QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
CONCEPT OF DOCUMENT
1 WHAT IS DOCUMENT?
GENERALLY DEFINED AS ANYMATERIAL CONTAINING
MARKS, SYMBOLS, OR SIGNS EITHER VISIBLE, OR
PARTIALLY VISIBLE THAT MAY PRESENT OR ULTIMATELY
CONVEY A MEANING TO SOMEONE, MAYBE IN THE FORM
OF PENCIL, INK WRITING, TYPEWRITING, OR PRINTING ON
PAPER.
2 WHAT ARE THE LEGAL DEFINITIONS OF DOCUMENT?
THEY ARE:
° ANY WRITTEN DOCUMENT BY WHICH A RIGHT IS
ESTABLISHED OR AN OBLIGATION IS EXTINGUISHED
(PEOPLE VS. MORENO, CA, 338 O.G. 119).
° EVERY DEED OR INSTRUMENT EXECUTED BY PERSONBY
WHOM SOME DISPOSITION OR AGREEMENT IS PROVED,
EVIDENCED OR SET FORTH (PEOPLE VS.NILLOSQUIN, CA, 48
O.G. 4453)
° IN RELATION TO CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE UNDER THE
BEST EVIDENCE RULE: ANY PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT OF
INFORMATION OF IDEAS; E.G. A LETTER, A CONTRACT, A
RECEIPT, A BOOK OF ACCOUNT, A BLUE PRINT, OR AN X-
RAY PLATE (BLACK`S LAW DICTIONARY)
3. IF A PRIVATE DOCUMENT IS INTENDED TO BECOME A
PART OF THE PUBLIC RECORD AND FALSIFIED PRIOR
THERETO, WHAT IS THE CRIME COMMITTED?
FALSIFICATION OF A PUBLIC DOCUMENT
4. WHAT ARE WRITINGS WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE
DOCUMENTBASED ON SOME SUPREME COURT
RULINGS?
° A DRAFT OF A MUNICIPAL PAYROLL WHICH IS NOTYET
APPROVED BY THE PROPER AUTHORITY (PEOPLE VS.
CAMACHO, 44PHIL. 484)
° MERE BLANK FORMS OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, THE
SPACES OF WHICH ARE NOT FILLED UP (PEOPLE VS.
SANTIAGO, CA, 48 O.G. 4558)
° PAMPHLETS OR BOOKS WHICH DO NOT EVIDENCE ANY
DISPOSITION OR AGREEMENT ARE NOT DOCUMENTS BUT
ARE MERE MERCHANDISE (PEOPLE VS. AGNIS, 47 PHIL. 945)
CONCEPT OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
5. WHAT IS QUESTIONED DOCUMENT?
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT IS ONE IN WHICH THE FACTS
APPEARING THEREIN MAY NOT BE TRUE, AND ARE
CONTESTED EITHER IN WHOLE OR PART WITH RESPECT TO
ITS AUTHENTICITY, IDENTITY, OR ORIGIN. IT MAY BE A
DEED, CONTRACT, WILL, ELECTION BALLOTS, MARRIAGE
CONTRACT, CHECK, VISAS, APPLICATION FORM, CHECK
WRITER, CERTIFICATES, ETC.
6. WHAT IS DISPUTED DOCUMENT?
THIS TERM SUGGESTING THAT THERE IS ANARGUMENT OR
CONTROVERSY OVER THE DOCUMENT, ANDSTRICTLY
SPEAKING THIS IS TRUE MEANING.
7. WHAT IS THE EXAMINATION? FOCUS OF QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION IS A BRANCH OF
FORENSICS WHICH FOCUSES ON THE ANALYSIS OF
DOCUMENTS WHICH ARE DISPUTED.
8. WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS TO BECOME A
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINER?
THE COURTS (STATE V. EVANS 1991) HAVEDECIDED THAT
A PERSON NEEDS BOTH: STUDY AND PRACTICE -- THAT IS,
A PERIOD OF TRAINING (INTERNSHIP OR APPRENTICESHIP
IS BETTER THAN A SELF-STUDY COURSE) AND A PERIOD OF
EXPERIENCE (TWENTY SOME PREVIOUS CASES WORKED
ON IS A GOOD AVERAGE).
9. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM “EXPERT WITNESS”?
A LEGAL TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A WITNESS WHO BY
REASON OF HIS SPECIAL TRAINING OR EXPERIENCE IS
PERMITTED TO EXPRESS AN OPINION REGARDING THE
ISSUE, OR A CERTAIN ASPECT OF THE ISSUE, WHICH IS
INVOLVED IN A COURT ACTION.
10. WHO ARE DOCUMENT EXAMINER?
ONE WHO STUDIES SCIENTIFICALLY DETAILS AND
ELEMENTS OF DOCUMENTS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY THEIR
SOURCE OR TO DISCOVER OTHER FACTS CONCERNING
THEM
11. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM “ERASURE”?
THE REMOVAL OF WRITINGS, TYPEWRITING OR PRINTING,
MAYBE CHEMICAL ERADICATION AND OR BY AN
ABRASIVE ERASURE.
12. WHAT IS MEANT BY INSERTION OR
INTERLINEATION?
THE ADDITION OF WRITING AND OTHER MATERIAL
BETWEEN LINES OR PARAGRAPHS OR THE ADDITION OF
WHOLE PAGE TO A DOCUMENT.
13. WHAT ARE THE DIVISIONS OF QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION?
THEY ARE:
° CRIMINALISTIC EXAMINATIONINVOLVES
THE DETECTION OF FORGERY, ERASURE, ALTERATION OR
OBLITERATION OF DOCUMENTS.
° HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS MORE
FOCUSED IN DETERMINING THE AUTHOR OF WRITING.
14. WHO CONDUCTS THE QUESTIONED DOCUMENT?
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15. WHAT IS MEANT BY “OFF-HAND OPINION”?
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16. WHAT ARE THE CLASSES OF QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT?
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE GENERALB CLASSIFICATION OF
QD.
° DOCUMENTS WITH QUESTIONED SIGNATURES;
° QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS ALLEGED TO HAVE BEEN
CONTAINING FRAUDULENT ALTERATIONS;
° QUESTIONED OR DISPUTED HOLOGRAPHIC WILLS;
° DOCUMENTS INVESTIGATED ON THE QUESTION OF
TYPEWRITING;
° QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS ON ISSUES OF THEIR AGE
OR DATE;
° QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS ON ISSUES OF MATERIAL
USED IN THEIR PRODUCTION; AND,
° DOCUMENTS OR WRITING INVESTIGATED BECAUSE IT
IS ALL ALLEGED THAT THEY IDENTIFY SOME
PERSONS THROUGH HANDWRITING.
17 WHAT ARE THE SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION?
THEY ARE:
° ANALYSIS (RECOGNITION)PROPERTIES
OR CHARACTERISTICS, OBSERVED OR MEASURED.
° COMPARISON- PROPERTIES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE UNKNOWN DETERMINED THROUGH ANALYSIS ARE
NOW COMPARED WITH THE FAMILIAR OR RECORDED
PROPERTIES OF KNOW ITEMS.
° EVALUATION- SIMILARITIES OR DISSIMILARITIES
IN PROPERTIES WILL EACH HAVE A CERTAIN VALUE
FOR IDENTIFICATION,DETERMINED
BY ITS LIKELIHOOD OF OCCURRENCE.
18 WHAT ARE THE INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS USED
INQUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATIONS
THEY ARE:
° MAGNIFYING LENS
- COULD BE AN ORDINARY HANDLENS; THE
MAXIMUM DIAMETER IS FOUR INCHES, AND THIS APPEARS
BIG WITH ITS WIDE FRAME IT HAS A MAGNIFYING POWER
OF TWO TIMES THE ORIGINAL ONLY. MAGNIFYING LENSES
OF FIVE TIMES OR MORE MAGNIFYING POWER, WITH
BUILTIN-LIGHTNING ARE MORE USEFUL.
° SHADOWNGRAPH
- A PICTORIAL IMAGE FORMED BY CASTING A
SHADOW, USUALLY OF THE HANDS, UPON A RIGHTFUL
SURFACE OR SCREEN.
° STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
