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Energy Efficiency Measures For The Road Transportation of Liquid Fuels Sector in Ecuador
Energy Efficiency Measures For The Road Transportation of Liquid Fuels Sector in Ecuador
Abstract — The present paper aims to identify some delivery trips. It is important to realize that a supply
recommendations or measures in order to achieve chain can be very complex and it does not only
energy savings within the road transportation of involve the road transportation of goods [1]. There
liquid fuels sector in Ecuador. The recommendations are additional problems and areas that should also be
that are addressed in this document are based on the accounted for, so as to diminish energy
results obtained after the execution of a Vehicle consumptions and mitigate Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Routing Problem (VRP) Solver program, eco-driving emissions; thereby we have identified three main
measures and optimization fleet. Energy applicable measures for our case of study:
consumption is forecasted using LEAP (Long-range
Energy Alternatives Planning System) software and Eco-driving programs.
energy savings are estimated upon comparing the Fleet´s Capacity optimization.
reference scenario against three alternative Vehicle routing optimization.
scenarios that consider eco driving, fleet
optimization and routing optimization. For this A. Eco-driving programs
assessment was necessary to scope some indicators
like: energy activity from transport fleet, energy Some studies reveal that Eco-driving measures
intensity and fleet optimization target. Finally can be very useful to reduce emissions and energy
results indicate that apply VRP optimization is better consumption [4]. Some of the advantages of this
option compared to eco-driving and fleet measure are: low cost implementation, reduction of
optimization. And applying all the measures together travel costs, improved safety, reduced maintenance
it can achieve cumulative savings around of 762,3 costs, emissions mitigation and conductors´ stress
KBOE (kilo barrels oil equivalents)in whole abatement. According to the bibliography, this
analysed period. programs have the potential to achieve 15%
reduction in fuel usage [5]. There is not a consensus
Keywords — Energy efficiency; Fuel consumption, on the savings percentage, other studies have
Optimization; Freight Transport. reported fuel consumption reductions of around 10%
[6] and 4,6% [7], therefore the estimations are
I. INTRODUCTION (SIZE 10 & BOLD) highly variable.
The optimization of transport supply chains is one
of the most important research subjects related with The complexity behind eco-driving programs
energy efficiency in transportation today. A correct relies on the need for a constant monitoring process
design of a transport supply chain may reduce the since bad driving habits are recurrent. Other aspects
transportation costs, and further decrease energy to consider are related to staff turnovers in the
consumption and improve the efficiency of the transportation companies that imply the need to train
goods delivery process [1]. Nowadays, the efforts the new crew of drivers [4] In some transport hall
that are being channeled towards the development of transport departments like Calgary, Canada, there is
optimization models and methods are far more an complete constantly monitoring program in petrol
substantial than they were in the past [2]. and hybrid vehicles, in this program have been
reported “savings around 1,7 kg of CO2 per vehicle
In Ecuador, the transport sector is the most critical per day and decreased average idling between 4% to
energy user. According to the 2015 Energy Balance, 10%” [4].
46% of energy is consumed by the transportation
sector, from which 86% is used by road
transportation. Freight transportation alone B. OPTIMIZATION OF THE FLEET´S CAPACITY
consumed a total of 17,64 MBOE (Millions Barrels In public transport, one of the best ways to reduce
Oil Equivalent ) in the year 2014 [3]. fuel consumption is to mobilize people using
vehicles with larger passenger capacities, due to the
In case of fuel distribution, there exists a direct intrinsic energy intensity that is characteristic to
relationship between fuel demand and energy public transportation means. A similar approach
consumption, that is, the higher the fuel demand, the applies for freight transportation, so that it is less
higher the need for larger storage capacities and fuel energy intensive to transport goods in vehicle with
Fig. 4 Energy savings for Eco Driving Scenario. Fig. 7 Energy consumption in VRP optimization and
reference scenarios.
A similar assessment was performed for the other
two scenarios. In the scenario corresponding to the Savings for all the period analyzed are displayed
rearrangement of the fleet it is estimated that a total in Figure 8. Total cumulative savings are: 234,1
savingsof 37,6 KBOE can be achieved in 2030, see KBOE for diesel Premium Transportation, 257,9
Figure 5. KBOE for Extra, 56,3 for Super and 11,4 KBOE for
Ethanol.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Even though predicting future phenomena can be terms of policy development and economic
a very complex task, energy assessment tools can investment. All measures are highly replicable and
allow us to make better decisions that will help us to can be applied in other supply chains taking into
be aligned with desired objectives that are account specific features that may inquire the need
considered in the policy design process. of additional constrains or factors.