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Hapter Oncrete Olumns: B D P F 2015
Hapter Oncrete Olumns: B D P F 2015
CHAPTER 13
CONCRETE COLUMNS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 13
CONCRETE COLUMNS
13.1 INTRODUCTION
Columns are structural elements that support the superstructure, transfer vertical
loads from superstructure to foundation, and resist the lateral loads acting on the
bridge due to seismic and various service loads.
13.4.2 Forces
Bridge columns are subjected to axial loads, bending moments, and shears in
both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the bridge.
1
s (AASHTO 4.5.3.2.2b-4)
Pu
1
k Pe
For members braced against sideway s is taken as one unless analysis indicates a
lower value.For members not braced against sideway b is to be determined as for a
braced member and s for an unbraced member.
Pu = factored axial load
Pe = Euler buckling load, which is determined as follows:
2 Ec I
Pe
( Klu ) 2
Ec I g
EI 2.5 (AASHTO 5.7.4.3-2)
1 d
where:
Ig = the gross moment of inertia (in.4)
Es = elastic modulus of reinforcement (ksi)
Is = moment of inertia of longitudinal steel about neutral axis (ksi)
d = ratio of maximum factored permanent load moment to the maximum
factored total load moment, always positive
Flexural resistance of a concrete member is dependent upon the axial force acting
on the member. Interaction diagrams for a reinforced concrete section are created
assuming a series of strain distributions and computing the corresponding moments
and axial forces. The results are plotted to produce an interaction diagram as shown
in Figure 13.6-1.
c = 0.003
Po
P
c = 0.003
s ≤ y = 0.002
Compression
Controlled
s = y = 0.002
Pb
Balanced Strain Condition c = 0.003
Tension Controlled
Mo Mb Mn
s ≥ 0.005
When combined axial compression and bending moment act on a member having
a low slenderness ratio and where column buckling is not a possible mode of failure,
the strength of the member is governed by the material strength of the cross section.
For this so–called short column, the strength is achieved when the extreme concrete
compression fiber reaches the strain of 0.003. In general, one of three modes of
failure will occur: tension controlled, compression controlled, or balanced strain
condition (AASHTO 5.7.2.1). These modes of failure are detailed below:
Tension controlled: Sections are tension controlled when the net tensile
strain in the extreme tension steel is equal to or greater than 0.005 just as
the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003.
Compression controlled: Sections are compression controlled when the
net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is equal to or less than the
net tensile strain in the reinforcement (y = 0.002) at balanced strain
condition at the time the concrete in compression reaches its assumed
strain limit of 0.003.
Balanced strain condition: Where compression strain of the concrete
(c = 0.003) and yield strain of the steel (for Grade 60 reinforcement
y = 0.002) are reached simultaneously, the strain is in a balanced
condition.
where:
Po = 0.85fc (Ag – Ast) + Astfy (AASHTO 5.7.4.5-2)
where:
Prxy = factored axial resistance in biaxial flexure
Prx = factored axial resistance determined on the basis that only eccentricity ey is
present
Pry = factored axial resistance determined on the basis that only eccentricity ex is
present
Pu = factored applied axial force
Mux = factored applied moment about x axis
Muy = factored applied moment about y axis
Mrx = uniaxial factored flexural resistance of a section about x axis corresponding
to the eccentricity produced by the applied factored axial load and moment
Mry = uniaxial factored flexural resistance of a section about y axis corresponding
to the eccentricity produced by the applied factored axial load and moment
Perform a transverse analysis of bent cap (BDP Chapter 12, Bent-Cap) using
commercial software CSiBridge. Results of the analysis is used to determine:
Column axial load (P) and transverse moment (M3) for DC and DW
Maximum axial load (P) and associated transverse moment (M3) for
design vehicular live loads
Maximum transverse moment (M3) and associated axial load (P) for
design vehicular live loads
Note: WinYIELD (Caltrans, 2008) uses the x-axis for longitudinal direction and y-
axis for the transverse direction. The CTBridge output renames Mz as Mx and Ax as P.
The CSiBridge output renames the transverse moment, M3, as My.