- A TRIDIMENSIONAL (3D) ENLARGEMENT IS
POSSIBLE
° MEASURES AND TEST PLATES (TRANSPARENT GLASS)
-THOSE USED FOR SIGNATURES AND
TYPEWRITING (TO MEASURE DEGREE OF SLANT, SIZE, ETC.
° TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (GOOSENECK
LAMPS)
-USED FOR CONTROLLED ILLUMINATION; NEEDED
IN SIDELIGHT EXAMINATION WHEREIN LIGHT IS PLACE AT
LOW ANGLE IN A POSITION OBLIQUE TO PLANE OR
DOCUMENT.
° TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGET
- LIGHT COMES FROM BENEATH OR BEHIND GLASS
ON DOCUMENT IS PLACED.
° ULTRA VIOLET LAMP
- USED IN THE DETECTION OF COUNTERFEITED
BILLS BUT CAN ACTUALLY BE USED TO DETECT SECURITY
FEATURES OF QUALIFIED DOCUMENTS.
° INFRARED VIEWER
- PRIMARILY USED TO DECIPHER WRITINGS IN A
CHARRED DOCUMENT.
° COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
- SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE BULLET COMPARISON
MICROSCOPE.
19 WHAT ARE THE TECHNIQUES IN THE EXAMINATION
OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS?
THEY ARE:
° MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- ANY EXAMINATION OR STUDY WHICH IS MADE
WITH THE MICROSCOPE IN ORDER TO DISCOVER MINUTE
PHYSICAL DETAILS. STEREOSCOPIC EXAMINATION WITH
LOW AND HIGH POWER OBJECTIVES IS USED TO DETECT
RETOUCHING, PATCHING AND UNNATURAL PEN-LIFT IN
SIGNATURE ANALYSIS.
° TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION
- THE DOCUMENT IS VIEWED WITH THE SOURCE
OF ILLUMINATION BEHIND IT AND THE LIGHT PASSING
THROUGH THE PAPER TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE
OF ERASURES, MATCHING OF SERRATIONS AND SOME
OTHER TYPES OF ALTERATIONS.
° OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION
- THE ILLUMINATION SO CONTROLLED THAT IT
GAZES OR STRIKES THE SURFACE OF THE DOCUMENT
FROM ONE SIDE AT A VERY LOW ANGLE. DECIPHERMENT
OF FADED HANDWRITING, DETERMINATION OF OUTLINE
IN TRACED FORGERY, EMBOSSED IMPRESSION, ETC.
° PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
- ACTUAL OBSERVATIONS ARE RECORDED IN THE
PHOTOGRAPHS.
° ULTRA-VIOLET EXAMINATIONULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION IS INVISIBLE AND OCCURS IN THE WAVE
LENGTHS JUST BELOW THE VISIBLE BLUE-VIOLET
END OF THE SPECTRUM (RAINBOW). THESE VISIBLE
RAYS REACT ON SOME SUBSTANCES SO THAT VISIBLE
LIGHT IS REFLECTED, A PHENOMENON KNOWN AS
FLOURESCENCE. THE EXPOSURE OF A DOCUMENT TO
ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT IS USEFUL WHEN IT CONSISTS
OF SEVERAL PAGES AND SUBSTITUTION IS BEING
SUSPECTED. THE COLOR AND INTENSITY OF
FLUORESCENCE REACTION IS VERY APPARENT IN CASE OF
SUBSTITUTED PAGE. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL
ERASURES WILL CERTAINLY CHANGE THE REFLECTIVITY
AND FLUORESCENCE OF THE AREA AFFECTED.
° INFARED EXAMINATIONEMPLOYS INVISIBLE RADIATION
BEYOND THE RED PORTION OF THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM
(RAINBOW) WHICH IS USUALLY RECORDED ON A
SPECIALLYSENSITIZED PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION.
20. WHY PHOTOGRAPH IN QD IS NECESSARY?
PHOTOGRAPHY IN QD IS NECESSARY TO:
° SERVE AS RECORD OF THE INITIAL CONDITION OF A
DISPUTED DOCUMENT;
° MAKE CLEAR WHAT OTHERWISE MAY BE HIDDEN OR
INDISTINCT;
° ENLARGE WRITING IN QUESTION SO THAT
EVERYQUALITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IT CAN
BECLEARLY AND PROPERLY INTERPRETED.
° ENABLE ANY NUMBER OF ACCURATE REPRODUCTIONS
OF DOCUMENT THUS AFFORDING UNLIMITED
OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDY;
° ALLOW CUTTING APART AS MAY BE DESIRED AND
THEVARIOUS PARTS CLASSIFIED FOR COMPARISONS;
° CAN SHOE DELICATE DISCOLORATIONS DUE TO
CHEMICAL ERASURES OR OTHER FRAUDULENT CHANGES,
WHICH MAY OTHERWISE BE OVERLOOKED,OR
MISINTERPRETED;
° CAN SHOW VERY CLEARLY ANY ERASURES
BYABRASIONS MADE BY ORDINARY RUBBER ERASER AND
IT CAN RECORD IN PERMANENT FORM WITH PAPER
PLACED OBLIQUELY TO THE PLANE OF THE LENS AND
PLATE AND INCLINED AT JUST RIGHT ANGEL OF
REFLECTION SO AS O SHOW DIFFERENCES IN THE
REFLECTED LIGHT FROM DIFFERENT PORTIONS OFTHE
PAPER SURFACE; AND
° WITH TRANSMITTED LIGHT, IT IS USEFUL IN:
EXAMINATION OF WATERMARKS; DETERMINING THE
IDENTITY; OR THE DIFFERENCES IN PAPER BY SHOWING
ARRANGEMENT OF THE FIBERS AND THE MARKINGS OF
THE WIRE GAUZE AND DANDY ROLL SHOWING THE
CONTINUITY OF STROKES AND DETERMINING
RETOUCHING OR PATCHING OF A WRITING BY SHOWING
CLEARLY THE PRESENCE OF ADDED INK FILM AND THE
UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF INK IN INTERRUPTED STROKES.
21. WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF EXAMINING
ERASURES?
THEY ARE:
° PHYSICAL INSPECTION : USINGULTRAVIOLET LIGHT,
OBSERVATION WITH LIGHT STRIKING THE SURFACE AT A
SHARP ANGLE, AND OBSERVATION UNDER THE
MICROSCOPE.
° FUMING WITH IODINE MAY CAUSE AN ALMOST
NEGLIGIBLE STAIN, BUT IN MOST INSTANCES NOT THE
SLIGHTEST SEMBLANCE OF A STAIN REMAINS.
22. WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF EXAMINING INDENTED
WRITING?
USUALLY APPLIED TO THE PARTIALLY VISIBLE
DEPRESSIONS APPEARING ON A SHEET OF A PAPER
UNDERNEATH THE ONE ON WHICH THE VISIBLE
WRITINGAPPEARS. METHODS OF EXAMINATION ARE:
° PHYSICAL METHODS MAYBE USED BY PASSING ASTRONG
BEAM OF NEARLY PARALLEL LIGHT ALMOST
HORIZONTALLY OVER THE SURFACE OF THE PAPER.
° FUMING THE DOCUMENT MAYBE OF VALUES IN SOME
CASES.
° POWDERS OF VARIOUS KINDS MAYBE USED
WITHOUTCHANGING THE DOCUMENT.
23. WHAT ARE THE CHARRED PAPER? METHODS OF
EXAMINING BURNED PAPER
IF THE COMBUSTION IS INCOMPLETE, THERE ISA CERTAIN
AMOUNT OF SUCCESS PROVIDED THE PIECESARE LARGE
ENOUGH TO FORM A COHERENT MESSAGE. OFPRIMARY
IMPORTANCE IS THE PROPER PACKING AND SHIPPING OF
THIS TYPE OF EVIDENCE. THE PIECES SHOULD BE PLACED
BETWEEN LAYERS OF COTTON ANDSHIP IN A STRONG,
RIGID BOX, EXERCISING EVERYPRECAUTION TO AVOID
DAMAGE IN TRANSIT. IT IS BELIEVED BEST NOT TO SPRAY
OR MOISTEN THE EVIDENCE WITH WATER OR ANY OTHER
LIQUID FOR SHIPPING PURPOSES. THE FOLLOWING
METHODS MAYBE APPLIED TO DECIPHER THE ORIGINAL\
MESSAGE CONTAINED THEREON:
° PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS, USING VARIOUS TYPES
OFFILTERS AND DIFFERENT ANGLES OF
ILLUMINATIONMAY DETERMINE THE WRITING
