AD-tkdifvDeif

uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd
“vuf0J*% kd f;” oli,fem

'kw d, t}udr f
2015/ pufw ifb m
pmtky fx k w f a 0r_ orkd i f ;
yxrt}udrfyHkESdyfjcif;
1981 ckESpf
bmomjyefEiS fh pmyHkESdfyfXme
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
tkyfa& 2˜000?
'kwd,t}udrf yHkESdyfjcif;
2015 ckESpf/ pufwifbm
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;Xme?
 wkd i f; jynftm;vHk; &Sd ypPnf; rJhr sm; aoG; pnf; =uavmh

AD-tkdifvDeif
uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd
“vuf0J*% kd f;” oli,fem

bmomjyefE Sifh pmyHkE SdyfXme

Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD
1981
Tpmtk y f r S m
1952 ckESpf/ EkdifiHjcm;bmom xkwfa 0a&;Xme/ armfp ukdr S
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhxkwfa0aom V.I LENIN:
SELECTED WORKS twGJ2/ tykdif;2rS
“LEFT-WING” COMMUNISM, AN
INFANTILE DISORDER ukd tjcm;bmom
yHkE Sdyfjcif; rsm;ESi fh n‡dE_dif; I Armbmomokd@ jyefq kdxkw fa 0jcif;
jzpf y gonf ?

yxrt}ud r f y H k E S d y f j cif ;
1981 -Zef e 0g&D v
tkyfa & 2˜000
AD-tkdifvDeif
 rmwd u m

(1) ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. EdkifiHwumhta&;ygr_udk rnfonfh

t"dym` ,fjzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd ajymEdik o f enf;? æ 2
(2) aAmf&SDApfrsm;. atmifyGJtwGuf tajccHta=umif;tcsufrsm;
teufrw S ck æ 6
(3) aAmf&SDApf0g'ordkif;. t"dutqifhrsm; æ 10
(4) tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd rnfonfh&efolrsm;udk
qef@usifwdkufyGJqif&if;aAmf&SDApf0g'onf }uD;xGm;+yD;cdkifrmum
xkom;ayom; &&Sv d mcJo h enf;? æ 17
(5) *smreDjynf&Sd“vuf0J*dk%f;”uGefjrLepf0g'acgif;aqmifrsm; - ygwD
- vlwef;pm; - vlxrk sm; æ 28
(6) awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf azmufjyefaom tvkyform;
or*~rsm;wGif vkyu f ikd o f ifoh avm æ 38
(7) "e&Siyf gvrD efrsm;wGif u|eaf wmfw@kd yg0ifoiho f avm æ 52
(8) rnfonfah phpyfa&;rS rvkyb f ;l avm æ 66
(9) *&dw+f Adwed &f “dS vuf0*J % kd ;f ”uGejf rLepf0g' æ 82
(10) ed*;kH csKyfcsut f csKd @ æ 101
aemufqufwJG æ 122
1? *smrefueG jf rLepfrsm;twGi;f uG+J yJr_ æ 122
2? *smreDjynf&dS uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf tif'yD if;'ifrh sm; æ 125
3? tDwvDjynf&dS wl&yfwrD sm;ESihf taygi;f ygrsm; æ 128
4? rSefuefonfh a&S;OD;ta=umif;tcsufxJrS rSm;,Gif;onfh
ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm; æ 130
5? æ 137
0dik u
f yk x f rH aS y;pm æ 138
&Si;f vif;csurf sm; æ 140
trnf!e¸ ;f rsm; æ 148
1
 uG e f j rLepf 0 g' v_ y f & S m ;r_ t wG i f ; &S d
“vuf0*J % kd ;f ” oli,fem 1

(1)

±k & S m ;awmf v S e f a &;. Ed k i f i H w umh t a&;ygr_ u d k

rnfonfh t"dy`m,fjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ ajymEdkifoenf;

1917 ckEpS f atmufwb kd m 25 &uf (Ed0k ifbm 7 &uf) ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f

ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;u Edik if aH &;tm%m odr;f ydu k +f yD;aemuf yxrvrsm;wGif xif
jrifvmp&m&SdonfrSm acwfaemufusaom ±k&Sm;jynfESifh a&S@wef;a&muf t
aemufOa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;t=um; tvGeftrif; jcm;em;r_&Sdonfhtavsmuf
‚wdik ;f jynfrsm;&Sd ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;onf u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;ESihf wlnD
r_ tvGefyifenf;yg;rnf[lIjzpf.? ,cktcgwGifrl u|efawmfwdk@onf tawmf
ºu,f0aom Edik if w H umhtawG@t}uHKudk &&Scd +hJ yD;jzpf.? TtawG@t}uHKrsm;t&
u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;. tcsK@d aom tajccHvuQ%mrsm;onf a'oqdik &f m
r[kwf/ wdkif;jynfwjynf. xl;jcm;csufomr[kwf/ ±k&Sm;jynfwjynfxJom r
[kwfbJ EdkifiHwumh ta&;ygr_&Sdaeonf[k twdusqHk; azmfjyvdkufonf? T
ae&mwGif EdkifiHwumh ta&;ygr_udk u|efawmfajym&mY pum;vHk;. us,f0ef;
aom t"dym` ,ft& r[kwaf y? u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;. tajccHvuQ%m
tcsKd@om r[kwfbJ &Sd&Sdor#tajccHvuQ%m tm;vHk;ESifh omrnvuQ%m
trsm;tjym;onf wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k udk u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;u =oZmt&Sed f
oufa&mufonf[laom t"dy`m,ft& EdkifiHwumhta&;ygr_ &Sdonf[k rqdk
vdak y? u|eaf wmf ajymvdo k nfrmS tusO;f ajrmif;qH;k t"dyd m` ,ft& jzpfygonf?
Edik if w
H umh ta&;ygr[ _ q
k &kd mY u|eaf wmfw@kd wikd ;f jynfwiG f jzpfymG ;cJo
h nfth wdik ;f
EdkifiHwumh twdkif;twmt& xyfrHjzpfyGm;rnfh ordkif;qdkif&mrkcsoabm odk@
wnf;r[kwf EdkifiHwumh tusHK;0ifr_&Sdaom oabmt&jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
u|efawmfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;. tajccHvuQ%mtcsKd@onf Todk@aom ta&;
ygr&_ adS =umif;udk 0efc&H rnfjzpf.? trSeyf if TtrSew f &m;udk um;cs@J jcif;ESihf u|ef
2
awmfwdk@awmfvSefa&;. tajccHvuQ%m tcsKd@xuf ausmfvGefoGm;jcif;wdk@rSm
tvG e f } uD ; rm;aom trS m ;w&yf jzpf a yvd r f h r nf ? a&S @ wef ; a&muf a om
wdik ;f jynfrsm;teuf tenf;qH;k wdik ;f jynfwjynfwiG f ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &; atmif
yGJcHvdkufonfESifh t&mtm;vHk;onf ±kwfjcnf;ajymif;vJr_ &SdEdkifp&m &Sda=umif;/
±k&mS ;jynfonf (“qdAk , D uf”ESihf qd&k , S v f pft"dym` ,ft&) pHjywdik ;f jynf r[kwf
awmhbJ ±kwfjcnf;yif acwfaemufusaom wdkif;jynfjyefI jzpfyGm;Edkifa=umif;
vspfvsL±_yguvnf; rSm;,Gif;vdrfhrnf?
odk@aomf rsufarSmufordkif;umv. twdtustajctaewGif ±k&Sm;
jynf pHerlemonf wdik ;f jynftm;vH tm;vH;k udk ‚wd@k . ra0;vSaom rvGrJ aoG qdu k f
a&mufvmrnfh tem*wftjcif;t&m wpHw k &mESihf vGepf mG ta&;ygaom tjcif;
t&m wpHkw&mudk azmfjyvdkufayonf? wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd a&S@wef;a&muf
tvkyform;rsm;onf Ttcsufudk apmpGmuwnf;u em;vnfcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
xd@k jyifow l @kd onf tpOfojzifh Ttcsuu f kd em;vnfonf[k qd&k rnfxuf awmf
vSefaom vlwef;pm;. yifudk,ftodt& od&Sdoabmaygufxm;onf? T
tcsufwGifyif qdkAD,uftm%m. aAmf&SDApfoabmw&m;/ enf;y&d,m,f
tajccHrsm; EdkifiHwumh “ta&;ygr_”(usOf;ajrmif;aomt"dy`m,ft&) wnf&Sd
aeayonf? Tonfudk *smreDjynf&Sd aumufpuD;/ =opwD;,m;&Sd atmfwdk
abm0g;ESifh z&uf'&pf tufwvm uJhodk@aom 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f.
“awmfvSefa&;”acgif;aqmifrsm;u em;rvnfcJh=uay? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf
azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;jzpfa=umif; tqdk;0g;qHk; trsKd;tpm;jzpfaom tacsmif
0g'ESihf qd&k , S v
f pf0g'udk opPmazmufrw _ @kd . a&S@aevduk o f rl sm;jzpfa=umif; jyo
cJ.
h ? ta=umif;tm;avsmpf mG yif pma&;ol trnfrygaom “urBmh awmfveS af &;”
(a0g&aD Amfv;l &Si;f )[k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;aom pmapmifonf AD,ifem+rdK@ (qd&k , S f
vpfpmpOf twGJ 11/ t*~eufb&ef; xkwaf 0a&;)wGif 1919 ckEpS u f ay:xGuf
vmonf? TpmapmifwGif olwdk@. awG;ac:r_jzpfpOfwckvHk;ESifh pdwful;t0ef;
t0dik ;f wckv;kH / od@k r[kwf olw@kd . rdu
k rf rJ /_ wwfa,mifum; vkyv f rkd /_ ,kwn
f rhH E_ iS hf
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk opPmazmufr_wdk@tm; tjynfht0jy
ovdu k o
f nf? xd@k jyif“urBmah wmfveS af &;”t,ltqudk “umuG,jf cif;”[laom
ta,mifaqmifr_udk tvGef&Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyvdkufayonf?
3
 od@k aomf aemifwcsed wf iG f Tpmapmifukd ydrk t kd ao;pdyu f spmG aqG;aEG;&
vdrOhf ;D rnf? Tae&mY u|eaf wmfw@kd onf aemufxyftcsuw f csuu f kd axmufjy
vdyk gonf? tawmf=umjrifch +hJ yD jzpfaomumvu rmhupf 0f g'jD zpfaeao;+yD; opPm
azmufr[kwcf phJ Ofu aumufpuD;onf jy\emudk ordik ;f q&mwa,mufuo hJ @kd
csOf;uyfum ±k&Sm;jynf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfonf t
aemufOa&mytwGuf pHerlemjzpfvmEdik rf nfh tajctaew&yfukd }udKwifjrifc. hJ ?
‚rSm 1902 ckEpS w f iG f awmfveS af om tpPu&m;twGu“f qvyfrsm;ESihf awmf
vSeaf &;”[k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;aom aqmif;yg;wapmifukd aumufpuD; a&;om;
cJhpOfujzpf.? ‚aqmif;yg;xJwGif ola&;om;cJhyHkum; æ
“rsufarSmuftcsdeftcgwGif”(1848 ckESpfESifh qef@usifpGmyif)“awmf
vSeaf om trsK;d om;rsm;. wyfz@JG xo J @kd qvyfrsm;0ifa&mufco hJ nfomru awmf
vSeaf &;awG;ac:r_EiS hf awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_w@kd . A[dck surf onf qvyfrsm;qDo@kd
ydIk ydIk ajymif;a&$@aeayonf[k rSw, f El ikd o
f nf? awmfveS af &;. A[dck surf onf
taemufrSta&S@odk@ ajymif;a&$@aeay+yD? 19 &mpk. yxr&mpk0ufY ‚onf
jyifopfjynfwGif &SdcJh+yD; wcgw&H t*FvefjynfwGif&SdcJh.? 1848 ckESpfwGif
*smreDjynfonfvnf; awmfvSefaom trsKd;om;rsm;. wyfzGJ@xJodk@ 0ifa&muf
cJhonf? æ &mpkESpftopfonf jzpf&yfrsm;jzifh pwifvdkufayonf? ‚u
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf awmfveS af &;A[kcd surf . qufvufajymif;a&$@r/_ qdv k okd nfrmS
±k&Sm;jynfodk@ ajymif;a&$@r_ eD;uyfvm+yD[laom awG;ac:r_udk ay:aygufaponf?
æ taemufwdkif;rSaeI awmfvSefa&;tpjyKr_ rsm;pGmudk &,lchJaom ±k&Sm;jynf
onf ‚udk,fwdkif ,cktcg taemufwdkif;twGuf awmfvSef a&;pGrf;tm;.
a&aomufjrpftjzpf tvkyt f au|;jyK&ef toifjh zpf vmEdik pf &m&So d nf? ,cktcg
w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaeaom ±k&Sm; awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf u|ef
awmfw@kd tv,fwiG f jyef@ymG ;pjyKaeaom rwufrºu evyde;f wH;k 0g'pdw"f mwfEiS hf
wGef@qkwfaom EdkifiHa&;wdk@udk awmxkwf&ef tiftm;t}uD;qHk;aom enf;em
jzpfvmEdik pf &m&Sod nf? xd@k jyif ‚onf wdu k yf t
JG wGuaf wmifwh r_EiS hf u|eaf wmf
wd k @ . }uD ; rm;aom pd w f u l ; pH r sm;tay: twd k i f ; rod o pP m &S d r _ u d k xyf r H I
w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifvm apvdrfhrnf? ±k&Sm;jynfonf taemufOa&my
twGuf azmufjyefa&;ESifh oufOD;qHydkifpepf. cHwyf}uD;oufouftjzpfrS
4
umv&SnfpGmuyif csKyf+idrf;oGm; chJayonf? ,cktcgwGif tajctaeonf
vH;k 0ajymif;jyef jzpfae+yD[k ajymqd&k ay rnf? taemuf Oa&myonf ±k&mS ;jynf&dS
azmuf j yef a &;ES i f h ouf O D ; qH y d k i f p epf . cH w yf } uD ; jzpf v maeonf ? æ
±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onff Zmbk&if. r[mrdwf qdkvdkonfrSm Oa&my
t&if;tES;D udo k m wcsed w f nf;wGif wdu k rf ae&ygu Zmbk&ifukd apmpGmuwnf;
uyif jzKwfcs+yD; avmufay+yD? Tt}udrfwGif olwdk@onf &efolESpfOD;pvHk;ESifh
wdkufcdkuf&mwGif atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[kvnf;aumif;/ “olawmfpif r[mrdwf”
topfonf ‚.a&S@awmfajy;rsm;xuf ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm ysufpD;vdrfhrnf[k
vnf;aumif; u|efawmfwdk@ ar#mfvifh=uygpdk@? ±k&Sm;jynf. vuf&Sd wdkufyGJonf
rnfo@kd yif +yD;qH;k ygap ta=umif;rvSpmG usq;kH oGm;cJ&h onfh ajrmufjrm; vSpmG
aom tmZmenfrsm;.aoG;ESihf 'kuq Q if;&Jc&H r_rsm;onf tcsn;f tES;D r[kwaf y?
olwdk@onf ,Ofaus;aom urBmw0ef;vHk;wGif vlr_awmfvSefa&;. ta!‡mifh
twuf r sm;ud k tm;opf a vmif ; ay;vd r f h r nf j zpf + yD ; ‚wd k @ ud k yd k I a0qm
ydI
k vsijf refpmG }uD;xGm;vmapvdrrhf nf? 1848 ckEpS w f iG f qvyfrsm;onf jynfo@l
aEGO;D .yef;rsm;udk zsuq f ;D onfh qD;ESi;f xkjzpfc.hJ ? ,cktcgow l @kd onf azmufjyef
a&; a&cJxu k kd csK;d zsu+f yD; trsK;d om;rsm;twGuf om,maom aEGO;D opfukd wm;
r&aom t&Sed t f [kejf zifh aqmif=uOf;vmrnfh rkew f ikd ;f jzpfvmp&m &Sad yonf?”
(um;vf aumufpuD;a&; “qvyfrsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;”/ ±k&mS ;qd&k ,
S f 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;
owif;pm tpPu&m; trSwf 18/ rwfv 10 &uf/ 1902 ckEpS ?f )
vGecf o
hJ nfh 18 ESpu
f um;vfaumufpuD;onf pma&;aumif;vSonf
wum;?

5
 (2)
aAmf & S D A pf r sm;. atmif y G J t wG u f tajccH
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufrS wck

trSeyf if ,cktcg vlwikd ;f vdv k kd odjrif=uonft h wdik ;f u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwD

xJwiG f twif;usyq f ;kH ppfreS o f nfh oHr%dpnf;urf; r&Scd yhJ grl tvkyo f rm; vlwef;
pm; vlxw k &yfv;kH ./ qdv k o kd nfrmS pOf;pm;wwfaom/ ±d;k om;aom/ ud, k u
f sK;d
pGef@aom/ =oZm&Sdaom/ acwfaemufusaomtv$mudk acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf; odk@
r[kwf ‚wd@k EiS t hf wl ac:aqmifomG ;Edik pf rG ;f &Sad om tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;. c|i;f csuf
r&Sad om tjynf0h qH;k axmufcrH u _ rkd &cJyh gu aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf 2 ESpcf rJG qdx k m;ESihf
2 vcGyJ if tm%mudk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfonf vlwef;pm;opfu ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;
aom &efojl zpfonfh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tm; qef@usiu f mqifEaJ$ om tjywfom;
qHk;ESifh t=uifemuif;rJhqHk; ppfyGjJ zpfonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. ckcHr_onf +zdKcscH
&+yD;aemufY q,fqwdk;vmonf? (tu,fI wdkif;jynfwjynfxw J Gifom jzpf
onfw h ikd )f ,if;. tiftm;onf Edik if w H umh t&if;tES;D tiftm;ESihf Edik if w H umh
qufoG,fr_rsm;. cdkifrmtm;aumif;r_wdk@wGifomru tusifh"avhtiftm;
wGifvnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyfa&;uav; tiftm;wGifvnf;aumif; wnf&Sday
onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ta=umif;rvSpGmyif xkwfvkyfa&;uav;onf
urBmay:wGif tvGe@f tvGeu f s,jf yef@pmG &Sad eao;+yD; xkwv f yk af &;uav;u t
&if;&Sipf epfEiS hf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk tqufrjywf ae@pOfEiS t hf r# em&Drvyf tvdk
tavsmuf tpkvu kd t f +yHKvdu k f aygufzGm; apaoma=umifh jzpf.? Tta=umif;
rsm;a=umifh ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfonf vdt k yfayonf? xd@k jyif &Snv f sm;aom/
tav#mrh ay;aom/ jyif;xefaom/ olaoud, k &f iS jf zpfaom ppfr&Sb d /J cHEikd &f nf&rdS /_
pnf;urf;&Sdr_/ }uHhcdkifr_/ tav#mhray;r_/ qENnD!Gwfr_wdk@udk awmif;qdkaeaom
ppfyGJwckr&SdbJESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tay: atmifyGJcHa&;rSm rjzpfEdkifay?
6
 u|efawmfxyfI ajymygOD;rnf? ±k&Sm;jynfwGif ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf
atmifyt JG awG@t}uHKu Tjy\emudk pOf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f r&Sad om od@k r[kwf rpOf;
pm;cJh=uaom olrsm;udkyif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. tºuif;rJhA[dkcsKyfudkifr_ESifh
twif;usyfqHk; pnf;urf;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tay: atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf
tajccH ta=umif;tcsurf sm;teufrS wckjzpfonfukd &Si;f vif;pGm jyovdu k .
f ?
Tonfukd r=umc%aqG;aEG;cJ. h ? od@k aomf rnfonfuq kd v kd okd enf;/
rnfonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufwGif jzpfEdkifoenf; [lonfwdk@udk vHk
avmufpGm rpOf;pm;oavmuf &Sdayonf? qdkAD,uftm%mESifh aAmf&SDApfrsm;
tm; *k%jf yKaom E_wcf eG ;f qufor_rsm;ESihf wcsed w f nf;wGif awmfveS af om ypPn;f
rJh vlwef;pm;u vdt k yfaom pnf;urf;udk tb,fa=umifh aAmf&ADS pfrsm; wnf
aqmufEdkifonf[laom ta=umif;&if;tm; euf±_dif;pGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;udk
t}udrfrsm;rsm; jyKvdkufv#if roifhawmfaybl;avm?
aAmf&ADS pf0g'onf Edik if aH &;awG;ac:r_w&yfEiS hf Edik if aH &;ygww D &yf tjzpf
jzifh 1903 ckEpS rf pS I wnf&v dS mcJo h nf? ‚wnf&cdS ahJ om umvwav# wav#mufv;kH
twGi;f &Sd aAmf&ADS pf0g'. ordik ;f uomv#if tcufcq J ;kH tajctaersm;atmuf
wGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; atmifyGJtwGuf vdktyfaom oHr%dpnf;urf;udk t
b,fa=umifh wnfaqmufxdef;odrf;&ef jzpfEdkifcJhonfudk auseyfavmufatmif
&Sif;vif;jyEdkifayonf?
xdk@jyif OD;pGmay:xGufvmaom ar;cGef;um; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmf
vSefa&;ygwD. pnf;urf;udk rnfodk@xdef;odrf;oenf;? rnfodk@ prf;oyfoenf;?
rnfo@kd tm;jznfw h if;oenf;? yxrtcsurf mS ypPn;f rJw h yfO;D . vlwef;pm;tod/
awmf vSeaf &;udk ‚.opPm&Srd /_ ‚.cHEikd &f nf&rdS /_ ud, k u f sK;d pGe@f r/_ &J&ifrh w _ @kd a=umifh
jzpf.? 'kwd,tcsufrSm ‚onf tus,fjyef@qHk;aom vkyfom;jynfolrsm;/
qdkvdkonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;omru ypPnf;rJhr[kwfaom
vkyfom;vlxkrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr_/ eD;uyfpGmxdawG@r_ xdkr#ruajymvdkygu
wpHw k &m twdik ;f twmtxd wom;wnf;jzpfru _ kd vkyEf ikd pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;a=umifh jzpf
onf? wwd,tcsufrSm wyfOD;. EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_ rSefuefjcif;/ ‚.
Edik if aH &;aoe*FAsL[mESihf enf;y&d,m,frsm;. rSeu f efjcif;/ Tod@k rSeu f efa=umif;
udk tus,fjyef@qHk;aom vlxkrsm;u rdrdudk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& ouf0if
7
,Hk=unfr_&Sdjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufrsm;r&Sdygu "e&Sifvlwef;
pm;udk +zdKcs+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk; ajymif;vJypfa&;udk xrf;aqmifaeaom
a&S@wef;a&muf vlwef;pm;. wu,fvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh ygwDw&yfjzpfaeaom
awmfveS af &;ygw. D pnf;urf;onf rjzpfajrmufEikd af y? Tta=umif; tcsurf sm;
r&Syd gu pnf;urf;owfrw S &f ef }udK;yrf;r_tm;vH;k onf rvGrJ aoGyif Avm ouf
oufESifh [dwf[efrsm;jcif;wdk@jzifh ayghysufysuftqHk;owfrnf? tjcm;wzufY
Tta=umif ; tcsuf r sm;onf csuf c sif ; ay:xG u f r vmEd k i f ? xd k t a=umif ;
tcsurf sm;udk a&&Sn}f udK;pm;jcif;ESihf tqif;&J tyifyef;cH+yD;onfh tawG@t}uHK
rsm;&SdrSom zefwD;Edkifayrnf? ‚wdk@. zefwD;r_udk rSefuefaom awmfvSefa&;
oabmw&m;uom wGef;aqmfay;Edkifonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh TawmfvSefaom oabmw&m;onf w&m;ao r
[kwb f J wu,fwrf; vlxv k uQ%maqmifaom/ wu,fwrf; awmfveS af om
v_y&f mS ;r_. vufawG@vyk u f ikd rf E_ iS hf eD;uyfpmG qufpyfro S mv#if tqH;k owfyakH y:
vmayvdrfhrnf?
aAmf&SDApf0g'onf 1917 - 1920 ckESpftwGif; r}uHKpbl;cufcJaom
tajctaersm;atmufwiG f twif;usyq f ;kH A[dck sKyfuikd rf E_ iS hf oHr%dpnf;urf;udk
wnfaqmufEikd +f yD; atmifjrifpmG xde;f odr;f Edik jf cif;rSm ±k&mS ;jynf. ordik ;f qdik &f m
xl;jcm;csufrsm;a=umifhom jzpfonf?
tjcm;wzufwGif aAmf&SDApf0g'onf 1903 ckESpfY rmhufpf0g'oabm
w&m;. tvGefcdkif+rJaom tkwfjrpfay:wGif ay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdk@jyif T
awmfveS af &; oabmw&m;wckwnf;omv#if rSeu f efa=umif;udk 19 &mpkEpS w f
av#mufv;kH &Sd urBmt h awG@t}uHKu oufaojycJo h nfomru txl;ojzif±h &k mS ;
jynf&Sd awmfvSefa&;awG;ac:r_ e,fy,fwGif prf;w0g;0g;jzpfjcif;ESifh awGa0jcif;
trSm;ESihf pdwyf sujf cif;ponft h awG@t}uHKwd@k uvnf; oufaojycJ. h ? ta=umif;
rl +yD;cJah om&mpkEpS .f 40 ydik ;f rS 90 ydik ;f txd &mpkEpS 0f ufe;D yg; +ydKifbufr&Sad tmif
&ufpufaom/ azmufjyefaom Zmpepf. zdEydS jf cif;cHc&hJ onfh ±k&mS ;jynf&dS a&S@wef;
a&mufaom awG;ac:r_onf rSeu f efaom awmfveS af &;oabmw&m;udk tmom
ief;ief;&SmazG+yD; Oa&myESit hf ar&durS Te,fy,fwiG &f dS “aemufq;kH awG@&cdS su”f
rSeof r#ukd wckruset f =hH oavmufaom ZGv J @kH vwd@k jzifh rarmryef; aemufa,mifcH
8
cJhayonf? ±k&Sm;jynfonf &mpkESpf0uftwGif;wGif r}uHKpbl;aom emusifyif
yef;r_/ pGe@f vw $ rf u _ v dk nf;aumif;/ r}uHKpbl;aom awmfveS af &; ol&aJ umif;0g'/
r,HkEdkifavmufaom pGrf;tm;jzifh xufoefpGm pl;prf;&SmazGjcif;/ avhvmjcif;/
vufawG@ppfaq;jcif;/ pdwfysufjcif;wdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ Oa&mytawG@t}uHKudk
csdefxdk;jcif;ESifh E_dif;,SOfjcif;wdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ wu,fwrff; 'kuQqif;&Jrsm;udk
jzwfoef;+yD;rSom wckwnf;aom rSeu f efonfh awmfveS af &;oabm w&m;jzpf
onfh rmhupf 0f g'udk &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfayonf? Zmpepfu Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;udk wdik ;f
wyg;odk@ twif;armif;xkwfjcif;a=umifh 19 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;&Sd awmfvSefaom
±k&mS ;jynfonf urBmah wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_o¿mefrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwGifrSr&Sdaom us,fjyef@aom EdkifiH
wumh qufo, G rf r_ sm;pGmudvk nf;aumif;/ ºu,f0aom taumif;qH;k owif;
rsm;udkvnf;aumif; &&SdcJh.?
tjcm;wzufwGif Tausmufqpfyrmcdkifrmonfh oabmw&m; a&;
tkwfjrpfay:wGif ay:xGufvmcJhaom aAmf&SDApf0g'onf urBmay:wGif tjcm;
rnfonfh ae&mwGirf S tvm;wlr&SEd ikd o f nfh ºu,f0onfh tawG@t}uHK&&Sad ponfh
15 ESpf=um 1903-1917 vufawG@ordkif;umvudk jzwfoef;cJhonf? t
a=umif;rl T 15 ESpfwmtwGif; TawmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uHKrsKd;onfvnf;
aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_o¿mef trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaom Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'y/ +idrf;csrf;
a&;ESihf rkew f ikd ;f qifr/_ ajratmufvyk jf cif;ESihf ajAmifvyk jf cif;/ tpkuav; v_y&f mS ;
r_ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_/ ygvDrefenf;ESifh t=urf;zufenf;wdk@. vsifjref+yD; pHkvif
aomqufwu kd f ajymif;vJjcif;rsK;d onfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;rnfonfh wdik ;f jynf
wGifrS qifwl±dk;rSm;r#yif r&SdcJhay? Tr#wdkawmif;aom tcsdeftwGif; tjcm;
rnfonfh wdkif;jynfwGifrS Todk@aom acwfrDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;
tm;vHk;. wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;/ xl;jcm;csufrsm;ESifh enf;emrsm;tm; ºu,f0pGm
pkpnf;Edik rf r_ &Scd ahJ y? xd@k jyif wdik ;f jynf.acwfaemufusrE_ iS hf Zmxrf;yd;k . &ufpuf
r_a=umifh Twdu k yf o JG nf txl; vsijf refpmG &ifu
h suv
f m+yD; tar&duESihf Oa&my
Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHK. oifah wmfaom“aemufq;kH awG@&cdS su”f udk tmom ief;ief;
ESihf tatmifjrifq;kH &,lco hJ nf?