Column unfactored live load forces and moments for one lane from longitudinal
analysis (CTBridge) are summarized in Table 13.7-1 below:
Table 13.7-1 Unfactored Bent Reactions for One Lane, Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
Not Included
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated longitudinal Maximum axial load and associated
moment longitudinal moment
Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck A
T
max CT M
T
z assoc CT A P
max CT M
P
z assoc CT
Lane A
L
max CT M
L
z assoc CT
Maximum longitudinal moment and associated Maximum longitudinal moment and associated
axial load axial load
Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck A
T
assoc CT M
T
z max CT AP
assoc CT M
P
z max CT
Lane A
L
assoc CT M
L
z max CT
where:
A
T
max CT = maximum axial force for truck load
M
T
z assoc CT = longitudinal moment associated with maximum axial force for truck load
AL
max CT = maximum axial force for lane load
M L
z assoc CT = longitudinal moment associated with maximum axial force for lane load
AP
max CT = maximum axial force for permit vehicle load
M P
z assoc CT = longitudinal moment associated with maximum axial force for permit
vehicle load
M
T
z max CT = maximum longitudinal moment for truck load
A
T
assoc CT = axial force associated with maximum longitudinal moment for truck load
M
L
z max = maximum longitudinal moment for lane load
A
L
assoc CT = axial force associated with maximum longitudinal moment for lane load
M
P
z max CT = maximum longitudinal moment for permit vehicle load
A
P
assoc CT = axial force associated with maximum longitudinal moment for permit vehicle
load
Axial forces presented in Table 13.7-1 are converted to two pseudo wheel loads
including dynamic allowance factor to be used in transverse analysis (see BDP
Chapter 12) to be used in transverse analysis.
Include dynamic load allowance factor for Table 13.7-1.
Column reaction = 1.33(reaction/2) for truck
= 1(reaction/2) for lane
= 1.25(reaction/2) for P-15
The transverse analysis column forces for pseudo truck and permit wheel
loadings are presented in Table 13.7-2.
Table 13.7-2 Unfactored Column Reaction, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated transverse Maximum axial load and associated transverse
moment moment
P (kip) M3 (kip-ft) P (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck P
T
max CSi M
T
3 assoc CSi P
P
max CSi M
P
3 assoc CSi
Maximum transverse moment and associated axial Maximum transverse moment and associated axial
load load
P (kip) M3 (kip-ft) P (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck P
T
assoc CSi
M
T
3 max CSi P
P
assoc CSi M
P
3 max CSi
where:
P
T
max CSi = maximum axial force due to pseudo truck wheel loads
M
T
3 assoc CSi = transverse moment associated with maximum axial force due to pseudo truck
wheel loads.
P
P
max Csi = maximum axial force due to pseudo permit wheel loads
M
P
3 assoc CSi = transverse moment associated with maximum axial force due to pseudo permit
wheel loads
M
T
3 max CSi = maximum transverse moment due to pseudo truck wheel loads
P
T
assoc CSi = axial force associated with maximum transverse moment due to pseudo truck
wheel loads
M
P
3 max CSi = maximum transverse moment due to pseudo permit wheel loads
P
P
assoc CSi = axial force associated with maximum transverse moment due to pseudo permit
wheel loads
Multiply dynamic allowance factor for values in Table 13.7-1 divided by number
of bent columns to get reactions per column (Table 13.7-3).