CONTAINED THEREON WITHOUT CHANGING THE
APPEARANCE OF THECHARRED FRAGMENTS.
° CHEMICAL METHODS, SUCH AS SPRAYING,PAINTING, OR
BATHING CHARRED PIECES WITHSOLUTIONS OF
DIFFERENT CHEMICAL REAGENTS.
° PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES MAYBE UTILIZED BY ALLOWING
THE CHARRED PAPER TO REMAIN IN CONTACT WITH
EMULSION SIDES IN TOTAL DARKNESS FROM ONE TO TWO
WEEKS. CARE, HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
24. HOW TO CARE AND HANDLE DISPUTED DOCUMENTS
AND DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE?
THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE OBSERVED:
° IT SHOULD BE KEPT UNFOLDED AND IN A SEPARATE,
PROPER SIZE ENVELOPE OR FOLDER.
° IT IS ALSO ADVISABLE THAT RIGHT AFTER
THEDOCUMENT BECOMES DISPUTED, OR QUESTIONED, ITIS
IMPORTANT TO MAKE NOT ONLY THE USUAL
PHOTOSTATIC COPY (XEROX), BUT ALSO A
PROPERPHOTOGRAPH OR PHOTO-ENLARGEMENT.
° IT IS OFTEN NECESSARY FOR THE LAWYER OR COURTTO
HANDLE REPEATEDLY THE DISPUTED DOCUMENT.SHOULD
THIS BE NECESSARY, INSTEAD OF HANDLINGAND
WORKING WITH THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT, THE
PHOTOGRAPH SHOULD BE USED.
° TOUCHING WITH WET HANDS OR FINGERS CAN CREATE
SMEARING IN THE INK, POINTING WITH A PENCIL CAN
LEAVE MARKS THAT CREATE A SUSPICION OF PREVIOUS
PENCIL MARKS, OR EXPERIMENTS AS PROOF OF
ATTEMPTED FORGERY.
° POINTING A DOCUMENT WITH ANY OTHER
INSTRUMENTS, SUCH AS SHARP STICK, CAN CAUSE SIGHT
DAMAGE WITH ALTHOUGH IT CANNOT BE SEENBY THE
NAKED EYE, CAN SHOW DEFINITE MARKS UNDER THE
MICROSCOPE OR ON THE ENLARGED PHOTOGRAPH.
° NO TEST SHOULD BE MADE TO ALTER THECONDITIONS
OF THE DOCUMENT.
° SHOULD ANY TEST BE NECESSARY, INSIST THAT IT
SHOULD BE DONE IN THE PRESENCE OF A CHEMIST,OR IN
COURT, OR IN FRONT OF BOTH PARTIES INVOLVED THE
CASE.
25. WHAT ARE THE DO`S IN CARE, HANDLING AND
PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS?
THEY ARE:
° TAKE DISPUTED PAPERS TO DOCUMENT EXAMINER`S
LABORATORY AT THE FIRST OPPORTUNITY.
° IF STORAGE IS NECESSARY, KEEP IN DRY PLACE AWAY
FROM EXCESSIVE HEAT STRONG LIGHT.
° MAINTAIN IN CONSEQUENTIAL DOCUMENT, UNFOLDED
AND IN TRANSPARENT PLASTIC ENVELOPE OR EVIDENCE
PRESERVER.
26. WHAT ARE THE DON’TS IN CARE, HANDLING AND
PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS?
THEY ARE:
° DO NOT UNDERSCORE, MAKE CARELESS MARKINGS,
FOLD, ERASE, IMPRESS RUBBER STAMPS, and STICKER,
WRITE ON, OR OTHERWISE ALTER ANY HANDWRITING.
° DO NOT SMEAR WITH FINGERPRINTS POWDER OR
CHEMICALS.
° DO NOT CARRY HANDWRITING DOCUMENT
CARELESSLYIN WALLET, NOTEBOOK OR BRIEF CASE ON
GROUNDSOF INTERVIEWS.
° DO NOT HANDLE DISPUTED PAPERS, EXCESSIVELY OR
CARRY THEN IN POCKET FOR A LONG TIME
° DO NOT MARKED DISPUTED DOCUMENTS (EITHER
BYCONSCIOUSLY WRITING INSTRUMENTS OR DIVIDERS)
° DO NOT MUTILATE OR DAMAGE BY
REPEATEDREFOLDING, CREASING, CUTTING, TEARING
ORPUNCHING FOR FILING PURPOSES.
° DO NOT ALLOW ANYONE EXCEPT QUALIFIED SPECIALIST
TO MAKE CHEMICAL OR OTHER TESTS; DO NOT TREAT OR
DUST FOR LATENT FINGER PRINTS BEFORE CONSULTING A
DOCUMENT EXAMINER. HOW TO HANDLE CHARRED
DOCUMENTS?
THEY ARE:
° THOSE EXTREMELY FRAGILE MUST BE HANDLED AS
LITTLE AS POSSIBLE AND TRANSPORTING THEM TO THE
LABORATORY REQUIRES EXTRA-ORDINARY CARE. WITH
FORETHOUGHT AND CAUTION THEY CAN BE BROUGHT
FROM THE DISTANT FIRE SCENE TO THE LABORATORY.
° THEY SHOULD BE MOVED IN THE CONTAINER INWHICH
THEY ARE FOUND WHENEVER POSSIBLE. WHENTHE
FRAGMENTS ARE NOT PACKED TIGHTLY, THEYSHOULD BE
PADDED WITH LIGHTWEIGHT ABSORBENT COTTON.
IFJARRING CANNOT BE ENTIRELY ELIMINATED JARRING
THE BOX MUST BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM.
° THE FRAGMENT MUST BE HELD FIRMLY WITHOUT\
CRUSHING AND PREVENT MOVEMENT OR SHIFTINGWHEN
FINALLY PACKED IN A STURDY CONTAINER. EXEMPLAR
28. WHAT IS EXEMPLAR?
EXEMPLARS, ALSO CALLED STANDARDS, ARE LEGALLY
ADMISSIBLE AUTHENTIC SAMPLES OF HANDWRITING
USED FOR COMPARISON WITH QUESTIONED WRITING.
THEY ARE USED BY THE DOCUMENT EXAMINER TO
ENABLE HER TO FORM AN OPINION CONCERNING THE
AUTHENTICITY OF HANDWRITING IN DISPUTE. THERE ARE
TWO KINDS OF EXEMPLARS (INFORMAL WHICH
AREDOCUMENTS PREVIOUSLY EXECUTED AND KNOWN TO
BE GENUINE) AND FORMAL (WHICH ARE REQUEST
WRITING SAMPLES).
EXEMPLARS ARE ALSO CALLED KNOWN HANDWRITING
SAMPLES.
29. WHAT IS THE MOST RELIABLE EXEMPLAR?
INFORMAL HANDWRITING EXEMPLARS
(COLLECTEDSTANDARDS) ARE MORE RELIABLE FOR
COMPARISON PURPOSES THAN REQUEST WRITING. SINCE
INFORMAL WRITING WAS WRITTEN IN THE NORMAL
COURSE OF BUSINESS, IT MORE ACCURATELY REFLECTS
THE SUBCONSCIOUS BHABITS OF THE WRITER.
SELFCONSCIOUSNESS OR CONSCIOUS-AWARENESS ENTERS
INTO THE REQUEST WRITING PROCESS. EVEN WHEN THERE
IS NO ATTEMPT TO DISGUISE REQUEST WRITING, IT MAY
NOT REPRESENT THE NORMAL SUBCONSCIOUS HABITS OF
THE WRITER.
30. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF HANDWRITING
“STANDARDS”?
THEY ARE:
° C OLLECTED STANDARDS ARE KNOWN (GENUINE
ORINFORMAL STANDARD) HANDWRITING OF AN
INDIVIDUAL WRITTEN IN THE COURSE OF DAILY LIFE,
BOTH BUSINESS AND SOCIALS.
° REQUEST STANDARDS ARE SIGNATURE OR OTHER
HANDWRITINGS (OR HAND PRINTINGS) WRITTEN BYAN
INDIVIDUAL UPON REQUEST FOR THE PURPOSE OF
COMPARISON WITH OTHER HANDWRITING OR FOR
SPECIMEN PURPOSES.
° POST LITEM MOTAN EXEMPLARS- WRITINGS
PRODUCEDBY THE SUBJECT AFTER EVIDENTIAL WRITINGS
HAVE COME INTO DISPUTE AND SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE
OF ESTABLISHING HIS CONTENTIONS.
31. WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF REQUEST
WRITINGSAMPLES?
THEY ARE:
° REQUEST WRITING TAKEN AFTER THE INCIDENT
MAYNOT BE AS CLOSE TO THE DATE OF THE QUESTIONED
WRITING AS INFORMAL DOCUMENTS EXECUTED IN THE
NORMAL COURSE OF BUSINESS.
° COURTS CONSIDER REQUEST WRITING TAKEN AFTER THE
FACT AS SELF-SERVING AND MAY NOT ALLOW IT. SOME
WRITERS WILL DELIBERATELY DISGUISE THEIR REQUEST
HANDWRITING.
° IT MAY BE DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE TO DUPLICATE THE
WRITING ENVIRONMENT OF THE SUSPECT DOCUMENT IN
ORDER TO OBTAIN COMPARABLE DOCUMENTS.
° THE WRITER MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE FOR REQUEST
WRITING OR CIRCUMSTANCES MAY HAVE CAUSED
CHANGES THAT MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO OBTAIN SIMILAR