9
 (3)

aAmf & S D A pf 0 g'ord k i f ; . t"d u tqif h r sm;

awmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifaomESpfrsm; (1903-1905)? }uD;rm;

aom rkefwdkif;. eD;uyfvmr_udk ae&mtESH@tjym; cHpm;ae&onf? vlwef;pm;
tm;vHk; v_yfv_yf&G&GESifh jyifqifpdkif;jyif;aeaom tajctaewGif &Sdae=uonf?
jynfywGirf l Edik if aH &;t& e,fEiS cf &H olrsm;. pme,fZif;rsm;onf awmfveS af &;
tajccHjy\em tm;vHk; . oabmw&m;a&;bufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf?
t"duvlwef;pm; 3 ck/ t"duEdik if aH &;tEG,f 3 ck jzpfonfh vpfb&,f"e&Si/f
"e&Sifaygufp 'Drdkua&pDorm; (“qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD”ESifh “qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;”
wHqyd rf sm;uyfI ±kyzf sux f m;onf)ESihf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;tEG,w f @kd . ud,
k pf m;
vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;pOfqdkif&m/ enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tjrifrsm;tay:wGif
tjyif;xefq;kH wdu k yf qJG ifum eD;uyfvmaom twdtvif; vlwef;pm; wdu k yf tJG
wGuf }udKwifwu G qf +yD; jyifqifpikd ;f jyif;ae=uonf? xdt k csed u
f pme,fZif;rsm;
wGif 1905-1907 ckESpfESifh 1917-1920 ckESpfrsm;wGif vlxkrsm; qifE$Jaom
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJqdkif&m tjriftm;vH tm;vHk;. ueOD;o¿mefrsm;udk avhvmEdkif
onf? avhvnf;avhvm&rnf? Tt"du tEG,f 3 ckt=um;wGif trSefyif
tv,ftvwfjzpfaom/ ul;ajymif;qJjzpfaom vrf;ckvwfo¿mef tajrmuf
tjrm; &SdcJhay.? odk@r[kwf ydkrdkrSefuefpGmqdk&v#if pme,fZif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;/
*d%
k ;f rsm;ESihf tkypf rk sm;wdu k yf t
JG wGi;f wGif pifppfvw
l ef;pm;toD;oD; tEG,rf sm;
jzpfaom TEdkifiHa&;ESifh awG;ac:r_tEG,frsm;onf twdtusyHkay:vm=uay
onf? vlwef;pm;toD;oD;onf usa&muftHhqJqJ wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf vdktyf
aom EdkifiHa&;ESifh awG;ac:r_ vufeufrsm;udk ykHoGif;xkvkyfae=uonf?
10
 awmfvSefa&;ESpfrsm; (1905-1907)? vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;onf twd
tvif; xGufvm=uonf? vkyfief;pOfqdkif&mESifh enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tjrif
tm;vH;k onf vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_jzifh prf;oyfjcif;cH&onf? oydww f u kd yf o
JG nf ‚.
twdkif;twm us,fjyef@r_ESifhjyif;xefr_t& urBmay:wGif +ydKifbufuif;vS.?
pD;yGm;a&;oydwfonf EdkifiHa&;oydwfodk@vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;oydwfonf
ykeu f efxºur_o@kd vnf;aumif; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;oGm;onf? acgi;f aqmifol ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;ESifh acgif;aqmifcH&ol ,drf;,dkifawGa0aom v,form;vlwef;pm;
t=um;&Sd qufqHa&;rsm;udk vufawG@xJY prf;oyfppfaq;cJhonf? qdkAD,uf
pnf;±Hk;a&;o¿mefonf wdkufyGJ. tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_twGif;Y
ayguzf mG ;vmonf? xdt k csed u f qdAk ,D uf. ta&;ygrE_ iS yhf wfoufaom tjiif;
yGm;r_rsm;onf 1917-1920 ckEpS &f dS }uD;jrwfonfw h u kd yf u
JG kd }udKwif edrw d zf wfchJ
onf? ygvDrefESifh ygvDrefr[kwfaom wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;/ ygvDrefudk oydwf
arSmufaom enf;y&d,m,fEiS hf ygvrD efwiG f yg0ifaom enf;y&d,m,f/ Oya'wGi;f
ESiOhf ya'y wdu k yf o JG ¿mefrsm;udk wvSnphf D usio hf ;kH jcif;/ xdrk #ru‚wd@k . tjyef
tvSefqufpyfjcif;ESifh aygif;pyfjcif;rsm; tm;vHk;onf tHh=oavmufatmif
ºu,f0aomtESpo f m&jzifh xif&mS ;vmonf? vlxEk iS ahf cgi;f aqmifrsm; vlwef;
pm;rsm;ESihf ygwrD sm;twGuf Tumv. wvwmtwGi;f &&Sv d ukd af om Edik if aH &;
odyyH` nm tajccHrsm;onf “+idr;f csr;f aom” “zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH pnf;rsO;f qdik &f m”
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. wESpfwmvHk;&&Sdr_ESifh nDr#cJhayonf? 1905 ckESpf. “}udK
wifZmwfwu kd rf ”_ r&Syd gu 1917 ckEpS f atmufwb kd m awmfveS af &;onf atmifyJG
cHEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf?
azmufjyefa&;ESprf sm; (1907 - 1910)? Zmpepfonf atmify&JG cJo h nf?
awmfveS af &;ygwED iS hf twdu k t f cHygwt D m;vH;k ±_;H edrchf &hJ onf? pdw"f mwfusqif;r_/
pdwf"mwfysufjym;r_/ uGJjym;r_/ tpnf;ajyr_/ opPmazmufr_/ npfnrf;r_wdk@onf
EdkifiHa&;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdkuf=uonf? tbd"rRmqdkif&m pdwf0g'qDodk@ a&G@
vsm;r_onf ydrk }kd uD;rm;vmonf? odEikd cf 0J g'onf wefjyefawmfveS af &; pdww f rd ;f
!$wrf r_ sm;. +cHKxnfjzpfvmonf? od@k aomf wcsed w f nf;rSmyif T}uD;rm;aom
±_;H edrrhf o
_ nfyif awmfveS af &ygwrD sm;ESihf awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;tm; tvGef
wu,f wefzdk;&Sdaomoifcef;pm/ ordkif;qdkif&m tEkyËdavmroifcef;pm/ EdkifiH
11
a&;wdkufyGJtm; em;vnfu|rf;usifpGm wdkufwwf&efoifcef;pmwdk@udk ay;tyf
vdu k af y.? uHq;kd rd;k arSmifusrS rdwaf qGppfukd odEikd o f nf? ppf±;H_ aomwyfonf
aumif;pGm avhvmwwfvmonf?
atmify&JG &Sad om Zmpepfonf ±k&mS ;jynf&dS "e&Sirf wdik rf D tz}uD;pd;k aom
aexdik af &;b0enf;em tºuif;tuserf sm;udk rwwfombJ vsijf refpmG zsuq f ;D
vduk &f onf? wdik ;f jynf. "e&Siv f rf;a=umif;twdik ;f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf txl;
yifvsifjrefpGm wufvSrf;vmonf? vlwef;pm;ESifh uif;vGwfaom/ vlwef;pm;
txufY&Sdaom pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;/ t&if;&Sif0g'udk a&SmifuGif;Edkifonf[laom
pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;onf avxJwGifvGifhpif uG,faysmufoGm;awmh.? vlwef;pm;
wdkufyGJonf vHk;0opfvGif+yD; ydkrdkjywfom;aom o¿mefaqmifvmonf?
awmfveS af &;ygwrD sm;onf rdrw d @kd .oif,rl u_ kd jynfph akH tmif jznfq h nf;
=u&rnf? ‚wdk@onf wdkufcdkufjcif;udk oif=um;+yD;ay+yD? ,cktcgY Ttod
ynmudk rnfo@kd aumif;pGm qkwcf mG &rnfenf;[laom todynmjzifh jznfph u G &f
rnfukd ‚wd@k ojd rif&ef vdv k monf? ‚wd@k onf rnfo@kd aumif;pGm wdu k cf u
kd &f
rnf/ rnfodk@aumif;pGm qkwfcGm&rnfqdkonfh ESpfckpvHk;udk oif,lrxm;ygu
atmifycJG &H ef rjzpfEikd af =umif; odjrif&ayrnf? xd@k jyif awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;
onf rdru d ,
kd yf ikd cf g;oD;aom tawG@t}uHKt& Tod@k ojd rifvm&ef oif=um;jcif;
cH&onf? ±_;H edrahf om twdu k t
f cHygwrD sm;ESihf awmfveS af &;ygwD tm;vH;k xJwiG f
aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf rdrw d @kd “wyfrawmf”udk tqH;k t±_;H tenf;qH;k rdr. d tjrKawudk
xdef;odrf;r_taumif;qHk;/ (jyif;xef+yD; rukpm;Edkifaom) uGJjym;r_ tenf;qHk;/
pdw"f mwfysujf ym;r_tenf;qH;k jzifh tpDtpOftusq;kH qkwcf mG cJ=h uonf? xd@k jyif
‚tvkyfudk tus,fjyef@qHk;/ trSefuefqHk;ESifh pdwftwufºuqHk;enf;jzifh
jyefvnfpwif&ef taumif;qH;k tajctaewGi&f o dS nf? aAmf&ADS pfrsm; Tod@k aom
tajctaeudk &&Scd jhJ cif;rSm qkwcf mG &rnfuv kd nf;aumif;/ rnfo@kd qkwcf mG &rnf
tm; od&Sdem;vnf&efudkvnf;aumif;/ tazmufjyefqHk;ygvDrefrsm;/ tazmuf
jyefq;kH tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;/ or0g,rtoif;rsm;/ tmrcHtzG@J rsm;ESihf tvm;
wl tzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f wGif rnfo@kd w&m;0ifpmG tvkyv f yk &f ef vH;k 0 oif,&l
rnfuv kd nf;aumif; jiif;qef=uaom awmfveS af &; avvH;k xGm;olrsm;udk t=uif
emuif;pGmzGifhcs+yD; xkwfy,fypfcJhjcif;a=umifhomjzpf.?
12
 'Da&wufonfhESpfrsm; (1910-1914)? tpydkif;wGif wdk;wufr_rSm
r,HEk ikd af vmufatmif aES;auG;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf 1912 ckEpS f vDemta&;tcif;2
aemufwGif tawmfyifvsifjrefvmcJh.? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_xJ&Sd
rif&ADS pfw@kd . "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; ud, k pf m;vS,t f cef;udk 1905 ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f wGif
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;w&yfv;kH u aumif;pGmem;vnfc+hJ yD; Ttcsuaf =umifh "e&Siv f l
wef;pm;w&yfv;kH u aAmf&ADS pfrsm;tm; qef@usi&f mwGif rif&ADS pfrsm;udk enf;rsK;d
pHkjzifh axmufcHcJh=uonf? aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf r}uHKpbl;aomtcuftcJrsm;udk
ausmef if;&if; rif&ADS pfrsm;udk wGe;f z,fypfco hJ nf? od@k aomf tu,fI aAmf&ADS pfrsm;
onf Oya'ytvkyfudk “Oya'twGif;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;”rjzpfrae toHk;csr_
rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfay;aom rSefuefonfhenf;y&d,m,fudk rusifhoHk;cJhygv#if T
tcsufudk vkyf&mwGif rnfonfhtcgrS atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifvdrfhrnf r
[kwfay? aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf azmufjyefvSaom 'l;rm;v$wfawmfxJ&Sd tvkyf
orm;ae&mtm;vHk;udk &&SdcJh.?
yxre,fcsJ@urBmppf}uD; (1914-1917)? tvGeftrif; azmufjyef
aom“ygvDref”ESifhtwl Oya'wGif; ygvDref0g'onf awmfvSefaomypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; ygwDjzpfaom aAmf&SDApfrsm;tm; tvGefw&m tusKd;jyKcJhayonf?
aAmf&ADS pf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk qdu k af A;&D;,m;od@k e,fEiS yf pfvu kd of nf? jynfy
odk@e,fESifcH&olrsm;. pme,fZif;rsm;wGif qdk&S,fe,fcsJ@0g'/ qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'/
qdk&S,fjynfcspf0g'/ cdkif+rJaom EdkifiHwumh0g'ESifh rcdkif+rJaom EdkifiHwumh0g'/
a&$jynfat;0g'ESihf a&$jynfat;0g'pdwu f ;l ,Ofru _ kd awmfveS af om jiif;y,frw _ @kd .
ta&miftqif; trsK;d rsK;d wd@k ukd tjynft h pHq k ;kH awG@&onf? ±k&mS ;qd&k ,S v
f pf v_yf
&S m ;r_ w G i f “ *d k % f ; tk y f p k r sm;”rsm;jym;r_ u d k v nf ; aumif ; / ‚wd k @ twG i f ; wG i f
jzpfymG ;aom jyif;xefonfw h u
kd yf u
JG v kd nf;aumif; rmefrme}uD;pGm raxrJjh rifjyKcJh
=uaom 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. ynm&Sifvlrdkufrsm;ESifh tr,f}uD;tdkrsm;
onf olw@kd . ºum;0gxm;aom-a&S@wef;a&mufaom wdik ;f jynftm;vH tm;vHk;&Sd “Oy
a'wGif;”tcGifhta&;udk ppfu vufv$wfapvdkufaomtcg-±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm; qGpZf vefEiS hf tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;pGmwGif vkycf ahJ omtjrifrsm; vGwf
vyfpGm (Oya'y) zvS,fr_ESifh rSefuefaomtjrifrsm; vGwfvyfpGm (Oya'y)
&SmazGr_rsKd;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;udkyif pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhay? TtwGuf
13
a=umifhyif wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd ajAmifusaom qdk&S,fjynfcspform;rsm;ESifh
“aumufpuD; 0g'rD sm;” ESprf sK;d pvH;k onf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. tqd;k 0g;qH;k opPm
azmufrsm; jzpfvm=uavonf? xdk@jyif 1917-1920 ckESpfwGif aAmf&SDApf0g'
atmifyGJcH&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;wckrSm 1914 ckESpfukefrSp+yD; qdk&S,f
a&SmfAif0g'ESifh“aumufpuD;0g'”(tvm;wlyif jyifopfjynf&Sd avmif*Gwf0g'3/
t*Fvefjynf&dS tif'yD if;'ifah vbmygw4D acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf azbD,rH sm;5 tDw
vD&Sd wl&yfwDwdk@. tjrifrsm;). qdk;oGrf;r_/ ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;r_/ pufqkyfzG,f&m
aumif;r_w@kd ukd t=uifemuif;rJph mG zGichf scjhJ cif;ESihf aemifwiG v f x l ok nf aAmf&ADS pf
tjrifrsm;. rSeu f efru
_ kd rdrw
d @kd u,
kd yf ikd f tawG@t}uHKt& ydI k ydI
k ,H=k unfvm
cJhjcif;wdk@a=umifhyifjzpf.?
±k&mS ;jynf 'kw, d t}udraf wmfveS af &; (1917 - azazmf0g&v D rS atmuf
wdkbmvtxd)? Zmpepf. r,HkEdkifavmufatmif tdkrif;+yD; acwfaemufusr_
(tjyif;xefqHk;aomppf. xdk;ESufr_rsm;/ tcuftcJrsm;. xyfavmif;r_) wdk@u
‚tm; OD;wnfqef@usiaf om r,HEk ikd pf &m zsuq f ;D a&;tiftm;wckukd zefw;D ay;
vdkufonf? &uftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif ±k&Sm;jynfonf urBmay:&Sd tjcm;rnf
onfw h ikd ;f jynfxufrqdk ppfjzpfaeaom tajctaersm;atmufwiG f ydrk v kd wG v f yf
aom "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD orRwEdik if t H jzpf ajymif;vJomG ;onf? twdu k t f cHygwD
rsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;ygwrD sm;. acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf “twif;usyq f ;kH ygvrD ef
pepf”orRwEdkifiHrsm;wGif vkyfouJhodk@yif tpdk;&tzGJ@wckudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf?
vlwa,mufonf ,cifu ygvrD eftwGi;f / tazmufjyefq;kH ygvrD eftwGi;f rSm
jzpfygap/ twdkuftcHygwD. acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfchJygu awmfvSefa&;wGif
qufvuf yg0ifrnfhol.tcef;udk taxmuftul jyKay.?
&ufowWywftcsKd@twGif;wGif rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh“qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;”onf 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f. Oa&myol&aJ umif;rsm;/ 0ef}uD;0g'
orm;rsm;ESihf tjcm;tacsmiform; tr_u d o
f ±du
k rf sm;. enf;emrsm;/ vkyyf rkH sm;/
taxmuftxm;rsm;ESihf qifajcvdrrf sm; tm;vH;k udk tuket f pif &,lvu kd =f u
onf? ,cktcg u|efawmfwdk@ zwf±_&aom &Sdwf'DrefESifh aemhuD;cfta=umif;/
aumufpuD;ESihf [Dzm'if;ta=umif;/ &if;em;ESihf =opwmvpfta=umif;/ atmfwkd
abm0g;ESifh z&pftuf'vmta=umif;/ wl&yfwDESifh avmif*Gwfta=umif;/ t*F
14
vefjynf&Sd azbD,HESifh tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwD acgif;aqmif;rsm;ta=umif;
tm;vH;k onf u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf ysi;f &dz, G &f m xyfraH jymqdjk cif;/ a[mif;EGr;f +yD;
=um;aeusaw;oGm;udk jyefoq D jkd cif;uJo h @kd jzpfayonf (wu,fvnf; jzpfonf?)
u|efawmfwdk@onf tvm;wltjcif;t&mudk rif&SDApfrsm;Y awG@cJh+yD;jzpfonf?
acwfaemufusaom wdik ;f jynf&dS tacsmiform;rsm;onf a&S@wef;a&muf wdik ;f
jynfrsm;pGm&Sd tacsmiform;rsm;.a&S@o@kd ausmo f mG ;av+yD? TonfrmS ordik ;f .
usDpm;csufyif jzpfonf?
tu,fI 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ol&Jaumif;tm;vHk;onf c|wf+cHK
usomG ;+yD; qdAk , D ufEiS hf qdAk ,
D uftm%m. ta&;ygrE_ iS hf tcef;u¾jy\emudk
cef@reS ;f &mwGif rdrwd @kd bmom t&Suw f uGJ jzpfcyhJ gv#if ,cktcg 'kw, d tifwm
ae&Sife,fudk pGef@cGmoGm;=uaom tvGefta&;ygaom ygwD 3 ck (‚wdk@rSm
*smref tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD6/ jyifopfavmif*Gwf0g'Drsm;ESifh
+Adwo d # tif'yD if;'ifh avbmygw)D . acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf Tjy\emtay:
wGif“tajymifajrmuf”qHk;aomenf;vrf;jzifh rdrdwdk@bmom t&SufwuGJjzpf+yD;
±_yfaxG;oGm;cJhygv#if olwdk@tm;vHk;onf "e&Sifaygufp'Drdkua&pD tpGJtvef;.
aus;u|efrsm; (rdrdwdk@udk,fudk“qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;”[k ac:a0:=uaom 1848
ckEpS f "e&Siaf ygupf . pdw"f mwftwdik ;f &So d nf) jzpfomG ;ygv#if ‚wd@k tm;vH;k udk
rif&ADS pfrsm;Y u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@jrifc+hJ yD;jzpfayonf? ordik ;f onf Tod@k uspD m;cJh
jyefonf? æ ±k&Sm;jynfwGif 1905 ckESpfY qdkAD,ufrsm; aygufzGm;vmcJhonf?
1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd ‚wdk@tm; rif&SDApfrsm;u
tvGo J ;kH pm; jyKvkycf ohJ nf? ‚wd@k onf qdAk , D ufrsm;. tcef;ESihf ta&;ygru _ kd
em;vnfEikd pf rG ;f r&Sad oma=umifh c|w+f cHKusomG ;cJo h nf? ,cktcgwiG rf l qdAk ,D uf
tm%m t,ltqonf urBmtESH@wGif ay:xGufvm+yD; wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd
ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGif;wGif t[kefjyif;pGmjyef@ESH@aeonf? xdk@jyif 'kwd,tifwm
ae&Sife,f. ol&Jaumif;}uD;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufrsm;. tcef;ESifhta&;ygr_udk
em;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdaoma=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ rif&SDApfrsm;uJhodk@yif ae&m
wumwGif c|w+f cHKusae=uonf? tawG@t}uHKrsm;u oufaojyvdu k of nfrmS
ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. tvGefta&;}uD;aom jy\emtcsKd@wGif wdkif;jynf
tm;vHk;onf ±k&mS ;jynfu jyKvkycf o hJ nft h wdik ;f rvGrJ aoG jyKvky&f ayvdrrhf nf?
15
 Oa&myESihf tar&duwdu k w f iG f ,ae@r=umc% awG@&aomtjrifrsm;ESihf
qef@usipf mG yif aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf ygvrD efpepf (vufawG@tm;jzif)h "e&Sio f rRw
EdkifiHESifh rif&SDApfrsm;udk qef@usifonfh atmifjrifaomwdkufyGJudk owd}uD;pGm
jzifh pwifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; ‚twGuf olwdk@jyKvkyfaom jyifqifr_rsm;onfvnf;
rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# vG,fulonfr[kwfacs? u|efawmfwdk@onf azmfjycJhaom
umvtpydik ;f wGif tpd;k &udjk zKwfcs&ef rv_@H aqmfc?hJ qdAk , D ufrsm;. yg0ifr_ tcsK;d
tpm;ESifh pdwf"mwfudk OD;pGmajymif;vJypfjcif; r&SdbJ ‚udkjzKwfcs&ef rjzpfEdkif
a=umif;udo k m &Si;f vif;jycJo h nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf "e&Siyf gvrD ef/ qdv k okd nfrmS
Oya'jyKv$waf wmfukd oydwaf rSmuf&ef ra=unmcJ?h u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw. D (1917
ckESpf) {+yD uGefz&ifhrSp+yD; ygwDtrnfjzifh w&m;0ifpGm pwifajymqdkcJhonfrSm
Oya'jyKv$wfawmf&Sdaom "e&SiforRwEdkifiHonf Oya'jyK v$wfawmfr&Sdaom
"e&Sio f rRwEdik if x H uf ydI
k aumif;.? od@k aomf “tvkyo f rm;v,form;”orRw
Edik if jH zpfaom qdAk , D uforRwEdik if oH nf rnfonfh "e&Si"f rdu k a&pDygvrD ef orRw
Edik if x H ufrqdk ydI k aumif;onf[I l omjzpf.? Tod@k aom owd&adS om ukepf if
aom/ tao;pdwu f saom a&&Snjf yifqifrr_ sm;r&Scd yhJ gu u|eaf wmfw@kd onf 1917
ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGif atmify&JG &Sv d rd rhf nfr[kw?f Tatmifyu JG v kd nf; xde;f
odrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

16
 (4)

tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm; v_ y f & S m ;r_ t wG i f ; &S d

rnf o nf h & ef o l r sm;ud k qef @ usif w d k u f y G J q if & if ; aAmf & S D A pf 0 g'onf
}uD ; xG m ;+yD ; cd k i f r mum xk o m;ayom; &&S d v mcJ h o enf ; ?

yxrESifht"dutm;jzifh tacsmif0g'udk qef@usifaom wdkufyGJtwGif;

