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Kangaroo Mother Program An Alternative Way of Caring For Low Birth Weight Infants
Kangaroo Mother Program An Alternative Way of Caring For Low Birth Weight Infants
Kangaroo Mother Program An Alternative Way of Caring For Low Birth Weight Infants
ARTÍCULOS
Nathalie Charpak, MD *; Juan G. Ruiz-Pel #{225} ez, MD, Hay. ; y Yves Charpak MD, Doctorado
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PEDIATRÍA Vol. Free
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y comoel principal fuente de alimentosy estimulación; Estudio Población
bebés son guardado24 horas en un en posición verticalposición, en Bebés con pesos 2000 g fueron elegibles para el estudio If
piel a piel Póngase en contacto
en el con pecho de el madre. En- que, en cualquier tiempo durante el primero 2 meses de la vida,fueron elegibles para
de fant temperatura es guardadodentro de normal rango por el Canguro Intervención: después de unahabermadre o un pariente dispuestos Para
Siga el instrucciones, después de haber
superar todosprincipalesadaptación
el de la madre cuerpo calor. Acolet y otros han problemas Paraextra uterina (siendo la vida en un incubadora sin el
se muestra que temperatura, oxigenación, corazón tasa de, y necesidaddedecualquierespecíficos tratamiento), y después de sido
haber capaz de a chupar y
otros fisiológica parámetros son mantiene dentro de Golondrina correctamente.
normal rangos de durante el canguro posición." El
bebé puede ser mama alimentados
en cualquier
con tiempo. El canguro Exclusión Criterios
posición se mantiene hasta el niño No más largo Tol- Exdusion criterios fueron morir antes de siendo elegibles, transferencia
Porta se (por ejemplo,
hasta el niño es incómoda y a otro institución, dejando Bogotá En cerca defuturo, letal o
principalesmalformaciones, tempranoDetectado principales condiciones que se presenta De
gritos cada tiempo el madre trata de para ponerél/ella Atrás
perinatal problemas (severo hipóxico-isquémica encefalopatía,
En posición). pulmonar hipertensión etcetera.),abandonado niños o niños
Para nuestraconocimiento, No grandes controlado estudios dado para la adopción,y familia negativa para participar. Uno observador
han sido llevado a cabo comparando "tradicional" y en cada uno institución aplicado Estos criterios siguientes un estándar
"canguro" métodos. Publicado informes consisten en algoritmo. Un segundo independiente observador revisado todosregistros,
para verificar elegibilidad.
la
principalmente de caso estudios, y resultados han sido com-
pared Parahistórico Controls.7 Resultados De Estos re- Muestra Tamaño
puertos son alentando. Además al azar cm-
Una muestra tamaño de fue calcula como 150pacientes por Grupo, que
iCal ensayos (ECA) han sido llevado a cabo con muy algunos puede detectar un 10% diferencia en muerte tasas, Suponiendo que un control de
pacientes, 8 o evaluación de sólo algunos aspectos de el muerte tasa dede 10% (un 0.05 dos colas
= pruebay 3 0.20). Nos
=
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TABLE 3. General Characteristics of Eligible Newborn Infants*
TABLE 4. Deaths During the First Year of Life Among Eligible Infants With Complete Follow-up
Number (%) Number (%) Crude (95% CI*) Adjusted (95% CI*)
Kangaroo infants had lower birth weights than National Institutes of Health standards. Kangaroo
“control” babies. These differences increased during babies had lower weights during all the observation
the first 3 months of life (mean difference of 400 g at period. Differences in percentages of expected
I month and of 600 g at 3 months). Between 3 and 12 weight were higher at 1 month (24%), but decreased
months, the difference decreased but remained sta- steadily with age, up to 4% at 12 months. These early
tistically significant (Table 5). differences in weight are not totally explained by
The deficit in weight gain expressed as the per- baseline differences between study groups. After
centage of the birth weight reached at 3 months, controlling for differences in mother education and
concerned primarily kangaroo premature infants social risk markers (factors controlled by ANOVA),
appropriate for gestational age (109% vs 148%), and and for differences in per-capita monthly income,
in a lesser degree kangaroo preterm babies who weight at birth, gestational age, and length of hospi-
were small for gestational age (118% vs 160%). talization before eligibffity (covariates), the differ-
On the other hand, growth-retarded term infants ences in expected weights and height for age at 1 and
gained weight in a similar way in the two institutions 3 months of postnatal age between the kangaroo and
(135% vs 140%). the control cohorts remained statistically significant.