REQUEST WRITING SAMPLES.
32. WHAT ARE THE SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR
TAKING REQUEST HANDWRITING STANDARDS IN ALL
TYPES OF QUESTIONED-DOCUMENT PROBLEMS?
THEY ARE:
° LET SUBJECT SEAT IN A NATURAL POSITION ATTABLE OR
DESK HAVING SMOOTH WRITING SURFACE.
° FURNISH SUBJECT WITH PAPER AND WRITING
INSTRUMENT SIMILAR TO THOSE USED IN QUESTIONED
WRITINGS, LIE; PAPER SHOULD BE SAME SIZE, AND RULED
OR UNRULED; AS QUESTIONED DOCUMENT.
° NEVER PERMIT THE SUBJECT TO SEE ANY WRITING ON
THE QUESTIONED DOCUMENT.
° DICTATE MATERIAL TO BE WRITTEN (OR PRINTED, IF
QUESTIONED MATERIAL IS HAND PRINTED): GIVENO
ASSISTANCE IN SPELLING OR ARRANGEMENT ON PAGE.
DICTATE AT A RATE OF SPEED WHICH WILL PRODUCE THE
SUBJECT NATURAL WRITING HABITS.
° REMOVE EACH SPECIMEN UPON COMPLETION BY
SUBJECT NUMBER IN CONSEQUENCE, DATE, TIME AND
IDENTIFY BY INITIATING EACH, AND REQUEST SUBJECTS
TO SIGN EACH SPECIMEN.
° OBSERVE ALL WRITING DONE BY SUBJECTS AND
INDICATE ANY ATTEMPT OF DISGUISE, AND WHETHER
SUBJECTS APPEARS TO BE NORMALLY RIGHT OR LEFT
HANDED, ETC.
33. HOW MANY SAMPLES OF HANDWRITING ARE NEEDED?
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:
° THE TYPE OF CASE DETERMINES THE NUMBER OF
EXEMPLARS THAT THE DOCUMENT EXAMINER NEEDS FOR
COMPARISON WITH THE QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS.
ALWAYS TRY TO COLLECT AS MANY SAMPLES AS
POSSIBLE BECAUSE IT IS MORE IMPORTANT TO HAVE
SUITABLE UNDISPUTED SAMPLES THAN A LARGE
QUANTITY OF LITTLE COMPARABLE VALUE. CASESHAVE
BEEN WON IN COURT USING A SINGLE KNOWN SIGNATURE
TO SUPPORT THE AUTHENTICITY OF A QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT.
ONE SIGNATURE IS SUFFICIENT WHEN ALL THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF HANDWRITING MATCH. WHEN
PROVING THAT AN INDIVIDUAL DID NOT WRITE A
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT, IT IS NECESSARY TO OBTAIN A
LARGER RANGE OF WRITING AND ONE HUNDRED
SIGNATURES MAY NOT BE ENOUGH. AN AVERAGE WOULD
BE TWENTY TO TWENTY-FIVE SIGNATURES AND FOUR TO
FIVE PAGES OF NORMAL HANDWRITING AND/OR HAND
PRINTING PREFERABLY WRITTEN AT DIFFERENT TIMES.
° MORE KNOWN DOCUMENTS ARE NEEDED IF THE WRITER
HAS A WIDE RANGE OF VARIATION OR AN
OVERSIMPLIFIED SIGNATURE, WHILE ONLY A FEW
SIGNATURES WOULD SUFFICE IF THE WRITER IS
CONSISTENT. AN OVERSIMPLIFIED SIGNATURE IS ONE
THAT CONTAINS FEW CHANGES OF DIRECTION AND IS
USUALLY AN ILLEGIBLE SCRAWL.
OVERSIMPLIFIEDSIGNATURESARE EASIER TO IMITATE
THAN MORE COMPLEX SIGNATURES THAT CONTAIN MORE
CHANGES OF DIRECTION AND MORE STYLIZED LETTER
FORMS.
° WHEN A QUESTIONED SIGNATURE SHOWS OBVIOUSSIGNS
OF FORGERY NOT PRESENT IN THE KNOWN SIGNATURE,
ONE KNOWN SIGNATURE SHOULD BE ENOUGH TO PROVE
NO GENUINENESS. FORGED WRITING OFTEN CONTAINS
TREMOR OR HAS A DRAWN LOOK.
° A SINGLE SIGNATURE WOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO
DETERMINE THE FACTS WHEN THE QUESTIONED
SIGNATURES ARE WRITTEN WITH A HIGHER SKILL LEVEL
THAN THEN SUSPECTED WRITER COULD EXECUTE.
HOWEVER, IT IS BETTER TO HAVE MORE EXEMPLARS
WHENEVER POSSIBLE. THE DOCUMENT EXAMINER MUST
EVALUATE THE EXEMPLARS TO DETERMINE IF SHE HAS
SUFFICIENT SUITABLE MATERIAL TO RENDER AN
ACCURATE OPINION.
34. WHAT ARE SUITABLE EXEMPLARS?
THE FOLLOWING ARE SUITABLE EXEMPLAR:
° CANCELLED CHECKS, CONTRACTS, APPLICATIONS,AND
BUSINESS LETTERS MAKE SUITABLE EXEMPLARS OR
STANDARDS. THE WRITING CAN BE PROPERLY
IDENTIFIED, THE DATE CAN BE VERIFIED, AND THE HABITS
OF THE WRITER CAN BE STUDIED.
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS MAY BE NEEDED IF THEWORDS
ON THE DISPUTED WRITING DO NOT MATCHTHE
EXEMPLARS.
° IDEALLY, ORIGINAL WRITING SHOULD BE AVAILABLE
FOR THE SCRUTINY OF THE DOCUMENT EXAMINER.
ORIGINAL WRITING IS ALWAYS BETTER THAN A
PHOTOCOPY OR A FACSIMILE. IF IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO
OBTAIN ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, A FIRST GENERATION
PHOTOCOPY SHOULD BE SUPPLIED. THE ORIGINAL
DOCUMENTS SHOULD BE REQUESTED WHENEVER A
PHOTOCOPY IS SUPPLIED BY THE ADVERSE PARTY.
INTERMEDIATE TONES ARE ALMOST ALWAYS LOST IN A
PHOTOCOPY BECAUSE IT AIMS TO SECURE THE GREATEST
POSSIBLE CONTRAST.
SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS OF PHOTOCOPIES MAY DROP
SUFFICIENT DETAIL, RENDERING THEM WORTHLESS TO A
COMPETENT DOCUMENT EXAMINER.
° ACCORDING TO THE FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN
PUBLISHED IN SEPTEMBER, 1970, HANDWRITING
IDENTIFICATION DEPENDS ON THE QUALITY OF THE
KNOWN WRITING. A'S CANNOT BE COMPARED WITH G’S
‘JOHN JONES' CANNOT BE COMPARED WITH 'SAMUEL
HANSEN' THE J'S MUST BE COMPARED WITH J'S AND THE
'OHN'S' WITH 'OHN'S.' HANDWRITING CANNOT BE
COMPARED WITH HAND PRINTING.
° DOCUMENTS SIMILAR IN NATURE WILL MAKE THE BEST
EXEMPLARS. CONTRACTS SHOULD BE COMPARED WITH
CONTRACTS, AND CANCELLED CHECKS WITH CANCELLED
CHECKS. TRY TO PROCURE LIKE SIGNATURES. AN A
SHOULD BE COMPARED WITH A, AN AL WITH AL, AND
HAND PRINTING WITH HAND PRINTING. DOCUMENTS
WRITTEN WITH INK SHOULD BE COMPARED WITH OTHER
DOCUMENTS WRITTEN IN INK. TRY TO FIND WRITING ON
SIMILAR DOCUMENTS. PEOPLE OFTEN HAVE MORE THAN
ONE STYLE SIGNATURE DEPENDING ON THE DOCUMENT
BEING EXECUTED. CHECKS MAY BE EXECUTED IN A MORE
CARELESS MANNER THAN WILLS AND CONTRACTS. DO
NOT USE SIGNATURES WRITTEN WHILE THE WRITER WAS
INTOXICATED UNLESS THE QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
WERE WRITTEN UNDER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
° SOME HAND PRINTING CAN BE COMPARED WITH
HANDWRITING AND VICE VERSA. SOME WRITERS USE
HAND PRINTED LETTERS AND HANDWRITTEN ONES
INTERCHANGEABLY. MOST COMMON IS THE USE OF HAND
PRINTED CAPITAL LETTERS IN PLACE OF CURSIVE. OTHER
WRITERS USE THE SAME LETTER MFORM FOR BOTH HAND
PRINTED AND CURSIVE WRITING.
° WHILE IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE A MATCH WITH
ONLY A FEW EXEMPLARS, THE MORE EXEMPLARS
AVAILABLE THE BETTER. COLLECT AS MANY SAMPLES OF
HANDWRITING, INCLUDING SIGNATURES, AS POSSIBLE. IT
IS NECESSARY TO COLLECT ENOUGH HANDWRITING
SAMPLES TO ENABLE THE EXPERT TO
RENDER A PROFESSIONAL OPINION. HOW MUCH IS GENUINENESS.