wGifjzpf.? Ttacsmif0g'onf 1914 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'tjzpf vHk;0
}uD;xGm;oGm;+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh
vHk;0yl;aygif;oGm;onf? "rRwmyif‚onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_
twGi;f &Sd aAmf&ADS pfrsm;. t"du&efol jzpfco hJ nf? ‚onf Edik if w H umh twdik ;f
twmt&vnf; t"du&efot l jzpf &Sad eqJjzpfonf? aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf T&ef
oludk txl;tm±HktpdkufqHk; jzpfcJhonf? qufvufIvnf; tm±HkpdkufcJhonf?
TbufwiG f aAmf&ADS pfw@kd . vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;udk ,cktcg jynfyuvnf;/ aumif;
pGm od&+dS yD;ay+yD?
od@k apumrl tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f &Sd aAmf&ADS pf0g'.
tjcm;aom &efot l wGuq f ykd grl jcm;em;a=umif;udk ajymqd&k ayrnf? aAmf&ADS pf0g'
onf "e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g' &;0g'udk qef@usifaom a&&SnfwdkufyGJtwGif;
wGif }uD;xGm;yHkay:vm+yD; xkom;ayom; &&Sdvmonf? Ttcsufudk jynfy
wGijf ynfph pkH mG rod&adS o;ay? TawmfveS af &;0g'onf rif;rJ0h g' taiG@toufjzifh
jynfhESufaeaom odk@r[kwf rif;rJh0g'rS wpHkw&mcdk;,lum rnfonfhta&;}uD;
aom jy\emrsm;wGirf qdk cdik rf maom ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;wdu
k yf .
JG ta=umif;
tcsurf sm; vdt k yfrr_ sm;ESihf rudu k nf aD y? rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;u aumif;pGm
17
pduk xf x l m;+yD; xdrk #ru Oa&myawmfveS af &;rsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ tawG@
t}uHKtm;vHk;u tjynfhtpHkoufaojycJhonfrSm t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif
ypPn;f ydik &f iS uf av;/ qdv k o kd nfrmS vkyif ef;ydik &f iS u
f av; (Oa&mywdik ;f jynfrsm;pGm
wGif tvGeu f s,jf yef@+yD; xkxnfvu kd &f adS eaom vlra_ &; trsK;d tpm;wck) onf
zdESdyfr_rsm; tpOfojzifh cHpm;&+yD; r=umc% ‚.tajctaersm;wGif r,HkEdkif
avmufatmif jyif;xefvsijf refpmG av#musysupf ;D oGm;I awmfveS af &; tvGef
tu|jH zpfrb _ ufo@kd tvG,w f ul ul;ajymif;oGm;=ujcif;yif jzpfonf? od@k &mwGif
‚onf cHEdkif&nf&Sdr_/ pnf;±Hk;r_/ pnf;urf;&Sdr_ESifh +rJ+rHr_ponfwdk@udk azmfjyEdkif
pGr;f r&Sad y? t&if;&Si0f g'. a=umufrufz, G &f mrsm;a=umif“h ±l;rwwf”jzpfaeaom
"e&Sifaygufprsm;onf rif;rJh0g'uJhodk@yif t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynftm;vHk;. xl;jcm;
aom vlrt _ jcif;t&m wrsK;d jzpfonf? TawmfveS af &;0g'onf rwnf+idrrf E_ iS hf
tESpfr&Sdr_/ ‚onf acgif;iHk@cHjcif;/ pdwfxufoefr_r&Sdjcif;/ pdwful;,Ofjcif;/
xdkr#ru "e&Sif“a&yef;pm;aomt,ltq”wckodk@r[kwf tjcm;wckY“t±l;
trl;”jzpfaejcif;wdk@qDodk@ vsifjrefpGm ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifonfh tvm;tvm&Sd
onf? Tt&mtm;vHk;onf trsm;od=uaom t&mrsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf
awmfveS af &;ygwrD sm;onf TtrSew f &m;rsm;udk oabmw&m;t& taumif
txnfrphJ mG todtrSwjf yK±Hrk #EiS hf twdwu f usL;vGecf zJh ;l aom trSm;rsm; xyfrH
usL;vGejf cif;udk a&SmifvI J$ r&Edik af y? TtrSm;rsm;onf rar#mv f ifah om tcsed f
a=umifh r}uHKpbl;aom ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf xl;jcm;aom/ tenf;ESit hf rsm; xl;jcm;
aomtajctaewdk@wGif o¿mefopf wckckjzifh ay:xGufvmwwfonf?
rif;rJh0g'onf r=umc%yif tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_. t
acsmif0g'tjypfrsm;twGuf '%fcwfrw _ rsK;d jzpfcohJ nf? yHo k ¿mefysuf ESpcf pk vH;k
onf tjyeftvSef jznfph u G =f uonf? xd@k jyif ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f ‚.vlO;D a&yg0ifr_
tcsKd;tpm;t& Oa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;xuf "e&Sifaygufp ydkrdkrsm;aomfvnf;
awmfvSefa&;ESpfckpvHk;twGif; (1905 ESifh 1917 ckESpf) Yvnf;aumif;/ awmf
vSeaf &;qifonfh umvrsm;twGi;f Yvnf;aumif;/ rif;rJ0h g' =oZmoufro _ nf
E_dif;,SOfjcif;t& rajymyavmufay? Todk@jzpf&jcif;. ta=umif;&if; wpdwf
wydik ;f rSm tacsmif0g'udk t=uifemuif;rJph mG ESihf raphpyfpwrf; tpOft+rJ wdu k f
cdu
k cf ahJ om aAmf&ADS pf0g'. aumif;r_a=umifjh zpfonf? Tonfukd oHo, jzpfp&m
18
rvdak y?“wpdww f ydik ;f ”[k u|eaf wmfajym&jcif;rSm ±k&mS ;jynf&dS rif;rJ0h g'. =oZm
t&Sed u f kd tm;enf;ap&mwGif ydrk t kd a&;}uD;aom ta=umif;&if;&Sjd cif;a=umifjh zpf
.? ‚rSm vGecf ahJ om (19 &mpk. 70 ydik ;f ESprf sm;) u rif;rJ0h g'onf xl;uJpmG
jzpfay: wd;k yGm;vm+yD; ‚.vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f r_EiS hf awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;. vrf;
!¸efoabmw&m;tjzpf vHk;0roifhawmfr_wdk@ ay:vGifvmjcif;a=umifhjzpf.?
aAmf&ADS pf0g'onf 1903 ckEpS Yf ayguzf mG ;vmuwnf;u "e&Siaf ygupf
awmfveS af &;0g'/ rif;rJ0h g'wydik ;f / (od@k r[kwf rif;rJ0h g'bufo@kd wdr;f !$waf eaom)
awmfveS af &;0g'udk qef@usiaf om t=uifemuif;rJo h nfh wdu k yf t
JG pOftvm &Scd hJ
onf? TtpOftvmonf awmfveS af om qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pDwiG f wav#mufv;kH
&Scd +hJ yD; ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;. vlxv k uQ%m aqmif
aom ygwDtwGuf tkwfjrpfcscJhonfh 1900-1903 ckESpfwGif txl;tcdkiftrm
awmifhwif;vmcJhonf? aAmf&SDApf0g'onf "e&Sifaygufp awmfvSefa&;0g'buf
wdrf;!$wfr_udk tjcm;olrsm;xuf ydkrdkazmfjyaom ygwDjzpfonfh“qdk&S,fawmf
vSefa&;”ygwDtm; qef@usifaomwdkufyGJudk qufcHcJh+yD; qufvufqifE$JcJhonf?
Twdu k yf u
JG kd t"dutcsuf 3 csuaf y:wGif qifEcJ$ . hJ ? yxrtm;jzifh Tygwo D nf
rmhufpf0g'udk jiif;y,fonf? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udkrqdk rvkyfrDwGif
vlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. tjyeftvSefqufqHa&;udk wif;usyf
aom yuwdbm0usaom tuJjzwfcsu. f vdt k yfru _ ekd m;vnf&ef (od@k r[kwf
em;rvnf[kajymv#if ydkrdkrSefuefvdrfhrnf) cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fonf? 'kwd,
tm;jzifh TygwDonf u|efawmfwdk@ rmhufpf0g'orm;rsm;u ,wdjywfy,fcs
xm;aom wOD;csif;t=urf;zufr_/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;
a=umifh xl;uJpmG “awmfveS af &;usonf” od@k r[kwf “vuf0u J sonf” [k rdrw d @kd
bmom ,lqonf? trSeyf if wOD;csi;f t=urf;zufru _ kd u|eaf wmfw@kd y,fcs&jcif;
rSm ‚onf roifhawmfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;}uD;.
t=urf;zufr_ od@k r[kwf a,bk,stm;jzifh wurBmvH;k &Sd "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm; 0dik ;f
wdkufjcif;cH&aom atmifyGJ&aom awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfu usifhoHk;onfh
t=urf;zufr_udk“rlt&”±_wfcsEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm;tm; 1900-1903 ckESpfwGif
rmhupf 0f g'orm;ESihf awmfveS af &;orm;wa,muf jzpfaeao;onfyh vufcaf emzfh
u raxrJhjrif oa&mf+yD;cJhav+yD? wwd,tm;jzifh “qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;
19
rsm;”onf *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. E_dif;,SOfjcif;t& rxif&Sm;aom t
acsmif0g' tjypfrsm;udk ±_wcf sjcif;jzifh “tvGe”f vuf0u J sonf[k xifrw S cf o
hJ nf?
wcsed w f nf;rSmyif olw@kd u, kd w f ikd rf mS rl xdyk gw. D tpGe;f a&muf tacsmif0g' orm;
rsm;tm; twkc;kd cJ=h uonf? Oyrm ajr,mjy\em od@k r[kwf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sif
pepfjy\emwdk@wGifjzpf.?
}uHK}udKufIajym&v#if ordik ;f onf u|eaf wmfw@kd tpOft+rJ&yfcaH jymqdk
aom ,lqcsuu f kd }uD;rm;us,jf yef@aom urBmo h rdik ;f twdik ;f twmt& ,ck
tcg twnfjyKvdkuf.? ‚rSm awmfvSefaom *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD
(rSwo f m;&efrmS vGecf ahJ om 1900-1903 ckEpS u f bef;pwde;f tm; ygwrD S xkwf
ypf&ef yvufcfaemhzfu awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkjyif aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf TtpOf
tvmudk wav#mufv;kH qufccH o hJ nf? 1913 ckEpS w f iG f vD*si. f vH;k 0qd;k oGr;f r_/
7
odrzf si;f r_EiS hf opPazmufr_ wd@k ukd zGichf sco hJ nf?) onf awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;u atmify&JG &S&d ef vdt k yfaom ygwt D jzpfo@kd a&muf&&dS ef teD;pyfq;kH
jzpfjcif;yifjzpfonf? ,cktcg 1920 ckESpfwGif ppfumvESifh ppf+yD;tapmydkif;
ESpfrsm;. &Sufp&m taumif;qHk;aom qHk;±_H;r_rsm;ESifh tusyftwnf;rsm;tm;
}uHKcJh&+yD;aemufY &Sif;vif;pGm jrifvmEdkifonfrSm taemufwdkif; ygwDtm;vHk;
xJwiG f *smrefawmfveS af om qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &ufygwo D nf taumif;qH;k acgi;f aqmif
rsm; arG;xkwfcJh+yD; jyefvnfemvHxlvmum tjcm;ygwDrsm;xuf tm;opfrsm;
ydrk v kd sijf refpmG &&Scd o hJ nf? Tonfukd aumufpuD;rsm;/ [Dzm'if;/ vD'aD bmif;
rsm;ESifh u&pfydkif;,if;wdk@. tacsmif0g'ESifh ausm±dk;rJhr_wdk@tm; qef@usifaom
tqufrjywfonfh wdu k yf u JG kd qifEaJ$ e=uaom pyg;wmhpyf gw8D ESi“hf *smref tif'D
yif;'ifh qd&k , S 'f rD ukd a&pDygw”D . vuf0yJ pPn;f rJ*h % kd ;f wd@k ESpcf pk vH;k wGivf nf; awG@
Edik af yonf? ,cktcg u|eaf wmfw@kd onf yJ&pfbt kH zG@J rS yxr qd&k , S v f pfqAkd , D uf
orRwEdkifiHtxdjzpfaom vHk;0+yD;pD;cJhonfh ordkif;umvydkif;udk t=urf;tm;jzifh
+cHKI =unf±h r_ nfqykd gu rmhupf 0f g'u rif;rJ0h g'tay: xm;&Sad om a,bk,so
abmxm;udk twdusq;kH ESihf t&Si;f vif;qH;k awG@Eikd af yonf? tqH;k owf cGjJ crf;
pdwjf zm&mwGif rmhupf 0f g'onf rSeu f efa=umif; jyovdu k af yonf? xd@k jyif rif;rJh
0g'orm;rsm;onf qd&k , S v f pfygwD trsm;pkxw J iG f v$r;f rd;k aeaom Edik if aH wmfEiS hf
ywfoufI tacsmif0g' tjrifrsm;udk rSeu f efpmG !¸ejf ycJah omfjim;vnf; azmfjy&
20
rnfrmS yxrtm;jzifh Ttacsmif0g'onf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf ywfoufI rmhupf . f
tjrifrsm;udk ±kyyf suq f if;ysuv f yk jf cif;/ xdrk #ru wrifoufouf xdecf sex f m;jcif;
(u|efawmf. “EdkifiHawmfESifh awmfvSefa&;” &;”pmtkyfxJwGif EdkifiHawmfESifh ywf
oufI acwfpm;aeaom qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD ,lqcsufrsm;. tacsmif0g'udk
tvGe&f iS ;f vif;jywfom;pGm zGichf sxm;aom tde*f ,f.pmudk 1875 ckEpS rf S 1911
ckEpS x
f d 36 ESpw f ikd w f ikd yf if bDb,fonf xdecf sef uG,0f u S xf m;onf[k u|eaf wmf
axmufjycJhonf) wdk@ESifhqufpyfaeonf? xdk@jyif 'kwd,tm;jzifh T tacsmif
0g'tjrifrsm;udk jyKjyifjcif;/ qdAk , D uftm%mESihf ‚. "e&Siyf gvrD ef 'Dru kd a&pD
xuf omvGefr_tm; todtrSwfjyKjcif;wdk@udk twdtustm;jzifh Oa&myESifh
tar&duwdu k rf S qd&k , S v f pfygwrD sm;&Sd rmhupf 0f g'tusq;kH tEG,rf sm; twGi;f wGif
tvsifjrefqHk;ESifh tus,fjyef@qHk; jyKvkyfcJhayonf?
rdryd gww D iG ;f &Sd “vuf0”J aoGzaD &;udk aAmf&ADS pf0g'u qef@usiq f ifEaJ$ om
wduk yf oJG nf txl;}uD;rm;onfh twdik ;f twmjzifh ESp}f udrjf zpfymG ;cJo h nf? w}udrf
rSm 1908 ckEpS w f iG f tazmufjyefq;kH “ygvrD ef”ESihf tazmufjyefq;kH aom w&m;
Oya'rsm;jzifh uef@owfxm;aom Oya'wGif; tvkyform;tzGJ@rsm;wGif yg0if
rnfavm od@k r[kwf ryg0ifbaJ ernfavm jy\emwGijf zpf+yD; aemufw}udrrf mS
1918 ckESpf (b&ufvpfawmhzf +idrf;csrf;a&;9) wGif“aphpyfa&;”wck odk@r[kwf
tjcm;wckudk cGifhjyKEdkif rjyKEdkif jy\emwGifjzpf.?
1908 ckEpS w f iG “f vuf0”J aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf tazmufjyefq;kH “ygvrD ef”
xJwiG yf g0if&ef vdt k yfru _ ekd m;vnf&ef acgi;f rmpGmjiif;y,fonfh twGuaf =umifh
u|efawmfwdk@.ygwDrS xkwfypfjcif;udkcH&onf?“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf txl;
ojzifh 1905 ckEpS w f iG f oydwaf rSmufr. _ atmifjrifaomtawG@t}uHKudk tajccH
cJh.? æ ‚wdk@xJwGif uGefjrKepfygwD0ifwa,muf. trnfudk aemiftcgY
*k%o f u d mQ &Spd mG jzifh cH,cl ahJ om (,ckvnf;cH,al eqJjzpfaom) awmufajymifaom
awmfveS af &;orm; rsm;pGm&So d nf? 1905 ckEpS f =o*kwv f wGif Zmonf twdik f
yifc“H ygvrD ef”wck ac:qdak &;udk a=unmaomtcg twdu k t
f cHygwrD sm;tm;vH;k
ESihf rif&ADS pfrsm;udk qef@usipf mG yif aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf oydwaf rSmuf&ef a=unmcJh
onf? pifppftm;jzifh TygvrD efukd 1905 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;u
vSJusif; ypfvdkufonf? xdkt}udrfoydwfarSmufr_ rSefuefcJh&jcif;rSm a,bk,s
21
tm;jzifh azmufjyefaom ygvDrefrsm;wGif ryg0ifjcif;onf rSefuefaoma=umifh
r[kwfbJ u|efawmfwdk@onf vlxkoydwfrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;odk@vnf;
aumif;/ xd@k aemuf awmfveS af &;oydwo f @kd vnf;aumif; xd@k aemuf ykeu f efro _ @kd
vsijf refpmG ul;ajymif;a&;od@k vnf;aumif; a&S;±_cahJ om yuwdbm0 tajctae
rsm;tm; rSeu f efpmG tuJjzwfEikd jf cif; a=umifjh zpf.? xd@k jyif xdt
k csed u f wdu k yf oJG nf
yxrudk,fpm;vS,f v$wfawmfac:qdkjcif;udk Zmbk&ifvufxJY xm;rnfavm
odk@r[kwf ‚ac:qdka&;udk tkyfpdk;r_a[mif;. vufxJrS &,l&ef }udK;pm;rnf
avm[lonfh jy\emwGif A[dkjyKxm;onf? odk@aomf aemufydkif;Y tvm;wl
yuwdbm0 tajctaeonf wnf&Sdvdrfhrnf[kvnf;aumif; TuJhodk@aom
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf wlnaD om OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf t&Sed t f wdik ;f &Sv
d rd rhf nf[v k nf;
aumif; wxpfcs rajymEdkifv#if ajym&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifv#if oydwfarSmufjcif;
onf rrSefuefEdkifawmhay?
1905 ckESpfwGif aAmf&SDApfwdk@u“ygvDref”udk oydwfarSmufjcif;onf
awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;udk tzd;k rjzwfEikd af om Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHK
jzifh ºu,f0ap+yD; Oya'wGi;f udk Oya'yESiv hf nf;aumif;/ ygvrD efukd ygvrD efjyify
wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aygif;pyfay;&mwGif ygvDrefo¿mefrsm;udk
jiif;y,f&jcif;rSm wcgw&H tusKd;&Sd+yD; vdkvnf;vdktyfa=umif;udk jyovdkufay
onf? odk@aomf TtawG@t}uHKudk rwlaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh rwl
aom tajctaersm;rS rsufuef;qefqef yHkwlul;cs+yD; a0zefydkif;jcm;r_r&SdbJ
toHk;jyKjcif;rSm trSefyif}uD;rm;aom trSm;wckjzpf.? odk@apumrl 1906
ckEpS w “'l;rm;”
f iG f aAmf&ADS pfrsm;u“'l rm;”udk oydwaf rSmufjcif;onf ao;i,f+yD; tvG,f
wulupk m;Edik af om t&mwckjzpfapumrl trSm;wckjzpf.?· 1907-1908 ckEpS f
ESihf aemufEpS rf sm;wGif 'l;rm;udk oydwaf rSmufcyhJ gu }uD;av;+yD; ukpm;&ef cJ,Of;
------------------------
· wOD;wa,muftwGuf toH;k jyKEdik af omt&mrsm;udk vdt k yfonfh ajymif;
vJjyifqifrr_ sm; jyKvkyIf Edik if aH &;ESihf ygwrD sm;twGuf toH;k jyKEdik . f ? trSm;rusL;vGef
zl;olonf ynm&Srd [kw?f TuJo h @kd aom vlrsK;d r&S/d &Sv
d nf; r&SEd ikd ?f tvGe}f uD;av;aom
trSm;rsm;udk rusL;vGeo f El iS hf ‚wd@k tm; vG,u f l pGmESihf vsijf refpmG rnfo@kd jyifqif&rnfukd
od&odS o
l m ynm&Sjd zpfay.?
22
aom trS m ;wck jzpf a yvd r f h r nf ? tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf wzuf w G i f
awmfvSefa&;'Da& jrefqefpGm wufvm&efESifh ‚rS ykefuefr_qDodk@ ul;ajymif;
oGm;&efudk rar#mfvifhEdkifjcif;/ tjcm;wzufY "e&Sifbk&ifpepftm; jyefvnf
rGr;f rHaeaom ordik ;f tajctae wckv;kH u Oya'wGi;f ESihf Oya'y v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk
aygi;f pyfay;&ef awmif;qdjk cif;a=umifyh ifjzpf.? +yD;pD;cJah om Tordik ;f umvydik ;f udk
jyefvnf =unf±h a_ omtcg aemufumvrsm;ESihf qufpyfro _ nf ,cktcg tjynfh
tpHk ay:xGuv f may+yD? Oya'wGi;f ESihf Oya'ywdu k yf oJG ¿mefrsm;udk yl;aygi;f &ef
rkcsvt kd yfonf[al om tjrifuv kd nf;aumif; tazmufjyefq;kH aom ygvrD efEiS hf
azmufjyefaom w&m;Oya'rsm;u uef@owfjcif; cH&aom tjcm;tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;pGm (tmrcHtoif;rsm; ponf) xJodk@ yg0if&ef rkcsvdktyfonf[laom
tjrifudkvnf;aumif; usyfwnf;cufcJaom wdkufyGJxJwGif qkyfudkifrxm;ygu
aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf 1908-1914 ckESpfwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;
ygwD. cdkif+rJaomtjrKawudk (cdkifrmawmifhwif; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;+yD; tm;jznfh
wif;&ef rqdx k m;ESi)hf xde;f odr;f xm;Edik v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf =umif; ,cktcg txl;
&Sif;vif;vmayonf?
1918 ckEpS w f iG f udprP sm;rSm uG+J yJonftxd ra&mufcahJ y? xdt k csed u
f
“vuf0J”uGefjrLepfrsm;onf u|efawmfwdk@ygwDwGif;Y oD;jcm;tpk odk@r[kwf
“*d% k ;f ” tjzpfom ay:xGucf +hJ yD; &Sn=f umjcif; r&Scd ahJ y? 1918 ckEpS x f rJ mS yif“vuf
0J uGejf rLepf0g'”. txif&mS ;qH;k aom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; jzpf=uonfh &Jabmf
&m;'ufEiS hf blcg&ifponfw@kd onf rdrw d @kd trSm;udk twdtvif;0efccH . hJ ? b&uf
vpfawmhzf +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyfonf e,fcs@J orm;rsm;ESihf aphpyfa&;jzpfI ,if;ukd
rlt& cGifhrv$wfEdkif[kvnf;aumif;/ awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ygwD
twGuv f nf; tEW&m,f&adS ponf[v k nf;aumif; olw@kd xifrw S o f nf? trSeyf if
,if;onf e,fcs@J orm;ESihf aphpyfjcif;yifjzpf.? od@k aomf xdpk Of&dS tajctaersm;
atmufY TuJhodk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;onf rkcsvdktyf cJhayonf?
rsuaf rSmuftcg Oyrm b&ufvpfawmhzf +idr;f csr;f a&;vufrw S f a&;xd;k
csed tf wGi;f &Sd u|eaf wmfw@kd enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk “qd&k , S af wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;”
u wdkufcdkufa=umif; u|efawmf=um;&aom tcgwGifjzpfap/ u|efawmfESifh
pum;ajym&mwGif &Jabmf vefpfbm&D.æ“u|efawmfwdk@ +Adwdo#tvkyform;
23
or*~ acgi;f aqmifrsm;u aAmf&ADS pfrsm;twGuf aphpyfEikd cf iG &hf ydS gv#if olw@kd vnf;
aphpyfEikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf[k ajym=uonf”[laom rSwcf suu f kd u|eaf wmf=um;&aom
tcgwGifjzpfap u|efawmfonf OD;pGmyxrtm;jzifh ±dk;±dk;ESifh“toHk;rsm;”aom
atmufyg Oyrmjzifh ajz=um;avh&Sdonf?
oif. armfawmfum;udk vufeufuikd v f ql ;kd rsm;u wm;qD;zrf;,lxm;
onf[k qd=k uygp@kd ? olw@kd tm; oif.aiG/ c&D;oGm;vmcGiv hf ufrw S /f ajcmufv;kH jyL;
ESihf armfawmfum;udk oifay;tyfvu kd &f onf? xd@k twGuf oifonf "m;jyrsm;
vufrS vGwcf o hJ nf? Tonfum; aphpyfa&;jzpfonfrmS ajymp&myif rvdak wmh
ay? (aiG/ vufeuf/ armfawmfum;udk “igay;onf”? xdk@a=umifh +idrf;csrf;pGm
xGucf mG cGiu hf kd igt h m;“oifw@kd uay;onf”) od@k aomf Tod@k aom aphpyfa&;rsK;d udk
“rlt& cGirhf v$wEf ikd ”f [k a=unmrnfh od@k r[kwf ("m;jyrsm;onf aemufxyf
"m;jywdu k &f mwGif armfawmfum;ESihf vufeufukd oH;k onfw h ikd af tmifyif) aphpyf
oludk "m;jyrsm;ESifh }uH&myg[k a=unmrnfh OD;aESmufrysufolwa,mufudk
awG@&Sd&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf? *smrefe,fcsJ@0g'. "m;jyrsm;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@.
aphpyfa&;rSm Todk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;aywnf;?
od@k aomf ±k&mS ;jynf&dS rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf qd&k ,
S af wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;/ *sm
reDjynf&Sd &Sdwf'Dref0g'Drsm;ESifh (tawmfrsm;jym;aom aumufpuD;0g'Drsm;)/ =o
pwD;,m;jynf&dS atmfwakd bm0g;ESihf z&uf'&pftuf'vm (vl}uD;rif; &ifemESihf
taygi;f ygrsm;udk xnfrh ajymawmh)/ jyifopfjynf&dS &ifaemf',fuo hJ @kd aomolrsm;/
avmif*GwfESifh taygif;ygrsm;/ t*Fvefjynf&Sd azbD,Hrsm;/“tif'Dyif;'ifhygwD
0ifrsm;”ESifh“avbmygwD0ifrsm;”10onf 1914-1918 ckESpfESifh 1918-1920
ckESpfrsm;wGif rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrS "e&Sif"m;jyrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; wcgw&HwGif“r[m
rdw”f Edik if rH sm;rS "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm; "m;jyrsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;“aphpyfa&;rsm;”vkyf
+yD; rdrwd ikd ;f jynf&dS awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk qef@usifaom omtcg Tvl}uD;
vlaumif; tm;vHk;onf "m;jywdkuf&mwGif }uH&mygrsm; mygrsm;tjzpf wu,fyif
jyKrlcJh=uayonf?
ed*Hk;rSm &Sif;ay.?“rlt&”aphpyfa&;rsm;udk jiif;y,fjcif;onfvnf;
aumif;/ rnfo@kd aom aphpyfa&;rsK;d udrk qdk jiif;y,fjcif;onfvnf;aumif; ta&;
w,lvyk &f efyif cJ,Of;aom uav;uvm;Edik rf j_ zpf.? awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJh
24
vlwef;pm;twGuf tusK;d aqmif&ef qEN&adS om Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifwa,muf
onf Todk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;udk cGifhrv$wfEdkifaom/ tacsmif0g'ESifh opPm
azmufr_ azmfjycsufjzpfaom aphpyfa&;. tcdkiftrmudpPrsm;tm; rnfodk@
cGjJ cm;&rnfukd od&edS m;vnf&rnf? Ttcd tcdik t f rm aphpyfa&;rsm;udk OD;wnf qef@
usifum tpGrf;ukefa0zefI t=uifemuif;rJhqHk; tjynfht0zGifhcsum tav#mh
ray;aom ppfukd qifE&J$ rnf? xd@k jyif“a,bk,s aphpyfa&;rsm;”udk ta=umif;jy+yD;
tHwdkaeaom“vufawG@usaom”qdk&S,fvpf0g'. q&m}uD;rsm;ESifh ygvDref
uvde+f cHK}uD;rsm;. acgi;f a&Smifru _ kd cGirhf jyK&? Tenf;twdik ;f yif +Adwo d # tvkyf
orm;or*~rsm;. “acgi;f aqmifrsm;” jzpfaom vl}uD;rif;rsm;ESiw hf uG azbD,H
tzGJ@ESifh“tif'Dyif;'ifh”avbmygwDwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf olwdk@usL;vGefcJh
aom opPmazmuf a&mif;pm;jcif; twGufvnf;aumif;/ tqdk;0g;qHk;aom
tacsmif0g'ESihf opPazmufrw _ @kd wu,fwef;wnf&adS om Tod@k aom aphpyfa&;
udk jyKvkyfjcif;twGufvnf;aumif; acgif;a&SmifoGm;=uonf?
aphpyfa&;rsm; trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk &kH =dS uonf? aphpyfa&;wckp. D tajctaeESihf
tcdik t f rm ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udjk zpfap/ aphpyfa&;wckp. D rwlujJG ym;r_ujkd zpf
ap cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnf? wOD;wa,mufonf rdrdtay:usa&mufrnfh
tE©&m,favsmyh g;ap&efEiS hf "m;jyrsm;tm; zrf;qD;okwo f ifa&;udk vG,u f al p&ef
twGuf ‚wdk@xH aiGESifhvufeufay;cJholESifh wdkuf&myg ypPnf;cGJa0&eftwGuf
"m;jyrsm;tm; aiGESifhvufeufay;cJolwdk@udk cGJjcm;wwf&rnf? EdkifiHa&;wGif
uav;qefqef ±d;k pif;vSaom OyrmxJrmS uJo h @dk rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf # tpOft+rJ
vG,fulvSonf r[kwfay? odk@aomf tvkyform;rsm;. b0ta&;udpPtm;
vHk;twGuf tqifoifh}udKwifajz&Sif;&ef aq;!¸ef;wckudk wDxGifol odk@r[kwf
awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ay:vpDonf rnfonfhtcgrS cufcaJ om
od@k r[kwf ±_yaf xG;aom tajctaersm;ESihf rawG@}uHKEdik [ f k tmrcHol rnforl qdk
uvdrf+cHKjzpfayvdrfhrnf?
t"dy`m,faumuf vGJrSm;r_r&Sd&eftwGuf tcdkiftrmaphpyfa&;rsm;udk
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&mY tajccHpnf;urf;tcsKd@udk tusOf;±Hk;r#jzpfap wifjyygrnf?
b&ufvpfawmzfh +idrf;csrf;a&;vufrSwfxdk;jcif;jzifh *smrefe,fcsJ@orm;
rsm;ESihf aphpyfa&;vkyaf om ygwo D nf vufawG@tm;jzifh 1914 ckEpS u f ek u
f wnf;
25
up+yD; EdkifiHwumh0g'udk csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhayonf? ‚onf Zmbk&ifpepf
±_H;edrfha&;tqdkudk wifjy&efESifh e,fcsJ@"m;jyESpfOD;t=um;&Sd ppftwGif;“tzwdkif;
jynfumuG,fa&;” udk±_wfcs&ef ra=umuf&GH@cJhay? TygwD. ygvDrefudk,fpm;
vS,frsm;onf "e&Siftpdk;&twGif;&Sd 0ef}uD;ae&mrsm;odk@ a&S;±_aomvrf;xuf
qdu k af A;&D;,m;od@k tyd@k c&H aomvrf;udk a&G;cJo h nf? Zmpepfu+kd zdKcs+yD; 'Dru kd a&
pDorRwEdik if H xlaxmifaom awmfveS af &;onf Tygwu D kd opfviG }f uD;rm;aom
prf;oyfr_opf wckjyKvkyfonf? TygwDonf“rdrdwdkif;jynf.”e,fcsJ@orm;
rsm;ESihf rnfonfo h abmwlcsurf sm;udrk S rvkycf ?hJ od@k aomf ‚wd@k tm;+zdKcsa&;udk
jyifqif+yD;+zdKcsc. hJ ? Edik if aH &;tm%modr;f ,l+yD;aemuf Tygwo D nf ajr&Sif od@k r
[kwf t&if;&Sif ydkifqdkifr_udk wprusef&Sif;vif;ypfcJhonf? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;.
v#K@d 0uS af om pmcsKyfrsm;udk vlo&d iS =f um;a=unmI y,fzsucf +hJ yD;aemuf TygwD
onf wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k od@k +idr;f csr;f a&;tqdu k kd wifjycJo
h nf? xd@k jyif t*Fvyd Ef iS hf
jyifopfe,fcs@J orm;rsm;u +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqakd &;udk ysujf ym;ap+yD; aemuf
rSom *smreDEiS hf tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif awmfveS af &; vsijf refpmG jzpfEikd af om
t&mtm;vH;k udk aAmf&ADS pfrsm; tpGr;f ukev f yk af qmif+yD; aemufro S m b&ufvpf
awmzfh "m;jyrsm;. t=urf;zufr_udk rwwfombJ tav#mhay;cJh &jcif;jzpf.?
Tod@k aom aphpyfa&;udk Tod@k aom ygwu D Tod@k aom tajctae atmuf
wGif jyKvkyfchJ&jcif;onf vHk;0rSefuefa=umif; vlwdkif;tzdk@ wae@wjcm; ydkIydkI
&Sif;vif;xif&Sm;vmayonf?
±k&mS ;jynf&dS rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf qd&k , S af wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;onf (1914
-1920 ckESpftwGif; urBmay:&Sd 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;
uJo h @kd yif) wdu k ±f u kd wf rsK;d oG,0f u
kd wf rsK;d “tzwdik ;f jynfumuG,af &;”qdv k o kd nf
rSm rdrdwdkif;jynf . usL;ausmfvk,ufaom "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufrS umuG,f
a&;udk av#mufvJcsufwifjcif;jzifh opPmazmufr_udk pwifcJh.? rdrdwdk@. wdkif;
jynf&Sd"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; rdrdwdk@. "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh vufwGJI
rdrw d @kd wdik ;f jynf. awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u
kd &f if;
olw@kd onf olw@kd .opPmazmufru _ kd qufvufjyKvkycf . hJ olw@kd onf ±k&mS ;jynf
11 12
wGif OD;pGmtm;jzifh u&ifpuD ESifh u'ufrsm; ESifhvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGif
aumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifwdk@ESifhvnf;aumif; tkyfpkzGJ@cJh=uonf? ‚tkyfpkzGJ@r_rSm
26
rdrw
d @kd oufqikd &f m wdik ;f jynfrsm;. "e&Siv
f wl ef;pm;ESihf tkypf jk yKvkyaf om jynfy
&Sdolwdk@. taygif;ygrsm; uJhodk@yif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk ausmcdkif;qef@usif+yD;
"e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;bufo@kd yl;aygi;f oGm;jcif;jzpf.? tprStqH;k xd e,fcs@J 0g' "m;jy
rsm;ESihf olwdk@.aphpyfa&; t"dym` ,fonf olw@kd u, kd o
f w l @kd e,fcs@J "m;jywdu
k &f m
wGif }uH&mygrsm;
mygrsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdapjcif;yifjzpfonf?

27
 (5)

