single Pile
□ : 5 x単杭
Single pile
3.0
単杭の5倍の計算値
◇ : group piles (5pcs)
群杭(n=5)
2.5
鉛直荷重 Pv(kN)
Vertical load Pv (kN)
2.0
群杭効果
Group effect
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
鉛直変位 δ v(mm)
Vertical Displacement (mm)
PVCL
Vertical load Pv (kN)
2.5
鉛直支持力 PV(kN)
2
e
Vertical bearing capacity PV (kN)
1.5 2
B′
1
1.5
0.5
0 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
鉛直変位 δ
Vertical Displacement V (mm)
(mm)
0.5
0
Fig.5 Vertical load – displacement curves 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
under eccentric loads 偏心量 ee(mm)
Eccentricity (mm)
Eccentricity e (mm)
Fig.6 Comparison of bearing capacity on
eccentric loads
2.5
2.0
Bearing capacity ratio η
支持力比η
1.5
1.0
■: δdeflection = 50 mm
=50mm
◆: yield point
0.5 δ =降伏点
0.0
- 20 - 15 - 10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
杭の傾斜角α (° )
Dgree of the battered pile
Fig.9 Relationship between inclination of flexible
battered pile and lateral bearing capacity ratio
Fig.10 Deformation at ultimate vertical load
P 3.0
2.5
(kN)
2.0
Vertical loadV Pv (kN)
1.5
鉛直荷重P
1.0 ○ α =0 °
□ α =5 °
◇ α =10 °
0.5
△ α =15 °
▽ α =20 °
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
鉛直変位δ
Vertical (㎜)(mm)
Displacement
v
(n=5,e=0)
Fig.11 Deformation of group piles with battered Fig.12 Vertical load – displacement curves of
piles under lateral loading group piles
0.5
○ : Lateral capacity (deflection=50mm)
(k
□ : Lateral capacity (yield point)
N)
0.4 ◇ : Vertical capacity (deflection=50mm)
(k
平H
荷 0.3
重P
水平荷重
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
水平変位δ (㎜)
H (mm)
Horizontal deflection
(n=5,e=0)
Fig-15 Deformation of rigid pile (-10°) Fig-16 Deformation of rigid pile (+10°)
1
K = 2 ⋅ RH H
p γ cδ γz O
(2) π/2−ω1+α ω1−φ−α c
2 R ω
ω1
2c RH δ ∆ω (B)
= Nc + Nγ z=Zcosα Z
γz (A)
V0
N c = N c ' cos δ (3) V1
aφ V φ
N γ = N γ ' cos δ (4) e dl f
b
D
Fig.17 The admissible velocity field of battered pile
ω1
I1 = ∫ exp (3ω tan φ ) sin (−α + ω )d ω
0
1
= [exp (3ω 1 tan φ ){3 tan φ sin (ω 1 −α )
9 tan 2 φ + 1
− cos (ω 1 −α )} + (3 tan φ sin α + cos α )] (8)
cos(ω1 −α ) cosφ sin(ω1 −α ) exp(3ω1 tanφ )
I2 = (9)
sin(ω1 − φ −α )
where, RH: ultimate resistance normal to the axis of the battered pile, B: the pile diameter, Kpγed: the
coefficient of lateral earth pressure (ratio of horizontal to vertical normal effective stress) with friction
angle between the soil and pile wall, γ: effective unit weight of soil, z: depth below soil surface, α
p:correction factor regarding three-dimensional expansion effect ( α p=2 for clay, α p=3 for sand), α :
degree of battered pile to the vertical , φ: angle of internal friction of sand, η: correction factor for the
accurate potential energy analyzed by Maeda(2002).
2.5 1.6
1.4
2.0 1.2
支持力比
1.0
1.5
0.8
1.0 ■ : test 0.6 ■ : test
0.4 試験
○ : computed
○:computed
試験
0.5
解析 0.2 解析
0.0 0.0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
- 30 - 20 - 10 0 10 20 30
斜杭角度(
Inclination ° ) pile
of battered Inclination斜杭角度(°)
of battered pile
CONCLUSION
In the present study, the evaluation for the design method of seismic bearing capacity of group piles was
investigated to realize an optimum and economical seismic design. The main conclusions are given, as
follows: (1) A design method allows the ultimate vertical bearing capacity of group piles to be evaluated
by using the concept of effective width depending on the load eccentricity in the same manner as for
shallow foundations. (2) The lateral bearing capacity of the battered pile (degree>0) is larger than that of
the vertical pile, and in contrast, the lateral bearing capacity of the battered pile (degree<0) is smaller.
Then the lateral bearing capacity of the group piles with the battered pile increased more significantly than
the group piles with the vertical piles. It is found that the structure of group piles with the battered pile has
both the effect of rigid resistance due to the inclination of the pile and the effect of pile head fixity. (3)
The proposed equation for the lateral resistance of the battered pile using the admissible velocity field
method agrees satisfactorily with the results of the model tests.
REFERENCES