ENOUGH? ENOUGH WOULD BE SUFFICIENT EXEMPLARS DOCUMENTS

TO ELIMINATE ANY OTHER WRITER AS THE AUTHOR THAT

OF A DOCUMENT. CONTAIN

35 WHAT ARE THE CASES IN WHICH NO EXEMPLARS ARE INDICATIONS OF TRACING CAN BE IDENTIFIED

NEEDED? WITHOUT KNOWN SIGNATURES. EVIDENCE OF TRACING

ANSWER: THEY ARE THE FOLLOWING: THE SIGNATURE WOULD BE A GROOVE OR GUIDE LINE

° THERE ARE SOME CASES IN WHICH NO EXEMPLARS ALONG THE SIGNATURE LINE OR RESIDUE OF PENCIL

ARE NEEDED TO PROVE SPURIOUSNESS. SINCE NO OR CARBON.

ONE CAN WRITE HIS SIGNATURE EXACTLY THE SAME

WAY TWICE, IDENTICAL SIGNATURES ARE GENERALLY

EVIDENCE CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

OF

NO P A G E | 80

GENUINENESS.

THIS ° WHEN A QUESTIONED SIGNATURE MATCHES THE

WOULD HANDWRITING OF ANOTHER WRITER, IDENTIFICATION

INCLUDE TRACED FORGERIES, SCANNED SIGNATURES, CAN BE MADE THAT THE WRITING WAS PENNED BY

OR EVEN FREEHAND SIMULATIONS, AS WELL AS CUT THAT INDIVIDUAL. IN THIS CASE, NO KNOWN

AND PASTE SIGNATURES. SIGNATURES OF THE VICTIM ARE NEEDED FOR

° SOME COMPARISON.

WRITERS ° WRITING OF THE IMPAIRED OR ILLITERATE CAN BE

USE IDENTIFIED AS SPURIOUS IF THE QUESTIONED

SIGNATURE WRITING EXCEEDS THE ABILITY OF THE KNOWN

STAMPS WRITER. A HIGH SKILL LEVEL SIGNATURE OF AN

AND IMPAIRED INDIVIDUAL CAN BE REJECTED WITHOUT

AUTOPENS AS LEGITIMATE SIGNATURES MAKING IT COMPARISON DOCUMENTS.

ARE NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF THE 36

SIGNATURES

BEFORE WHAT IS REQUEST WRITING?

AN ANSWER:

OPINION REQUEST

OF WRITING

NO EXEMPLARS

GENUINENESS IS GIVEN. ARE

° SIGNS OF FORGERY ARE INDICATIVE OF NO HANDWRITING SAMPLES MADE AT THE REQUEST AND
UNDER
THE ° DON'T RELY ON DOCUMENTS RECENTLY WRITTEN IF

SUPERVISION THE COMPARISON DOCUMENTS WERE WRITTEN MANY

OF YEARS AGO.

THE ° DO COLLECT STANDARDS DATED AT APPROXIMATELY

POLICE, THE SAME TIME AS THE QUESTIONED.

DOCUMENT ° DON'T COMPARE WRITING WRITTEN UNDER ABNORMAL

EXAMINERS, OR ATTORNEYS FOR COMPARISON WITH CONDITIONS (FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE WRITER WAS

QUESTIONED WRITING. INTOXICATED) WITH NORMAL WRITING.

37 WHAT ARE THE DOS AND DON'TS FOR COLLECTING

EXEMPLARS AND STANDARDS? CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

ANSWER: THEY ARE:

° DON'T RELY ON TOO LITTLE WRITING. HOW MUCH IS P A G E | 81

ENOUGH?

ENOUGH ° DO COLLECT DOCUMENTS THAT DUPLICATE THE

TO WRITING ENVIRONMENT: CHECKS WITH CHECKS,

SHOW CONTRACTS WITH CONTRACTS.

THE ° DO INSTRUCT THE WRITER IN ORDER TO OBTAIN

RANGE SIMILAR EXEMPLARS. FOR EXAMPLE, PRINT WITH

OF ALL UPPERCASE LETTERS.

HANDWRITING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WRITER. HANDWRITING AND SIGNATURE IDENTIFICATION

° DO OBTAIN SUFFICIENT HANDWRITING EXEMPLARS, A. HANDWRITING

AT LEAST TWENTY TO TWENTY-FIVE SIGNATURES OR 38

FOUR TO FIVE PAGES OF HANDWRITING OR HAND

PRINTING. HOW HANDWRITING IS DEFINED?

° DON'T ANSWER: HANDWRITING IS THE RESULT OF A VERY

RELY COMPLICATED SERIES OF FACTS, BEING USED AS WHOLE,

EXCLUSIVELY COMBINATION OF CERTAIN FORMS OF VISIBLE MENTAL

ON AND MUSCULAR HABITS ACQUIRED BY LONG, CONTINUED

WRITING PAINSTAKING

THAT EFFORT

DIFFERS SIGNIFICANTLY FROM THE QUESTIONED. ALSO

° DO COLLECT SIMILAR SAMPLES: HAND PRINTING KNOWS

WITH HAND PRINTING, INK SIGNATURES WITH INK AS

SIGNATURES, LINED PAPER WITH LINED PAPER, “VISIBLE

SAME SIZE WITH SAME SIZE. SPEECH.”

IN WIGNORE`S PRINCIPLES OF JUDICIAL PROOF, CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

HANDWRITING IS DEFINED AS A VISIBLE EFFECT OF

BODILY MOVEMENT WHICH IS AN ALMOST UNCONSCIOUS P A G E | 82

EXPRESSION OF FIXED MUSCULAR HABITS, REACTING

FROM FIXED MENTAL IMPRESSION OF CERTAIN IDEAS 42 WHAT ARE THE TWO GROUPS OF MUSCLES INVOLVE IN

ASSOCIATED WITH SCRIPT FORM. HANDWRITING?

ANSWER: (1) EXTENSOR MUSCLES WHICH PUSH UP THE

39 PEN TO FORM THE UPWARD STROKES, AND (2) FLEXOR

MUSCLES WHICH PUSH THE PEN TO FROM THE

DOWNWARD
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF WRITINGS?
STROKES.
ANSWER:
43 GENERALLY SPEAKING, WHAT ARE THE FOUR GROUPS
° CURSIVE- CONNECTED WRITING IN WHICH OF
LETTER IS JOINED THE NEXT MUSCLES EMPLOYED IN WRITING?
° SCRIPT- SEPARATED PRINTED WRITING. ANSWER:
° BLOCK- ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. THOSE WHICH OPERATE THE JOINTS OF THE

FINGERS, WRIST, ELBOW, AND SHOULDER.

ONE 44

40 WHY IMITATION OF THE STYLE OF WRITING BY WHAT IS MOTOR COORDINATION?

ANOTHER
ANSWER: MOTOR COORDINATION IS THE DELICATE WAY
PERSON BECOMES DIFFICULT? IN
ANSWER: WHICH THE VARIOUS MUSCLES USED IN WRITING WORK
BECAUSE TOGETHER TO PROCEDURE WRITTEN FORM IS KNOWN AS
THE

OTHER 45 WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING

PERSON THE

CANNOT HANDWRITING?

REPRODUCE THE MUSCULAR COMBINATION FROM THE ANSWER:

HABIT THESE INCLUDE THE WRITING INSTRUMENT
OF THE FIRST WRITER. ITSELF, THE WRITING SURFACE AND WHAT LIES BENEATH
41 WHAT IS REFERS TO THE BRAIN’S WRITING IT, AND OTHER VARIABLES OF THE WRITING SITUATION.
WHERE THE IMPULSE TO FORM A LETTER BEGINS? 46 WHAT ARE THE TWO CATEGORIES OF HANDWRITING
ANSWER: CORTEX CHARACTERISTICS?