Table 13.7-3 Unfactored Column Reactions for One Lane, Including Dynamic Load
Allowance Factors
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated longitudinal Maximum axial load and associated
moment longitudinal moment
P (kip) Mx (kip-ft) P (kip) Mx (kip-ft)
Truck P T
max CT M
T
x assoc CT P
P
max CT M
P
x assoc CT
Lane P L
max CT M
L
x assoc CT
Maximum longitudinal moment and associated axial Maximum longitudinal moment and
load associated axial load
P (kip) Mx (kip-ft) P (kip) Mx (kip-ft)
Truck P T
assoc CT M
T
x max CT P
P
assoc CT M
P
x max CT
Lane P L
assoc CT M
L
x max CT
Split truck reactions results of transverse analysis (Table 13.7-3) into truck and
lane loads as follows:
T
Pmax CT
R1
Ratio of truck load per design vehicle = T
P
max CT Pmax
L
CT
P L
max CT
R2
P P
Ratio of lane load per design vehicle = T L
max CT max CT
Table 13.7-4 Unfactored Column Reactions, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated transverse Maximum axial load and associated transverse
moment moment
P (kip) My (kip-ft) P (kip) My (kip-ft)
Truck P
T
max CSi
M
T
y assoc CSi P P
max CSi
M
P
y assoc CSi
Lane P
L
max CSi
M
L
y assoc CSi
Maximum transverse moment and associated axial Maximum transverse moment and associated
load axial load
P (kip) My (kip-ft) P (kip) My (kip-ft)
Truck P
T
assoc CSi
M
T
y max CSi P
P
assoc CSi
M
P
y max CSi
Lane P
L
assoc CSi
M
L
y max CSi
Passoc P M
P CSi M xP assoc. CT P M
P L
T
assoc CSi L
Pmax CT
P
Mx assoc CSi T
P
x assoc CT L x assoc CT
T
(kip-ft) max CT max CT
P (kip) P P
assoc CSi P
T
assoc CSi P
L
assoc CSi
P
Pmax M
CSi P
T
Pmax M
CSi T M
Pmax
L
Mx
(kip-ft)
P
Pmax
CT
x . max CT T
Pmax
CT
x . max CT L
Pmax
CSi
CT
L
x. max CT
Passoc P
Passoc P Passoc .
L CT Pmax
L
. CSi
P T L
. P . T
P CT T CT
P (kip)
Pmax CT max . CSi
Pmax CT max . CSi
Pmax CT
P P
M M M
P T
Pmax
max CSi P max CSi T L
P P
Mx CSi L
L
P x assoc . CT T x assoc . CT
(kip-ft) max CT max CT x assoc . CT
Pmax CT
P (kip) P
P
max CSi P
T
max CSi Pmax
L
CSi
Transfer Tables 13.7-5, 13.7-6, and 13.7-7 data into Table 13.7-8, which will be
used as load input for the WinYIELD program.
Table 13.7-8 Input for Column Live Load Analysis of WinYIELD Program.
Case 1: Max Transverse Case 2: Max Longitudinal
Case 3: Max Axial (P)
(My) (Mx)
Lane Lane P- Lane
P-truck H-truck P-truck H-truck H-truck
Load Load truck Load
My
Trans
Mx Long TABLE 13.7-5 Data TABLE 13.7-6 Data TABLE 13.7-7 Data
P Axial
Calculate wind moments and axial loads for column (see BDP Chapter 3).
Calculate braking force moments and axial load for column (see BDP Chapter 3).
Calculate secondary prestress moments and axial loads (from CTBridge output).
where:
((VyT)max)CT = maximum longitudinal shear at top and bottom of column for truck
load
((MzT)assoc)CT = longitudinal moment at top and bottom of column associated with
maximum shear for truck load
((VyL)max)CT = maximum longitudinal shear at top and bottom of column for lane
load
((MzL)assoc)CT = longitudinal moment at top and bottom of column associated
with ,aximum shear for lane load
((VyP)max)CT = maximum longitudinal shear at top and bottom of column for permit
load
((MzP)assoc)CT = longitudinal moment at top and bottom of column associated with
maximum shear for permit load
where:
((V2T)max)CSi = maximum longitudinal shear at top and bottom of column for truck
load
((M3T)assoc)CSi = transverse moment at top and bottom of column associated with
maximum shear for truck load
((V2P)max)CSi = maximum transverse shear at top and bottom of column for permit
load
((M3P)assoc)CSi = transverse moment at top and bottom of column associated with
maximum shear for permit load
Include dynamic load allowance factors per column for CTBridge output (Table
13.8-1) and summarize the results in Table 13.8-3.