*smreDjynf&Sd“vuf0J*dk%f;”uGefjrLepf0g'
acgif ; aqmif r sm;-ygwD - vl w ef ; pm;-vl x k r sm;
,ck u|efawmfwdk@ajymqdk&rnfh *smrefuGefjrLepfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@udk,f
rdrd“vuf0J*dk%fom;rsm;”[krac: odk@aomf tu,fI u|efawmf pum;rrSm;
ygv#if“rlt& twdkuftcH*dk%f;om;”[k ac:a0:=uonf? odk@aomf“vuf0Jol
i,fem”. a&m*gvuQ%mtm;vHk;udk olwdk@zGifhvSpfjyojcif;tm; atmufyg
tcsufrsm;t& od&SdEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
Ttwdu k tf cH &yfwnfrr_ aS eI a&;om;xm;+yD; “*smreD uGejf rLepfygwD
xJ&u dS +JG yJr”_ (pyg;wm;uyfpf tzG@J csKyf) [k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;aom pmwrf;udk “rde;f
jrpfteD;&Sd z&ifhzwfa'oE©&tpk”rS xkwfa0cJhum TtwdkuftcHtjrifrsm;.
tESpo f m&udk txif&mS ;qH;k / twdusq;kH / t&Si;f vif;qH;k ESihf tusO;f csKyf+yD; wifjy
vduk af yonf? ‚wd@k tjrifrsm;. tESpo f m&ESihf ywfouf+yD; pmzwfoel m;vnf
&ef udk;um;csuftcsKd@udk azmfjyv#if vHkavmufayvdrfhrnf?
“uGejf rLepfygwo D nf tjywfom;qH;k vlwef;pm;wdu k yf .
JG ygwjD zpfonf
æ ?”
“æ Edik if aH &;t&qdv k #if ul;ajymif;a&;umv (t&if;&Sipf epfEiS hf qd&k ,
S f
vpfpepft=um;) onf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epf umvjzpf. æ ?”
“Ttm%m&Sifpepfudk rnfolu usifhoHk;rnfenf;? uGefjrLepfygwD
avm? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;avm? rlt& uGefjrLepfygwD. tm%m&Sifpepf
twGuf u|efawmfwdk@ }udK;pm;rnfavm/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf
twGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd }udK;pm;rnfavm[laom ar;cGe;f ay:vm. æ ?”
(tm;vHk;aom pmvHk;rJrsm;rSm rl&if;twdkif;jzpf.?)
xdk@jyif ‚pmwrf; a&;om;olonf *smreDuGefjrLepfygwD“A[dkaumf
rwD”tm; *smreDjynf tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh !Gef@aygif;
28
zG J @ &ef enf;vrf;&Smaeonf[kvnf;aumif;/ ygvDref0g'tygt0if wdkufyGJ
.“Ed “Ed k i f i H a &;enf ; vrf ; tm;vH k ; ud k rl t & tod t rS w f jyKa&; jy\em”
udkwifjy jcif;onf tif'Dyif;'ifhrsm;ESifh !Gef@aygif;zGJ@&ef rdrd. tppftrSefESifh
t"du}udK;yrf; csufrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;jcif;om jzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;
pGyfpx GJ m;onf? xdkpmapmifu qufvufI qdkxm;onfrSm -
“twdu k t f cH*% kd ;f onf tjcm;vrf;a=umif;wckukd a&G;cs,cf . hJ ? olw@kd
,lqonfrmS um; uGejf rLepfygw. D tkypf ;kd r_EiS hf ygw.
D tm%m&Sipf epf jy\em
onf enf;y&d,m,fjy\emomjzpf.? rnfodk@yifjzpfap uGefjrLepfygwD.
tkypf ;kd r_onf &S&d o dS r#ygwt D yk pf ;kd r_. aemufq;kH o¿mefjzpfonf? rlt& u|eaf wmf
wd@k onf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tm%m&Sipf epftwGuf }udK;yrf;&rnf? xd@k jyif ygw. D
tm;vH;k aom vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;/ ‚.pnf;±H;k a&;/ ‚.wdu k yf eJG nf;em/ ‚.
aoe*FAsL[mESifh enf;y&d,m,fwdk@onf T&nfrSef;csufqDodk@ OD;wnfxm;&
rnfjzpfonf? Todk@jzifh tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh aphpyfa&;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;?
ordkif;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukefvmaom ygvDrefwdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;odk@ y&d
,m,fqifr_ESifh oabmwlaphpyfonfh ay:vpDtm;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; tav;
xm; uef@uGuf&rnf? æ twdtustm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSef
a&;wdkufyGJ enf;emrsm;udk txl;tav;xm;&rnf? uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;
aqmifr_atmuf&Sd awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJxJodk@ tus,fjyef@qHk; ypPnf;rJh todkif;
t0dik ;f ESihf tv$mrsm;udk tus,jf yef@q;kH yg0ifvm&eftwGuf tus,jf yef@q;kH aom
tajccHESifh tus,fjyef@qHk;aom twdkif;twm&Sdonfh pnf;±Hk;a&; o¿mefopf
rsm;udk zefwD;&rnf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk; pka0;&efae&monf
puf±HktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: tajccHaom tvkyform;pkaygif;tzGJ@ jzpf&rnf?
‚wGi“f tvkyo f rm; or*~rsm;rS xGucf =hJ uavmh”[laom aºu;a=umfoaH emuf
od@k vdu k yf gaom tvkyo f rm;tm;vH;k pk±;kH vmayrnf? ‚wGif wdu k yf 0JG if ypPn;f
rJhvlwef;pm;udk tus,fjyef@qHk;aom wdkufyGJ0ifwyfzGJ@tjzpf pkpnf;xm;ay
vdrfhrnf? vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ/ qdkAD,ufpepfESifh tm%m&Sifpepfwdk@udk tod
trSwfjyKolwdkif; yg0ifEdkifcGifh&Sdonf? aemifwGifvkyfaqmif&rnfh wdkufyGJ0ifvlxk
rsm;tm; Edik if aH &;ynmay;jcif;ESihf wdu k f yGt
J wGi;f &Sd olw@kd ukd Edik if aH &; vrf;!¸erf _
ay;jcif; tm;vH;k onf tvkyo f rm; pkaygi;f tzG@J . tjyifbufwiG &f adS om uGejf rL
29
epfygwD. vkyfief;wm0efjzpfonf æ?
“xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfygwDESpfckonf ,cktcg wOD;udkwOD; qef@usif
umwnf&Sdae.?”
“wckum; acgif;aqmifrsm;. ygwDjzpfonf?” ‚onf awmfvSef
a&;wdu k yf uJG kd txufraS eI pnf;±H;k &efEiS hf !$e=f um;&ef }udK;pm;+yD; vufxw J iG f
tm%m&Sipf epf &Sv d rd rhf nfjzpfaom !$e@f aygi;f tpd;k &xJ yg0ifEikd af pvdrfh rnfjzpf
onfh tajctaew&yfukd zefw;D Edik af &;twGuf aphpyfa&;rsm;ESihf ygvrD ef0g'udk
tm;xm;aeonf?
“tjcm;wck u m; vl x k y gwD j zpf o nf ? ””‚onf atmuf a jc jcrS
awmfveS af &;wdu k yf w
JG ck tHºk uvm&ef ar#mv f ifah eonf? yef;wdik o f @kd xif&mS ;pGm
a&S;±_aom wckwnf;aom enf;emudo k m od&u dS siohf ;kH +yD; ygvrD efEiS hf tacsmif
orm;enf;emtm;vH;k udk jiif;y,f.? Twckwnf;aom enf;emum; aemifwiG f
qd&k ,
S v f pfpepf +yD;pD;atmifjrifa&;twGuf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. vlwef;pm;tm
%m&Sifpepf wnfaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh c|if;csufr&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk
+zdKcsa&; jzpfay.?
“ æ xdu k m; acgi;f aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sipf epf? Tum;vlxrk sm;.
tm%m&Sifpepf/ ,if;onf u|efawmfwdk@. aºu;a=umfoHaywnf;?”
‚wdk@um; *smreDuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&Sd twdkuftcH*dk%f;tjrifrsm;udk
azmfjyaom ta&;}uD;qHk; tcsufrsm;jzpf.?
1903 ckESpfuwnf;u aAmf&SDApf0g'. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wGif tod&SdpGm
yg0ifczhJ ;l aom od@k r[kwf eD;uyfpmG pl;prf;cJzh ;l aom rnfonfah Amf&ADS pfrqdk Tajym
qdck surf sm;udk ppfaq;+yD;aemuf rnfr#a[mifErG ;f +yD; =um;aeus Avmpum;rsm;yg
enf;/ rnfr# “vuf0”J usaom uav;uvm;Edik rf y_ genf; [lI csucf si;f ajymay
vdrfhrnf?
odk@aomf Tajymqdkcsufrsm;udk tenf;i,f ydkrdkeD;eD;uyfuyf ppfaq;
=unfh =upd@k ?
“ygwD. tm%m&Sifpepfavm odk@r[kwf vlwef;pm;tm%m&Sifpepf
avm? acgi;f aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sipf epf (ygw)D avm/ od@k r[kwf vlxrk sm;.
tm%m&Sifpepf (ygwD) avm?” æ Todk@aom jy\emudkwifjyr_uyif
30
r,H=k unf Edik q f ;kH aom/ ar#mv
f ifch surf &Sq
d ;kH aom pdw±f y_ af xG;r_ukd azmfjyaeonf?
Tolrsm;onf topftqef;wckckudk wDxGif&ef vHk;yef;ae+yD; wwfodem;
vnfa=umif; jyo&ef }udK;yrf;&if;u rdrw d @kd u, kd u
f kd rdrw
d @kd &,fp&m jzpfomG ;ap
onf? vlwikd ;f od=uonft h wdik ;f vlxrk sm;onf vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf uGjJ ym;ae
onf? vlxEk iS hf vlwef;pm;E_id ;f ,SO&f efrmS vl@tzG@J tpnf;xkwv f yk af &;pepf&dS t
qifhae&mt& uGJjym;r_ESifh ywfoufjcif;r&Sdaom a,bk,s trsm;wumh
trsm;pk}uD;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf; xkwfvkyfa&;pepf&Sd wdusaom tqifhae&m,l
xm;onfh tkyfpkrsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfrSom vlxkESifhvlwef;pm;udk E_dif;,SOfEdkifay.?
jzpfavh&o dS nfrmS ,kwpf tG m;jzifh acwfr, D Ofaus;aom wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSmyif udpP
tawmfrsm;rsm;Y vlwef;pm;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u acgif;aqmifonf?
a,bk,s jzpfavh&SdonfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; wm0eft&SdqHk;ae&modk@ a&G;
aumufjcif;cH&aom/ acgif;aqmifrsm;[ktac:cH&aom/ tm%mtydkifqHk;/
=oZmt&SdqHk;/ tawG@t}uHKt&ifhusufqHk; tzGJ@0ifrsm;yg0ifaom tawmf
twefwnf+idrfaom tpkrsm;u uGyfuJxm;onf? Tt&mtm;vHk;onf
tedrq hf ;kH odoifah om t&mjzpfonf? vG,u f +l yD; &Si;f vif;aom t&mjzpfonf?
Tonfukd tb,fa=umifh ,kwrdW ahJ ompum;jzifh tpm;xd;k &oenf;? Tonf
udk tb,fa=umifh tqef;xGix f m;aom Adv k v f mypf[al om Edik if w H umh pum;
opfjzifh tpm;xdk;&oenf;? wzufwGif cufcJaom tusOf;tusyfawG@&Sdaom
tcgwiG v f nf;aumif;/ ygw. D Oya'wGi;f rS Oya'yod@k ±kww f &uf ajymif;vJru _
acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ygwDrsm;ESifh vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um;&Sd xHk;wrf;pOfvm yHkrSef
vG,u f al om qufqaH &;rsm;udk aESmif, h u S v f ukd af omtcgwiG v f nf;aumif; T
olrsm;onf txift&Sm;yif ±_yfaxG;oGm;cJhay.? tjcm;aom Oa&my wdkif;
jynfrsm;rSmuJhodk@yif *smreDjynfwGif Oya'wGif; b0ESifhvnf;aumif;/ yHkrSef
usif;yaom ygwDuGef*&ufrsm;wGif“acgif;aqmifrsm;”udk vGwfvyfpGmESifh oifh
avsmfpGma&G;aumufjcif;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;/ vlxk
pnf;a0;yGJrsm;/ pme,fZif;/ tvkyform;or*~ESifh tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/
oabmw&m;rsm; ponfw@kd rw S qifh ygwrD sm;. vlwef;pm;yg0ifr_ tcsK;d tpm;udk
ppfaq;onfh vG,fulonfh enf;vrf;ESifhvnf;aumif; vGefpGmusifhom; &vm
cJhonf? Tvkyf±dk;vkyfpOf enf;emae&mwGif awmfvSefa&;. rkefwdkif; jzpfay:
31
wdk;yGm;r_ESifh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wdk@a=umifh Oya'wGif;rS Oya'yodk@
vsifjrefpGm ul;ajymif;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ ,if;wdk@ESpfckudk aygif;pyf&efaomf
vnf;aumif;“acgi;f aqmiftpkrsm;”udk a&G;xkw&f ef od@k r[kwf zG@J pnf;&ef od@k r
[kwf xde;f odr;f &ef[al om “rvG,u f al om” 'Dru kd a&pDrusaom enf;emrsm;udk
csrSwf&ef vdktyfaomtcgwGif vlrsm;onf ajcrudkifrd vufrudkifrdjzpf+yD; o
bm0xuf vGefuJaom ,kwWdrJhr_rsm;udk pwifpOf;pm;vm=uonf? Oya'wGif;
Y txl;cHpm;cGifh&&Sd+yD; txl;wnf+idrfr_&Sdaom tpOftvmrsm;ESifh tajctae
rsm; &&Sdxm;aom wdkif;jynfav;wGif uHraumif;ta=umif;rvSpGm arG;zGm;cJh&
aom/ Oya'wGi;f rS Oya'yod@k ajymif;vJru _ kd rnfonft h cgur# rjrifawG@c&hJ aom
'wfcsform"d*dk%f;om;rsm;onf ±_yfaxG;acgif;±_yfvm+yD; Todk@aom r[kwf
r[wf wDxGifr_rsm;udk ulnDzefwD;ay;=uayonf?
tjcm;wzufwGif ,cktcg“acwfpm;aeaom”toHk;tE_ef;rsm;jzpf
onfh“vlxkrsm;”ESifh“acgif;aqmifrsm;”[lI awG;awmjcif;r&Sdaom rqDavsmf
onfh toH;k jyKr_uo kd m u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&onf? Tolrsm;onf“acgi;f aqmif
rsm;”tm; rnfuJhodk@xdk;ESuf&rnfudkvn;faumif;/ vlxkESifhacgif;aqmifrsm;udk
rnfuo hJ @kd qdik af y;&rnfuv kd nf;aumif;/ tpOft+rJ=um;cJ&h I wu,fyif wwf
ajrmufc=hJ uayonf? od@k aomf olw@kd onf jy\emudk aumif;pGmpOf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f
r&SdbJ jy\emu rnfonfht&mtm; qdkvdkonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm enf;rvnf
EdkifcJhay?
“acgi;f aqmifrsm;”ESi“hf vlxrk sm;”t=um;uGjJ ym;r_rmS e,fcs@J ppfyJG tqH;k
ydik ;f ESihf ppf+yD;umvY wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k wGif txl;&Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm ay:xGuf
vmcJhayonf? Ttjcif;t&m. t"duta=umif;&if;udk rmhufpfESifh tdef*,f
onf 1852 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1892 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f t*Fvefjynfukd OyrmjyI }udrzf ef
rsm;pGm &Si;f vif;jycJ. h ? xdw
k ikd ;f jynf. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tqifah e&monf“vlxk
rsm;”rSaeI "e&Sifaygufpwydkif; tacsmiform;“tvkyform; rif;nDrif;om;
rsm;”uGJxGufoGm;jcif;udk jzpfapvdkufonf? Ttvkyform; rif;nDrif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufodk@ tqufrjywf cGJxGufoGm;+yD;
wdu k ±f u kd f od@k r[kwf oG,0f u kd I f ‚xH c,0yfwmG ;cJ=h uayonf? rmhupf o f nf
Tvlqdk;rsm;udk opPmazmufrsm;[k twdtvif;wHqdyfcyfESdyfjcif;jzifh olwdk@.
32
rke;f wD;jcif;udk *k%&f pdS mG &&Scd o
hJ nf? acwfopf (20 &mpkEpS )f e,fcs@J 0g'onf a&S@wef;
a&muf wdik ;f jynftcsK@d twGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tcGix hf ;l cHtqifah e&mudk zefw;D
ay;vdu k of nf? xd@k jyif Ttcsuaf =umifh 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,fxw J iG f ae&m
wdkif;Y rdrdudk,fydkif vkyfief;tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh rdrdudk,fydkif tvkyform; rif;nD
rif;om; tpdwt f ydik ;f udk umuG,af om/ wpHw k ckaom opPmazmuftrsK;d tpm;
tacsmiform; qdk&S,fa&SmfAif acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ay:xGufvmapvdkufonf?
tacsmiform; ygwDrsm;udk“vlxkrsm;”rS qdkvdkonfrSm vkyfom;jynfolrsm;.
tus,jf yef@q;kH aom tv$mrSvnf;aumif;/ ‚wd@k . trsm;pk}uD;rSvnf;aumif;/
vkycf tenf;qH;k tvkyo f rm;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; uif;uGmoGm;aponf? Tuyf
qdk;udk rwdkufzsufv#if tacsmiform; qdk&S,fopPmazmuf acgif;aqmifrsm;
udkzGifhcsjcif;/ t,Hkt=unfrJhapjcif;/ xkwfy,fypfjcif; r&Sdv#if awmfvSefaom
ypPn;f rJvh wl ef;pm;onf atmifyJG rcHEikd af y? TonfrmS wwd, tifwmae&Sif
e,fu vkyfaqmifonfh ay:vpDyifjzpfonf?
TonfEiS hf qufpyfI vlxrk sm;. tm%m&Sipf epfukd acgi;f aqmifrsm;
. tm%m&SifpepfESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh qef@usifbufxm;I E_dif;,SOfonf
txdvyk jf cif;rSm &,fp&maumif;atmif r[kwrf [wfEikd rf E_ iS hf rdu k rf rJ j_ zpfonf?
omrefudpPrsm;tay:wGif olvdkigvdktjrifrsm;&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;
ae&mwGif wu,fyifr[kwfr[wfESifh tcsnf;ESD;pum;rsm;udkajymqdkaom
acgif;aqmifopfrsm;tm; wifjcif;onf (“acgif;aqmifrsm;udkjzKwfcs”[laom
aºu;a=umfoHudk tumtuG,f,lI) txl;yif &,fzG,faumif;vS.? TuJh
odk@aom acgif;aqmifrsm;um; *smreDjynfrS vlZifbwf/ 0kzf[def;/ a[mem;/
um;&S±dk;'g;/ z&uf'&pf0if',fESifh um;tmvm · wdk@jzpfonf? tmvmu
jy\emudk ydkrdk “euf±_dif;pGm”wifjy&efESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf a,bk,s
tm;jzifrh vkt d yf? “"e&Si”f jzpfonf[k a=unm&ef }udK;pm;jcif;onf tvGew f &m
————————————
· 1920 ckEpS f azazmf0g&D 7 &uf [if;buf+rdK@xw k f “uGejf rLepftvkyo f rm; owif;pm”
trSwf 32 wGif um;tmvm. ygwzD suo f rd ;f a&; aqmif;yg;Y “tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;
onf "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDukd rzsuq
f ;D bJEiS hf "e&Sif Edik if aH wmfudk rzsuq
f ;D Ekid /f ygwrD sm;ukd rzsuf
33
&,fp&maumif;aoma=umifh oufjyif;cs±Hkom &Sdawmhonf? ao;i,faom
trSm;ukd qufvufqyk u f idk x
f m;ygu ‚trSm;twGuf ta=umif;jycsurf sm;ukd
wqifw h ;dk &SmazGygu ‚.“avmh*spu f saom ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm;”qDo@dk qufvuf
,laqmifoGm;ygu ao;i,faomtrSm;onf {&mrtrSm;}uD;okd@ tpOfojzifh
ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf [lonfrSm trSefyifjzpfayawmhonf?
ygwDrlESifh ygwDpnf;urf;ukd jiif;qkdjcif;onfum; twkduftcHbuf.
tom;wif&v'f yifjzpf.? xkd@jyif TonfrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tusdK;
pD;yGm;twGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ukd vHk;0vufeufrJhapjcif;ESifh nDr#ay.?
TonfrSm "e&Sifaygufpwkd@. jyef@usJr_/ rwnf+idrfr_ESifh }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfa&;/
nDnw G af &;ESihf pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;a&; vkyEf idk pf rG ;f r&Srd w
_ @dk yifjzpfonf? ‚ukd cGijhf yKxm;
ygu ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_widk ;f ukd rv$rJ aoG zsuq f ;D vdrrhf nfjzpfonf?
uGejf rLepf0g'&yfwnfrt _ &qdv k #if ygwrD ul jkd iif;y,fjcif;onf t&if;&Si0f g' ysupf ;D
jcif;t}udKumv (*smreDjynfY) rSaeI uGejf rLepf0g'. atmuftqifh od@k r[kwf
tv,ftvwfqifo h @kd wufvrS ;f jcif;r[kwb f J jrifrh m;aomtqifo h @kd wufvrS ;f
&ef}udK;pm;onft h "dym` ,fyifjzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f ("e&Sif
vlwef;pm;ukd +zdKcs+yD;aemuf wwd,ESpfwGif) t&if;&Sif;pepfrS qkd&S,fvpfpepf
------------------
qD;bJ ‚onf "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pDudk rzsuqf ;D Ekid af y”[ka&;om;xm;.?
vufwifwikd ;f jynfrsm;&Sd tvkyo f rm;or*~0g'orm;rsm;ESihf rif;rJ0h g' orm;rsm;.
ydrk Okd ;D aESmuf±y_ af xG;ae olrsm;onf “auseyfEpS o f rd rhf ”_ &SEd ikd af y+yD? tb,fa=umifh qdak omf
rdrw d @kd bmom rmhupf 0f g' orm;[k txift&Sm; ,lqae=uaom (au tmvm/ au
a[mem;wd@k onf txuf azmfjyyg owif;pmxJ&dS olw@kd . aqmif;yg;rsm;t& olw@kd onf
rmhupf 0f g'orm; ppfppfjzpfonf[k tvGecf ikd rf mpGmazmfjy=uonf? od@k aomf &,fp&m
taumif;qH;k r,HEk ikd pf &m Avmpum;rsm;udk ajymqd=k ujcif;jzifh rmhupf 0f g'. u}uD;cauG;
uked m;rvnfa=umif; zGiv hf pS jf yo=u.?) x,f0gcef@nm;onfh *smrefrsm;onfvnf; Tod@k
vH;k 0rqDavsmf rtyfpyfaom a&;om;ajymqdrk r_ sK;d udk azmfxw k cf =hJ uaom a=umifjh zpfonf?
rmhufpf0g'udk vufcH±Hkoufoufjzifh trSm;rsm;udk ra&SmifuGif;Edkifay? u|efawmfwdk@
±k&mS ;rsm;onf Ttcsuu f kd txl;aumif;pGm em;vnf=uonf? tb,fa=umifh qdak omf
u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfY rmhupf 0f g'onf r=umc%yif “acwfpm;”aeaoma=umifjh zpf.?

34
(0g) uGefjrLepfpepftedrfhqifhodk@ ul;ajymif;&ef yxrajcvSrf;udk vSrf;aeonf?
vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&adS eao;onf? xd@k jyif ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u tm%modr;f
,l + yD ; aemif E S p f r sm;pG m =umonf h w d k i f ae&mwd k i f ; Y vl w ef ; pm;rsm;onf
wnf&SdaevdrfhOD;rnf? v,form;vlwef;pm; r&Sdonfh (odk@aomf ypPnf;ydkif&Sif
uav;rsm;&So d nf)h t*FvefjynfYqdyk grl Tumvonf wdak umif;wkad yvdrrhf nf?
vlwef;pm;zsuo f rd ;f a&;qdo k nfrmS ajr&Sirf sm;ESihf t&if;&Sirf sm;udk armif;xkwjf cif;
oufoufr[kwaf y-Tonfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& vG,v f ,G uf u
l l
ES i f h +yD ; ajrmuf c J h . ?-uk uk e f p nf x k w f v k y f o l u av;rsm;tm; zsuf o d r f ; a&;
udv k nf; qdv k akd yonf? od@k &mwGif olw@kd ukd armif;xkwjf cif; rjyKEdik f/ zd ESyd jf cif;
vnf; rjyKEdkif? u|efawmfwdk@onf ‚wdk@ESifhtwl oifhjrwfpGm aexdkif &rnf?
tvGefwm&Snfaom/ jznf;aES;aom/ owd}uD;aom pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfief;jzifh
omv#if olwdk@tm; jyefvnfjyKjyifI jyefvnfynmay;Edkifonf? (ay;&rnf)?
olwdk@onf "e&Sifaygufpywf0ef;usifjzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tm; tzufzufrS
0kid ;f &Hxm;onf? ‚u ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;xJwiG f pdr0hf ifys@H E@HS um ypPn;f rJh vlwef;
pm;tm; v_u d pf m;+yD; ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm; twGi;f wGif "e&Sif aygupf ausm±d;k rJrh /_
rnDnGwfr_/ wOD;csif;0g'ESifh pdwf"mwf wufvdkufusvdkufjzpfr_wdk@jzifh tquf
rjywf edrfhusoGm;r_ jzpfaponf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDxw J Gif T
onfukd qef@usi&f eftwGuv f nf;aumif;/ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; pnf;±H;k a&; a&;tcef;
(xdk@jyif‚rSm t"dutcef;jzpf.) udk rSefuefpGm/ xda&mufatmifjrifpGm xrf;
aqmif&eftwGuv f nf;aumif;/ wif;usyaf om A[dck sKyfuikd rf E_ iS hf pnf;urf;&S&d ef
vdt k yfonf? ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sif pepfqo kd nfrmS tzG@J tpnf;a[mif;. tiftm;
pkrsm;ESihf tpOftvmrsm;udk qef@usio f nfh }uh}H uHch ikd w f u kd yf JG jzpfonf? aoG;xGuf
oH,Ekd iS hf aoG;xGuo f , H rkd ahJ om/ t=urf;zufEiS hf +idr;f csr;f aomwdu k yf /JG ppfa&;ESihf
pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;buf&dS wdu k yf jJG zpfonf? oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom
vlw@kd .tusi"f avh tiftm;onf a=umufp&mtaumif;qH;k tiftm;wck jzpf
.? wdkufyGJtwGif; xkom;ayom;&aom oHr%dygwDw&yfr&Sdygu rdrdvlwef;
pm;xJrS t±d;k om;qH;k aomol tm;vH;k . ,H=k unfru _ &kd &Sad om ygww D &yfr&Syd gu
vlxrk sm;. pdw"f mwfukd tuJcwf+yD; =oZmoufEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om ygww D &yfr&Syd gu
Tod@k aomwdu k yf uJG kd atmifjrifpmG rqifEEJ$ ikd af y? pkpnf;r_&adS om "e&Si}f uD;rsm;udk
35
zsufodrf;a&;rSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ypPnf;ydkif&Sifuav;rsm;udk zsufodrf;
a&;xuf tqaygi;f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm vG,u f . l ? od@k aomf olw@kd . omrefjzpf
aom/ ae@pOfjzpfaom/ ao;zGaJ om/ rodomaom/ pdw"f mwfysuaf om jyKrlrr_ sm;
a=umifh olw@kd onf "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;u tvd&k adS om "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; jyefvnf
v$rf;rdk;&ef OD;wnfaom T tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk jzpfaponf? ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;ygwD (txl;ojzifh ‚.tm%m&Sipf epf umvtwGi;f ) . oHr%d
pnf;urf;udk tenf;i,fr#yif tm;enf;atmifvkyfolonf wu,fyif ypPnf;
rJhvlwef;pm;tm; qef@usifum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk ulnDjcif;yifjzpf.?
acgif;aqmifrsm;-ygwD-vlwef;pm;-vlxkrsm; jy\emESifh ,SOfwGJI
“azmufjyefaom”tvkyform;or*~rsm; jy\emudk u|efawmfwdk@ aqG;aEG;&
rnf? odk@aomf OD;pGmtm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. tawG@t}uHKtay: tajccH
aom ed*;kH csKyfcsuwf csK@d ukd jyKvky&f ayvdrrhf nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygww D iG ;f wGi“f acgi;f
aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sifpepf”udkwdkufcdkufr_rsm; tpOfojzifh&SdcJhonf? u|ef
awmfrw S rf o
d a&G@qykd gv#if Tod@k aom wdu k cf ukd rf r_ sK;d udk yxrqH;k t}udrf =um;&
onfrSm 1895 ckESpfu jzpfonf? xdktcsdefu w&m;0iftm;jzifh ygwD˜ rwnf
axmif&ao;ay? od@k aomf +rdK@e,ftpkrsm;udk acgi;f aqmifrnfh A[dt k pkukd pdeyf D
wmZbwf+rdK@wiG f pwifz@JG pnf;onfh tcsed jf zpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw. D 9 }udrf
ajrmufueG *f &uf (1920 ck {+yDv) wGiv f nf;“acgi;f aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sipf
epf”udk qef@usiI f vnf;aumif;/“vltenf;i,fu pd;k rd;k xm;r_”ponfw@kd ukd qef@
usifIvnf;aumif; ajymqdkcJhaom rajymyavmufonfh twdkuftcHwck&SdcJh
onf? xdk@a=umifh *smrefrsm;twGif;&Sd“vuf0J*dk%f;uGefjrLepf0g' oli,fem”rSm
tH=h op&mr[kw/f topfr[kw/f a=umufp&m r[kwaf y? Tzsm;emr_onf rnf
onfh tEW&m,frS rjzpfapbJ zsm;+yD;aemufwiG f cE<mud, k o
f nf ydI k yif awmifw h if;
vmvdrrhf nf? tjcm;wzufwiG f Oya'wGi;f ESihf Oya'yvkyif ef;rsm;tm; vsijf ref
pGm wvSnphf D ajymif;vJro _ nf twdtustm;jzifh ppfO;D pD;XmecsKyf qdv k okd nfrmS
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;&ef txl;v#Kd@0SufpGm uG,f0Sufxm;&ef vdktyf
vmaponf? u|eaf wmfw@kd .udpw P ek ;f uqdv k #if wcgw&H tvGet f E©&m,f&adS om
tusKd;qufudk ay:xGufapcJh.? tqdk;0g;qHk;rSm 1912 ckESpfwGif olv#Kd rmvif
aemfpuDonf aAmf&ADS pf A[dak umfrwDxo J @kd a&muf&v dS mcJjh cif;jzpfonf? olonf
36
opPmazmuf+yD; q,faygif;&maygif;rsm;pGmaom taumif;qHk;/ opPmt&SdqHk;
&Jabmfrsm;udk tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif'%fusa&mufapum ‚wd@k txJrS rsm;pGm
udk ydkIjrefjref aowGif;ydk@cJhonf? olonf xdkxufydkI }uD;rm;aomtE©&m,f
rjyKEdik cf o
hJ nfrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd wiG f Oya'wGi;f ESihf Oya'yvkyif ef;. rSeu f efaom
aygif;pyfr_ &Sdaoma=umifhjzpf.? rmvifaemfpuDonf u|efawmfwdk@,Hk=unfr_udk
&&Sd&eftwGuf ygwD.A[dkaumfrwD0ifESifh 'l;rm;v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f w
a,muftjzpfEiS hf Oya'wGi;f owif;pmwnfaxmifa&;wGif rwwfombJ u|ef
awmfwdk@tm; ulnDcJh&.? Towif;pmrsm;u ZmpepfatmufrSmyif rif&SDApf
tacsmif0g'udk wdu k yf q
JG ifEEJ$ ikd cf +hJ yD; oifah wmfpmG ±kyzf sux
f m;aom o¿mefjzifh
aAmf&ADS pf0g'. tajccHrsm;udk 0g'jzef@Eikd cf o hJ nf? rmvifaemfpuDonf wzufwiG f
taumif;qH;k aAmf&ADS pf q,faygi;f &maygi;f rsm;pGmudk tvky=f urf;/ tusO;f axmif
ESifh aowGif;ydk@cJhonf? tjcm;wzufwGif olonf Oya'wGif; owif;pmrsm;rS
wqifh axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom aAmf&ADS pftopfrsm;udk ynmay;&mwGif rwwf
ombJ ulncD &hJ onf? azmufjyefaom tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;twGi;f wGif awmf
vSefa&; vkyfief;rsm; rnfodk@vkyfukdifoenf; qdkonfudkoif,l&rnfh vkyfief;
wm0efESifh &ifqdkifae&aom *smref (+Adwdef/ tar&duef/ jyifopfESifh tDwvD
tygt0if) &Jabmfrsm;onf Ttcsufudk av;eufpGm pOf;pm;zkd@aumif;.?·
a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH wdik ;f jynfrsm;tygt0if wdik ;f jynfrsm;pGmwGif "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;onf uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;xJo@kd ,cktcg olv#Krd sm;apv$waf ea=umif;
Ttwdkif;qufvufIvnf; apv$wfvdrfhOD;rnfjzpfa=umif;udk oHo,jzpfp&m
rvdkay? TtE©&m,fudk wdkufcdkuf&ef enf;vrf;wckrSm Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'y
tvkyfudk usifvnfyg;eyfpGm aygif;pyfay;jcif;yifwnf;?
————————————————————————
· rmvifaemfpuDonf *smreDjynfwGif ppfoHk@yef;jzpfoGm;onf? aAmf&SDApfrsm; tkyfpdk;
r_atmuf&dS ±k&mS ;jynfo@kd oljyefvmaomtcg ol@uckd sujf cif; cH±k ;kH wifppfaq;+y;D u|eaf wmfw@kd
tvkyform;rsm;u ypfowfcho J nf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf olv#Kdwa,mufu u|efawmf
wd@k ygw. D A[dak umfrwDtzG@J 0if jzpfonf[al om u|eaf wmfw@kd . trSm;twGuf jyif;xefpmG
wdu k cf u
kd cf .
hJ ? od@k aomf u&ifpuDvufatmufwiG f u|eaf wmfw@kd u 'l;rm; v$waf wmfOuUÏ
a&mhwifut kd m; zrf;qD;I ±H;k wifppfaq;&ef awmif;qdck o
hJ nf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
37
 (6)