ANSWER:
CENTER (1) GENERAL, OR CLASS CHARACTERISTICS,

AND (2) INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS.

47
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT WHAT IS CHARACTERISTICS?
HANDWRITING?
ANSWER: ANY PROPERTY OR MARK WHICH IS COMMONLY
ANSWER: (1) INJURY, (2) ILLNESS, (3) MEDICATION,
CALLED THE IDENTIFYING DETAILS.
(4) DRUG OR ALCOHOL USE, (5) STRESS, (6) THE

WRITING SURFACE, (7) THE WRITING INSTRUMENT, OR

52
(8) ATTEMPTED DISGUISE.

WHAT IS COLLATION?
TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO HANDWRITING
IDENTIFICATION ANSWER: CRITICAL COMPARISON ON SIDE

AND EXAMINATIONS EXAMINATION OF THE STANDARD AND QD.

48
BY

WHAT IS ALIGNMENT?

ANSWER: THE RELATION OF THE WRITING OR LINE OF SIDE

INDIVIDUAL LETTERS TO THE BASELINE.

53

49
WHAT IS COMPARISON?

WHAT IS ANGULAR FORMS? ANSWER: THE ACT OF SETTING TWO OR MORE ITEMS SIDE

BY SIDE TO WEIGH THEIR IDENTIFYING QUALITIES.

CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB 54

P A G E | 83 WHAT IS DISTINGUISED WRITING?

ANSWER: ALTERED WRITING IN

ANSWER: SHARP, STRAIGHT STROKES THAT ARE MADE BY IDENTITY.

STOPPING THE PEN AND CHANGING DIRECTION BEFORE

CONTINUING. 55

50
WHAT IS DOWNSTROKE?

WHAT IS ARCADE FORMS? ANSWER:

ANSWER: STROKES THAT LOOK LIKE ARCHES ROUNDED THE MOVEMENT

ON WRITER.
THE TOP AND OPEN AT THE BOTTOM.

OF
51
HOPES ANSWER: THE STUDY OF HANDWRITING BASED ON THE
TWO

FUNDAMENTAL STROKES, THE CURVE AND THE STRAIGHT

THE
STROKES.

PEN

CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

OF

P A G E | 84
HIDING

60
TOWARD

WHAT IS GRAPHOMETRY?
THE
ANSWER: ANALYSIS BY COMPARISON AND
MEASUREMENT.
56

61
WHAT IS FORM?

ANSWER: THE WAY THE WRITING LOOKS, WHETHER IT IS WHAT IS HANDLETTERINGANSWER:

COPYBOOK, ELABORATED, SIMPLIFIER OR PRINTED ANY DISCONNECTED STYLE OF WRITING IN

WHICH EACH LETTER IS WRITTEN SEPARATELY, ALSO

57 CALLED HAND PRINTING.

WHAT IS GARLAND FORMS? 62

ANSWER: A CUP LIKE CONNECTED FORM THAT IS OPEN AT

THE TOP AND ROUNDED ON THE BOTTOM. WHAT IS LETTER SPACE?

ANSWER: THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE LETTERS.

58

63
WHAT IS GESTALT?

ANSWER: THE GERMAN WORD THAT MEANS “COMPLETE” WHAT IS LINE DIRECTIONANSWER: MOVEMENT OF THE
OR BASELINE, IT MAY
“WHOLE”. A GOOD GESTALT NEEDS NOTHING ADDED OR SLANT-UP, DOWN OR STRAIGHT ACROSS THE PAGE.
TAKEN AWAY TO MAKE IT “LOOK RIGHT”.

BE
59

64
WHAT IS GRAHOANALYSIS?
WHAT IS LINE QUALLITY? 69

ANSWER: THE OVERALL CHARACTER OF THE INK LINES

FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE ENDING STROKE: IT MAY
BE A GOOD LINE QUALITY OR POOR LINE QUALITY.
65
WHAT IS NATURAL VARIATIONANSWER: NORMAL OR
USUAL DEVIATION FOUND BETWEEN
REPEATED SPECIMENS OF ANY INDIVIDUAL
HANDWRITING.

WHAT IS LINE SPACE? CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

ANSWER: THE AMOUNT OF THE SPACE BETWEEN LINES.

P A G E | 85
66

70
WHAT IS MICROSOPIC EXAMINATION?

ANSWER: ANY STUDY OR EXAMINATION WHICH IS MADE WHAT IS PEN MPHASIS?

WITH THE MICROSCOPE IN OTHER TO DISCOVER MINUTE ANSWER:
DETAILS. THE ACT OF INTERMITTENTLY FORCING THE

PEN AGAINST THE PAPER SURFACES WHICH PRODUCES

67 SHADING OUT WITH MORE RIGID WRITING POINTS HEAVY

POINT EMPHASIS CAN OCCUR IN WRITING WITHOUT ANY

WHAT IS MOVEMENT? EVIDENCE OF SHADING.
ANSWER: AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN HANDWRITING
WHICH
71
EMBRACES ALL THE FACTORS WHICH ARE RELATED TO
THE

MOTION OF THE WRITING INSTRUMENT SKILL, SPEED WHAT IS PEN HOLD?

FREEDOM, HESITATION, RHYTHM, EMPHASIS, TREMORS ANSWER: - THE PLACE WHERE THE WRITER GRASPS THE

AND THE LIKE. BARREL OF THE PEN AND THE ANGLE AT WHICH HE HOLDS

IT.

68

72

WHAT IS NATURAL WRITING?

ANSWER: ANY SPECIMEN OF WRITING EXECUTED WHAT IS PEN POSITION?

NORMALLY
ANSWER: - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PEN POINT AND
WITHOUT ANY ATTEMPT TO CONTROL OR ALTER ITS
THE PAPER.
IDENTIFYING HABITS AND ITS USUAL QUALITY OR

EXECUTION.
73
 WHAT IS SHADING?

WHAT IS PEN PRESSURE?

ANSWER: THE AVERAGE FORCE WITH

CONTACTS THE PAPER.

WHICH

74

THE

WHAT IS PRINTSCRIPT

ANSWER: - A CREATIVE COMBINATION OF PRINTING AND PEN

CURSIVE WRITING.

75 CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

WHAT IS PROPORTION OR RATIO P A G E | 86

ANSWER: – THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TALL AND THE

SHORT LETTER ANSWER:

WIDENING OF THE INK STROKES DUE TO THE

76 ADDED PRESSURE ON A FLEXIBLE PEN POINT OR TO THE

USE OF A STUB PEN.

WHAT IS QUALITY 79

ANSWER: - A DISTINCT OR PECULIAR CHARACTER. ALSO,

“QUALITY” IS USED IN DESCRIBIBG HANDWRITING TO WHAT IS SIMPLIFICATION?

REFER TO ANY IDENTIFYING FACTOR THAT IS RELATED ANSWER: ELIMINATING EXTRA OR SUPERFLUOUS
STROKES
TO THE WRITING MOVEMENT ITSELF.
FROM THE COPYBOOK MODEL.

77
80

WHAT IS RHYTHM?
WHAT IS SIZE?
ANSWER: THE ELEMENT OF THE WRITING MOVEMENT
WHICH ANSWER: THE PROPORTIONS BETWEEN ZONES.

IS MARKED BY REGULAR OR PERIODIC RECURRENCES:

MAYBE SMOOTH, INTERMITTENT, OR JERKY IN ITS 81

QUALITY; THE FLOURISHING SUCCESSION OF MOTION

WHICH ARE RECORDED IN A WRITTEN RECORD. WHAT IS SKILL?

ANSWER: WRITER’S PROFICIENCY; DEGREE, ABILITY, OR

78 SKILL OF A WRITE PROFICIENCY.

82 WHAT IS WRITING IMPULSE?

ANSWER:

WHAT IS SLOPE/ SLANT? THE RESULT OF THE PEN TOUCHING DOWN ON

ANSWER: THE ANGLE OR INCLINATION OF THE AXIS OF THE PAPER AND MOVING ACROSS THE PAGE, UNTIL IT IS

THE LETTERS RELATIVE TO THE BASELINE: SLANT TO RAISED FROM THE PAPER.

THE LEFT; SLANT TO THE RIGHT; AND VERTICAL SLANT.