Table 13.8-3 Unfactored Column Longitudinal Shear and Associated Longitudinal Moment
for One Lane, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors (CTBridge)
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum longitudinal shear and associated Maximum longitudinal shear and associated
longitudinal moment at top of the column longitudinal moment at top of the column
Vy (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Vy (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck ((VyT)max)CT ((MzT)assoc)CT ((VyP)max)CT ((MzP)assoc)CT
Lane ((VyL)max)CT ((MzL)assoc)CT
Maximum longitudinal shear and associated Maximum longitudinal shear and associated
longitudinal moment at bottom of the column longitudinal moment at bottom of the column
Vy (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Vy (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck ((VyT)max)CT ((MzT)assoc)CT ((VyP)max)CT ((MzP)assoc)CT
Lane ((VyL)max)CT ((MzL)assoc)CT
Reform Table 13.8-2 to split truck reactions of CSiBridge analysis (Table 13.8-2)
into truck and lane loads (13.7.3.4) as shown in Table 13.8-4.
Table 13.8-4 Unfactored Column Reactions, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
(CSiBridge)
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum transverse shear and associated Maximum transverse shear and associated
longitudinal moment at top of the column longitudinal moment at top of the column
V2 (kip) M3 (kip-ft) V2 (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck ((V2T)max)CSi ((M3T)assoc)CSi ((V2P)max)CSi ((M3P)assoc)CSi
Lane ((V2L)max)CSi ((M3L)assoc)CSi
Maximum transverse shear and associated Maximum transverse shear and associated
longitudinal moment at bottom of the column longitudinal moment at bottom of the column
V2 (kip) M3 (kip-ft) V2 (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck ((V2T)max)CSi ((M3T)assoc)CSi ((V2P)max)CSi ((M3P)assoc)SAP
Lane ((V2L)max)CSi ((M3L)assoc)CSi
Since the longitudinal shears and associated longitudinal moments are per one
lane from CTBridge, the total longitudinal shears and associated longitudinal
moments should be calculated as shown in Table 13.8-5.
Table 13.8-5 Total Longitudinal Shear (Vy) and Associated Longitudinal Moment (Mz)
P-truck H-truck Lane
(Vy)max P
Pmax V
CSi P T
Pmax V
CSi T
V
L
Pmax CSi L
(kip)
P
Pmax
CT
y max CT
T
Pmax
CT
y max CT
L
Pmax CT
y max CT
Pmax
P
M P T
Mz P
P M
L
CSi P max CSi T max CSi L
(Mz)assoc.
(kip-ft)
P
Pmax
CT P
z assoc CT T
max CT
z assoc CT
L
max CT
z assoc CT
From CTBridge output, determine Mz for Dead Load (DC) and Added Dead Load
(DW).
Table 13.10-1 Dead Load Unfactored Column Forces
From CTBridge output, determine bent two unfactored reactions for one lane (no
dynamic load allowance factors) for the design vehicle as:
Maximum Ax and associated Mz at top of the column
Maximum Mz and associated Ax at top of the column
From the CTBridge output, determine unfactored bent two reactions for one lane
(no dynamic load allowance factors) of permit vehicle load as follows:
Maximum Ax and associated Mz at top of the column
Maximum Mz and associated Ax at top of the column
From CSiBridge output, determine the axial loads and transverse moments for
DC and DW.
Table 13.10-5 Axial loads and Transverse Moment for Dead Load and Added Dead Load
From CSiBridge output, determine the unfactored column reactions for design
vehicle including the dynamic load allowance factors which are:
Maximum P and associated M3
Maximum M3 and associated P
From CSiBridge output, determine the unfactored column reactions for permit
vehicle including the dynamic load allowance factors which are:
Maximum P and associated M3
Maximum M3 and associated P
Column unfactored live load forces and moments for one lane from longitudinal
analysis (CTBridge) are presented in Table 13.10-10.
Table 13.10-10 Unfactored Bent Reactions for One Lane, Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
Not Included
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated longitudinal Maximum axial load and associated longitudinal
moment moment
Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck -115 -65 -360 -201
Lane -99 -167
Maximum longitudinal moment and associated Maximum longitudinal moment and associated
axial load axial load
Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck -44 332 -231 -1486
Lane -42 239
Table 13.10-11 Unfactored Column Reaction, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors.