Table 6 shows percentages of expected (median) Variables included in the ANOVA were chosen be-
weight and height for corrected age and percentages cause they were associated with differences in
of expected (median) weight for height, according to weight and in height in a univanate analysis.
I month 2028 2476 448 44.6 47.8 3.2 32.6 33.3 0.7
3 months 3738 4336 598 51.5 55.1 3.6 36.9 37.4 0.5
6 months 5447 6041 594 59.6 62.7 3.1 40.3 40.8 0.5
9 months 6748 7255 507 64.8 68.7 3.9 42.7 43.2 0.5
I year 7762 8171 409 70.1 73.7 3.6 44.1 44.6 0.5
* All differences are statistically significant (P< .05).
1: Kangaroo group.
§ “Control” group.
Time Mean ± SE
I month 59 ± I 73 ± I 14 88 ± I 97 ± I 9 - - -
3 months 78 ± I 91 ± I 13 84 ± 2 97 ± I 13 102 ± I 98 ± I -4
6 months 80 ± I 88 ± 1 8 78 ± 3 92 ± 2 14 99 ± I 95 ± I -4
9 months 81 ± I 87 ± I 6 88 ± 2 97 ± 1 9 97 ± I 90 ± I -7
lyear
82±1 86±1 4 88±2 97±1 9 91±1 87±1 -4
* Percentage of median weight, height and weight for height, according to the NIHS standards.
: Corrected for gestational age (40 weeks).
All differences are statistically significant (P < .01).
I Kangaroo group.
IIControl group.
On the other hand, differences in percentages of (23%) was twice as high as the proportion in the
expected height for age remained fairly constant.dur- “control” group (1 1 %), and this difference was sta-
ing the observation period. Even though weight tistically significant. Ninety percent is a customary
gains were higher at the “control” center, it is possi- cut off level for identifying developmental delay at
ble that these differences were produced by an map- that age. Nevertheless, after controffing for mother’s
propriate longitudinal growth in the kangaroo education, per capita monthly income, severity of
group, that may reflect a previous nutritional defi- illness before eligibility (age at eligibility), central
ciency rather than an acute malnutrition (stunted nervous system involvement at eligibility, and hay-
versus wasted). To test that hypothesis, percentages ing a mother of high social risk, this difference dis-
of expected weight for height were computed. Given appeared. In fact, the adjusted likelthood of having
that the National Institutes of Health standard of neurodevelopmental delay at I year was higher for
weight for height begins at 49 cm, and most patients’ control infants, although not statistically significant
heights were below that figure at I month, it was (OR 1.26; P = .27). The only variables statistically
impossible to compute those data at that age. Weight associated with delay at I year (logistic regression)
for height percentages between 3 and 12 months were having a mother from a high social risk group
were higher in kangaroo children. These results are (OR 2.62; P = .017) and the age of eligibility
consistent with the hypothesis mentioned before. (f3 coefficient -0.0408; P = .048).