awmf v S e f a &;orm;rsm;onf azmuf j yef a om

tvk y f o rm;or*~ r sm;wG i f vk y f u d k i f o if h o avm

*smref“vuf0o J rm;rsm;”u Tjy\emESihf ywfoufI vH;k 0jiif;y,f

&rnfudk oHo,&Sdp&mrvdk[k ,lq=uonf?“azmufjyefaom”“wefjyefawmf
vSefa&;usaom”tvkyform;or*~rsm;udk qef@usifonfh tmabmiftm&if;
oefoefEiS hf a'gow}uD; ajymqdjk cif;rsm; (aua[mem;uJo h @kd txl;“cef@jim;pGm”
ESifh txl;rdkuf±dkif;pGm ajymqdkcJhyHkrsKd;)onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh uGefjrL
epfrsm;twGuf t0ga&mif qd&k , S af &SmAf iform;/ aphpyfa&;/ wefjyefawmfveS af &;/
vD*siftrsKd;tpm; tvkyform;or*~rsm;xJwGif vkyfudkif&efrvdktyf/ cGifhyifrjyK
Edkif[lonfh vHkavmufaom“oufaojycsuf”jzpfonf[k olwdk@,lqonf?
odk@aomf *smref“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf Todk@aom enf;y&d,m,f
rsm;. awmfvSefa&;qefr_udk rnfr#yifcdkifrmpGm ,Hk=unfaeapumrl Tenf;
y&d,m,frsm;onf trSeyf if tajccHt&vGrJ mS ;+yD; tESprf &Sad om pmyd'k rf sm;xuf
rydkay?
Tonfukd &Si;f vif;ap&ef u|eaf wmfonf vuf&pdS mapmif. a,bk,s
tpDtpOftwdik ;f u|eaf wmfw@kd . ud, k yf ikd t
f awG@t}uHKrsm;udk tajcjyKum OD;pGm
ajymrnf? vuf&pdS mapmif. &nf&, G cf surf mS aAmf&ADS pfordik ;f ESihf vuf&edS nf;y&d
--------------------------
olonf ppfrjzpfru D wnf;uyif rmvifaemfpuDonf olv#Kw d a,muf jzpfcahJ =umif;udk
od&cdS ahJ omfvnf; Ttcsuu D 13D ESihf tvkyo
f kd 'l;rm;v$waf wmfx&J dS x±la'gAh u f rm;rsm;tm;
todray; cJah oma=umifjh zpf.? xdt k cgu u&ifpuDtpd;k &xJ&dS rif&ADS pfrsm;aomfvnf;
aumif;/ qd&k , S af wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; u|eaf wmfw@kd . awmif;qdck suu f kd
raxmufccH ahJ y? xd@k a=umifh a&mhwifuo kd nf tzrf;rcH&bJ jzpfae+y;D aemufwiG f 'ifeu D ifEiS hf
taESmifh t,Surf &Sd yl;aygi;f oGm;cJ. h ?
38
,m,frsm;rS tESH@tjym;toHk;jyKEdkifonfh tESH@tjym;t"dy`m,f&Sdonfh tESH@
tjym;vkyfaqmif&rnfhrlrsm;udk taemufOa&my EdkifiHrsm;twGif;wGif usifhoHk;
a&;jzpfonf
,cktcg ±k&mS ;Y acgi;f aqmifrsm;-ygw-D vlwef;pm;-vlxrk sm; t=um;&Sd
tjyeftvSef qufqHa&;rsm;ESifhwuG ypPnf;rJh tm%m&SifpepfESifh ypPnf;rJh
ygwDwdk@. tvkyform;or*~rsm;tay: oabmxm;onf atmufygo¿mef
t& tcdkiftrm azmfjyonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk qdkAD,ufrsm;twGif; pnf;±Hk;
xm;aom ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;u usio hf ;kH onf? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;tm; uGejf rL
epfygwD (aAmf&ADS pfrsm;) u acgi;f aqmifonf? aemufq;kH ygwu D eG *f &uf (1920
ckEpS f {+yDv) pm&if;t& ‚wGif ygw0D if 611˜000 &So d nf? ygwD 0ifO;D a&onf
atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDESifh ‚awmfvSefa&;aemufwGif }uD;rm;pGm
ajymif;vJr_ jzpfcJhaomfvnf; 1918 ckESpfESifh 1919 ckESpftxd ,ckESifhpmv#if
tawmfenf;aeao;onff14? u|efawmfwdk@ygwD tqrwef }uD;xGm;vmrnfudk
pd;k &drrf od nf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf owfypfz@dk om aumif;aom ud, k u
f sK;d &Sm
orm;rsm;ESifh uvdef+cHKrsm;onf tkyfpdk;aom ygwDudk wG,fuyf&ef tpGrf;ukef
}udK;pm;=uonfrSm aocsmvSayonf? aemufqHk;t}udrf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
v,form;rsm;twGufom ygwDwHcg;aygufrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ us,fus,f
zGiv hf pS cf jhJ cif;rSm ,l'ifepfonf yDx±d*k &ufrS Amhpt f csK@d twGi;f wGi&f +dS yD; 'ifeu
D if
rSm atmf&J (armfpudrk S Amhpf 350 cef@tuGm) wGi&f adS ecsed f 1919 ckEpS f aqmif;&moD
ae@&ufrsm;wGijf zpfonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS qdAk , D uf orRwEdik if o
H nf jyif;xefonfh
aoa&;&Siaf &;umvY usa&mufae+yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f jcif;jzifh t&JpeG @f
orm;rsm;/ udk,fusKd;&Smorm; uvdef+cHKrsm;ESifh pdwfrcs&olrsm;tzdk@ a,bk,s
tm;jzifh tjrwfxGuf&ef ta=umif;r&Sdaom (xdkr#ru }udK;pifESifh t!‡Of;
yef;cH&&ef ydkrsm;aom) tcsdefjzpfonf? ygwDonf wESpfw}udrf uGef*&ufrsm;
(aemufqHk;rSm ygwD0ifwaxmiftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; tajccHay:wGif)
usi;f yI uGe*f &ufrS a&G;aumufaom 19 OD;ygaom A[dak umfrwDtzG@J rS ygwD
udk!$ef=um;onf? xdk@jyif armfpudk&Sd ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;udk “pnf;±Hk;a&;AsL±dk”
ESi“hf Edik if aH &;AsL±d”k [k ac:a0:onfh ydrk akd o;i,faom tzG@J rsm;u vkyaf qmifomG ;
&ef jzpfonf? ‚AsL±dkwckpDwGif A[dkaumfrwD 5 OD;pDyg0if+yD; A[dkaumfrwD
39
pHknDtpnf;ta0;u a&G;aumufonf? TonfrSm a&ra&maom “vlt
enf;i,fu pd;k rd;k xm;r_”yif r[kwyf gavm? ygwAD [dak umfrwD. !¸e=f um;csuf
rsm;r&Syd gu u|eaf wmfw@kd orRwEdik if &H dS rnfonfEh ikd if aH wmf tzG@J tpnf;u rnf
onfh ta&;}uD;aom EdkifiHa&; odk@r[kwf pnf;±Hk;a&; jy\emudkrqdk qHk;jzwf
cGifhr&Sday?
ygwD o nf ‚.vk y f i ef ; xJ Y tvk y f o rm;or*~ r sm; tay:wG i f
wdkuf±dkufrSDcdkxm;onf? Tor*~rsm;onf rsufarSmufY aemufqHk;uGef*&uf
(1920 ckESpf {+yDv) pm&if;t& tzGJ@0ifaygif; 4 oef;ausmf&Sd+yD; o¿meft&
ygwDr[kwfaom tzG@J tpnf;wrsK;d jzpfonf? wu,fwrf;qdyk gu or*~ trsm;
wumhtrsm;pk. acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tm;vHk;wGifvnf;aumif;/ OD;pGmtm;jzifh
"rRwmtwdik ;f yif ±k&mS ;jynfv;kH qdik &f m taxGaxG tvkyo f rm;or*~A[dk od@k r
[kwf AsL±dk (±k&Sm;jynfvHk;qdkif&m tvkyform;or*~ A[dkaumifpD)wGifvnf;
aumif; uGejf rLepfrsm;yg0if+yD; ygw. D !¸e=f um;csuf tm;vH;k udk taumiftxnf
azmf=uonf? odk@jzifh wckvHk;+cHKajym&v#if u|efawmfwdk@Y o¿meftm;jzifh
uGejf rLepf r[kwaf om aysmah jymif;+yD; E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& us,jf yef@aom/ tvGet f if
tm;}uD;aom ypPnf;rJh,EW&m; wck&Sdonf? ‚rSwqifh ygwDonf vlwef;pm;
ESifhvnf;aumif;/ vlxkrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ eD;uyfpGmqufpyfxm;onf? ‚rS
wqif h ygwD . acgif ; aqmif r _ a tmuf w G i f vl w ef ; pm;tm%m&S i f p epf u d k
usifhoHk;ygonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh eD;uyfaom qufoG,fr_r&Sdygu
pD;yGm;a&; xdkr#ru ppfa&;udpPrsm;wGifyg ‚wdk@. v_dufvSJpGmaxmufcHr_ESifh
ud,k u f sK;d pGe@f aom vkyaf qmifrr_ &Syd gu trSeyf ifu|eaf wmfw@kd tzd@k wdik ;f jynftyk f
csKyf&efESifh tm%m&Sifpepfudk xdef;odrf;xm;&efrSm 2 ESpfcGJrqdkxm;ESifh 2 vcGJ
yifv#if jzpfEikd v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? "rRwmyif vufawG@Y TeD;uyfaom quf
oG,fr_&&Sd&ef tvkyform;or*~ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhomru a,bk,stm;jzifh
=oZm&Sad om tvkyo f rm; or*~0ifrsm;ESiyhf g 0g'jzef@csyd nmay; v_@H aqmfpnf;±H;k
jcif; tcsed rf ED iS hf r=umc%uGezf &ifrh sm; usi;f yjcif;ponfh o¿mefrsm;jzifh tvGef
±_yfaxG;rsm;jym;aom vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ayrnf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif rif&SD
Apfrsm;udk jywfom;pGm qef@usiw f ukd cf u
kd &f rnf? olw@kd wiG f tvGeef nf;yg;aom
aemufvdkuftcsKd@ &SdaeqJjzpfonf? olwdk@onf olwdk@. aemufvdkufrsm;tm;
40
"e&Sif'Drdkua&pD udk awG;ac:r_t& umuG,fa&;ESifh tvkyform; or*~rsm;.
“trSDcdkuif;a&;”(ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; EdkifiHawmf tm%mrS trSDcdkuif;a&;)udk
a[majymjcif;rSaeI ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm; pnf;urf;udk zsuq f ;D jcif; ponfw@kd txd
wefjyefawmfvSefa&; vdrfvnfcsufrsKd;pHkudk oif=um;xm;avonf?
tvkyform;or*~rsm;rSwqifh“vlxkrsm;”ESifhqufoG,fr_onf rvHk
avmuf[k u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqonf? awmfvSefa&; wav#mufwGif vufawG@
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;u ygwD r [k w f a om tvk y f o rm;/ v,f o rm;rsm; uG e f
z&ifhrsm;udk azmfxkwfay;cJhonf? xdk@jyif vlxkrsm;. pdwf"mwfudk pl;prf;&ef/
olw@kd EiS ehf ;D uyfvm&ef olw@kd . vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk jznfq h ;D &ef/ olw@kd xrJ S tawmf
qH;k olrsm;udk Edik if aH wmf0efxrf; ae&mrsm;od@k jr‡iw hf if&efponfw@kd ukd vkyEf ikd af &;
twGuf TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd axmufcHI jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ap+yD; wdk;csJ@&ef enf;
vrf;rsK;d pHjk zifh u|eaf wmfw@kd }udK;pm;=uonf? r=umao;rDu xkwjf yefxm;aom
EdkifiHawmf}uD;=uyfa&; jynfol@0ef}uD;tzGJ@tm; “tvkyform;/ v,form; ppf
aq;a&;Xme”tjzpf ajymif;vJ zG@J vu kd of nfh trdet f & Tod@k aom ygwrD [kwf
onfh uGefz&ifhrsKd;onf pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;trsKd;rsKd;udk vkyfaqmifrnfh EdkifiHawmf
}uD;=uyfa&; tzG@J 0ifrsm; a&G;aumuf&ef tcGit hf m%m &vdu k af y.?
"rRwmyif ygwD.tvkyfrSefor#udk qdkAD,ufrsm;rSwqifh vkyfaqmif
onf? ,if;tzGJ@rsm;wGif tvkyftudkiftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfh vkyfom;vlxkrsm;
yg0ifonf? qdAk , D ufrsm;. c±dik u f eG *f &ufrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
jzpfonf? ‚ESifhtvm;wl tzGJ@rsKd;udk "e&SifurBm. taumif;qHk; 'DrkDua&pD
orRwEdik if rH sm;Yyif rnfonft h cgur# rawG@c&hJ bl;ay? xd@k jyif TuGe*f &ufrsm;
(‚. vkyif ef;rsm;udk ygwu D eD;uyfpmG *±kpu kd f apmif=h unfch o hJ nf) rSwqifv h nf;
aumif;/ aus;vufc±dik rf sm;&Sd tqifah e&m toD;oD;wGif vlwef;pm;tod&adS om
tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk tqufrjywf cef@tyfjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif; ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;
pm;onf v,form;vlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmiftjzpf ol.tcef;udk taumif
txnfazmfonf? +rdK@aeypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. tm%m&Sifpepfudk taumif
txnfazmfum csrf;omaom/ "e&Sifjzpfaom/ aoG;pkyftjrwf}uD;pm;aom
v,form;udkqef@usifonfh pepfusaomwdkufyGJudkqifE$Jjcif; ponfwdk@udk
vkyfaqmifcJh.?
41
 Tum;“txuf r S ” =unf h j rif a om tm%m&S i f p epf vuf a wG @ t
aumiftxnf azmfa&;tjrifrS =unfhjrifaom ypPnf;rJh EdkifiHawmftm%m,E©
&m; wckv;kH yifjzpf.? ±k&mS ;aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf T,E©&m;udk aumif;pGm&if;ES;D +yD;
Oya'y ajratmuftpkuav;rsm;rS }uD;jyif;vmonfukd 25 ESpw f ikd w
f ikd f =unf±h _
vmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh“txufrS”odk@r[kwf “atmufajcrS”[kvnf;aumif;/
acgif;aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sifpepf odk@r[kwf vlxkrsm;. tm%m&Sifpepf[k
vnf;aumif; ponfhajymqdkr_ tm;vHk;rSm vlwa,muftwGuf vuf0Jbuf
ajcaxmufu ydI k toH;k 0ifoavm od@k r[kwf vuf,mbufvufu ydI k toH;k
0ifoavm[k jiif;cHak eouJo h @kd &,fp&mESihf uav;qefaom tcsn;f ES;D udpt P jzpf
aAmf&SDApfrsm;u oabmxm;onfudk pmzwfolaumif;pGm em;vnfvdrfhrnf[k
ar#mfvifhygonf?
xd@k jyif uGejf rLepfrsm;onf azmufjyefaom tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;wGif
rvkyfEdkif/ rvkyf&[kvnf;aumif;/ TtvkyfrsKd;udk y,fcs&ef cGifhjyKEdkifonf[k
vnf;aumif; / tvkyform;or*~rsm;udk pGef@cGm&efESifh tvGefaumif;rGefaom
(xd@k jyif trsm;ydik ;f onf tvGeif ,f&, G af umif; i,f&,G af yvdrrhf nf) uGejf rLepf
rsm;u wDxGifvdkufonfh txl;oef@pifaom“tvkyform;pkaygif;tzGJ@”topf
pufpufudk zefwD;&efvdktyfonf[kvnf;aumif; ponfh *smrefvuf0Jrsm;.
[dw[ f efxw k +f yD; tvGeyf nm&Sad om tvGet f u|H awmfveS af &;usom a&;om;
ajymqdck surf sm;udk tvm;wlyif &,fp&mESihf uav;qefaom tcsn;f tES;D udpP
[k u|eaf wmfw@kd oabmrxm;bJ raeEdik ?f
t&if;&Si0f g'onf rvGrJ aoGyif wzufwiG f qd&k , S vf pf0g'tm; tvkyf
orm;rsm;twGi;f &mpkEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGm twGi;f Y jzpfay:cJo h nfh a[mif;EGr;f aom
tvkyftudkifESifh twwfynmt& uGJjym;r_rsm;tm; tarGtESpftjzpf xm;&Sd
cJhonf? ‚wdk@onf tvGef&Snf=umaom ESpfumvrsm;pGmtwGif;Y vufr_
vkyif ef;wltzG@J t&dyv f uQ%m enf;yg;onfh ykrd u kd s,jf yef@aom pufro _ r*~rsm;
(vufr_twwfynmt&/ vkyfief;t&ESifh tvkyftudkift&omru xkwf
vkyfa&;XmewckvHk; t}uHK;0ifonf) tjzpf tvGefaES;auG;onfhE_ef;jzifhom
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;oGm;Edkifonf? oGm;vnf;oGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@aemuf Tpufr_or*~
rsm;rSwqifh vlrsm;twGif; tvkyfcGJa0r_udk zsufodrf;&efESifh t&mwdkif;udk
42
vk y f E d k i f p G r f ; &S d a om ol r sm;jzpf v m&ef buf p H k j zpf a y:wd k ; yG m ;r_ E S i f h buf p H k
avhusifhr_wdk@jzifh ynmay;oif=um;avhusifh&ef qufvufjyKvkyfayvdrfhrnf?
uGefjrLepf0g'onf Tyef;wdkifodk@ a&S;±_csDwufaeonf? csDvnf;csDwuf&rnf?
xd@k jyif Tyef;wdik o f @kd rkcsa&muf&v dS rd rhf nf? od@k aomf ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm ukeq f ;kH +yD;
rSom a&mufvrd rhf nf? ,cktcsed w f iG f tem*wfY &&Sv d mrnfh tjynft h pHk jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;aom vH;k 0wnf+idr+f yD; tjynft h 0jzpfvmaom/ tjynft h 0 us,jf yef@+yD;
&ifu h suv f maom uGejf rLepf0g'udk vufawG@}udKwifvyk u f ikd &f ef }udK;pm;jcif;onf
av;ESpft&G,fuav;i,ftm; tqifhjrifhocsFmoif=um;&ef }udK;pm;onfESifh
wlayvdrfhrnf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf qd&k , S v f pfpepfukd pdwu f ;l }uHqxm;aom vlom;±kyf
0wˆKjzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd u txl;jyifqifxm;aom vlom;±kyf
0wˆKjzifah omfvnf;aumif; wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwb f J t&if;&Si0f g'u u|eaf wmf
wd@k twGuf xm;&Scd ahJ om vlom;±ky0f wˆKrsm;jzifo h m pwifwnfaqmufEikd o f nf
(wnfvnf;wnfaqmuf&rnf) jzpfonf? rSe. f ? ‚um; tvGecf ufco J nfrmS
trSeyf ifjzpf.? od@k aomf Tvkyif ef;wm0efEiS hf ywfoufI tjcm;rnfonfh csO;f
uyfr_rsKd;urS xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;avmufatmif ta&;r}uD;ay?
tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf t&if;&Sifjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tapmydkif;&uf
rsm;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf tvGef}uD;rm;aom wufvSrf;r_wck
jzpfcJh.? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚wdk@onf tvkyform;rsm;. pnf;vHk;r_
r&Sdjcif;ESifh csnfhe@J jcif;ESifh csnfhe@J jcif;rSaeI vlwef;pm;pkpnf;r_. tpysKd;csufodk@
ul;ajymif;a&;udk udk,fpm;jyKaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tzGJ@
tpnf ; . tjrif h q H k ; o¿mef qd k v d k o nf r S m ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;. awmf
vSefa&;ygwD (‚onf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vlwef;pm;/ vlxkrsm;ESifh cGJcGmI
r&Edkifaom wckwnf;aom t&mtjzpfaygif;pnf;&ef rwwfajrmufao;or#
Ttrnfukd rcH,x l u kd af o;ay) ay:xGuv f maomtcg tvkyo f rm; or*~rsm;
onf ra&Smifrv$JombJ wpHkw&maom azmufjyefa&;vuQ%mrsm;/ wpHk
wckaom vufrt _ wwftynm usO;f ajrmif;r_/ Edik if aH &;ESihf rywfouf[al om
wpHkw&maom wdrf;!Gwfr_/ wpHkw&maom rwufºur_ ponfwdk@udk pwif
azmfjyvmay.? od@k aomf urBmay:&Sd rnfonfah e&mwGirf qdk ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;
43
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;rSwqifv h nf;aumif;/ tvkyo f rm;
or*~rsm;ESifh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ygwDt=um; tjyeftvSef tusKd;&Sdaom
v_y&f mS ;r_rw
S qifvh nf;aumif; rjzwfoef;ygu a&S@o@kd rwufvrS ;f cJ?h wufvnf;
rwufvSrf;Edkifay? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u EdkifiHa&;tm%m &&Sdjcif;onf ypPnf;
rJv
h wl ef;pm;twGuf vlwef;pm;w&yftaeESihf tvGe}f uD;rm;aom wufvrS ;f r_
wckjzpfonf? ygwo D nf tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;udk enf;vrf;a[mif;jzifh r[kwb f J
enf;vrf;opfjzifh ,cifuxufydkI ynmay;vrf;!¸efrnf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif
tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf r&Sdrjzpfaom“uGefjrLepf0g'ausmif;”ESifh ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;twGuf rdrdwdk@. tm%m&Sifpepfudk avhusifhay;xm;aom y%mr
ausmif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ xdw k ikd ;f jynf. pD;yGm;a&; b0wckv;kH . pDrt H yk cf sKyf
r_udk tvkyform;vl vlwef;pm; (oD;jcm;vkyfief;tvdkuf r[kwf)ESifh aemifwGif
vkyfom; jynfoltm;vHk;xHodk@ wjznf;jznf; v$Jajymif;ay;a&;twGuf r&Sd
rjzpfaom tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpfvnf;aumif; &Snf=umpGm quf
vufwnf&rdS nfukd rarh&ay?
“azmfjycJah om t"dym` ,ft&”qdak omf tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;xJ&dS wpHk
w&maom
w&maom“azmufjyefr_”onf ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif a&Smifv$J
Ir&Edik fay? Tonfukd em;rvnfjcif;onf t&if;&Sipf epfrS qd&k , S v f pfpepfo@kd
ul;ajymif;a&; tajccHta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk vHk;0em;rvnfjcif;yifjzpf.?
T“azmufjyefr_”udk a=umuf&GH@jcif;/ ‚udk a&SmifuGif;&ef/ ausmfv$m;&ef }udK;
pm;jcif;wdk@onf rdkufvHk;}uD;r_yifjzpfonf? ta=umif;rl tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;ESifh v,form;xkrS acwfaemuftusqHk;tv$mESifh vlxkrsm;udk avhusifh
ay;a&;/ ynmay;a&;/ rsupf zd iG ahf y;&efEiS hf b0opfo@kd ac:aqmifa&;wd@k t}uHK;
0ifaom ypPnf;rJhwyfOD;. vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efudk a=umufvef@jcif;a=umifh
jzpfonf? tjcm;wzufY ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tm%m&Sipf epf xajrmufatmif
jrifa&;udk usO;f ajrmif;aom vufrt _ wwfynmtjrif ok@d r[kwf vufrt _ wwf
ynmESifh vufr_twwfynmor*~ tpGJtvef;rsm;&Sdaom tvkyform;w
a,mufr# ruse&f pfonfh umvtxd a&$@qikd ;f jcif;onf ydI k }uD;rm;aom trSm;
wck jzpfvrd rhf nf? Edik if aH &;tEkynm (xd@k jyif uGejf rLepfrsm;. rdrv d yk if ef; wm0efukd
rSeuf efpmG em;vnfjcif;) onf ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm; wyfO;D tm%mudk atmifjrifpmG
44
odrf;,lEdkifrnfhumv/ tm%modrf;,lpOftwGif;ESifh aemufwGif tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhr[kwfaom vkyfom;vlxkrsm;. tvGefus,fjyef@aom
tv$mxHrS tjynft h 0 axmufcrH u _ kd &Edik rf nfu h mvESihf xd@k aemufY us,jf yef@
onfxuf us,fjyef@vmaom vkyfom;jynfolvlxk}uD;udk ynmay;jcif;/ avh
usifhay;jcif;/ qGJaqmifjcif;jzifh rdrd.tkyfpdk;r_udk cdkifrmawmifhwif; wdk;csJ@EdkifpGrf;
&Sdrnfh umvESifh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk rSefuefpGm cef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;wdk@
yifjzpfonf?
xd@k jyif ±k&mS ;jynfxuf ydrk akd &S@wef;a&mufaom wdik ;f jynfrsm;Y tvkyf
orm; or*~rsm;wGif wpHw k ckaom azmufjyefro _ nf u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfrmS
xuf ydrk qkd ;kd 0g;pGm azmfjyaeonf? rkcsazmfjy&ef&o dS nf? tvkyo f rm;rsm;. vufr_
twwfynm usOf;ajrmif;r_/ vufr_twwfynmt& udk,fusKd;=unfhr_ESifh
tacsmif0g'rsm;a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ rif&SDApfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;xJwGif
axmufcHr_&&SdcJhonf? (xdk@jyif tvGefenf;aom tcsKd@tvkyform; or*~rsm;
wGiv f nf; ,ckxad wG@&qJ jzpfonf?) taemufwikd ;f rS rif&ADS pfrsm;onf tvkyf
orm;or*~rsm;xJwGif ydkrdkcdkif+rJaom“ajcukwf”&&SdcJhonf? xdkae&mY vufr_
twwf y nmor*~ . usOf ; ajrmif ; r_ / wud k , f a umif ; qef r _ / ta&xl r _ /
avmb}uD ; r_ w d k @ ES i f h e,f c sJ @ buf o d k @ wd r f ; !G w f j cif ; / e,f c sJ @ t0,f c H j cif ; /
e,fcsJ@v_dufpm;r_cH&jcif;wdk@&Sdonfh "e&Sifaygufp “tvkyform; rif;nDrif;
om;” wdk@onf u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfrSmxuf ydkrdkawmifhwif;aom tv$m
tjzpf ay:aygufvmcJhonf? Tonfudk rjiif;y,fEdkifay? taemufOa&my&Sd
*Gefygrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ vl}uD;rif; *sLa[mh/ [if'gqif/ rm[def;/ vD*sifESifh
taygif;ygwdk@udkvnf;aumif; qef@usifaomwdkufyGJonf vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;
toGit f jyift& vHk;0wlnDaom trsK;d tpm;jzpfonfh u|eaf wmfw@kd . rif&ADS pf
rsm;udk qef@usifaom wdkufyGJxuf ydkrdkcufcJvS.? TwdkufyGJudk t=uifem
uif;rJhpGm qifE$J&rnfjzpf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@ vkyfcJhonfhtwdkif; tacsmif0g'ESifh
qdk&S,f a&SmifAif0g'. ukpm;Ir&Edkifaom acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;udk vHk;0
t&Su&f apum tvkyo f m;or*~rsm;xJrS armif;xkwcf o hJ nftxd rysurf uGuf
vkyf&rnf? wdkufyGJonf wpHkw&maom tqifhodk@ ra&mufrcsif; EdkifiHa&;tm
%mudk rodrf;,lEdkif (odrf;,l&efvnf; r}udK;pm;&)? T“wpHkw&maomt
45
qifh”onf rwlaom wdkif;jynfESifh rwlaom tajctaersm;t& jcm;em;r_ &Sdf
ayvdrfhrnf? ‚udk oufqdkif&m wdkif;jynfwdkif;&Sd tajrmftjrif&Sdaom/ tawG@
t}uHK ºu,f0aom/ todynm jynf0h aom ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. Edik if aH &; acgi;f
aqmifrsm;uom rSeu f efpmG cef@reS ;f Edik .
f ? (±k&mS ;jynfwiG f Twdu k yf JG atmifjrifr_
pHrsm;teufrS wckrmS 1917 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 25 &uf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;
+yD;aemuf &uftenf;i,ftwGif; qdkvdkonfrSm 1917 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif
jyKvkyfaom wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfonf? Ta&G;
aumufyw JG iG f rif&ADS pfrsm; vH;k 0ta&;edrchf . hJ ? aAmf&ADS pfrsm; &&Scd ahJ omrJaygi;f 9
oef;ESifh qef@usifpGmyif rif&SDApfrsm;onf rJaygif; 7 odef;&cJhonf? x&efaumh
au;&S rJudk xnfhaygif;ygrS 1 oef; 4 odef;om &&SdcJh.? uGefjrLepftifwmae
&Sife,f *sme,f trSwf 7/ 8 &Sd“wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;ESifh
ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf” [laom u|efawmf. aqmif;yg;udk=unfhyg?)
odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@onf tvkyform;vlxkrsm; trnfjzifh“tvkyf
orm; rif;nDrif;om;”tm; qef@usiaf om wdu k yf u
JG qkd ifEjJ$ cif;rSm tvkyo f rm;
vlxrk sm;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd bufo@kd odr;f oGi;f ,l&efjzpf.? tacsmiform;ESihf qd&k , S f
a&SmfAif acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qef@usifaomwdkufyGJ qifE$Jjcif;rSm tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;rsm;tm; u|eaf wmfw@kd bufudk odr;f oGi;f ,l&ef jzpfonf? T t&if;cH
tusqHk;ESifh txif&Sm;qHk; trSefw&m;udk arhavsmhxm;ygu rdkufrJ&musay
onf? xdk@jyif twdtustm;jzifh tvkyform;or*~ xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifr_.
azmufjyefa&;ESifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; vuQ%ma=umif a=umifh tvkyform; or*~
rsm;ud“k pGe@f cmG ”&rnf? ‚xJwiG f tvkyv f yk zf @kd jiif;qd&k rnf? tvkyo f rm; tzG@J
tpnf;. vkyf,lxm;aom o¿mefopfrsm;udk zefwD;&rnf[laom ed*kH;csKyf
rsm;odk@ olwdk@qdkufa&mufoGm;jcif;jzifh *smref“vuf0J”uGefjrLepfrsm;onf
Tod@k aom rdu k rf rJ r_ sK;d udk usL;vGecf =hJ uonf? TonfrmS uGejf rLepfrsm;u "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;udk t}uD;rm;qHk; tvkyftau|;jyKjcif;ESifh rjcm;aom cGifhrv$wfEdkif
onfh rdkufrJr_jzpf.? u|efawmfwdk@. rif&SDApfrsm;onf tacsmiform;/ qdk&S,f
a&SmfAiform;/ aumufpuD;0g'D tvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm; tm;vHk;
uJhodk@yif“tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_xJ&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. udk,fpm;
vS,rf sm;”(u|eaf wmfw@kd onf rif&ADS pfrsm;udk Ttwdik ;f wav#mufv;kH ac:a0:cJh
46
onf) odk@r[kwf tar&duefjynf&Sd ',feD&,f'DvGef; aemufvdkufrsm;. ajymif
ajrmufeuf±_dif;aom ppfrSefonfh toHk;tE_ef;twdkif;qdk&aomf“t&if;&Sif
vlwef;pm; tvkyform;vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;”rSwyg; tjcm;r[kwfay?
azmufjyefaom tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;xJwiG f vkyu f ikd &f ef jiif;qefjcif;onf jzpf
ay:wd;k yGm;jcif; tjynft h 0 r&Sad o;aom od@k r[kwf acwfaemufusaom tvkyf
orm;vlxkrsm;udk azmufjyefaom acgif;aqmifrsm;/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. udk,f
pm;vS,frsm;/ tvkyform;rif;nDrif;om;rsm; odk@r[kwf“vHk;0"e&Sif jzpfvm
aom tvkyform;rsm;”(+Adwdo# tvkyform;rsm;ta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI
1858 ckEpS w f iG f tde*f ,frS rmhupf o f @kd ay;pmudk ud;k um;onf) =oZmatmufwiG f
ypfxm;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf?
uGefjrLepfrsm;onf azmufjyefaom tvkyform;or*~rsm;xJwGif
rvky&f [laom Tr[kwrf [wf“oabmw&m;”u“vlxrk sm;”udk =oZmouf
a&;jy\emESifh ywfoufI“vuf0J”uGefjrLepfrsm;. oabmxm;onf rnfr#
ayghqonfudkvnf;aumif;/“vlxkrsm;”ESifhywfoufI olwdk@. [pfatmfr_rsm;
onf rnfr#uarmufur jzpfonfuv kd nf;aumif; t&Si;f vif;qH;k azmfjyvdu k f
ayonf? tu,fI oifonf“vlxrk sm;”udk ulnv D ykd gu “vlxrk sm;”. pmem
r_ESifh axmufcHr_udk &,lvdkygu tcuftcJrsm;udk ra=umuf&? “acgif;aqmif
rsm;”(‚wdk@onf tacsmiform;rsm;ESifh qdk&S,fa&SmifAiform;rsm; jzpfonfh
twdkif; udpPrsm;pGmwGif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ ykvdyfrsm;ESifh vnf;
aumif; wdu k ±f u
kd f od@k r[kwf oG,0f u kd q f ufo,G xf m;onf?) .tjypf&mS r_rsm;/
aESmuf,Sufr_rsm;/ apmfum;r_/ ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yef;r_rsm;udk ra=umuf&? odk@aomf
vlxkrsm;&Sdonfh ae&mwdkif;wGif rkcsoGm;I tvkyfvkyf&rnf? tazmufjyefqHk;
rsm;xJrmS yif jzpfygap ypPn;f rJh od@k r[kwf ypPn;f rJh wydik ;f vlxrk sm; awG@&EdS ikd rf nfh
Todk@aom tzGJ@rsm;/ toif;rsm;/ tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;wGif pepfwus ZGJ&SdpGm/
+rJ+rHpmG / ckid +f rJpmG ;/ pdw&f n S pf mG jzifh v_@H aqmf0g'jzef@&eftwGuf oifonf rnfonfh
pGef@v$wfr_udkrqdk jyKEdkifpGrf;&Sd+yD; t}uD;rm;qHk; tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfeif;Edkif
pGrf;&Sd&rnf? xdk@jyif tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh tvkyform; or0g,rrsm;
(tenf ; qH k ; tm;jzif h wcgw&H w G i f ) ‚or0g,rrsm;onf vl x k r sm;tm;
awG@&SdEdkifonfh Todk@aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yifjzpf.? 1920 ckESpf rwfv 10
47
&ufae@xw k f qG'D ifowif;pm“jynfo@l Eikd if aH &;ae@pOf”wGif azmfjyxm;aom pm
&if;rsm;t& t*FvefjynfwGif tvkyform;or*~0ifrsm;onf 1917 ckESpf
ukefcgeD;wGif 5 oef; 5 odef;&Sd+yD; 1918 ckESpf ESpfukefcgeD;wGif 6 oef; 6
ode;f txdjzpfvm+yD; 19 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f wd;k rsm;vmonf? 1919 ckEpS f ESpu f ek cf ge;D wGif
7 oef; 5 ode;f &Srd nf[k cef@reS ;f cJ. h ? jyifopfEiS hf *smreDtwGuf oufqikd &f m pm
&if;rsm; u|eaf wmfv h ufxw J iG f r&Syd g? od@k aomf vH;k 0rjiif;Edik af om trsm;od=u
aom tcsuftvufrsm;u Twdkif;jynfrsm;wGifvnf; tvkyform;or*~0if
vsifjrefpGmwdk;rsm; vma=umif;udk jyoaeayonf?
Ttcsuftvufrsm;onf tjcm;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom azmfjy
csurf sm;u twnfjyKvdu k of nft h &mudk qdv k o
kd nfrmS vlwef;pm;todEiS hf pk±;kH zG@J
&ef v d k v m;r_ o nf ypP n f ; rJ h v l x k r sm;twG i f ; /“atmuf a jc”twG i f ; / acwf
aemufusaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;twGif;wGif }uD;xGm;vma=umif;udk &Sif;vif;
jywfom;pGm jyovdu k o f nf? *&d/ +Adwed /f jyifopfEiS hf *smreDjynfw@kd &dS tvkyo f rm;
oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf tzGJ@tpnf; vHk;0r&Sdjcif;rSaeI rlvtp tedrfhqHk;
t±d;k qH;k ESihf ("e&Si'f rD ukd a&pD pGvJ ef;r_rsm; tjynft h 0 pdr0hf ifaeqJjzpfaom olrsm;
twGu)f tvG,w f ul em;tvnfEikd q f ;kH aom pnf;±H;k a&;o¿mef (0g) tvkyf
orm; or*~rsm;odk@ yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf ul;ajymif; ae=uayonf? odk@ap
umrl awmfvSefaomfvnf; qifjcifr_uif;rJhaom vuf0J uGefjrLepfrsm;onf
“vlxkrsm;-vlxkrsm;”[k eHab;rSaeI [pfatmfae&if; tvkyform; or*~
rsm;xJ w G i f vk y f u d k i f & ef jiif ; qd k = uonf ? tvk y f o rm; or*~ r sm;onf
“azmufjyefonf”[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh jiif;qefonf? xdk@jyif topf
pufpuf oef@pifaom “tvkyo f rm; pkaygi;f tzG@J ” av;wckukd wDxiG =f uonf?
‚tzGJ@onf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD tpGJtvef;rS uif;&Sif;+yD; vufr_ twwfynm
od@k r[kwf usO;f ajrmif;aom vufrt _ wwfynm or*~jypfrr_ sm; uif;pifI olw@kd
a=unmonfhtwdkif; us,fjyef@aom pnf;±Hk;a&;jzpfvdrfhrnf (jzpfvdrfhrnf)?
tzGJ@0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufcGifhtwGuf wckwnf;aom (wckwnf;) ta=umif;
tcsurf mS “qdAk , D ufpepfEiS hf tm%m&Sipf epfukd todtrSwjf yKa&;” jzpfvrd rhf nf?
(txufwGif udk;um;xm;aom pmydk'fwGif=unfhyg)
“vuf0”J awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;u jyKvkyo f nfxuf ydrk }kd uD;rm;onfh
48
rdkufrJr_ ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh qHk;±_H;r_udk pOf;pm;I r&Edkifay? tb,fa=umifhenf;?
tu,fI u|efawmfwdk@onf ±k&Sm;"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ‚. r[mrdwfrsm;
tay: r}uHKpbl; atmifyrJG sm; &&S+d yD;aemuf 2 ESpcf t JG =um ,ae@±&k mS ;jynfwiG f
tvkyo f rm;or*~ 0ifa&mufciG t hf wGuf ta=umif;tcsuf wcktjzpf “tm%m
&Sifpepf todtrSwfjyKa&;”udk owfrSwfcJhygv#if u|efawmfwdk@onf rdkufrJ&m
usvrd rhf nf? vlxrk sm;tay: u|eaf wmfw@kd . =oZmudzk suq f ;D &mus+yD; rif&ADS pfrsm;
udk uln&D ma&mufayvdrrhf nf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf uGejf rLepfrsm;. vkyif ef;
wm0ef wckv;kH rSm acwfaemufusaom tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk ouf0if ,Hk=unf
vmatmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ef ‚wdk@twGif;wGif tvkyfvkyf&efESifh vkyf,lxm;
aom uav;qef a om“vuf 0 J ” aºu;a=umf o H r sm;jzif h rd r d b mom+cH c wf
xm;jcif; rjyK&ef jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vl}uD;rif; *Geyf g/ [if'gqif/ *sLa[m
ESifh vD*sifwdk@onf“rlt&”(Todk@aom“rlrsm;”rSuif;vGwf&ef bk&m;ocif
u,fyg) *smref twdkuftcHrsm;uJhodk@aom odk@r[kwf tar&duefjynf urBmh
pufr_tvkyform;tzGJ@15 xJ&Sd awmfvSefa&;orm; tcsKd@uJhodk@ azmufjyefonfh
tvkyform;or*~rsm;tm; pGef@cGma&;udk a&S@aevdkuf+yD; ‚wdk@xJwGif yg0if
vkyfudkif&ef jiif;qefaom“vuf0J”awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk tvGefaus;
Zl;wifonfrmS oHo,&Spd &mrvdak y? tacsmif0g'“acgi;f aqmifrsm;” jzpf aom
Tvl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;onf uGefjrLepfrsm; tvkyform;or*~rsm;wGif yg
0ifjcif;udk wm;qD;&ef uGefjrLepfrsm;tm; enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh armif;xkwf&ef
tvkyform;or*~xJ&Sd olwdk@tvkyfudk tqifrajyatmif tpGrf;ukefvkyfjcif;/
olwdk@tm; apmfum;jcif;/ axmifacsmufqifjcif;/ ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yef;jcif;wdk@udkjyK
vkyf&ef "e&SifEdkifiHjcm;a&; y&d,m,fvSnfhpm;r_ rSefor#ESifh "e&Siftpdk;&rsm;/
bkef;}uD;rsm;/ ykvdyfESifh w&m;±Hk;rsm;. ulnDr_wdk@udk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKrnfrSm
oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? u|efawmfwdk@onf Tt&mtm;vHk;udk &ifqdkif&ef pGef@
v$wrf r_ eS o
f r# jyKvkyEf ikd =f u&rnf? xd@k jyif tu,fI vdt k yfygv#if tvkyo f rm;
or*~ r sm;xJ a&muf & S d & ef E S i f h quf v uf & yf w nf & ef t wG u f v nf ; aumif ;
or*~rsm;xJwiG f uGejf rLepfvyk if ef; vkyu f ikd o
f mG ;&ef twGuv f nf;aumif; rnfo@kd
aom vSnphf m;r_rsm;/ y&d,m,fqifrr_ sm;/ Oya'enf;rsm;/ vufwvH;k jcm;vkyrf _
rsm;/ ^m%fupm;r_rsm;udrk qdk jyKvkyEf ikd pf rG ;f &S&d rnf? ZmpepfatmufwiG f 1905
49
ckEpS w
f ikd af tmif u|eaf wmfw@kd Y “Oya'wGi;f tcGit hf vrf;rsm;” r&Sad y? od@k aomf
v#Kd@0SufykvdyfrS olv#KdZlbwfawmhzfonf *dk%f;euftvkyform; tzGJ@rsm;ESifh
vkyfom;toif;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm; usHK;oGif;I wdkufcdkuf&ef
&nf&, G cf sujf zifh zG@J pnf;aomtcg u|eaf wmfw@kd onf TtzG@J rsm;ESihf toif;rsm;
odk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD0ifrsm;udk ydk@v$wfcJh.? (‚wdk@txJrS u|efawmfrSwfrd
onfrSm &Jabmfbmbl&Suif jzpfonf? olonf xif&Sm;aom pdefyDwmZbwf
tvkyo f rm;wa,mufjzpf+yD; 1906 ckEpS w f iG f Zmbk&if ppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm;. owf
jzwfjcif;cH&onf)? olw@kd onf vlxrk sm;ESihf tquftoG,, f u l m v_@H aqmfa&;udk
qufvufppD Of vkyu f ikd +f yD; Zlbwfawmhz. f olv#Krd sm;· =oZmatmufrS tvkyf
orm;rsm;udk qGx J w k , f &l mwGif atmifjrifcahJ y.? trSeyf if Oya'wGi;f zG@J pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHk "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD tpGJtvef;rsm;jzifh txl;wvnf t±dk;pGJae+yD; tvGef
euf±_dif;pGm pdrfh0ifaeaom taemufOa&myY Tvkyfief;udk ydkrdkcufcJayonf?
od@k aomf Ttvkyu f kd vkyaf qmifEikd o
f nf? vkyv f nf;vkyaf qmif&rnf? pepfwus
vnf; vkyaf qmif&rnf?
u|efawmfhtjrift&qdkaomf wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. tvkyftr_
aqmif aumfrwDonf a,bk,stm;jzifh azmufjyefaom tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;
wGif 0ifa&muf&ef jiif;qefaomay:vpD (Todk@aom jiif;qdkr_onf tb,f
a=umifh rdkufrJ+yD; ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&; ta&;awmfyHkudk jyif;xefpGm tE©&m,f
jzpfaponfukd tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;&if;) udk wdusjywfom;pGm ±_wcf s&rnf? txl;
ojzifh TrSm;,Gi;f aom ay:vpDukd wdu k ±f ukd f od@k r[kwf oG,0f u kd If jzpfap/ ajAmif
od@k r[kwf zH;k uG,I f jzpfap/ wckv;kH od@k r[kwf wpdww f ydik ;f jzpfap axmufc=H u
onfh a[mfvefuGefjrLepfygwD0iftcsKd@. jyKr_vkyfaqmifr_udkvnf; wdusjywf
om;pGm ±_wcf s&rnf? uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,f. aemufw}udrf uGe*f &ufwiG f
Todk@±_wfcs&ef wifjyygonf? wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fonf 'kwd,tifwm
----------------------
· *Geyf grsm;/ [if'gqifrsm;/ *sLa[mESihf vD*sirf sm;onf Zlbwfawmhzf rsm;omwnf;?
olw@kd EiS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd . Zlbwfawmhzrf mS Oa&my 0wfpm;qif,ifr/_ &nfreG rf _ polw@kd .
pufqyk zf , G af y:vpDukd vkyaf qmif&mwGif ,Ofaus;aom/ ajyjypfaom 'Dru kd a&pDt&
odraf rG@rw _ @kd wiG o
f m jcm;em;ayonf?
50
ae&Sife,f. enf;y&d,m,frsm;ESifh vrf;cGJ&rnf? ta&;w}uD; jy\emrsm;udk
ra&SmifuiG ;f &? rzH;k uG,&f ? jywfom;pGm xkwaf zmf&rnf? trSew f &m;wckv;kH udk
“tif'yD if;'ifrh sm;” (*smreDjynf&dS tif'yD if;'ifh qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygw)D tm; twd
tvif; ajymjycJo h uJoh @kd yif“vuf0”J uGejf rLepfrsm;udvk nf; twdtvif; ajymjy
&rnf?