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated transverse Maximum axial load and associated transverse
moment moment
P (kip) M3 (kip-ft) P (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck -569 98 -961 -193
Maximum transverse moment and associated axial Maximum transverse moment and associated
load axial load
P (kip) M3 (kip-ft) P (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck -261 401 -469 718
13.10.2.7 Unfactored Column Reactions for One Lane, Including Impact (CTBridge)
Multiply dynamic allowance factor for values in Table 13.10-10 and calculate
reaction per column (Table 13.10-12).
Table 13.10-12 Unfactored Column Reactions for One Lane, Including Dynamic Load
Allowance Factors (CTBridge)
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated longitudinal Maximum axial load and associated
moment longitudinal moment
Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck -76 -43 -225 -126
Lane -50 -84
Maximum longitudinal moment and associated Maximum longitudinal moment and associated
axial load axial load
Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft) Ax (kip) Mz (kip-ft)
Truck -29 221 -145 -929
Lane -21 119
Split the truck reactions results of transverse analysis (Section 13.7.3.4) into
truck and lane loads as follows:
Ratio of truck load per design vehicle = (76.2) / (76.2 + 49.605) = 0.606
Ratio of lane load per design vehicle = (49.6) / (76.2 + 49.605) = 0.394
Truck load of design vehicle = 0.606 (values of Table 13.10-11)
Lane load of design vehicle = 0.394 (values of Table 13.10-11)
Table 13.10-13 summarizes the truck and lane loads for both design and permit
vehicles of transverse analysis.
Table 13.10-13 Unfactored Column Reactions, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
(CSiBridge)
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum axial load and associated transverse Maximum axial load and associated transverse
moment moment
P (kip) M3 (kip-ft) P (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck -345 59 -961 -193
Lane -224 39
Maximum transverse moment and associated axial Maximum transverse moment and associated
load axial load
P (kip) M3 (kip-ft) P (kip) M3 (kip-ft)
Truck -158 243 -469 718
Lane -103 158
Combine load results as shown in Tables 13.7-5, 13.7-6, 13.7-7, and 13.7-8 to get
WinYEILD input loads as shown in Table 13.10-14.
Table 13.10-14 WinYIELD Column Live Load Input
Case 1 Max Transverse- Case 2 Max Longitudinal-
Case 3 Max Axial-P
My Mx
P- H- Lane H- Lane P- H- Lane
P-Truck
Truck Truck Load Truck Load Truck Truck Load
My-Trans
718 243 158 -124 23 16 -193 60 39
(kip-ft)
Mx-Long
-262 -90 -173 -3965 1003 533 -537 -195 -377
(kip-ft)
P-Axial
-469 -158 -103 -617 -132 -95 -961 -345 -224
(kip)
100 50.25
V DZ 2.5 8.2 ln 110 .4 mph (design wind velocity)
100 0.23
2
V
PD PB DZ for wind skew direction = 0˚ (AASHTO 3.8.1.2.1-1)
VB
From AASHTO Table 3.8.1.2.1-1
PB = 0.05 for superstructure (skew angle of wind = 0˚)
PB = 0.04 for columns (skew angle of wind = 0˚)
2
110.4
PD 0.05 0.061 ksf (Superstructure)
100
2
110.4
PD 0.04 0.049 ksf (Columns)
100
The base wind pressure, PB, for various angles of wind directions may be taken
as specified in AASHTO Table 3.8.1.2.2-1 (AASHTO, 2012).
where:
PB = base wind pressure, corresponding to VB =100 mph
PD = wind pressure on structures, LRFD equation 3.8.1.2.1-1
VDZ = design wind velocity (mph) at design elevations
VB = base wind velocity of 100 mph at 30 ft height
Vo = friction velocity (mph), LRFD Table 3.8.1.1-1
Z = height of structure (ft) at which wind loads are being calculated as
measured from low ground, or from water level, > 30 ft
Zo = friction length (ft) upstream fetch, LRFD Table 3.8.1.1-1
The wind pressure, PD, is calculated at various angels using the base wind
pressure, PB, as per AASHTO Table 3.8.1.2.2-1. Table 13.10-15 lists the wind
pressure, PD, at various angles of wind.
