SKMM 2423 (APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS)

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

PROBLEMS
1. An ideal Otto cycle is executed in a closed system with 1 kg of air and consists of the
following process:
1-2 Adiabatic compression with a compressor ratio of 6:1 and the air initial
condition of 103 kN/m2 and 100oC.
2-3 Heat supplied at constant volume to a pressure of 3450 kN/m2
3-4 Adiabatic expansion to original volume
4-1 Cooling at constant volume to original condition.
Calculate the pressure, specific volume and temperature for each state and the heat
addition of air at process 2 to 3. Assume, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K and γ = 1.4.
Answer: v1 = 1.04 m3/kg; p2 = 1265.46 kN/m2; T2 = 763.8 K;
v2 = 0.17 m3/kg; p4 = 280.81 kN/m2; T3 = 2082.3 K;
T4 = 1016.9 K; Q23 = 946.7 kJ/kg

2. An Otto cycle, has an inlet pressure and temperature of 97 kN/m2 and 50oC
respectively. The compression ratio is 5:1 and 930 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to
the system. Calculate,
i. the maximum temperature in the cycle;
ii. the thermal efficiency
iii. the net work output.
Assume, cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K and γ = 1.4.
Answer: i. 1637oC; ii. 47.5%; iii. 442 kJ

3. An engine uses air as a working fluid. The inlet pressure and temperature are 90
kN/m2 and 40oC respectively. During the air volume reduces to 1/16 of the initial
volume, heat is added at constant pressure to a maximum temperature of 400oC.
The air then expands adiabatically back to the original volume and is cooled at
constant volume back to the initial pressure and temperature.
i. Show all the processes on a p-v diagram;
ii. Calculate the temperature and pressure for each state.
Assume, cp = 1.004 kJ/kg.K and γ = 1.4.
Answer: ii. p1 = 90 kN/m2; T1 = 40 oC; p2 = p3 = 4365 kN/m2; T2 = 676 K;
T3 = 1400oC; p4 = 198.6 kN/m2; T4 = 418oC; ηth = 61.8%

4. A diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 15:1 and a volume ratio of 7.5:1. The inlet
pressure and temperature are 98 kN/m2 and 44oC respectively. If the final
expansion pressure of the air is 258 kN/m2, calculate,
i. the cycle maximum temperature;
ii. the cycle thermal efficiency.
Assume γ = 1.4.
Answer: i. 1596oC; ii. 60.5%
5. An oil engine takes in air at 1.01 bar, 20oC and the maximum cycle pressure is 69
bar. The compression ratio is 18/1. Calculate the air-standard thermal efficiency on
the dual-combustion cycle. Assume that the heat added at constant pressure.
Answer: 68.2%

6. A 4-stroke, 6 cylinder engine has an indicated mean effective pressure of 8 bar at

4200 rpm. The bore is 10 cm and the stroke is 12 cm. What is the engine indicated
power? If the mechanical efficiency is 95%, what are the brake power and the brake
mean effective pressure?
Answer: 158.5 kW; 150.5 kW; 7.6 bar

7. A 4-stroke, 4 cylinder diesel engine runs at 1500 rpm. The engine data is as follows:
Area of indicator diagram = 420 mm2
Length of indicator diagram = 35 mm
Recorder spring rating = 1.5 bar/mm
Bore = 90 mm
Stroke = 120 mm
Calculate the indicated mean effective pressure and the indicated power. If the
mechanical efficiency is 90%, calculate the engine brake power. If the engine
operates as 2 stroke, calculate the indicated power and brake power.
Answer: 18 bar; 68.7 kW; 61.8 kW; 137.4 kW; 123.6 kW

8. A 4-stroke, single cylinder engine has a bore of 146 mm and a stroke of 280 mm. At
475 rpm and full load the net load on the friction brake is 433 N and the torque arm
is 0.45 m. The indicator diagram gives a net area of 578 mm2 and a length of 70 mm
with a spring constant rating of 0.815 bar/mm. Calculate the indicated power, brake
power and mechanical efficiency.
Answer: 12.5 kW; 9.69 kW; 77.5%

9. A 2-cylinder, 4-stroke engine has a bore of 380 mm and a stroke of 585 mm. At
2240 rpm the torque developed is 5.16 kNm at. Calculate,
i. the brake power;
ii. the mean piston speed (m/s);
iii. the brake mean effective pressure.
Answer: i. 129.8 kW; ii. 4.68 m/s; iii. 4.89 bar