51
 (7)

"e&S i f y gvD r ef r sm;wG i f u|ef a wmf w d k @ yg0if o if h o avm?

*smref“vuf0J”uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tvGefw&m rxDav;pm;jyKr_ESifh

tvGefw&mayghqr_jzifh Tar;cGef;udk jiif;y,faom tajzay;cJhonf? olwdk@.
taxmuftxm;rsm;um; tb,fenf;?
txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaompmykd'fwGif Tokd@awG@&onf?
“æordik ;f a&;t&ESihf Edik if aH &;t& acwfuek v f maom ygvrD ef wdu
k yf JG
o¿mefrsm;od@k jyefomG ;r_tm;vH;k udk æav;av;eufeuf uef@uu G &f rnf? æ”
TonfrSm &,fp&maumif;avmufatmif ºum;0gajymqdkr_jzpf+yD;
vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f ayonf? ygvrD efpepfo@kd “jyefomG ;r_”qdyk guvm;? *smreDjynfwiG f
qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH &Sdae+yDvm;? &SdyHkr&yg? odk@jzpfygu jyefoGm;r_ta=umif;
ajymp&m tb,frmS &Srd nfenf;? TonfrmS Avmpum;yif r[kwo f avm?
ygvrD efpepfonf“ordik ;f a&;t& acwfuek ”f cJah v+yD? 0g'jzef@&ef twGuf
qdkv#if TonfrSm rSefuefonf? odk@aomf ‚udvuf kvufawG@tm;jzifh ausmfeif;
&efrmS uGmvSr;f aeqJjzpfa=umif; vlwikd ;f em;vnfxm;=uonf? t&if;&Si0f g'udk
vGefcJhaom ESpfq,faygif;rsm;pGm;uwnf;u“ordkif;a&;t& acwfukef+yD” [k
usK;d a=umif;w&m; jynf0h pGmjzifh a=unmEdik af y.? od@k aomf t&if;&Si0f g'. a&cH
ajrcHay:wGif tvGef&Snfvsm; tvGef}uHhcdkifaom wdkufyGJqifE$J&ef vdktyfr_udk
z,f&mS ;Ium; r&Edik af y? “urBmo h rdik ;f ” tjrift& qdak omf ygvrD efpepfonf
“ordkif;a&;t&acwfukef+yD”? qdkvdkonfrSm "e&SifygvDref acwfumv mvonf
tqH;k owfc+hJ yD; ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sif acwfumvonf pwifav+yD? TonfrmS
rjiif;Edik af y? od@k aomf urBmo
h rdik ;f udk q,fpEk pS rf sm;jzifh a&wGuo
f nf? urBmoh rdik ;f
twdik ;f twmt& a&wGuaf omtcg 10 ESpf od@k r[kwf tESpf 20 r# apmjcif;
odk@r[kwf aemufusjcif;onf rxl;jcm;ay? urBmhordkif;tjrifrSqdkv#if T
52
onfrmS t=urf;zsi;f r#yif rwGucf suEf ikd af om tao;tr$m;udpw P &yf jzpfonf?
odk@aomf Tta=umif;a=umifhyif urBmhordkif; twdkif;twmudk vufawG@
Edik if aH &;wGif toH;k csjcif;rSm oabmw&m;a&;t& }uD;rm;vSaom rSm;,Gi;f csuf
yifjzpf.?
ygvrD efpepfonf“Edik if aH &;t& acwfuek ”f +yDavm? TonfrmS oD;jcm;
udpw P ckjzpfonf? Ttcsurf eS u f efygr“l vuf0oJ rm;rsm;”.tae txm;onf
cdkifrmayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf ‚udk taotcsmqHk; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_jzifh ouf
aojy&rnf jzpfonf?“vuf0o J rm;rsm;”rSmrl rnfo@kd csO;f uyf&rnfuykd if rod&dS
=u? 1920 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D wGif xkwaf 0aom uGejf rLepftifwm ae&Sief ,f/
trfpwm'rf ,m,DAsL±d. k jyefwrf; trSwf 1 Yyg&adS om “ygvrD efpepf ppfwrf;”
xJwiG f 'wfcsf vuf0o J rm; od@k r[kwf vuf0u J saom 'wfcsrf sm;. }udK;yrf;csuf
rsm;udk xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;&m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_onf u|efawmfwdk@ awG@&Sdonfh
twdkif;yif ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdatmif qdk;0g;vS.?
yxrqHk;taeESifh u|efawmfwdk@ od=uonfhtwdkif; ±dkZmvlZifbwfESifh
um;vpfbeufuo hJ @kd aom xif&mS ;onfh Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. ,lqcsuEf iS hf
qef@usiI f *smref“vuf0o J rm;rsm;”onf 1919 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D rSmyif ygvrD ef
pepfukd “Edik if aH &;t&acwfuek +f yD” [k ,lqcJ=h u.? “vuf0o J rm;rsm;” rSm;,Gi;f
a=umif;udk u|efawmfwdk@ od=u.? Ttcsufwckwnf;uyif ygvDref0g'onf
“Edik if aH &;t&acwfuek +f yD” [laom aumufcsuu f kd wcsw
D nf;ESihf t&if;tjrpf
ygrusef zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd .f ? xdt k csed u
f rjiif;Edik af tmif rSm;,Gi;f aom olw@kd .
trSm;onf tb,fa=umifh ,cktcgY trSm;r[kwfawmhonfudk “vuf0J
orm;rsm;”u oufaojyoifo h nf? olw@kd onf oufaojycsuf t&dyt f a,mif
r#yifrjycJ?h jyp&mvnf;r&Sad y? Edik if aH &;ygww D &yf. rdrt d rSm;rsm;tay: rnfo@kd
oabmxm;onfqdkjcif;u ygwDonf rnfr#av;eufonfudkvnf;aumif;/
rdrdvlwef;pm; pm;ESifh vkyfom;vl vlxkrsm;tay: rdrd.wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm;udk vuf
awG@tm;jzifh jznfhpGrf;Edkif rjznfhpGrf;Edkifonfudkvnf;aumif; tuJjzwfaom
ta&;}uD;qHk;ESifh taotcsmqHk; enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf? trSm;udk yGifhyGifh
vif;vif;0efcHjcif;/ trSm;jzpfaponfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;/ trSm;
jzpfaponfh ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;ESifh trSm;ukd
53
jyifqif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;udk aoao csmcsmaqG;aEG;jcif;wdk@um; av;eufonfh
ygwDw&yf. trSwfvuQ%mjzpf.? Tenf;jzifhom rdrd.wm0efrsm;udk xrf;
aqmif & ayrnf ? rd r d .vl w ef ; pm;
pm;ud k v nf ; aumif ; / xd k r #ru vl x k r sm;ud k
vnf;aumif;/ ynmay;avhusifh&rnf? Twm0efudk jznfhpGrf;&efysufuGufjcif;/
rdrdwdk@. xif&Sm;aomtrSm;udk rsufajcrjywf *±kwpdkuf pOf;pm;&SmazG&ef
ysufuGufjcif;jzifh *smreDjynf&Sd (a[mfvefjynf tygt0if) “vuf0Jorm;
rsm;”onf ‚wdk@rSm vlwef;pm;. ygwDr[kwfbJ tpkwpkomjzpfa=umif;/
ygwDr[kwb f J ynmwwfrsm;ESihf ynmwwf0g'. tqd;k 0g;qH;k vuQ%mrsm;udk
twkc;kd enf;,laeonfh tvkyo f rm; vufwqkypf m. tkypf w k ckomjzpfa=umif;
udk oufaojyayonf?
'kwd,tm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ tao;pdwf aumufEkwfazmfjycJh+yD;jzpf
aom“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”. z&ifhzwftkyfpk. tvm;wlpmapmifxJwGif u|ef
awmfw@kd zwf±&_ onfrmS -
“ æ A[kd (uufovpf ‘A[d’k ygw)D . ay:vpDukd vdu k yf gaeqJjzpfaom
oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf wefjyefawmfveS af &;jzpf.? aus;
vufypPnf;rJhrsm;onf ra&rwGufEdkifaom wefjyefawmfvSef;a&; wyfrsm;udk
jznfhwif;vsuf&Sdonf?” (‚pmapmif pmrsufESm 3)
Txkwfjyefcsufonf t&rf;uma&m um;csJ@xm;onfrSm xif&Sm;
vSayonf? odk@aomf Twifjyxm;jcif;rS tajccHjzpf&yfrSm rjiif;Edkif? ‚wdk@
“vuf0Jrsm;”u todtrSwfjyKjcif;onfyif olwdk@trSm;. txl;xif&Sm;aom
ouf a oom"u jzpf . ?“oef ; aygif ; rsm;pG m aom”/“ra&rwG u f E d k i f a om”
ypPn;f rJrh sm;;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh ygvrD efpepftm; vdv k m;ae±Hrk u “wefjyef
awmfvSefa&;”ppfppfjzpfaeaom tcgwGif “ygvDrefpepfonf EdkifiHa&;t&
acwfukef+yD”[k rnfodk@ajymEdkifrnfenf;? *smreDjynf&Sd ygvDref0g'onf EdkifiH
a&;t& acwfuek jf cif;r&Sdao;
o;onfrmS xif&mS ;ayonf? *smreD&dS “vuf0rJ sm;”
onf rdrdwdk@.qEN / rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;t&/ awG;ac:r_t& oabmxm;wdk@udk
yuwdbm0 tjzpfreS [ f I
l vGrJ mS ;,lqae=uonfrmS xif&mS ;ayonf? Tum;
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;twGuf tEW&m,ft}uD;qH;k trSm;jzpf.? ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f
txl;&Snv f sm;aom umvESihf tvGet f rif; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom Zmpepf
54
xrf;ydk;u txl;rsm;jym;aom o¿mefrsm;&Sdonfh awmfvSefa&;orm; rsdK;pHkudk
arG;xkwaf y;cJ. h ? ‚wd@k onf tH=h oavmufaom opPm&Srd /_ pdwt f m;xufoefr/_
&J&ifhr_ESifh pdwf"mwfcdkifrmr_wdk@udk jyocJh=uonf? ±k&Sm;jynfwGif awmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;. TtrSm;rsKd;udk u|efawmfwdk@ tvGefeD;uyfpGm awG@jrifcJh=uonf?
‚udk u|eaf wmfw@kd txl;*±kpu kd f avhvmqef;ppfc+hJ yD; ‚ESiyhf wfoufI aumif;
pGmod&SdcJh.? xdk@a=umifh TtrSm;rsKd;udk tjcm;olrsm; usL;vGefonfhtcgY
u|eaf wmfw@kd txl;&Si;f vif;pGm odjrifEikd jf cif;jzpfonf? ygvrD efpepfonf trSeyf if
*smreDjynf&Sd uGefjrLepfrsm;tzdk@ qdk&aomf “EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukef”cJhay+yD?
od@k aomf u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf acwfuek o f nfukd vlwef;pm; pm;twGuf acwfuek +f yD
[kvnf;aumif;/ vlxkrsm; sm;twGuf acwfukef+yD[kvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfwdk@
oabmrxm;& rxm;&
rxm;&? TonfrmS jy\em. uGi;f qufyifjzpf.? Tae&mwGiv f nf;
“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf rnfodk@ ta=umif;jy&rnfudkrod? vlwef;pm; pm;.
ygwt D jzpf/ vlxkrsm;;.ygwt D jzpf rnfo@kd qifjcif&rnf/ rnfo@kd vyk af qmif&rnf
udk rodrt _ m; u|eaf wmfw@kd xyfraH wG@&&dS onf? oifw@kd onf vlxrk sm;. a&csed f
odk@vnf;aumif;/ vlwef;pm;. acwfaemufusaom tv$m.a&csdefodk@ vnf;
aumif; usqif;roGm;oifhay? Tum;rjiif;Edkifay? oifwdk@onf olwdk@tm;
cg;oD;aom trSefw&m;udk ajymjy&rnf? olwdk@. "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ygvDref
tpGJtvef;rsm;udk tpGJtvef;rsm;[k rkcsac:a0:&rnf? odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;
rSmyif oifw@kd onf vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH (‚. uGejf rLepfwyfO;D omru) tvkyf
orm;vl vlxk tm;vHk; (‚wdk@. a&S@wef;a&muf tpdwftydkif;rsm;omru) .
vlwef;pm;todESifh tqifoifhjzpfr_ wu,fhtajctaeudk acgif;at;at; at;at;jzifh
oHk;oyf=unfh±_&rnf?
“oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm”ESi“hf ra&rwGuEf ikd af tmif” r[kwaf pumrl tawmf
twefrsm;jym;aom pufr_tvkyform; tenf;pkonf uufovpf bkef;}uD;
rsm;. aemufo@kd vdu k yf g=u.? tvm;wlyif tawmftwefrsm;jym;aom aus;
vuf tvkyo f rm; tenf;pkonf ajr&Sirf sm;ESihf csr;f omaom v,form;rsm;
(*a&mhpaf bm&if;) aemufo@kd vdu k yf g=u.? Tod@k jzpfonfw h ikd af tmif *smreDjynf&dS
ygvDref0g'onf EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukefjcif;r&Sdao;onfrSm oHo,&Sdp&m
rvd k a yy? ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;tzd k @ txl ; ojzif h rd r d u d k , f y d k i f vl w ef ; pm;
pm;.
55
acwfaemufusaomtv$mudk ynmay;&ef/ rwdk;wufao;aom/ atmufus
aemufus&adS eaom ynmrJah om aus;vufvl vx l rk sm;;tm; Ed;k =um;vm&ef/ rsuf
pdyGifhvm&eftwGuf ygvDref a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;ESifh ygvDrefw&m;
a[mpifay:&Sd wdu JG iG yf g0ifjcif;udk rkcsjyKvky&f ef vdt
k yf w k yfayonf? oifw@kd onf
"e&Siyf gvrD efEiS hf tjcm;aom azmufjyefonfh tzG@J tpnf; trsK;d rsK;d udk zsuo f rd ;f
ypf&ef tiftm;r&Sad o;or# ‚wd@k twGi;f wGif oifw@kd 0ifa&muf vkyu f ikd &f rnf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkae&mYomv#if bkef;}uD;rsm;ESifh aus;vufb0
+iD;aiG@z,
G &f mwd@k . r_id ;f wduk jf cif;cH&aom tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk oifw@kd awG@aeao;
aoma=umifyh if jzpfayonf? Tod@k rvkyyf gu oifw@kd onf avtd;k oufoufom
v#if jzpfvmp&m&Sdayonf?
wwd,tm;jzifh “vuf0”J uGejf rLepfrsm;onf u|eaf wmfw@kd aAmf&ADS pf
rsm;udk t}uD;tus,fcsD;usL; ajymqdk=uonf? u|efawmfwdk@tm; csD;usL;
jcif;udak v#mI h aAmf&ADS pfrsm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk ydrk ekd m;vnf&ef/ ydrk kd tu|r;f
w0if jzpf&ef }udK;pm;yg[k wcgw&HwGif olwdk@tm;ajymqdkcsifawmhonf? u|ef
awmfwdk@onf 1917 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS Edk0ifbmvtwGif; jyKvkyfaom
±k&Sm;"e&SifygvDref wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJh.?
u|efawmfwdk@. enf;y&d,m,frsm; rSefovm; rSm;ovm;? rSm;onfqdkygu
Tonfukd &Si;f vif;pGmazmfxw k +f yD; oufaojy&rnf? ta=umif;rl Edik if w H umh
uGejf rLepf0g'v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf rSeu f efaom enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk csrw S &f mwGif
vdktyfaoma=umifhwnf;? tu,fI ‚wdk@rSefuefygv#if u|efawmfwdk@onf
wpHw k ckaom ed*;kH rsm;xkw, f =l u&rnf? trSeyf if ±k&mS ;jynf&dS tajctaersm;udk
taemufOa&my&Sd tajctaersm;ESihf wajy;wnf;oabmxm;&efrmS rjzpfEikd af y?
odk@aomf “ygvDref0g'onf EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukefvm+yD” [laom ,lqcsuf
t"dy`m,f. oD;jcm;jy\emESifh ywfoufIqdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@. tawG@
t}uHKudk taotcsmxnfo h iG ;f wGuq f &efvt
kd yfay.? ta=umif;rl tcdik t f rm
tawG@t}uHKudk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKygu Tod@k aom ,lqcsurf sm;onf
Avmpmydk'frsm;tjzpf tvGefvG,fulpGm ajymif;vJoGm;ayrnf? u|efawmfwdk@
±k&mS ;aAmf&ADS pfrsm;tzd@k rl 1917 ckEpS f pufwifbmrS Ed0k ifbmvtwGi;f ±k&mS ;jynfY
ygvrD ef0g'onf Edik if aH &;t& acwfuek +f yD[k ,lqcGio hf nf rnfonfh taemuf
56
wdkif; uGefjrLepfrsm;xufrqdk ydkIyifr&SdcJhoavm? ,lqcGifh&SdonfrSm trSefyif
jzpf.? ta=umif;rl "e&SifygvDrefrsm; wnf&Sdr_&Snf=umonf r&Snf=umonf
[lonfjh y\ema=umifh r[kwb f J qdAk ,
D ufpepfukd vufc&H efEiS hf "e&Sif 'Dru kd a&
pDygvrD efukd zsuo f rd ;f &ef (od@k r[kwf zsuo f rd ;f zd@k ciG jhf yK&ef) vkyo f m;jynforl sm;.
us,jf yef@aom vlxrk sm;onf awG;ac:r_t&/ Edik if aH &;t&/ vufawG@t& rnf
jyifqifxm;rxm; [lonfjh y\ema=umifyh if jzpfonf? 1917 ckEpS f pufwif
r#jyif
bmrS Ed0k ifbmvtxd txl;tajctae trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh ±k&mS ;jynf&dS +rdK@ae t
vkyform; vlwef;pm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh v,form;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufpepfudk
vufc&H efEiS hf 'Drukd a&pDtusq;kH "e&Siyf gvrD efrsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f &ef tvGe@f tvGef
aumif;pGm jyifqifxm;cJ. h ? ‚um; vH;k 0rjiif;qdEk ikd af om/ vH;k 0 twnfjyK+yD;
jzpfaom ordkif;jzpf&yfjzpf.? odk@apumrl aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfudk oydwrarS frarSmufcJhbJ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u EdkifiHa&;t& tm%m
rodr;f ,lrED iS hf odr;f ,l+yD;aemufwiG fyg a&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif yg0ifcahJ y.? Ta&G;
aumufyGJrsm;onf tvGeftrif; wefzkd;;&Sdaom (xdk@jyif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
twGuf jrifrh m;pGm toH;k 0ifaom) Edik if aH &; tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm; &&Scd ahJ y.?
Ttcsuu f kd txufazmfjyyg ±k&mS ;wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyJG pm&if;
rsm;tm; tao;pdwfcGJjcrf; pdwfjzmxm;onfh aqmif;yg;xJwGif oufaojycJh+yD;
jzpfa=umif; u|efawmf ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf ajymEdkifygonf?
TonfrS&&Sdaomed*Hk;rSm vHk;0yifrjiif;qdkEdkifay? oufaojycJhonfrSm
qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH atmifyGJrwdkifrDESifh atmifyGJaemuf aemufydkif; &ufowWywf
tenf;i,frmS yif "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD ygvrD efxwJ iG f awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJh vlwef;
pm; yg0ifco hJ nf? Tod@k yg0ifjcif;a=umifh ‚wd@k tm; tusK;d r,kwaf p±Hrk u acwf
aemufusaom vlxkrsm;udk tb,fa=umifh TygvDrefrsKd;tm; zsufodrf;oifh
onfukd oufao ojy&ef wu,fwrf; taxmuftuljyKcJo h nf? olw@kd . atmif
jrifpGm zsufodrf;r_udk taxmuftuljyKcJh+yD; "e&SifygvDref0g'udk “EdkifiHa&;t&
acwfuek ”f atmifjyKvky&f mYvnf; taxmuftuljyK yKay.? TtawG@t}uHKudk
*±krpdkufbJ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif rdrd.enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk (usOf;ajrmif;aom
od@k r[kwf wzufowftrsK;d om; enf;y&d,m,frsm;tjzpf r[kwb f J Edik if w
H umh
enf ; y&d , m,f r sm;tjzpf ) Ed k i f i H w umh t jrif t & vk y f a qmif r nf j zpf a om
57
uGefjrLepftif tifwmae&Sife,fESifh qufoG,fxm;onf[k a=unmxm;jcif;onf
}uD;rm;aomtrSm;udk usL;vGefjcif;jzpf+yD; EdkifiHwumh0g'udkyg;pyfrSom tod
trSwfjyK+yD; vufawG@tm;jzifh pGef@ypfjcif;jzpfay.?
ygvDrefrsm;xJwGif ryg0ifa&;udk axmufcHxm;aom“'wfcsfvuf0Jo
rm;”. acsycsufrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ ppfaq;=unfh=updk@? atmufygwdk@rSm
txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom 'wfcspf pfwrf;rsm;xJrS ta&;}uD;qH;k aom ppfwrf;
trSwf 4 jzpfonf?
“t&if;&Sifxkwfvkyfa&;pepfonf ysufpD;oGm;+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf
awmfveS af &;tajctaewGif &Sad eaomtcg ygvrD efvy_ &f mS ;r_. ta&;}uD;r_onf
vlxu k ,
kd wf ikd v f y_ &f mS ;r_. ta&;}uD;r_EiS hf E_id ;f ,SOv f u kd v f #if wjznf;jznf; avsmh
yg;oGm;onf? xd@k aemuf Tta=umif;tcsuaf tmufwiG f ygvrD efonf wefjyef
awmfvSefa&;. A[dkcsufrESifh ,EW&m;jzpfvmaomtcg tjcm;wzufwGif vkyf
om; vlwef;pm;u rdr. d tm%mud&, d mrsm;udk qdAk , D ufrsm;xJwiG f xl axmif
aeaomtcg ygvrD efvy_ &f mS ;r_xw J iG f rnfonfyh g0ifru _ rkd qdk jiif;y,f&ef vdt k yf
vmp&m &Sad yonf?”
yxr0gusonf vHk;0rSm;,Gif;ay.? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf oydwf
arSmufru _ ohJ @kd aom vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_onf awmfveS af &;twGi;f od@k r[kwf awmfveS f
a&; tajctaeatmufwiG o f m r[kwb f J tcsed w
f ikd ;f wGif ygvrD efvy_ &f mS ;r_xuf
ydIk ta&;}uD;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? Ttxift&Sm;rcdik v f akH om trdik ;f t&ESihf
Edik if aH &;t& rSm;,Gi;f aom acsycsuu f pma&;olrsm;onf Oya'wGi;f ESihf Oya'y
wdu k yf JG aygif;pyfay;jcif;. ta&;}uD;r_ukd azmfjyaom a,bk,s Oa&my tawG@
t}uHK (1848 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1870 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;rsm;rwdik rf D jyifopfjynf tawG@
t}uHK/ 1878 ckEpS rf S 1890 ckEpS t f xd *smreDjynf tawG@t}uHKponf)ESihf ±k&mS ;
jynftawG@t}uHK (txufwiG =f unfyh g) 2 ckpvH;k tm; vH;k 0vspv f sL±_xm;a=umif;
udkom xif&Sm;pGm jyovdkufay.? Tjy\emonf a,bk,staeESifhjzpfap/
oD;jcm;taeESijhf zpfap vGepf mG ta&;}uD;.? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf ,Ofaus;+yD;
a&S@wef;a&mufaom wdik ;f jynftm;vH tm;vH;k wGif Tod@k aom aygi;f pyfay;r_onf awmf
vSefaom ypPnf;rJ vlwef;pm;ygwDtwGuf wae@wjcm; vdktyfvmvdrfhrnf?
wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifhqdkv#if vdktyfvm+yD;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rlum; ypPnf;rJh
58
vlwef;pm;ESihf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;t=um;rS jynfwiG ;f ppfonf &ifrh n S v hf mI eD;uyf
vmaoma=umifv h nf;aumif;/ rnfo@kd aom Oya'tcGit hf a&;udrk qdk csK;d azmuf