83 CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

WHAT IS SYSTEM (OF WRITING)? P A G E | 87

ANSWER:

THE COMBINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN OF MOVEMENT IN HANDWRITING

LETTERS AND THE WRITING MOVEMENT AS TAUGHT IN 87

SCHOOL MAKE UP THE WRITING SYSTEM.

WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF MOVEMENT?

84 ANSWER: (1) FINGER MOVEMENT- THE THUMB, THE FIRST

AND SECOND AND SLIGHTLY THE THIRD FINGERS ARE IN

WHAT IS THREADY FORM? ACTUAL MOTION. MOST USUALLY EMPLOYED BY

ANSWER: AN INDEFINITE CONNECTIVE FORM THAT LOOKS
FLAT AND WAVY.
. THE
WHAT IS WRITING CONDITION?
ANSWER: CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE WRITING
WAS
PREPARED AND THE FACTORS IN INFLUENCING THE
WRITER’S ABILITY TO WRITE AT THE TIME OF
EXECUTION. IT INCLUDES THE WRITER’S POSITION
(SITTING, STANDING, ABED, ETC.), THE PAPER
CHILDREN
AND ILLITERATES. (2) HAND MOVEMENT- PRODUCED BY
THE MOVEMENT OR ACTION OF THE WHOLE HAND WITH
WRIST AS THE CENTER OF ATTRACTION; (3) FOREARM
MOVEMENT- MOVEMENT OF THE SHOULDER, HAND AND
ARM
WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE TABLE, AND, (4) WHOLE
FOREARM MOVEMENT- ACTION OF THE ENTIRE ARM
WITHOUT RESTING.

SUPPORT AND BACKING, AND THE WRITING INSTRUMENT; 88 WHAT

WRITING ABILITY MAY BE MODIFIED BY THE CONDITION ARE
OF THE WRITER’S HEALTH, NERVOUS STATE OR DEGREE THE
OF INTOXICATION. CHARACTERISTICS

OF
85 MOTOR

COORDINATION
86 ANSWER: (1) FREE, SMELT ROUNDED CURVES; (2)
GRADUAL CHANGES OF DIRECTIONS; (3) PRESSURE IS MOTIONS?

ALWAYS ANSWER: LACK OF RHYTHM

IN A STATE OF CHANGE, MOVING FROM LIGHT 92

TO HEAVY OR FROM HEAVY TO LIGHT; (4) SPEED

89 WHAT WHY RHYTHM IS IMPORTANT?

ARE

THE

CHARACTERISTICS CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB

OF

FAULTY P A G E | 88

COORDINATION?

ANSWER: (1) WAVERING AND VERY IRREGULAR LINE OR ANSWER: IMPORTANT BECAUSE ONE CAN DETERMINE IF

STROKES WITH UNCERTAIN AND UNSTEADY PROGRESS. THE WRITER NORMALLY AND SPONTANEOUSLY WRITE
WITH
THERE IS NO FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT ALONG THE
STROKES HESITATION AS IF HE IS ATTEMPTING TO FOR ANOTHER

OF THE LETTER-FORMS; AND, (2) ANGULAR LINE, A SIGNATURE.

VERY COMMON FAULT OF COORDINATION. CURVES, 93

LARGE

AND SMALL ARE NOT SMOOTHLY ROUNDED AND THERE IS

WHAT IS GARLAND?
NO GRADUAL CHANGE OF DIRECTION.
ANSWER:
90
LINKS

THE
WHAT IS RHYTHM IN HANDWRITING?
DOWNWARD
ANSWER:
STROKE
RHYTHM IS SUCCESSION OF CONNECTED,
TO
UNIFORM STROKES IN FULL COORDINATION. THIS IS
THE
MANIFESTED BY CLEAR-CUT ACCENTUATED STROKES
WHICH UPSTROKES WITH A FLOWING CURVE SWINGING FROM
LEFT
INCREASE AND DECREASE IN WHICH LIKE PERFECT
RIGHT. IT IS AN EASY, EFFORTLESS MODE OF
CONES.
CONNECTION, WRITTEN WITH SPEED.

91 WHAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY SUCCESSION OF

AWKWARD, 94

INDEPENDENT,

POORLY WHAT IS ANGULAR CONNECTIVE FORM?

DIRECTED ANSWER: CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABRUPT STOP AND

START
AND
IN EACH TURNING POINT.
DISCONNECTED
 PLACED ON THE PAPER.

95 101 WHAT IS SUPPORTED STROKES?

ANSWER: UPSTROKES PARTIALLY COVERING THE

PREVIOUS
WHAT IS STROKE?
DOWN STROKES.
ANSWER: PATH TRACE BY THE PEN ON THE PAPER.

TERMINOLOGIES CONCERNING STROKES

CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB
96

P A G E | 89
WHAT IS AIRSTROKE?

ANSWER: THE MOVEMENT OF THE PEN AS IT IS RAISED

102 WHAT IS TRAIT STROKE?
FROM THE PAPER AND CONTINUES IN THE SAME
ANSWER: A SCHOOL OF HANDWRITING ANALYSIS THAT
DIRECTION IN THE AIR.
ASSIGNS PERSONALITY TRAIT MANNERS TO INDIVIDUAL

WRITING STROKES.
97
QUALITIES OF THE STROKES

103 WHAT IS EXPANSION?

WHAT IS COVERING STROKE?
ANSWER: WHETHER THE MOVEMENT IS EXTENDED OR
ANSWER: A STROKE THAT IS
LIMITED IN ITS RANGE WITH RESPECT TO BOTH
ANOTHER STROKE.
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DIMENSION.

104 WHAT IS CO-ORDINATION?

98
ANSWER:

WHETHER
WHAT IS FINAL STOKE?
THE
ANSWER: THE ENDING STROKE ON A LETTER.
FLOW

OF
99
MOVEMENT

IS
WHAT IS UPSTROKE?
CONTROLLED
ANSWER: MOVEMENT OF THE PEN AWAY FROM THE
WRITER. OR

UNCERTAIN,

UNNECESSARILY SMOOTH

OR

COVERS JERKY,

CONTINUOUS OR INTERRUPTED.

100 WHAT IS SEQUENCE OF STROKE? 105 WHAT IS SPEED-?

ANSWER: THE ORDER IN WHICH WRITING STROKES ARE ANSWER: WHETHER THE MOVEMENT HAS BEEN RAPID OR
SLOW AND WHETHER THE PACE HAS BEEN STEADY OR ° SMOOTH, UNBROKEN STROKES AND ROUNDED FORMS.

VARIABLE. ° FREQUENT SIGNS OR TENDENCIES TO THE RIGHT.

106 WHAT IS PRESSURE? ° MARKED UNCERTAIN AS TO THE LOCATION OF THE

ANSWER: WHETHER THE PRESSURE EXERTED IN DOTS OF SMALL LETTERS “I”, “J” & CROSSES OF

MOVEMENT AND ITS UPWARD AND DOWNWARD REACH. SMALL LETTER “T”.

° INCREASED SPONTANEITY OF WORDS OR SMALL

THE LETTER “T” CONNECTED WITH THE FOLLOWING

WORDS.

107 WHAT IS DIRECTION? ° LETTERS CURTAILED OR DEGENERATED ALMOST TO

ANSWER: LEFT WARD AND RIGHT WARD TREND OF THE ILLEGIBILITY TOWARDS THE END OF WORDS.

MOVEMENT AND ITS UPWARD AND DOWNWARD REACH. ° WIDE WRITING- WIDTH OF LETTERS IS GREATER

108 WHAT IS GENERAL (CLASS) CHARACTERISTICS? THAN THE CONNECTING SPACES ADJOINING IT.

ANSWER: THOSE HABITS ARE PART OF BASIC WRITING ° GREAT

SYSTEM OR WHICH ARE MODIFICATIONS OF THE SYSTEM DIFFERENCE

OF WRITING FOUND AMONG SO LARGE A GROUP OF IN

WRITES
EMPHASIS
THAT HAVE ONLY SLIGHT IDENTIFICATION VALUE.
BETWEEN
109 WHAT IS INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS?
UPSTROKES AND DOWN STROKES.
ANSWER: THE RESULT OF THE WRITER`S MUSCULAR
° MARKED SIMPLIFICATION OF LETTERS ESPECIALLY
CONTROL, COORDINATION, AGE, HEALTH, AND NERVOUS
CAPITAL LETTERS.
TEMPERAMENT, FREQUENCY OF WRITING, PERSONALITY
° RISING LINE.
AND CHARACTER FOUND IN WRITING.
° INCREASED PEN PRESSURE.
110 WHAT ARE THE INDICATIONS
° INCREASE IN THE MARGIN TO LEFT AT THE
WRITING?
BEGINNING OF THE LINE.
ANSWER: THEY ARE:
111

OF
WHAT ARE THE INDICATIONS OF SLOW WRITING?