Table 13.10-15 Wind Pressure at Various Skew Angles of Wind
Superstructure Columns
Skew angle of
(PD)Trans (ksf) (PD)Long (ksf) (PD)Trans (ksf) (PD)Long (ksf)
wind (degrees)
0 0.061 0 0.049 0
15 0.054 0.007 0.043 0.006
30 0.050 0.015 0.040 0.012
45 0.040 0.020 0.032 0.016
60 0.021 0.023 0.017 0.019
Table 13.10-18 User Loads, Unfactored Column Forces, WS Trans Skew 60˚.
Table 13.10-21 User Loads, Unfactored Column Forces, WL Trans Skew 60˚
The braking force (AASHTO 3.6.4) shall be taken as the greater of:
25% design truck = 0.25(72) = 18 kips
25% design tandem = 0.25(50) = 12.5 kips
5% design truck + lane = 0.05[72 + 0.64(412)] = 16.8 kips
5% design tandem + lane = 0.05[50 + 0.64(412)] = 15.7 kips
Controlling force = 18 kips
Number of lanes = [58.83-2(1.42)]/12 = 4.66
Use four lanes, MPF = 0.65
Total breaking force = 18(4) (0.65) = 46.8 kips
Apply the braking force longitudinally then design for the moment and shear
force effects. The braking force can be modeled in CTBridge as a user defined load
in the direction of local X direction as shown below:
Point of No Movement
For f′c = 3.6 ksi, E 33 ,000 (1)( 0 .15 ) 1.5 3 .6 3637 ksi
r 4
Ig for circular column
4
(3)4
For 6 ft diameter column, I g 63.6 ft 4
4
Point of no movement calculation:
3EI 3EI
k , P = k∆ then, P
L3 L3
I (two columns per bent) = 2(63.6) =127.2 ft4
3(3637)(127.2)(12) 4 (1)
PBent2 195.51 kips
(44(12))3
3(3637)(127.2)(12) 4 (1)
PBent3 160.4 kips
(47(12))3
where:
coefficient of thermal expansion
k = column stiffness
= lateral displacement
L = column height
PBent2 = lateral force due to lateral displacement () of 1 in at bent-2
PBent3 = lateral force due to lateral displacement () of 1 in at bent-3
The anticipated shortening due to prestressing effects occurs at a rate of 0.63 in.
per 100 ft (MTD 7-10).
Displacement = 0.63 (75.72 / 100) = 0.48 in.
3EIg 3(3637)(63.6)(12)4 (0.48)
Mcsh p = 0.5=12387 kip-in.=1032 kip-ft
L2 (44x12)2
(Mcsh)x = M cos cos(20) = 970 kip-ft
(Mcsh)y = M sin sin(20) = 353 kip-ft
where:
Mcsh = column moment due to prestress shortening (creep and shrinkage)
p = load factor for permanent load due to creep and shrinkage
The secondary effect of prestressing after long term losses is shown in Table
13.10-25.
Column form for circular column with diameter of 72 inches is shown in Figure
13.10-8.
Winyield output sheet (Figure 13.10-13) shows the steel reinforcement required
for the column.
Table 13.10-28 Longitudinal Shear (Vy) and Longitudinal Moment (Mz) for DC and DW
Top of Column Bottom of Column
DC DW DC DW
Vy (kip) 21 2.5 21 2.5
Mz (kip-ft) -925.2 -110.1 0 0
Determine maximum longitudinal shear (Vy) and associated moment (Mz) for
design vehicular live loads at top and bottom of the bent unfactored reactions for one
lane as shown in Table 13.10-29.
Determine maximum longitudinal shear (Vy) and associated moment (Mz) for
permit vehicular live loads at top and bottom of the bent unfactored reactions for one
lane as shown in Table 13.10-30.
Re-arrange the longitudinal shear and moment output from CTBridge are for two
columns (Table 13.10-31).
Table 13.10-31 Unfactored Bent Reactions for One Lane, Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
Not Included
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum longitudinal shear and associated Maximum longitudinal shear and associated
longitudinal moment at top of the column longitudinal moment at top of the column
(Vy)max (Mz)assoc (Vy)max (Mz)assoc
(kip) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft)
Truck 10.3 -455 -12.28 540.25
Lane 7.6 -336
Maximum longitudinal shear and associated Maximum longitudinal shear and associated
longitudinal moment at bottom of the column longitudinal moment at bottom of the column
(Vy)max (Mz)assoc (Vy)max (Mz)assoc
(kip) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft)
Truck 10.3 0 33.78 0
Lane 7.6 0
Apply dynamic allowance factor to Table 13.10-31 for one column as shown in Table 13.10-32.