&ef 0efrav;aom (tar&duef Oyrmwckwnf;ud=k unf)h orRwEdik if H tpd;k &rsm;
ESihf a,bk,stm;jzifh "e&Sit f pd;k &rsm;u uGejf rLepfrsm;tm; &ufpufpmG !‡O;f yef;
=uaoma=umifv h nf;aumif; jzpf.? TtvGet f a&;}uD;aom jy\emudk 'wfcsf
rsm;ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh vuf0Jorm;rsm;onf vHk;0em;rvnfcJhay?
'kwd,0gusonf OD;pGmtm;jzifh ordkif;a=umif;t& rSm;,Gif;.? u|ef
awmfwdk@ aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tusqHk;aom ygvDrefrsm;
xJwiG f yg0ifc. hJ ? xd@k jyif tawG@t}uHKu azmfjyvdu k o f nfrmS Tod@k yg0ifjcif;onf
±k&Sm;jynf yxrt}udrf "e&SifawmfvSefa&; (1905 ckESpf) aemufydkif; 'kwd,
t}udrf "e&Siaf wmfveS af &; (1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&)D twGuf vrf;cif;ay;&efEiS hf
qd&k ,S v f pfawmfveS af &; (1917 ckEpS f atmufwb kd m) twGuf vrf;cif;ay;&mY
awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDtwGuf toHk;us±Hkomru vdkvnf;vdk
tyfonf [lIyifjzpfonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh T0gusonf tHh=oavmufatmif
avm*spef nf;rusay? tu,fI ygvrD efonf wefjyefawmfveS af &;. ,E©&m;ESihf
“A[kdcsufr”(wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh ‚onf rnfonfhtcgrS“A[kdcsufr”wck
rjzpfc?hJ jzpfvnf;rjzpfEikd ?f Tonfukd }uHK}udKufI xnfah jymjcif; jzpfonf) jzpf
vmv#if wcsed w f nf;rSmyif tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf qdAk , D ufrsm;o¿mefjzifh rdrd
wdk@tm%m. ud&d,mrsm;udk wnfaqmufae+yD[k qdkygv#if tvkyform;rsm;
onf ygvDrefudk qef@usifaom qdkAD,ufrsm;. wdkufyGJtwGufvnf;aumif;/
qdkAD,ufrsm;u ygvDrefudk zsufodrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif; awG;ac:r_t&/
EdkifiHa&;t&ESifh twwfynmt& jyifqif&rnf[k t"dy`m,f&onf? odk@aomf
wefjyefawmfvSefa&; ygvDrefxJ xw J Gif twdkuftcHqdkAD,uf&Sdaejcif;jzifh T
zsuo f rd ;f r_onf aESmifah ES;oGm;onf od@k r[kwf cufco J mG ;onf[o l nfh t"dym` ,f
awmhr&ay? 'ifeu D ifEiS hf aumhcsuf qefu h siof nfh u|eaf wmfw@kd . atmifjrifaom
wdu k yf w
JG av#mufY olw@kd *% kd ;f xJwiG f qdAk ,
D ufEiS hf ypPn;f rJjh zpfaom twdu k t
f cH
wnf&Sd aer_onf u|efawmfwdk@atmifyGJrsm;ESifh rywfouf[k rnfonfhtcgr#
rawG@ &Scd ahJ y? wefjyefawmfveS af &; wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmfxw J iG f jywfom;aom
aAmf&ADS pfrsm;ESiw hf uG rjywfom;aom vuf0q J &kd , S af wmfveS af &;rsm; yg0ifaom
59
twdu k tf cHqAkd , D uf wck&cdS ahJ omtcsuaf =umifh 1918 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 5 &uf
ae@wiG f wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmf zsuo f rd ;f r_ukd raESmihaf ES;ap±Hrk u wu,fwrf;
tm;jzifh vG,fulapcJha=umif; u|efawmfwdk@ aumif;pGmod&Sdonf? ppfwrf;a&;
om;olrsm;onf vH;k 0±_yaf xG;oGm;+yD; awmfveS af &; tawG@t}uHKtm;vH;k eD;yg;udk
arhypfvdkuf=uonf? TtawG@t}uHKrsm;u awmfvSefa&;twGif;wGif azmuf
jyefaom ygvrD eftjyifbuf&dS vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_ukd ygvrD efwiG ;f &Sd awmfveS af &;udk
pmemaom (od@k r[kwf wdu k ±f u kd af xmufcv H #if omIaumif;ao;onf) twdu k f
tcHwckESifh aygif;pyfjcif;onf rnfr#vGefpGm tusKd;&Sda=umif;udk azmfjyvdkufay
onf? TbufwGif 'wfcsfESifh a,bk,s“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf w&m;ao
vuf0o J rm;rsm;uJhodk@ acsy=uonf? olwdk@onf wu,fhawmfvSefa&;xJ rnf
onft h cgrS ryg0ifz;l olrsm;/ awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;. ordik ;f udk rnfonfh tcgrS
eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; rpOf;pm;cJhzl;olrsm; odk@r[kwf wpHkwckaom azmufjyefonfh
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; qENpGJusus“jiif;qdkjcif;”udk yuwdbm0 ta=umif;&if;
rsm;ESifh pkaygif;v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk vufawG@t& zsufqD;jcif;
tjzpf ±dk;t˜pGmtxifrSm;cJh=uolrsm; jzpf=uonf?
Edik if aH &; (xd@k jyif Edik if aH &;omru) ,lqcsut f opfw&yfukd y,fcs&efEiS hf
zsuq f ;D &ef taocsmqH;k enf;rSm ‚udk umuG,o f nf[al om trnfjzifh ,kwdW
rwefonft h jzpfo@kd av#mcsjcif;yifjzpfonf? rnfonft h rSew f &m;rqdk ('kid ,f uf
*sif t}uD;ajymqdkonfhtwdkif;) “tvGeftu|Hvkyfvmv#if”/ um;csJ@cJhv#if w
u,fwrf; toHk;csEdkifr_abmifudk ausmfvGefoGm;cJhv#if ,kwWdrwefonfhtjzpf
od@k av#musomG ;Edik +f yD; Tta=umif;tcsurf sm;atmufwiG f ,kwrdW wefonft h
&m jzpfomG ;ayvdrrhf nf? Tum; qdAk , D ufo¿mef tpd;k &onf "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD
ygvrD efrsm;xuf xl;uJomvGeo f nf[al om trSew f &m;opftwGuf 'wfcsEf iS hf
*smrefvuf0o J rm;rsm;u jyKtyfonfh qd;k usK;d rsK;d yifjzpfay.? "rRwmyif tjrif
a[mif;udk vufcx H m;ol od@k r[kwf rnfonft h ajctaeatmufwiG rf qdk "e&Sif
ygvrD efrsm;xJwiG f 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdjk cif;udk cGirhf jyKEdik [ f k a,bk,s qkyu f ikd xf m;
ol rnfolrqdk rSm;,Gif;ayvdrfhrnf? oydwfarSmuf&efaumif;onfh ta=umif;
tcsurf sm;udk Tae&mwGif u|eaf wmfazmfjy&ef r&nf&, G yf g? ta=umif;rl T
pmapmif.wm0efrSm ydkrdkao;i,fygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepf
60
enf;y&d,m,frsm;. wpHkwckaom vwfwavmjy\emrsm;ESifh qufpyfum
±k&mS ;jynftawG@t}uHKudk avhvm&efjzpfay.? ±k&mS ;jynftawG@t}uHKu oydwf
arSmufjcif;udk aAmf&SDApfrsm; toHk;jyK&mY atmifjrif+yD;rSefuefaom Oyrmwck
(1905 ckEpS )f ESihf rrSeu
f efaom Oyrmwck (1906 ckEpS )f udk u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;
ay;cJhay.? yxrudpPudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmygrl ygvDrefjyify&Sd awmfvSefaom vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_ (txl;ojzifh oydwfrsm;) tvGefvsifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;aecsdef ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;ESihf v,form;tpdwt f ydik ;f wckwavurS azmufjyefaom tpd;k &udk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# rulnDaomtcsdef oydwfwdkufyGJESifh v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_rS
wqifh awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u us,fjyef@aom acwfaemufus
aom vlxrk sm;tay: =oZmoufaecsed w f iG f u|eaf wmfw@kd onf azmufjyefaom
tpdk;&u azmufjyefaom ygvDrefac:qd ac:qdkjcif;udk wm;qD;&mY atmifjrifcJh
a=umif; u|efawmfwdk@awG@&SdcJh&ay.? TtawG@t}uHKudk rsufarSmufOa&my
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ay:wGif toHk;rcsEdkifonfrSm tvGefyifxif&Sm;ayonf?
tvm;wlyif tvGefxif&Sm;onfrSm txufygacsycsufrsm;u azmfjyonfh
twdik ;f ygvrD efrsm;xJwiG f 0ifa&mufa&;udk jiif;qefaom 'wfcsEf iS t hf jcm; “vuf
0Jrsm;”. axmufcHajymqdkcsufonf c|if;csufrsm;jzpfapumrl tajccHt& rSm;
,Gi;f +yD; awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm;. ta&;awmfyu kH kd xdcu kd af payonf?
taemufOa&myESifh tar&duefwdk@wGif ygvDrefonf tvkyform;vl
wef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;twGuf txl;rkef;wD;p&m jzpfvmcJh.? Tum;
rjiif;qdEk ikd af y? Tum; tvG,w f ulem;vnfEikd . f ? ta=umif;rl ppftwGi;f ESihf
ppf+yD;umvtwGi;f qd&k , S v
f pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S 'f rD u kd a&pD ygvrD efu, kd pf m;vS,f trsm;
wumhtrsm;pk}uD;. tusifhp±dkufuJhodk@ ydkrdkodrfzsif; =urf;=uKwf opPmazmuf
aom t&m[lI pOf;pm;r&aoma=umifjh zpf.? od@k aomf Ta,bk,s todt
rSwf jyKxm;aom raumif;r_tm; rnfuo hJ @kd wukd cf ukd &f rnfukd qH;k jzwfaomtcg
Tpdwf"mwfudk tav#mhay;jcif;onf tusKd;ta=umif; rcdkifvHk±Hkru wu,f
wrf; &mZ0wfjypfr_ usL;vGefjcif;yifjzpfvdrfhrnf? taemufOa&my wdkif;jynf
rsm;pGm&Sd awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfonf“tcsnf;tESD;ESifh onf;rcHEdkifavmuf
atmif apmifhpm;ae&onfh”topfjzpfaom odk@r[kwf“&Sm;yg;aom”t&mjzpf
onf[k u|eaf wmfw@kd ,ckajymqdEk ikd af yonf? xd@k a=umifyh if ‚pdw"f mwfonf
61
vlxt k m; vG,u f pl mG v$r;f rd;k oGm;jcif; jzpfwef&m.? trSeyf if vlxrk sm;twGi;f
awmf vSefa&;pdwf"mwf r&Sdygu Tpdwf"mwfwdk;yGm;r_udk vG,fulapaom t
a=umif;tcsurf sm;r&Syd gu awmfveS af &; enf;y&d,m,frsm;onf jyKrlvy_ &f mS ;r_
tjzpfodk@ rnfonfhtcgrS ajymif;vJvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@
onf ±k&mS ;jynfY awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwf oufoufay:wGif awmfveS af &; enf;
y&d,m,frsm; rwnfaqmufEdkif[laom trSefw&m;udk tvGef&Snf=um+yD; em
usiaf om/ aoG;xGuaf om tawG@t}uHKt& ,H=k unfvmapcJ. h ? enf;y&d,m,f
rsm;udk oufqdkif&mwdkif;jynf (xdk@jyif tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh urBmay:&Sd
wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k ) twGi;f &Sd vlwef;pm;tiftm; tm;vH;k ESiw hf uG awmfveS af &;
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;. tawG@t}uHKudk wnf+idrpf mG ESihf wif;usypf mG yuwdbm0usus
tuJjzwfrt _ ay: tajcjyK&rnf? rdro d nf rnfr# “awmfveS af &;”qefa=umif;udk
ygvDreftacsmif0g'tm; ±_wfcsajymqdkjcif; oufoufjzifhvnf;aumif;/ ygvDref
rsm;xJwiG 0f ifjcif;tm; jiif;qdjk cif;oufoufjzifv h nf;aumif; jyo&efrmS tvGef
vG,u f v l aS yonf? od@k aomf Tr#v, G u f jl cif;a=umifyh if cufcaJ om/ tvGew f &m
cufcv J Saom jy\emtwGuf tajzr&Edkifay? Oa&myygvDrefxw J Gif wu,f
awmfveS af om ygvrD eftpkukd zefw;D &efrmS ±k&mS ;jynfrmS xuf ydI k ydI
k yif cufcv
J S
ay.? Tum;"rRwmyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf TonfrSm a,bk,strSefw&m;
wckvHk;. oD;jcm;azmfjycsufwckom jzpfayonf? ‚rSm 1917 ckESpf xl;jcm;
aom/ ordik ;f t& tvGerf }uHKzl;aom tajctaewGif qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;
pwif&ef ±k&mS ;jynftwGuf vG,u f ol nf? od@k aomf awmfveS af &;udk qufvuf
&efEiS hf tqH;k owf ukepf ifomG ;ap&efqv kd #if ±k&mS ;jynfonf Oa&mywdik ;f jynfrsm;
xuf ydrk ckd ufcv J rd rhf nf? u|eaf wmfonf 1918 ckEpS f tpydik ;f wGiyf if Ttcsuu f kd
azmfjycJah o;onf? xd@k jyif u|eaf wmfw@kd . vGecf ahJ om 2 ESpw f m tawG@t}uHKu
TtjrifrSefuefa=umif;udk vHk;0twnfjyKcJh.? wpHkwckaom/ xl;jcm;aom
ta=umif;tcsurf sm; ‚wd@k rmS (1) qdAk , D ufawmfveS af &;ESihf TawmfveS af &;.
tusKd;qufjzpfaom tvkyform; v,form;rsm;tm; r,Hk=unfEdkifavmuf
atmif ajcukefvufyef;usaponfh e,fcsJ@ppf tqHk;owfr_udk aygif;pyfay;&ef
jzpfEdkifr_/ (2) rdrdwdk@.&efol qdkAD,ufudk qef@usif&ef nD!GwfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom
urBmhtiftm;}uD; e,fcsJ@"m;jy tkyfpk 2 pkt=um;&Sd taotvJwdkufyGJtay:
62
,m,D tcGifhaumif;,l&ef jzpfEdkifr_/ (3) wpdwfwydkif;t&qdkv#if wdkif;jynf
t&G,ftpm; }uD;rm;jcif;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhzsif;r_wdk@a=umifh E_dif;
,SOjf cif; t& =um&Snaf om jynfwiG ;f ppfukd wdu k cf u kd &f ef jzpfEikd rf /_ (4) v,form;
vlwef;pm;twGi;f Tod@k euf±id_ ;f onfh "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_
wnf&adS y&m ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;ygwo D nf v,form;ygwD (‚rSm qd&k , S af wmf
vSefa&; ygwDjzpf+yD; ‚.trsm;pkonf aAmf&SDApf0g'udk twdtvif; &efrlae
=uonf) . awmfveS af &; awmif;qdck surf sm;udk vufc+H yD; ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u
Edik if aH &;tm%mudk &v#i&f jcif; ‚wd@k tm; wcgwnf; taumiftxnfazmfEikd rf _
ponfh Txl;jcm;aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm; taemufOa&mywGif ,cktcg
rwnf&adS y? Tod@k aom od@k r[kwf tvm;wlta=umif;tcsurf sm; xyfrjH zpfr_
onf tvG,fwuljzifh a&mufvmvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh tjcm;aom
ta=umif;rsm;tjyif Tta=umif;a=umifhyif taemufOa&mywGif qdk&S,fvpf
awmfveS af &; pwif&efrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd xuf ydrk ckd ufcaJ yvdrrhf nf? awmfveS af &;
&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf azmufjyefaom ygvDrefrsm;udk toHk;csaom cufcJonfh
tvkyu f kd “a&SmifuiG ;f oGm;” jcif;jzifh TtcuftcJukd “ckev f m$ ;” &ef}udK;pm;jcif;
onf vHk;0uav;qefvS.? oifonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfudk zefwD;vdkygvsuf
wcsed w f nf;wGif ouf0if,=kH unfpw d &f adS om/ opPm&Sad om/ &J&ifah om uGejf rLepf
rsm;yg0ifonfh aumif;rGefaom ygvDreftpkudk azmufjyefaom ygvDrefxJwGif
zGJ@pnf;&mY ay:xGufvmrnfh tcufcJrsm;udk oifa=umuf&GH@aeygwum;? T
onfrmS uav;qefjcif; r[kwyf gavm? tu,fI *smreD&dS um;vpfbeufEiS hf
qG'D if&dS Zufa[mfvefw@kd onf atmufajcrS vlxak xmufcrH _ r&Sb d EJ iS yhf if azmuf
jyefaom ygvrD efukd ppfreS af wmfveS af om toH;k csrw _ iG f pHerlemrsm;jyEdik cf yhJ gv#if
ppf+yD;umv vlxrk sm;. tjrifreS &f r_/ em=unf;r_rsm;tv,f&dS v#ijf refpmG }uD;
xGm;aeonfh awmfveS af om vlxyk gwo D nf tqd;k 0g;qH;k ygvrD efxYJ uGejf rLepf
tpkwckukd oGe;f xk ray;Edik pf &mta=umif; tb,frmS &St d ehH nf;? tb,fa=umifh
qdkaomf taemufOa&mywGif tvkyform;rsm;xJ&Sd acwfaemufusaom vl
xkrsm;t=um;Yvnf;aumif;/ twdik ;f twm ydrk }kd uD;rm;aom v,form;uav;
rsm;xJ&Sd acwfaemufusaom vlxkrsm;t=um;Yvnf; ±k&Sm;jynfrSmxuf "e
&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ygvDreftpGJtvef;rsm;jzifh ydkrdkpdrfh0ifaeaoma=umifhjzpf.?
63
xdk@a=umifhyif "e&SifygvDrefuhJodk@aom taqmuftOD twGif;omv#if uGefjrL
epfrsm;onf rnfonft h cuftcJa=umifrh S aemufrwGe@f bJ TtpGt J vef;rsm;udk
zGichf s&ef/ wdu k zf su&f efEiS hf ausmef if;&ef &Sn=f um}uHch ikd af om wdu k yf u
JG qkd ifEEJ$ ikd .
f
(qifE$Jjcif;vnf;jyK&rnf)?
*smref“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf rdrdwdk@ygwDxJ&Sd “acgif;aqmifrsm;”nhH
zsi;f a=umif;udk tjypfwif=u/ pdwyf su=f u+yD;v#if acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk “jiif;y,f”
aom &,fp&mtjzpfo@kd a&muf&o dS mG ;onf? od@k aomf “acgi;f aqmifrsm;”udk ajr
atmufwiG yf ek ;f uG,x f m;&ef r=umc% vdt k yfaom tajctae&Sad eaomtcg
aumif;rGefaom/ tm;xm;&aom/ tawG@t}uHK&Sdaom/ =oZmtm%m&Sdaom
“acgif;aqmifrsm;”. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_rSm tvGefcufcJvSaom udpPjzpfonf?
Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'ytvkyf yl;aygif;jcif;r&SdbJ tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; rsm;tjyif
ygvDrefZmwfcHkenf;vrf;t&yg/ ‚“acgif “acgif;aqmifrsm;”udk prf;oyfjcif;r&SdbJ
TtcuftcJrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm ausmfeif;Ir&Edkifay? a0zefa&; qdkvdkonf
rSm txufjrufq;kH / t=uifemuif;rJq h ;kH ESihf taphpyfq;kH a0zefa&;onf ygvrD ef0g'
od@k r[kwf ygvrD ef v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk OD;wnfqef@usi&f ef r[kwb f J awmfveS af om
uGefjrLepfvkyfyHkvkyfenf;jzifh ygvDref a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifhygvDrefw&m;a[m
pifjrifu h dk toH;k jyK&ef vkyEf idk pf rG ;f r&Sad om acgi;f aqmif;aqmifrsm;ESihf txl;ojzifh
Todk@vkyf&efqEN qENr&Sd=uolrsm;udk ydkIyifqef@usifum OD;wnfxm;&rnf? T
od@k aom a0zefa&;rsK;d udk "rRwmyif vky&f nfuikd &f nf r&Sad om acgi;f aqmifrsm;
tm; z,fxkwfjcif;/ vkyf&nfudkif&nf&Sdaomolrsm;udk tpm;xdk;jcif;wd@kjzifh
aygif;pyfjcif;&SdrSomv#if tusKd;aus;Zl;&SdI xda&mufr_&Sdaom awmfvSefonfh
vkyif ef; jzpfEikd af yvdrrhf nf? Tvkyif ef;rsK;d onf wzufYqdv k #if acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk
ynmay;+yD; olw@kd tm; tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; vkyo f m; jynfow l @kd . xduk w f ef
onfh acgif;aqmifjzpfvmap&rnf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif vlxkudkvnf; EdkifiHa&;
tajctaersm;udk rSeu f efpmG cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmwwfap&ef TuJo h @kd aom tajctae
rsK;d rS ay:xGuv f monfh r=umc% tvGe±f y_ af xG; ayGvaD eonfh vkyif ef; wm0ef
rsm;udk em;vnfwwfap&ef ynmay;&rnf? ·
--------------
· tDwvDjynf&dS “vuf0*J % kd ;f ” uGejf rLepf0g'udk od&edS m;vnf&ef u|ef awmfw h iG f
64
-----------------
tcGit hf vrf; tvGew f &m enf;yg;vS.? &Jabmf abmf'*D gEiS hf ol. “uGejf rLepfoydwo f rm;”
(uGejf rLepfpwm tufpwm&Sief pfpwm) tpk. ygvrD efxw J iG f ryg0ifa&;udk axmufcjH cif;rSm
wu,fyif rSm;,Gi;f .? od@k aomf ol.owif;pm tDvq f Akd ,D uf (trSwf 3 ESihf 4/ Zefe0g&D
17 ESihf azazmf0g&D 1 &uf/ 1920) 2 apmifrv S nf;aumif;/ &Jabmfqm&yfw. D ajymifajrmuf
aom tywfpOfpmapmif uGefjrLepfprdk (trSwf 1-4/ atmufwb kd m 1 ESihf Ed0k ifbm 30/
1919 ckEpS )f 4 apmifrv S nf;aumif; zwf&or#aom tDwvD"e&Sif owif;pm tcsK@d rS
vnf;aumif;/ tuJjzwfEikd o f avmufqv kd #if &Jabmf abmf'*D gonf tcsuw f csuw f iG f
rSefuefonf[k u|efawmfxifonf? qdkAD,uftm%mESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk
todtrSwfjyKaom ygwDxw J Gif qufvuf&Sdaeao;aomfvnf; ygvDrefrsm; tzG@J 0if
rsm;tjzpf rdrw d @kd . tE©&m,ft&Sq d ;kH tacsmiform; ay:vpDa[mif;udk qufvufjyK
vkyaf eaom wl&yfwED iS hf ol.taygi;f tygrsm;udk &Jabmf abmf'*D gEiS hf ol.*d% k ;f om;rsm;u
wduk cf u kd jf cif;onf rSeu f efay.? "rRwmyif Tonfukd tav#mah y;jcif;tm;jzifh &Jabmf
qm&yfwED iS hf tDwvD qd&k , S vf pfygwD 16 wckv;kH onf [efa*&DjynfwiG f jzpfco hJ nft h wdik ;f
tE©&m,fay;+y;D tvm;wl tE©&m,frsm; ay:xGuaf patmif +crd ;f ajcmufaom trSm;wckukd
usL;vGejf cif;jzpf.? [efa*&DwiG f [efa*&Dw&l yfwrD sm;onf twGi;f rSaeI ygwED iS hf qdAk , D uf
tpd;k &ESpcf pk vH;k udk zsuq f ;D cJ.
h ? Tod@k aom tacsmiform;rsm; jzpfonfh ygvrD eform;rsm;
tay: rSm;,Gi;f aom/ rjywfom;aom od@k r[kwf aysmn h ahH om oabmxm;onf wzufwiG f
“vuf0*J % kd ;f ” uGejf rLepf0g'udk ay:xGuaf p+y;D tjcm;wzufwiG f ‚0g'.wnf&rdS u _ kd wpHk
wckaom twdkif;twmtxd rSefuefa=umif; azmfjyvdkuf.? &Jabmf qm&yfwDu
trwfrif; wl&yfwu D kd “rjywfom;”[k pGypf jJG cif;rSm (uGejf rLepfprdk trSwf 3) vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f .?
ta=umif;rl wl&yfwED iS hf taygi;f ygrsm;uJo h @kd tacsmiform;rsm;jzpfonfh ygvrD ef orm;rsm;
udk tav#mah y;&mwGif rjywfom;onfrmS tDwvDq&kd , S vf pf ygwu D ,
kd Yf yif jzpfaom
a=umifw h nf;?