Time spent in kangaroo position was, on average As expected, average duration of hospitalization
28.5 days (range, I to 87 days). Infants left the kan- from eligibility to discharge was significantly shorter
garoo position when they reached an average of 40.6 for Kangaroo babies (1.3 vs 5.9 days, P < .01). From
weeks of gestational age (range, 32 to 47 weeks) and discharge to 3 months, Kangaroo infants had a mean
their weights were on average 2160 g (range, 1150 to duration of readmission to hospital of 3.3 days, as
3220). This study evaluated effectiveness (intention compared to 0.6 days in the “control” center (P < .01).
to treat) rather than efficacy (only those who com- Mean hospitalization duration from 3 to 12 months
plied with the intervention). Therefore, in those cases were 0.7 days and I days at kangaroo and “control”
in which the infant only spent I or 2 days in the centers, respectively (NS).
kangaroo position, or those others in which the
mother abandoned the kangaroo position while the DISCUSSION
infant weight was very low (1150 g) were not ex- Our study was designed to evaluate the global
cluded from analysis. Overall average weight gain Kangaroo Intervention at the first institution where it
per day in kangaroo position was 20 g. Average was created and developed for more than 10 years.
weight gains per day were 19 g for preterm infants, We assumed that we were evaluating an intervention
both appropriate and small for gestational age, and performed under the best available conditions. Our
22 g for term infants small for gestational age. results show that major selection biases were
A larger proportion of Kangaroo infants received avoided, regarding eligibility for the study (similar
partial or total breast feeding: 93% vs 78% at I rates in both institutions).
month, 70% vs 37% at 6 months, and 41 % vs 23% at Baseline assessment showed that the socioeco-
I year (P < .01). nomic level in the Kangaroo Institution was lower.
Griffiths quotients (observed/expected score for Survival and development of infants, in particular
corrected age X 100) were computed at the ages of 6, LBW infants may be strongly dependent on socio-
9, and 12 months. Average quotients were very sim- economic and environmental factors.’4 Therefore re-
ilar between the two groups: at 6 months, kangaroo sults in the Kangaroo center can be expected to be
95%, control 97%; at 9 months, kangaroo 97%, control poorer, independently from the true effects of the
98% (P < .05); and at 12 months, kangaroo 102%, intervention. In addition, the Kangaroo infants
control 100%. The difference at 9 months, although weighed less, and had more neonatal problems as
statistically significant, was clinically irrelevant. The represented by higher rates of low Apgar scores,
proportion of infants with Griffiths quotients below longer times receiving both 02 and mechanical
90% at I year of corrected age in the kangaroo group ventilation, and older age of eligibility.
Program at the Instituto Materno Infantil for more than 10 years, for estimated from live born birth weight data at 24 to 48 weeks of gesta-
his continuous and valuable support to this study, Professor Einile tion. Pediatrics. 196332:793
Papiernik, whose remarks were helpful for the design of the protocol, 13. Battaglia FC, Lubchenco LO. A practical dassification of newborn
and all members of the study team: Dr. Nora Corredor, Dr. Beatriz infants by weight and gestational age. J Pediatr. 1%7;71:159
Villabona, Lic. Martha Cristo, Uc. Martha Gir#{243}n, and Uc. Flor Angela 14. Sell EJ. Outcome of very very low birth weight infants. Clin Perinatol.
G#{243}mez for their commitment and devotion. 1986;132:451-459
This study is a World Laboratory project (MCD 13), Lausanne, 15. Diaz-Rosello JL, Lozano PM, Tearer SM. Impaired growth of low birth
Switzerland. Protocol elaboration was supported by a preliminary weight infants in an early discharge program. In: UNICEF 06dm
grant from the French UNICEF Committee, Paris, France. Regional pars is America Latina y el Caribe, ed. Primer Encuentro
Internacional-Programa Madre Canguro. Bogota: UNICEF, 1990,
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“Our institutions and values are in jeopardy as the mores of the market pervade
all social life in this country. Loyalty, honesty, courage, discipline, patriotism, and
commitment to family are being crowded out the by goals and rules of economic
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Noted by J.F.L., MD
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it
has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the
American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007.
Copyright © 1994 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005.
Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on
the World Wide Web at:
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PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication,
it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked
by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village,
Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 1994 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print
ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.