Table 13.10-34 Transverse Shear (V2) and Moment (M3) for DC and DW
Top of column Bottom of column
DC DW DC DW
V2 (kip) -10.5 -0.5 -10.5 -0.5
M3 (kip-ft) 462 23 0 0
CSiBridge output for maximum shear (V2) and associated and moment (M3) for
design vehicle including dynamic load allowance as shown in Table 13.10-35.
Table 13.10-35 Maximum Shear (V2) and Associated Moment (M3) for Design Vehicle
CSiBridge output for maximum shear (V2) and associated and moment (M3) for
permit vehicle including dynamic load allowance as shown in Table 13.10-36.
Table 13.10-36 Maximum Shear (V2) and Associated Moment (M3) for Permit Vehicle
Re-arrange the transverse shear and moment output from CSiBridge in Table
13.10-37.
Table 13.10-37 Unfactored Column Reaction, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum transverse shear and associated Maximum transverse shear and associated
transverse moment at top of the column transverse moment at top of the column
(V2)max (M3)assoc (V2)max (M3)assoc
(kip) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft)
Truck -9.1 400 -16.3 718
Maximum transverse shear and associated Maximum transverse shear and associated
transverse moment at bottom of the column transverse moment at bottom of the column
(V2)max (M3)assoc (V2)max (M3)assoc
(kip) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft)
Truck -9.1 0 -16.3 0
Use the procedure shown in 13.7.4 and arrange output in Table 13.10-38.
Table 13.10-38 Unfactored Column Reactions, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factor
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum transverse shear and associated Maximum transverse shear and associated
longitudinal moment at top of the column longitudinal moment at top of the column
Truck -5.5 243 -16.3 718
Lane -3.6 157
Maximum transverse shear and associated Maximum transverse shear and associated
longitudinal moment at bottom of the column longitudinal moment at bottom of the column
(V2)max (M3)assoc (V2)max (M3)assoc
(kip) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft)
Truck -5.5 0 -16.3 0
Lane -3.6 0
Table 13.10-39 Unfactored Column Total Longitudinal Shear and Associated Longitudinal
Moment, Including Dynamic Load Allowance Factors
Design Vehicle Permit Vehicle
Maximum longitudinal shear and associated Maximum longitudinal shear and associated
longitudinal moment at top of the column longitudinal moment at top of the column
(Vy)max (kip) (Mz)assoc (kip-ft) (Vy)max (kip) (Mz)assoc (kip-ft)
Truck 31 -1367 -12 519
Lane 17 -759
Maximum longitudinal shear and associated Maximum longitudinal shear and associated
longitudinal moment at bottom of the column longitudinal moment at bottom of the column
(Vy)max (kip) (Mz)assoc (kip-ft) (Vy)max (kip) (Mz)assoc (kip-ft)
Truck 31 0 32 0
Lane 17 0
Since this example uses circular columns, the design shears and moments should
be taken as the square root of the sum of the squares:
Determine strength I and strength II limit states for shear and associated moments.
Strength I:
Vu = 1.25 (23) + 1.5 (3) + 1.75 (32 + 17) = 119 kips (controls)
Mu = 1.25 (1034) + 1.5 (112) + 1.75 (1392 + 772) = 5248 kips
Strength II:
Vu = 1.25 (23) + 1.5 (3) + 1.35 (20) = 60 kips
Mu = 1.25 (1034) + 1.5 (112) + 1.35 (886) = 2,657 kip-ft
Vn = Vc + Vs (AASHTO 5.8.3.3-1)
Av f y d v
Vs cot (AASHTO 5.8.3.3-4)
s
Vu
vu (AASHTO 5.8.2.9-1)
bv d v
Column loop radius = 31.93 in. (from WinYIELD input)
Using simplified procedure for nonprestressed sections (AASHTO 5.8.3.4.1)
Vc 0.0316 f c bv d v 0.03162 3.6 7250.16 433 kips 119 kips
where:
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s (in.2)
bv = effective web width
dv = effective shear depth
s = spacing of transverse reinforcement measured in a direction parallel to the
longitudinal reinforcement (in.)
