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04 - Lecture Revised by Wang
04 - Lecture Revised by Wang
04 - Lecture Revised by Wang
Chapter 4
Chemical
Quantities and
Aqueous
Reactions
Christian Madu, Ph.D.
Collin College
-----Revised by Wang
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reaction Stoichiometry: How Much Carbon
Dioxide?
Question:
Suppose you determine that a particular plant consumes 37.8g of CO2 in one
week. Assuming that there is more than enough water present to react with all of
the CO2, what mass of glucose (in grams) can the plant synthesize from the
CO2?
6 moles 1 mole
(12.011+16.00×2)×6 (12.011×6+1.008×12+16.00×6)×1
=264.07 g =180.02 g
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield
Limiting reactant
Excessive reactant
Theoretical yield
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield
Theoretical yield
Actual yield
actual yield
Percent yield 100%
theoretical yield
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Way to Determine Limiting Reactant
Question:
Question:
Question
A student prepared a solution by dissolving 26.88 g KCl in water. The
solution mass was 502.0 g and the solution density is 1.05 g/ml. What is KCl
molarity of this solution?
M1∙V1 = M2∙V2
Based on balanced
equation: 2 mol 1 mol
Given:
xmol 0.150L 0.175M
Question species amt
Question species amt Given species amt
Givens pecies amt
No ions existing
in water
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions
?
Ionic compound dissolving in water dissociation into ions
insoluble
Question:
Left over:
2OH-(aq) + Mg2+(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) Net ionic equation
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ionic Equation
• Rules of writing the complete ionic equation:
– Aqueous strong electrolytes are written as ions.
• Soluble salts, strong acids, strong bases
– Insoluble substances, weak electrolytes, and
nonelectrolytes are written in molecule form.
• Solids, liquids, and gases are not dissolved,
• Acid–base Reaction:
– An acid–base reaction is also called a
neutralization reaction.
1. HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq)
(H+ + Cl−) + (Ba2+ + OH−) → (H+ + OH−) + (Ba2+ + Cl−)
2. H2SO4(aq) + LiOH(aq)
(H+ + SO42−) + (Li+ + OH−) → (H+ + OH−) + (Li+ + SO42−)
H2SO4(aq) + LiOH(aq) → H2O(l) + Li2SO4
H2SO4(aq) + 2 LiOH(aq) 2 H2O(l) + Li2SO4(aq)
• In a titration, a
substance in a solution
of known concentration
is reacted with another
substance in a solution
of unknown
concentration.
• At the endpoint, the
reactants are in their
stoichiometric ratio.
• Gas-evolution reactions
– In a gas-evolution reaction, a gas forms,
resulting in bubbling.
+ 2
Remember
Increasing, be oxidized
0 +1 +5 -2 +4 -2 +4 -2 +1 -2
Sn(s) + HNO3(aq) SnO2(s) + NO2(g) + H2O(g)
Decreasing, be reduced
0 +1 +5 -2 +4 -2 +4 -2 +1 -2
Sn(s) + HNO3(aq) SnO2(s) + NO2(g) + H2O(g)
Decreasing 1
Increase 4 ×1
0 +1 +5 -2 +4 -2 +4 -2 +1 -2
Sn(s)+4HNO3(aq) SnO2(s)+4NO2(g) + H2O(g)
Increase 4 ×1
0 +1 +5 -2 +4 -2 +4 -2 +1 -2
Sn(s)+4HNO3(aq) SnO2(s)+4NO2(g)+2H2O(g)
Decreasing 1×4
Sn(s)+4HNO3(aq) SnO2(s)+4NO2(g)+2H2O(g)