ANSWER: THEY ARE:

SPEED
° WAVERING FORMS AND BROKEN STROKES.

° FREQUENT SIGNS OR TENDENCIES TO THE LEFT.

(SPEEDY)
° CONSPICUOUS CERTAINLY AS TO THE LOCATION OF

THE DOTS OF SMALL LETTERS “I”, “J”, OR “T”

CROSSES WITH SCARCELY PERCEPTIBLE DEVIATION

CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB
FROM THE INTENDED DIRECTION.

° FREQUENT PAUSES BY MEANINGLESS BLOBS, ANGLES,

P A G E | 90
DIVIDED LETTERS AND RETOUCHES.
° CAREFUL EXECUTION OF DETAIL OF LETTERS TOWARD ANSWER: ACQUIRED BY:

THE END OR NAMES. ° OUTGROWTH OF DEFINITE TEACHING

° NARROW WRITING. ° RESULT OF IMITATION

° NO DIFFERENCE IN EMPHASIS IN UP STROKE AND ° ACCIDENTAL CONDITION OR CIRCUMSTANCES

DOWN STROKE. ° EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN MENTAL AND PHYSICAL

° ORNAMENTAL OR FLOURISHING CONNECTIONS. TRAITS

° SINKING LINES. OF

THE

112 WHAT WRITER

ARE AS

THE AFFECTED

CHARACTERISTICS? BY

ANSWER: THEY ARE EDUCATION, BY ENVIRONMENT AND BY OCCUPATION.

CLASSIFICATION 114 WHAT

ARE

OF THE

PRINCIPLE

INDIVIDUAL IN

HANDWRITING

IDENTIFICATION?

CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB ANSWER: THEY ARE:

° WHEN

P A G E | 91 ANY

TWO

° PERMANENT CHARACTERISTICS- FOUND ALWAYS IN SPECIMENS

HIS HANDWRITING. OF

° COMMON OR USUAL- FOUND IN A GROUP OF WRITERS HANDWRITINGS

WHO STUDIED THE SAME SYSTEM OF WRITING. CONTAIN A COMBINATION OF CORRESPONDING OR

° OCCASIONAL- FOUND OCCASIONALLY IN HIS SIMILAR

HANDWRITING. AND

° RARE- FOUND ONLY IN ONE OR TWO PERSONS IN A SPECIFICALLY

GROUP OF ONE HUNDRED INDIVIDUALS. ORIENTED

113 CHARACTERISTICS

OF

HOW INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE ACQUIRED? SUCH

NUMBER HIS SIGNATURE.

AND ° A SIGNATURE/HANDWRITING IS FRAUDULENT IF IT

SIGNIFICANCE AS TO PRECLUDE THE POSSIBILITY CONTAINS HABITS, QUALITIES OR ELEMENTS WHICH ARE

OF THEIR OCCURRENCE BY MERE COINCIDENCE, AND SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM GENUINE SIGNATURES

THERE ARE NO UNACCOUNTED FOR DIFFERENCE, IT WRITTEN UNDER SIMILAR CONDITIONS.

MAY BE CONCLUDED THAT THEY ARE SIMILAR IN B. SIGNATURE

WRITING CHARACTERISTICS AND THEREFORE WRITTEN 116 WHAT IS SIGNATURE?

BY ONE AND THE SAME PERSON. ANSWER:

° HANDWRITINGS ARE FIXED HABITS. IS THE NAME OF A PERSON WRITTEN BY

° THESE WRITING HABITS BECOME SO AUTOMATIC AND HIM/HER

UNCONSCIOUS THAT EVEN BY THE MOST STRENUOUS IN

EFFORT, IT IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO CHANGE A

THEM. DOCUMENT

° NO AS

DUPLICATION A

OF SIGN

HANDWRITING OF

BY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. OR, IT IS A NAME OR MARK THAT A

TWO PERSON PUTS AT THE END OF A DOCUMENT TO ATTEST

INDIVIDUALS. THAT HE IS ITS AUTHOR OR THAT HE RATIFIES ITS

115 WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW WHICH GOVERNS CONTESTS.

THE
117 WHAT IS MODEL SIGNATURE?
CONCLUSION IN HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION
PROBLEMS? ANSWER: A GENUINE SIGNATURE THAT HAS BEEN USED
TO
ANSWER: THEY ARE
PREPARE AN IMITATED OR TRACED FORGERY

118 WHY THE EXAMINATION OF SIGNATURES IS

CONSIDERED A

CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB SPECIALIZED BRANCH OF HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION,

FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS?

P A G E | 92 ANSWER: BECAUSE:

° IT IS A WORD MOST PRACTICED BY MANY PEOPLE

° A SIGNATURE/HANDWRITING NATURALLY AND AND THEREFORE MOST FLUENTLY WRITTEN.

GENUINELY
° IT IS A MEANS TO IDENTIFY A PERSON AND HAVE A
WRITTEN UNDER NORMAL CONDITION CONTAIN ALL OF
THE GREAT PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE.

INDIVIDUAL HABITS OF THE WRITER`S SIGNATURE WHICH ° IT IS WRITTEN WITH A LITTLE ATTENTION TO

ARE PUT INTO IT IN A WAY THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH SPELLING AND SOME OTHER DETAILS.

HIS WRITING ABILITY AND THE WRITING QUALITY OF ° IT IS A WORD WRITTEN WITH CONSCIOUS THOUGHT
ABOUT THE MECHANICS OF ITS PRODUCTION AND IS SMOOTH, FLUENT OR HESITATION. DEFECT IN LINE

WRITTEN AUTOMATICALLY. QUALITY IS ONLY APPRECIATED WHEN SIMULTANEOUS

° IT IS THE ONLY WORD THE ILLITERATE CAN WRITE VIEWING IS MADE.

WITH CONFIDENCE. ° STEP 4 – EXAMINE THE BEGINNING AND ENDING

119 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SIGNATURES? LINES, THEY ARE VERY SIGNIFICANT, DETERMINE

ANSWER: THEY ARE WHETHER THE APPEARANCE BLUNT, CLUB-SHAPED,

TAPERED OR/VANISHING.

° STEP 5 – DESIGN AND STRUCTURE OF THE LETTERS.

CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB DETERMINE

AS

P A G E | 93 TO

ROUNDNESS,

° FORMAL (CONVENTIONAL OR COPYBOOK FORM) – SMOOTHNESS,

COMPLETE CORRECT SIGNATURE FOR AN IMPORTANT ANGULARITY AND DIRECTION. EACH INDIVIDUAL HAS

DOCUMENT SUCH AS WILL. A DIFFERENT CONCEPT OF LETTER DESIGN.

° INFORMAL (CURSORY) – USUALLY FOR ROUTINE ° STEP 6 – LOOK FOR THE PRESENCE OF RETOUCHING

DOCUMENTS AND PERSONAL CORRESPONDENCE. OR PATCHING.

A PERSONALIZED ° STEP 7 – CONNECTING STROKES, SLANT, RATIO,

B SEMI-PERSONALIZED SIZE, LATERAL SPACING.

° CARELESS SCRIBBLE – FOR THE MAIL CARRIER, ° STEP 8 – DO NOT RELY SO MUCH IN THE

DELIVERY BOY OR THE AUTOGRAPH COLLECTOR. SIMILARITY OR DIFFERENCE OF THE CAPITAL

120 WHAT ARE THE SUGGESTED STEPS IN THE

EXAMINATION

OF SIGNATURE?
CLARITO G. LOPEZ JR MPA/PA,LLB
ANSWER: THEY ARE:

° STEP 1- PLACE THE QUESTIONED AND THE STANDARD

LETTERS, FOR THESES ARE THE OFTEN
SIGNATURES IN THE JUXTA-POSITION OR SIDE-BYSIDE FOR
SIMULTANEOUS VIEWING OF THE VARIOUS ACCORDING TO THE WHIM OF THE WRITER.

ELEMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS. CHANGED

° STEP 2 - THE FIRST ELEMENT TO BE CONSIDERED

IS THE HANDWRITING MOVEMENT OR THE MANNER OF

EXECUTION (SLOW, DELIBERATE, RAPID, ETC.).

THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE EXISTING BETWEEN A

GENUINE SIGNATURE AND AN ALMOST PERFECT

FORGERY IS IN THE MANNER OF EXECUTION.

° STEP 3 – SECOND ELEMENTS TO EXAMINE IS THE

QUALITY OF THE LINE, THE PRESENCE OR TREMORS,