Vc = concrete shear capacity
Vn = nominal shear capacity
Vs = transverse shear reinforcement capacity
Vu = factored shear force
Mu = factored moment
= factor indication ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension
and shear as specified in article 5.8.3.4
Av f c 3 .6
0.0316 bv 0.0316 x72 0.072 in. 2 /in.
s min f y 60
vu
For 0.125 Smax = 0.8 dv ≤ 18 in. (CA 5.8.2.7-1)
f c
vu
0.125 Smax = 0.4 dv ≤ 12 in. (AASHTO 5.8.2.7-2)
f c
v 0.0483
Since u 0.0134 0.125 , then Smax = 0.8 (50.16) = 40.1 in. > 18 in.
f c 3.6
Smax = 18 in. > 11 in. (OK)
Note: Use #8 hoops @ 6 in. Seismic shear demands should be checked per the current
SDC. Column confinement/shear steel, in most normal cases, will be governed by the
plastic hinge shear.
5248(12) 117
2(18)(2.25)(60)³ + -0 cot45
0.9(50.16) 0.9
4860 kips ≥ 1525 kips (OK), then #14 tot. 18 bundle as shown in Figure 13.10-14
are OK
Y-Axis (Long)
Y-Axis (Trans)
NOTATION
Ag = gross area of section (in.2) (13.6.2)
As = main column reinforcement (13.10.2)
Ast = total area of main column reinforcement (in.2) (13.6.2)
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s (in2) (13.10.3.10)
Ax = axial load (13.7.1)
bv = effective web width (13.10.3.10)
Cm = a factor, which relates the actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform
moment diagram, is typically taken as 1 (13.5.1)
dv = effective shear depth ( 13.10.3.10)
Ec = the elastic modulus of concrete (ksi) (13.5.1)
Es = elastic modulus of reinforcement (ksi) (13.5.1)
fc = specified strength of concrete at 28 days, unless another age is specified (ksi)
(13.6.2)
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement (ksi) (13.6.2)
I = moment of inertia about axis under consideration (in.4) (13.5.1)
Ig = the gross moment of inertia (in.4) (13.5.1)
Is = moment of inertia of longitudinal steel about neutral axis (ksi) (13.5.1)
K = the effective length factor (13.2)
k = column stiffness (k/in)(13.10.2.11)
L = column height (13.10.2.11)
lu = the unsupported length of a compression member (in.) (13.2)
MTH = column moment due to thermal expansion (13.10.2.11)
Mcsh = column moment due to prestress shortening (creep and shrinkage) (13.10.2.11)
M1 = the smaller end moment, should be positive for single curvature flexure (13.5)
M2 = the larger end moment, should be positive for single curvature flexure (13.5)
M2b = moment on compression member due to factored gravity loads that result no
sidesway, always positive (kip-ft) (13.5.1)
M2s = moment on compression member due to factored lateral or gravity loads that
result in sidesway, , greater than lu/1500, always positive (kip-ft) (13.5.1)
M3 = transverse moment (13.7.2)
Mb = balanced moment resistance at balanced strain condition (13.6.1)
REFERENCES
1. AASHTO, (2012). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, 6th Edition, Washington, DC.
2. Caltrans, (2014). California Amendments to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications—
Sixth Edition, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.
3. Caltrans, (2013). Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria—Version 1.7, California Department of
Transportation, Sacramento, CA.
4. Caltrans, (2008). WinYIELD (2008): Column Live Load Input Procedure, California
Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.
5. Chen, W.F. and Duan, L. Ed. (2014). Bridge Engineering Handbook—2nd Edition, CRC press,
Boca Raton, FL.
6. CSI, (2015). CSiBridge 2015, Version 17.0.0, Computers and Structures, Inc. Walnut
Creek, CA.
7. MacGregor, J.G. (1988). Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.