10. A 4-stroke, 8 cylinder engine produces a brake load of 50 kN. The torque arm is 79.6
cm and runs at 360 rpm. The bore is 37.5 cm and the stroke is 48 cm. The indicator
diagram data is as follows:
a =1.56 cm2; l = 1.2 cm and s = 11.5 bar/cm
Calculate,
i. the brake power;
ii. the brake mean effective pressure;
iii. the engine mechanical efficiency.
Answer: i. 1500 kW; ii. 11.8 bar; iii. 78.9%
11. A 4-stroke, 5 cylinder engine produces a brake load of 5.6 kN with a torque arm of
80 cm. The engine runs at 480 rpm. The bore and the stroke are 250 mm and 320
mm respectively. Calculate,
i. the engine brake power;
ii. the brake mean effective pressure
iii. if the specific fuel consumption is 0.230 kg/kW.hr and the lower calorific
value of the fuel is 43,200 kJ/kg, calculate the brake thermal efficiency;
iv. if the volumetric air-fuel ratio is 24.5/1 and the free air pressure and the
temperature are 1.013 bar and 27oC respectively, calculate the volumetric
efficiency of the engine.
Answer: i. 225.2 kW; ii. 6.63 bar; iii. 36.3%; iv. 88.2%

12. The data of a 4-stroke gas engine is as follows:

Number of cylinders =6
Brake torque = 5.2 kNm
Engine speed = 360 rpm
Bore = 270 mm
Stroke = 350 mm
Area of indicated diagram = 1590 mm2
Length of indicated diagram = 60 mm
Spring constant = 0.23 bar/mm
Lower calorific value of the fuel = 18000 kJ/m3
Volumetric efficiency = 0.8
Volumetric air-fuel ratio = 9:1
Calculate,
i. the brake power;
ii. the brake mean effective pressure;
iii. the mechanical efficiency;
iv. the brake thermal efficiency.
Answer: i. 196 kW; ii. 5.45 bar; iii. 89.2%; iv. 37.3%

13. A 4-stroke, 10 cylinder engine has a brake load of 39.8 kN with a torque arm of 150
cm at 240 rpm. The engine has a bore and a stroke of 41.5 cm and 50 cm
respectively. The engine consumes 10 liters of fuel within 1 minute 23 seconds.
Calculate,
i. the brake power;
ii. the brake mean effective pressure;
iii. the specific fuel consumption;
iv. the brake thermal efficiency.
Assume the fuel density is 0.9 kg/liter and the lower calorific value of the fuel is
42000 kJ/kg.
Answer: i. 1500 kW; ii. 11.1 bar; iii. 0.2601 kg/kW.hr; iv. 32.9%

14. The data of a 4-stroke petrol engine is as follows:

Number of cylinders =8
Brake power = 186.5 kW
Engine speed = 4400 rpm
 Brake thermal efficiency = 0.32
Volumetric air-fuel ratio = 12:1
Volumetric efficiency = 69%
Stroke/bore ratio, L/D = 0.8
Lower calorific value of the fuel = 44200 kJ/kg
Free air condition, po and To = 1.0013 bar and 15oC
From the above data, calculate the engine piston bore and stroke.
Answer: 0.1 m; 0.08 m

15. A 4-cylinder petrol engine has a bore and a stroke of 57 mm and 90 mm

respectively. At 2800 rpm the net load on the friction brake is 155 N and the torque
arm is 0.356 m. The engine consumes 6.74 liter of fuel/hour. The relative density of
the fuel is 0.735 and the lower calorific value of the fuel is 44200 kJ/kg. A Morse test
is carried out on the engine. The engine cylinder is cut out one after another
following the order of 1, 2, 3 and 4 and producing the brake loads of 11, 106.5,
104.2 and 111 N respectively. Calculate,
i. the engine torque;
ii. the brake mean effective pressure;
iii. the brake thermal efficiency;
iv. the specific fuel consumption;
v. the mechanical efficiency;
vi. the indicated mean effective pressure.
Answer: i. 55.2 Nm; ii. 7.55 bar; iii. 26.6%; iv. 0.306 kg/kW.hr; v. 82.8%; vi. 9.12 bar

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