CE 4600 –ASSIGNMENT 1 SOLUTION: ROAD VEHICLE PERFORMANCE

Assignment #1 covers material from Chapters 1 & 2

Assignment # 1 addresses the following course learning objectives:
 Identify and describe appropriate AASHTO primary design controls, including design volumes, vehicles, drivers, and speeds.
 Identify and distinguish the key attributes of land, air, and water modes.
 Demonstrate the capacity for critical thought, resourceful study, and effective communication.
Assignment #1 addresses the following student outcomes
 The ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering within the framework of solving civil
engineering problems, including the analysis and design of structures, transportation systems, water treatment
and supply systems, wastewater collection and treatment systems, as well as the geotechnical aspects of each.
 The ability to identify, formulate and solve a range of civil engineering problems.
 The ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools required for the practice of civil
engineering.
 The ability to communicate effectively in both written and oral form.
Problem #1 – Drag Coefficient

Problem 2.5 from the Textbook

Use a 3500 lb car (Instead of a 3000 lb car)

Solution:
Given parameters: (Be careful about given units)

Engine torque: Me=220 ft-lb Gear reduction ratio: Ɛ0=3.5

Drivetrain efficiency: ƞd=0.92 Radius of vehicle drive wheel: r=16/12 ft
Frontal area of vehicle: Af=25 ft2 Vehicle speed: 140 mi/hr*1.467=205.4 ft/s
Total vehicle weight: 3500 lb Air density: ƿ=0.002378 (for sea level)

 Step 1.(1 Point)`

In first step engine-generated tractive effort should be calculated:

𝑀𝑒 . 𝜀0 . ƞ𝑑 220 ∗ 3.5 ∗ 0.92
𝐹𝑒 = = = 531.3 lb (Eq. 2.17)
𝑟 1.33

 Step 2. (1 Point)

Coefficient of rolling resistance should be calculated:

Frl =0.01*(1+V/147)= 0.01*(1+205.4/147)=0.024 (Unitless) (Eq. 2.5)

 Step 3. (1 Point)
Now using Coefficient of rolling resistance we can calculate rolling resistance:

Rrl=frl.W =0.024*3500=84 lbf (Eq. 2.6)

 Step 4. (2 Points)

In order to calculate drag coefficient, we need to set engine-generated tractive effort equal to sum
of the resistance forces and solve for drag coefficient.
ƿ
Fe= Rrl +2.CD.Af.V2

CD =2(Fe - Rrl)/(Af.V2.ƿ) =2(531.3-76.8)/(25*205.42*205.42*0.002378) = 0.357

Problem #2 – Coefficient of Road Adhesion

Problem 2.15 from the Textbook

Use a 3500 lb car (Instead of a 3000 lb car)

Solution:
Given parameters: (Be careful about given units)
Height of vehicle’s center of gravity above the roadway surface: h=32 in
Coefficient of rolling resistance: Frl=0.01 (Unitless) Acceleration: a= 32.2 ft/s2
Gravitational constant: g= 32.2 ft/s2 Total vehicle weight: 3500 lb
Coefficient of road adhesion: 𝜇 =1 Vehicle wheelbase: L=200 in

 Step 1. (1 Point)

For the rear–wheel-drive case , Eq. 2.14 is used:

F = ma + Rrl = rear

μW(lf − frl . h)
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = L (Eq. 2.14)
μh
1−
L

 Step 2. (1 Point)
Substitute for m, Rrl:
Rrl=frl.W=0.01*3500=35 lbf (Eq. 2.6)
𝑊 3500
𝑚= 𝑔
= 32.2
= 108.7 𝑙𝑏

 Step 3. (3 Points=1 point for setting the formula and 2 points for final answer)
Use given and calculated parameters to obtain distance from vehicle’s center of gravity to rear axle:

μW(lf − frl . h) 1 ∗ 3500(lf − 0.01 ∗ 32/12)

W L 3500 200/12
. a + frl . W = = ∗ 32.2 + 0.01 ∗ 3500 =
g μh 32.2 1 ∗ 32/12
1− L 1−
200/12

𝐥𝐟 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏 𝐟𝐭 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬

Problem #3 – Stopping Distance

Problem 2.17 from the Textbook

Use Af = 35 ft2 instead of Af = 25 ft2

Solution for vehicle speed of 90 mi/h:

Given parameters: (Be careful about given units)

Air density: ƿ=0.0024 (for sea level) Gravitational constant: g= 32.2
ft/s2
Coefficient of aerodynamic drag: CD = 0.45 Braking mass factor: γb = 1.04
Frontal area of vehicle: Af=35 ft2 Total vehicle weight: W = 2500
Vehicle speed: 90 mi/hr*1.467=132 ft/s Braking efficiency: ηb = 1
Coefficient of road adhesion: 𝜇 = 0.75 Surface grade= 10 %=5.7 Degrees

With aerodynamic resistance

 Step 1. (1 Point)
Coefficient of rolling resistance can be calculated using equation 2.5:

Frl =0.01*(1+V/147)= 0.01*(1+132/147)=0.0144(Unitless) (Eq. 2.5)

 Step 2. (1 Point)
We need to calculate elements of aerodynamic resistance that are not a function of speed
Ka = 0.5* ƿ* CD* Af = 0.019 (Eq. 2.37)

 Step 3. (1 Points)
In order to calculate minimum theoretical stopping distance, equation 2.42 is used:
γ𝑏 . 𝑊 𝐾𝑎 . 𝑉 2
𝑆= . ln (1 + ) (Eq. 2.42)
2. 𝑔. 𝐾𝑎 η𝑏 . 𝜇. 𝑊 + 𝑓𝑟𝑙 . 𝑊 − 𝑊. sin(𝛳. deg)

1.04 ∗ 2500 0.019 ∗ 1322

𝑆= . ln (1 + ) = 411.8 𝑓𝑡
2 ∗ 32.2 ∗ 0.019 1 ∗ 0.75 ∗ 2500 + 0.0144 ∗ 2500 − 2500 ∗ sin(5.7)

Without aerodynamic resistance

  Step 4. (1 Point)
In order to calculate minimum theoretical stopping distance, equation 2.43 is used:
γ𝑏 (𝑉12 − 𝑉22 )
𝑆= (Eq. 2.43)
2. 𝑔 (η𝑏 . 𝜇 + 𝑓𝑟𝑙 ± sin(𝛳. deg))

1.04 (1322 )
𝑆= = 454.07 𝑓𝑡
2 ∗ 32.2 (1 ∗ 0.75 + 0.0144 − sin(5.7))

Swo_aero = 423.07 ft
 Step 5. (1 Point)
Difference
Diff = Swo_aero –S =454.07-411.8=42.27 ft
 Problem #4 – Perception Reaction Time

Problem 2.29 from the Textbook

Use speed of 55 mph (Instead of speed of 60 mph)

Solution:
Given parameters: (Be careful about given units)
Braking mass factor: γb = 1.04 Gravitational constant: g= 32.2 ft/s2
Vehicle speed: 55 mi/hr*1.467=80.68 ft/s Braking efficiency: ηb2 = 0.78
Driver 1 perception reaction time: tr1= 2.5 Coefficient of road adhesion: 𝜇 = 0.8
Driver 2 perception reaction time: tr2= 2.1

 Step 1. (1 Point)
Coefficient of rolling resistance can be calculated using equation 2.5:

Frl =0.01*(1+V/147)= 0.01*(1+80.68/2*147)=0.0127(Unitless) (Eq. 2.5)

 Step 2. (4 Points=2 points for setting stopping distances equal and 2 points for final
answer )
Total stopping distance is perception-reaction distance plus braking distance so, set stopping
distance of two cars equal to each other and solve for ηb1:

γ𝑏 . 𝑉 2 1 γ𝑏 . 𝑉 2 1
𝑉. 𝑡𝑟1 + ( ) = 𝑉. 𝑡𝑟2 + ( )
2. 𝑔 (η𝑏1 . 𝜇 + 𝑓𝑟𝑙 ) 2. 𝑔 (η𝑏2 . 𝜇 + 𝑓𝑟𝑙 )

1.04 ∗ 95.352 1 1.04 ∗ 95.352 1

95.35 ∗ 2.5 + ( ) = 95.35 ∗ 2.1 + ( )
2 ∗ 32.2 (η𝑏1 ∗ 0.8 + 0.0127) 2 ∗ 32.2 (0.78 ∗ 0.8 + 0.0127)

𝛈𝒃𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