65
 (8)

rnf o nf h aph p yf a &;rS rvk y f b l ; avm

z&ifhcfzwf pmapmifxrJ S udk;um;csufxw J Gif “vuf0o J rm;rsm;”onf

Taqmify'k Ef iS hf ywfoufI rnfr#tav;xm; !¸ejf yajymqdck o hJ nfukd u|eaf wmf
wdk@ awG@jrifEdkifayonf? rmhufpf0g'orm;[k rdrdudk,fudk oHo,r&Sd ,lq+yD;
rmhupf 0f g'orm; jzpfvakd om qEN&adS e=uolrsm;u rmhupf 0f g'. tajccH trSef
w&m;tm; arhaeonfukd awG@&onft h wGuf 0rf;enf;zG,f aumif;vS.? tde*f ,f
onf rmhupf u f o hJ @kd &SmrS&mS ;aom pma&;q&mrsm;xJwiG f wa,muftyg t0if
jzpfonf? olw@kd . }uD;jrwfonfh pmtkyw f ikd ;f rS pma=umif;wdik ;f pma=umif;wdik ;f
wGif tvGew f &mrSwo f m;zG,f aumif;avmufatmif av;eufonfh t"dym` ,f
rsm;yg&o dS nf? bvefu*DG % kd ;f bHt k zG@J orm; 33 a,muf17 . a=unmpmwrf;udk
qef@usiw f u
kd cf u
kd o f nfh taeESihf 1874 ckEpS t f wGi;f u tde*f ,f. ajymqdck suu f kd
=unfh=uOD;pdk@?
“u|efawmfwdk@onf uGefjrLepfrsm;jzpf=uonf? tb,fa=umifh[lrl
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf u|eaf wmfw@kd . yef;wdik u f kd &&S&d eftwGuf =um;ckvwf ae&m
rsm;wGif &yfem;jcif; rjyKvky/f rnfonfah phpyfa&;udrk S rjyKvky/f Tod@k jyK vkyjf cif;
onf atmifyGJcHrnfh ae@&ufudka&$@qdkif;ap+yD; u|efouf&Snfjcif;om jzpfapvdrfh
rnf[k bvefuGD*dk%f; bHktzGJ@orm;rsm;u ‚wdk@. a=unm pmwrf;xJwGif
a&;om;xm;onf?
“*smrefuGefjrLepfrsm;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;jzpf=uonf? tb,fa=umifh
[lrl olwdk@onf olwdk@udk,fwdkifu zefwD;jcif;r[kwfbJ ordkif;qdkif&mjzpfay:
wd;k yGm;r_. jzpfpOfu zefw;D ay;vdu k af om =um;ckvwfae&mtm;vH;k ESihf aphpyfr_
tm;vH;k udk jzwfoef;I rdrw d @kd . aemufq;kH yef;wdik f (0g) vlwef;pm;rsm; zsuo f rd ;f
66
a&;ESihf ajr,myk*v ~ ud ydik q
f ikd rf p_ epf od@k r[kwf xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mrsm; yk*v ~ u
d
ydkifqdkifr_ pepfr&Sdawmhaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;wdk@udk &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; odjrif+yD; tpOfvu kd cf ahJ oma=umifjh zpf.? bvefu*DG % kd ;f bHt
k zG@J orm;
33 a,mufonf uGejf rLepfrsm;jzpf=uonfrmS olw@kd onf =um;ckvyfae&mrsm;
ESihf aphpyfa&;rsm;udk ckev f m$ ;oGm;jcif;jzifh udpt P 00udk +yD;ajrmufvrd rhf nf[k pOf;
pm;=uaoma=umifv h nf;aumif; xd@k jyif aemuf&uftenf;i,ftwGi;f “tvkyf
p”+yD; (Tum; olwdk@.usdef;ao ,lqcsuf) tm%mudk &onfESifh eufzefo
bufwGif“uGefjrLepf0g' xGef;aygufawmhrnf”[kpOf;pm;rd=uaoma=umifhvnf;
aumif; jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tu,fI TudpPudk vufiif; rvkyfaqmif
Edkifbl;qdkygu olwdk@onf uGefjrLepfrsm; r[kwf=uawmhacs?
“rdrw
d @kd . pdwrf &Snrf u _ kd oabmw&m;a&;t& tcdik t f rm ta=umif;jy
csuftjzpf xm;&Sdjcif;rSm tb,fr# uav;uvm;Edkifygoenf;?” (z&uf'&pf
tdef*,fa&;“bvefuGD*dk%f; bHktzGJ@orm;rsm;. vkyfief;pOf”aqmif;yg;/ *smref
qdk&S,f 'Drdku&ufowif;pm azmfcfwyf/ trSwf 73/ 1874 ckwGif ygcJhonf?
±k&Sm;bmomjyefqdkcsuftjzpf 1871-1875 ckESpfrsm;twGif; aqmif;yg;rsm;/
1919 ckEpS f yDx±k*d &uf+rdK@/ pmrsuEf mS 52-53 wGif yg&o dS nf?)
tqdkyg aqmif;yg;xJwGifyif tdef*,fu aAvifhqdkoludk av;av;
eufeuf cs;D usL;*k%jf yKxm;I xdo k .l “rjiif;Edik af om aumif;r_rsm;”udk xkwaf zmf
ajymqdck o hJ nf? (aAvifo h nf *Jp'f u D o hJ @kd yif qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'udk opPmrazmufao;rD
1914 ckESpf=o*kwfvtxd EdkifiHwumh qdk&S,fvpf0g'. xdyfwef; acgif;aqmif
wa,muf jzpfonf) od@k aomf tde*f ,fonf tvGex f if&mS ;aom trSm;wckukd
tao;pdwfcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;rjyKbJ ausmfv$m;oGm;jcif; r&SdcJhay? "rRwmyif
tvGefi,f&G,f+yD; tawG@t}uHK r&ifhusufao;onfh awmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;
tzd@k vnf;aumif;/ tawmf touft&G,}f uD;+yD; tawG@t}uHK tawmf&ifu h suf
ae+yDqEkd ikd o
f nfh "e&Siaf ygupf awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;tzd@k vnf;aumif; “aphpyf
a&;udkcGifhjyKjcif;”onf tvGeftrif; “tE©&m,f}uD;”vS+yD; em;rvnfEdkifI
rrSeu f efaom udp&P yfjzpfonf? ajrmufjrm;vSaom qifajcvdrf orm;wd@k onf
(Tol r sm;onf ol r wl a tmif “ tawG @ t}uH K &S d a om”Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm;
jzpf=uonf) &Jabmfvefpb f m&D azmfjycJah om +Ado#tacsmiform; acgi;f aqmif
67
rsm;ESifh wax&mwnf; ajymqdkcJh=uonf? xdktacsmiform; acgif;aqmifrsm;
u“tu,fI aAmf&ADS pfrsm;twGuf wpHw k ckaom aphpyfa&;udk vkycf iG &hf ydS gv#if
u|eaf wmfw@kd tzd@k aphpyfa&;wckcu k kd tb,fa=umifh rvkyEf ikd &f rnfenf;”[k ajym
=uonf? od@k &mwGif oydww f ukd yf JG tajrmuftjrm;twGi;f (vlwef;pm;wdu k yf . JG
Tazmfjycsuu f o kd m ajym=uOD;pd@k ) ynm&cJ=h uonfh ypPn;f rJw h @kd onf tde*f ,fu
&Sif;vif;azmfjycJhonfh tvGefeufeJaom (tbd"rRmqdkif&m/ ordkif;qdkif&m/
EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mESifh pdwWaA'qdkif&m) trSefw&m;udk tpOft+rJ aumif;aumif;
em;vnfc=hJ uonf? ypPn;f rJw h ikd ;f yif oydwx f w J iG f yg0ifczhJ ;l +yD; &GrH ek ;f p&m;aumif;
aom zdEydS o f rl sm; aoG;pkyo f rl sm;ESihf “aphpyfrr_ sm;”udak wG@}uHKcJah yonf? ‚rSm
tvkyform;rsm;onf awmif;qdkcsufrsm; r&&SdbJESifhaomfvnf;aumif; odk@r
[kwf olw@kd awmif;qdck surf sm;. wpdww f ydik ;f ESio
hf m oabmwl auseyf=u&+yD;
tvkyfjyef0if=u&onf? ypPnf;rJhwdkif;yif vlxkwdkufyGJESifh vlwef;pm; &efbuf
jzpfrr_ sm; jyif;xefaom ta=umif;tcsurf sm;atmufwiG f aexdik &f aoma=umifh
olw@kd onf atmufygaphpyfa&; 2 rsK;d t=um; jcm;em;r_ukd odjrif=uonf? wrsK;d
rSm yuwdbm0 ta=umif;tcsufrsm; (oydwf&efyHkaiG rvHkavmufjcif;/ jyify
tultnDr&jcif;/ tvGeftrif; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;+yD; tm;tifukefcef;aejcif;)
a=umifh rwwfombJ jyKvky&f aom aphpyfa&;jzpf+yD; TuJo h @kd aom aphpyfa&;rsK;d udk
oabmwljcif;jzifh tvkyo f rm;. awmfveS af &;tay: opPm&Srd E_ iS hf aemufquf
vuf wdu k yf q
JG ifa&;twGuf tqifoifjh zpfrw _ @kd ukd rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf # avsmeh nf;
oGm;aprnfr[kwf? aphpyfa&;aemufwrsKd;rSm opPmazmufrsm;. aphpyfa&;
jzpfonf? olw@kd onfrrd w d @kd . wud, k af umif;}uHr/_ (oydwzf suq f ;D a&;orm;rsm;
uvnf;“aphpyfa&;rsm;”xJodk@ yg0if=uayonf wum;) owWda=umifr_ESifh
t&if;&Sifwdk@tm; uyfyg;,yfyg; jyKvdkonfh qENwdk@udkvnf;aumif; t&if;&Sif
rsm;. +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ qGJaqmifr_/ rufvHk;ay;r_/ ajr‡mufyifhr_xH tnHhcHvdkr_udk
vnf;aumif; zHk;uG,fum jyifyta=umif;jycsufrsm;tay: yHkcs=uonf? (t*F
vdyf tvkyo f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f wGif TuJo h @kd aom opPmazmuf aphpyfa&;rsK;d udk
+Adwo d #tvkyo f rm;or*~ acgi;f aqmifrsm;u tajrmuftjrm; jyKvkycf =hJ uonf?
od@k &mwGif wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k &Sd tvkyo f rm; tm;vH;k vdv k ykd if wrsK;d r[kww f rsK;d
qdo k vdk TuJo h @kd aom tvm;wl tjcif;t&mrsK;d udk rsujf rifu, kd af wG@ }uHKcJzh ;l
68
onf?)
"rRwmyif tvGefcufcJ+yD; ±_yfaxG;aom wckcsif;udpPrsm; &Sdwwfay
onf? xdx k Tkd Taom“aphpyfa&;”. wu,fv h uQ%mudk rSeu f efpmG qH;k jzwf
Edkif&ef }uD;rm;pGmtm;xkwf&ayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vlowfr_wckqdk=uygpdk@?
‚onf vHk;0vkyfxdkufoavm (Oyrm w&m;ojzifh rdrdudk,fudkumuG,fcGifh)
od@k r[kwf cGirhf v$wEf idk o
f nfh aygq h csuaf =umifah vm/ xdrk #ru aocsmpGmpDpOfI
vky}f uHowfjzwfoavmqdo k nfukd qH;k jzwf&ef tawmfyif cJ,Of;ayonf? trSef
yif Edik if aH &;bufwiG f wcgw&Hvw l ef;pm;rsm;ESihf ygwrD sm;t=um; (trsK;d om;a&;
ESihf Edik if w
H umt&) tvGet f rif; ±_yaf xG;onfh udprP sm;&Sad eojzifh oydwt f wGi;f
vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufaom“aphpyfa&;”avm/ odk@r[kwf oydwftzsuform;rsm;
opPmazmuf acgi;f aqmifrsm; ponfw@kd u opPmazmufaom“aphpyfa&;”avm
tp&So d nfh jy\emrsm;xuf ydrk ckd ufcaJ om tajctae tajrmuftjrm; ay:
xGufvmvdrfhrnf? a&m*gcyfodrf; aysmufuif;apaomaq;!¸ef; odk@r[kwf
tajctaetm;vHk; ESifhudkufnDaom a,bk,sw&m; (“rnfonfhaphpyfa&;rS
rvky”f )udk owfrw S &f efrmS &,fp&mjzpfayvdrrhf nf? wOD;wa,mufonf rdr. d
OD;aESmufukd toH;k jyK&rnf? oD;jcm;udpw P ikd ;f Y rdrb
d mom cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm Edik pf rG ;f &Sd
&rnf? *k%fESifhj'yfudkufnDaom ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;.
vkyfief;aqmifwm w&yfonf rdrdvlwef;pm;· twGif;&Sd cGJjcrf;em;vnfwwf
aomol rSeo f r#. a&&Snaf om/ }uHch ikd af om/ trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk akH om/ bufaygi;f
pHkaom }udK;yrf;csufjzifh ±_yfaxG;aom EdkifiHa&; jy\emrsm;udk vsifjrefI rSef
uefpmG ajz&Si;f Edik af &;twGuf vdt k yfaom todynm/ tawG@t}uHK/ xdrk #ru
vdktyfaom EdkifiHa&;tuif;yg;r_wdk@udk arG;jrLay;&rnf?
----------------
·
tod^m%f tyGiv hf if;qH;k wdik ;f jynfrsm;twGi;f &Sd tajctaersm;twGi;f Y yifjzpfap/
a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH vlwef;pm; twGi;f yifjzpfap rsuaf rSmuf tajc taersm;a=umifh
‚.pdw"f mwfqikd &f m tiftm;tm;vH;k udk tjrifrh m;qH;k xGe;f um;aponfh tcgrmS yifjzpfap
vlwef;pm;wdik ;f wGif rpOf;pm;
pm;aom/ pOf;pm; Edik pf rG ;f r&Sad om vlwef;pm;. ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
tpOfojzifh &Sad evdrrhf nf? xdrk #ru vlwef;pm;rsm; &Sad eor#umvywfv;kH vlwef;pm;rhJ
69
 a,bk,ssaphpyfa&;udk cGifhjyKjcif;onf u|efawmfwdk@u rajy+idrf;pwrf;
wdkufyGJqifaeaom/ wdkufyGJqif&rnfjzpfaom tacsmif0g'ESifh awmfvSefaom
rmhufpf0g' odk@r[kwf uGefjrLepf0g't=um;&Sd pnf;a=umif;udk y,fzsufypfjcif;
jzpfEdkifonf[k ±dk;tolrsm;ESifh vHk;0tawG@t}uHKr&Sdolrsm;u rSwf,l=uonf?
od k @ aomf t u,f I Tol r sm;onf obm0ES i f h vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; twG i f ; rS m
&Sd=uonfh pnf;a=umif;tm;vHk;onf ajymif;vJaeonfudkvnf;aumif;/ xdk@jyif
wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmxd wnfwef@Edkifr_udkvnf;aumif;/ rodem;rvnf
ao;u olw@kd tm; a&&Snaf vhusirhf /_ ynmay;r_/ rsupf zd iG ahf y;r_rw S yg; Edik if aH &;
ESihf ae@pOftawG@t}uHKrsm;rSwyg; olw@kd ukd rulnED ikd af y? oD;jcm;jzpfonfh od@k r
[kwf xl;jcm;onfh ordik ;f qdik &f m umvydik ;f tvdu k f vufawG@Eikd if aH &; jy\em
rsm;xJrS cGifhrjyKEdkifaom opPmazmufr_rsKd;jzpfonfh/ awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;
tm; touftE©&m,f jyKonf/h tacsmif0g'ude;f atmif;aeonfh aphpyfa&;rsK;d .
t"duo¿mefudk ydkifEdkifpGmcGJxkwf&ef/ TuJhodk@ aphpyfa&;rsKd;. tEW&m,fudk
tpGrf;ukefzGifhcsazmfxkwf&efESifh wdkufyGJqif&efwdk@onf ta&;}uD;ayonf? vk
,uf j cif ; ES i f h &uf p uf , k w f r mr_ r sm;wG i f wrsKd ; wpm;wnf ; jzpf = uaom
wdkif;jynfrsm;. tkyfpkESpfckt=um;&Sd e,fcsJ@ppfyGJjzpfyGm;pOf 1914 ckESpfrS 1918
ckESpftwGif;uqdkv#if tacsmif0g'. t"duESifhtjccHtrsKd;tpm;rSm qdk&S,f
a&SmfAif0g'jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm“tzEdkifiHumuG,fa&;”tm; axmufcHr_
yifjzpfonf? TuJhodk@aom ppfyGJrsKd;Yqdkv#if “tzEdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;”udk
axmufcHjcif;onf vufawG@t&“rdrdwdkif;jynf.”"e&Sifvlwef;pm; vk,uf
aom tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif;ESifh twlwlyifjzpfayonf? ppf+yD;
aemuf olc;kd "m;jy “Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;18 tm; umuG,af y;jcif;onfvnf;
aumif;/ awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh“qdkAD,uf”v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
qef@usifaom rdrdwdkif;jynf&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh wdkuf±dkufjzpfap odk@r[kwf
oG,0f u kd I
f jzpfap r[mrdwzf @JG rt _ m; umuG,jf cif;onfvnf;aumif;/ “qdAk , D uf
-------------
vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf rdrb d mom awmifw h if;ckid rf mjcif; jynfph pkH mG jzpfay: wk;d yGm;jcif;ESihf
rdru
d , d r#umvywfv;kH rvGrJ aoG &Sad yvdrrhf ,
dk yf idk f tkwjf rpfrsm;ay:wGif wk;d yGm;jcif;r&So ,f?
Tod@k r[kwyf grl t&if;&Si0f g'onf ,ck&o dS uJo
h @kd vlxt k ay: zdEydS o f jl zpfvrd rhf nf r[kwaf y?
70
tm%m”tm;qef@usiaf om "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. 'Dru kd a&pDpepfEiS hf "e&Siv f wl ef;
pm;. ygvDrefpepftm; umuG,fjcif;onfvnf;aumif; cGifhrjyKEdkifonfh/
opPmazmufonfh aphpyfa&;rsm;. t"duazmfjycsufrsm;jzpfum aygif;csKyf
vdkufaomf awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh ‚.ta&;awmfyHktm;
touftE©&m,fjyKonfh tacsmif0g'jzpfayonf?
“ æ tjcm;ygwD r sm;ES i f h aph p yf a &;rS e f o r#ud k æ y&d , m,f
qif a om/ aph p yf v d k u f a vsmaom ay:vpD r S e f o r#ud k tav;xm;
uef@uGuf&rnf”[k *smref vuf0Jorm;rsm;u z&ifhzwfpmapmifxJY a&;cJh=u
onf?
Todk@aom tjrifrsm;udk qkyfudkifxm;ygvsuf Tvuf0Jorm;rsm;
onf aAmf&ADS pf0g'udk jywfjywfom;om; jypfwif±w _ cf sjcif; rjyKonfrmS tH=h ozG,f
&maumif;ayonf? ta=umif;rl aAmf&ADS pf0g' ordik ;f wckv;kH twGi;f Y atmufwkd
bm awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDjzpfap atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;+yD;onfh aemufrSm
jzpfap "e&Siyf gwrD sm;tygt0if tjcm;aomygwrD sm;ESihf y&d,m,fqifjcif;/ vdu k f
avsmjcif;/ aphpyfjcif; om"ursm;jzifh jynfEh u S faeayonf? ‚ud*k smref “vuf0J
orm;rsm;”u rod=uonfr[kwfay?
Edik if w
H umh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk wGe;f vSe&f eftwGuf qifEo J$ nfph pfum;
wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiHt=um; jzpfyGm;onfh acgif;trmqHk; omrefppfrsm;xuf tp
w&mru ydrk ckd ufcJ ydrk &kd n S =f um ydrk ±kd y_ af xG;vSay&m y&d,m,fo;kH jcif;/ rdrd &efol
rsm; t=um;&SdtusKd;pD;yGm; twdkuftcHjzpfr_ (,m,Dyifjzpfygap) udk toHk;cs
jcif;&Edkifor# (,m,D/ rcdkif+rJaom/ ,drf;,dkifaom/ c|if;csufyifjzpfygap)
r[mrdwrf sm;ESihf vdu k af vsmvkyu f ikd jf cif;/ aphpyfjcif;wd@k ukd }udKwifjiif;y,fonfrmS
tvGeyf if &,fp&maumif;onf r[kwyf gavm? tcuftcJ twm;tqD;rsm;&Sd
onf/h vlorl ayguaf &mufonfh awmifukd wufrnfjyKaomtcg rwufru D yif
aumufaumufauG@auG@roGm;Edik /f aemufa=umif;udk jyefIrvSnEhf ikd /f a&G;cs,+f yD;
vrf;udk rpGe@f vw $ Ef ikd /f tjcm;vrf;rsm;jzifh rwufEikd [ f k wif}udKjiif;y,fjcif;uJo h @kd
yif r[kwyf goavm? xd@k jyif tawG@t}uHK r&Sad o;aom/ r&ifu h su=f uao;aom
xdok rl sm;onf (tu,fI i,f&, G af o;aoma=umifh jzpfonf[q k ykd gu rqd;k vS
ao;ay? i,f&, G of rl sm;tm; umvwcktxd t"dym` ,frphJ um;rsm;udk ajymqd&k ef
71
bk&m;ocifudk,fwdkifuyif Asm'dwfawmfjrwf csrSwfcJhayonf) a[mfvefuGef
jrLepfygwrD S ygw0D iftcsK@d . axmufcrH u _ kd wdu k ±f u kd f od@k r[kwf oG,0f u kd I f aomf
vnf;aumif;/ twdtvif; od@k r[kwf wdww f qdwaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tjynfh
tpHk od@k r[kwf wpdww f ydik ;f tm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; wenf;enf;jzifh &&Sad e=u
onfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrifae&ayonfwum;?
ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;. yxrt}ud r f qd k & S , f v pf a wmf v S e f a &;+yD ;
onfhaemufwGifvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfwjynfwGif;Y "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm;
wGe;f vSe+f yD;onfah emufwiG v f nf;aumif; xdw k ikd ;f jynf. ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;onf
tvGef&Snf=umonfh umvxdatmifyif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;xuf tiftm;csnfh
eJ@aevdrOhf ;D rnf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf tvGe&f iS ;f aeonfrmS "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;.
tvGeu f s,jf yef@onfh Edik if w H umh qufo, G rf r_ sm;a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ xdrk #ru
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; wGef;vSefcJhonfh wdkif;jynfY ukefpnfxkwfvkyfoluav;
rsm;u t&if;&Sif0g'ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;wdk@tm; tvdktavsmufESifh tquf
rjywf jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;/ topfwzef aygufzGm;jcif;jzpfapaoma=umifh
vnf;aumif; jzpfayonf? ydrk t kd iftm; }uD;rm;awmifw h if;onfh &efou l kd wdu k f
cdu
k af tmifjrifEikd &f ef tpGr;f ukef tm;xkwrf o S mv#if jzpfEikd af yonf? &eforl sm;
twGi;f &Sd tao;i,fq;kH aom tufa=umif;yifjzpfygap “tufa=umif;” wdik ;f udk
vnf;aumif;/ wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;&Sd "e&Sirf sm;t=um; xd@k jyif wdik ;f jynf toD;oD;
. twGif;ydkif;&Sd trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkaom "e&Siftkyfpkrsm;/ *dk%f;rsm;t=um;wdk@&Sd
tusKd;pD;yGm;jcif; &efbufjzpfr_wdkif;udkvnf;aumif; tukefpifqHk;/ *±kpdkufqHk;/
tm±Ht k pdu
k qf ;kH / tu|r;f usiq f ;kH jzifh rysurf uGuf toH;k csro S mv#if jzpfEikd o f nf?
,m,Djzpfonf/h ,dr;f ,kid o f nf/h rwnf+idro f nf/h pdwrf cs&onf/h c|i;f csu&f o dS nfh
r[mrdwfyifjzpfygap r[mrdwftvHk;t&if; &&Sda&;twGuf tenf;qHk;aom
tcGit hf a&; yifjzpfygap tcGit hf a&;wdik ;f udk tcGiahf umif;,lro S m jzpfEikd o f nf?
Ttcsufudk em;rvnfolonf rmhufpf0g'tm; enf;enf;uav;rS em;rvnf
ol/ acwfrD ody`Henf;us qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk a,bk,stm;jzifhyif em;rvnfol
jzpf a yonf ? tawmf t wef & S n f = umonf h umvtwG i f ; Yvnf ; aumif ; /
tawmftwef ±_yfaxG;onfh EdkifiHa&;tajctae atmufwGifvnf;aumif;/
vufawG@tm;jzifh TtrSefw&m;udk rdrduydkifEdkifpGm toHk;csEdkifpGrf;&Sda=umif;udk
72
wu,fwrf; oufaorjyEdkifolrsm;onf aoG;pkyfolrsm;. zdESdyfr_atmufrS
vkyt f m;pduk x
f wk o
f nfh vlom;w&yfv;kH tm; vGwaf jrmufapa&;twGuf wdu k yf JG
qifaepOftwGif; wGifawmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;tm; tultnDay;a&;udk
rwwfajrmufao;ay? xd@k jyifTonfrmS ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u Edik if aH &;tm%m
r&rDumvESifh &+yD; umv ESpfckpvHk;twGuf xyfwlxyfr# t}uHK;0ifayonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd . oabmw&m;onf w&m;aor[kw/f jyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_.
vrf;!¸ef jzpfonf[k rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd u ajymcJ=h uonf? um;aumufpuD;/
atmfwakd bm0g;ponf“h rlyikd jf zpfaom”rmhupf 0f g'orm;rsm;. t}uD;rm;qH;k aom
trSm;ESifh t}uD;rm;qHk;aom &mZ0wfjypfr_onf TtrSefw&m;udk em;rvnf
=ujcif;ESihf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;. tvGet f a&;}uD;onfh tcsed u f mvY TtrSef
w&m;udk toH;k rcsEikd cf jhJ cif;wd@k yif jzpfayonf? “Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_um; eufzpf uD
vrf;r}uD; (oef@&iS ;f us,jf yef@ acsmarG@onfh pdeyf w D mZbwf&dS tvGeaf jzmifw h ef;
aom t"duvrf;r}uD;) r[kwfay”[k rmhufpf. acwfrwdkifrD&Sd }uD;jrwfaom
±k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpf0g'D}uD;wOD;jzpfol tif*sDcsmeD&SufzfpuDu ajymavh&Sdayonf?
TtrSefw&m;udk vspfvsL±_cJhaoma=umifh odk@r[kwf arhcJhaoma=umifh csmeD
&SufzfpuDacwfrSpI ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf ra&rwGufEdkifonfh
epfemr_rsm;udk cHpm;cJh=u&onf? vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
tay: opP&adS om taemufOa&myESihf tar&duef&dS awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;tm;
acwfaemufusonfh ±k&mS ;rsm;uJo f &m;twGuf jrifhrm;onfhwefzdk;
h @kd TtrSew
ay;&jcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&ef u|efawmfwdk@ tpGrf;ukef}udK;yrf;=u&rnf?
Zmpepfrusq;kH cifuyif ±k&mS ;&Sad wmfveS af om qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;u
vpfb&,f"e&Sif vlwef;pm;. tultnDrsm;udk xyfwvJvJ toH;k cscahJ yonf?
TonfrSm olwdk@ESifhvufawG@ aphpyfa&;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk vufawG@vkyfcJhjcif;
yifjzpfonf? xd@k jyif 1901-1902 ckEpS f aAmf&ADS pf0g' ray:ayguaf o;onfh tcsed f
rSmyif tpPu&m &mowif;pm t,f'Dwm tzG@J a[mif; (yvufcfaemhzf/ tufZ,f
a&mh'/f Zmqlvpf/ rm;awmhz/f yd@k x&ufaqmhzEf iS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd yg0if=uonf)onf
"e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;. vpfb&,f0g' Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif px±kzEf iS hf twnfwus
Edik if aH &;r[mrdwf zG@J c=hJ uayonf (trSeyf if tcsed rf =umcJah y)? wcsed w f nf;rSmyif
t,f'DwmtzGJ@u "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. vpfb&,f0g'udkvnf;aumif;/ tvkyf
73
orm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f &Sd "e&Siv f pfb&,f0g' =oZmt&Sed . f tao;
i,fq;kH azmfjycsuu f ykd ifvnf;aumif; qef@usiu f m awG;ac:r_t&/ Edik if aH &;t&
t!‡mwmuif;rJhqHk;aom wdkufyGJudktqufrjywf qifE$JEdkifcJhayonf? Tay:
vpDukd aAmf&ADS pfrsm;u tpOfwpdu k f vdu
k ef mvkyaf qmifc=hJ uonf? olw@kd onf
1905 ckESpfrSp+yD; vpfb&,f"e&Sif vlwef;pm;ESifh Zmpepftm; qef@usifonfh
tvkyform; v,form; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk wav#mufvHk; usifhoHk;cJh=uonf?
odk@apumrl "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u Zmpepftm; qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&mwGif tul
tnDay;&ef rnfonfhtcgurS rjiif;y,fchaJ y? (Oyrm 'kwd,ywf a&G;aumuf
yGJrsm;twGif; odk@r[kwf jyefvnfrJqENay;yGJrsm; twGif;wGifjzpfonf?) xdk@jyif
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. awmfveS af om v,form;ygwD qdv k o kd nfrmS “qd&k , S f awmf
vSefa&;orm;”wdk@tm; qdk&S,fvpfrsufESmzHk; pGyfxm;onfh "e&Sifaygufp 'Drdk
u&ufrsm;[k zGifhcsum tawG;tac:t&ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& jywfjywfom;om;
wdu k jf cif;udv k nf; rnfonft h cgr# r&yfem;cJah y? 1907 ckEpS f 'l;rm; a&G;aumuf
yGJrsm;twGif;Y aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf tcdkuftwef@tm;jzifh qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;ESihf twnfwusEikd if aH &; tkypf zk @JG ru _ kd jyKvkycf =hJ uonf? 1903 ckEpS rf S
1912 ckESpftxd ESpftawmf=umatmifyif qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD wckwnf;
twGi;f Y u|eaf wmfw@kd onf rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf o¿meft& twly;l aygi;f aqmif&u G f
cJh=uonfrSm t}udrftcsKd@jzpfonf? odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@onf olwdk@tm;
tacsmiform;rsm;tjzpf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;twGif;&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm; =oZm
oufrr_ sm;udk jzef@cso d rl sm;tjzpf tawG;tac:t&ESihf Edik if aH &;t& wdu k yf q JG if&ef
rnfonft h cgr# r&yfem;cJah y? ppftwGi;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd onf “aumufpuD;0g'D
rsm;”ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ vuf0rJ if&ADS pfrsm; (rm;awmhz)f ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ “qd&k , S f
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;”(csm;aemhzEf iS hf emwefqif) wd@k . wpdww f ydik ;f ESivhf nf;
19
aumif; wpHkwckaom aphpyfa&;rsm; jyKvkyfch=J uonf? Zifrm0J ESifh uD,ifoJ
wGif u|eaf wmfw@kd onf olw@kd EiS t hf wl pnf;a0;cJ=h uum yl;wGaJ =unmmcsurf sm;udk
xkwfjyefcJh=uonf? odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@onf tawG;tac:a&;&mESifh EdkifiH
a&;&mwdu k yf rJG sm;udk rnfonft h cgr# r&yfqikd ;f cJb
h /J rnfonft h cgr# vufrav#mh
cJhbJ“aumufpuD;0g'Drsm;”/ rm;awmhzfESifh csm;aemhzfwdk@udk (emwefqifonf
1919 wGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? olonf“awmfvSefaom uGefjrLepf0g'orm;”
74
ema&mhepfjzpfum u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf tvGeef ;D pyfI oabmxm;rSmvnf; xyfwl
xyfr#eD;yg; jzpfcho J nf) qef@usifwdkufcdkufcho J nf? atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;
umvuyif u|efawmfwdk@onf "e&Sifaygufpvlwef;pm;. v,form;xkESifh
EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkzGJ@cJh=uonf? TtkyfpkzGJ@r_onf twnfwuszGJ@pnf;r_rsKd; r[kwf
aomfvnf; tvGe@f tvGef ta&;}uD;ayonf? (xd@k jyif tvGew f &m atmifjrif
ayonf?) xdktcsdefu u|efawmfwdk@onf qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;ygwD. ajr,m
vkyfief;pOf wpHkvHk;udk vufcHcJh=uum tenf;i,fr# jyifqifjznfhpGufjcif; rjyK
cJah y? Tum; oHo,jzpfp&m rvdak om aphpyfa&;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd vkycf =hJ ujcif;
yifjzpfonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd onf v,form;rsm;tm; oufaojy&ef
jzpfayonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif u|efawmfwdk@onf twnfwusjzpfonfh EdkifiH
a&;tkyfpkzGJ@+yD; tpdk;&xJyg0if&ef “vuf0J qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”tm;
urf;vSr;f cJo h nf? (xd@k jyif r=umrDyif taumiftxnf ay:cJah yonf) od@k aomf
b&ufvpfawmhzf +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf csKyfq+kd yD;onfah emufY olw@kd onf Ttkyf
pkzGJ@r_udk zsufodrf;cJh+yD; 1918 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif vufeufudkif ykefuefr_udkyif
vkyfum aemufydkif;wGifvnf; u|efawmfwdk@udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJjzifh wdkuf
cdkufcJh=uavonf?
xd@k a=umifh &Si;f aeonfrmS *smrefueG jf rLepfygwD A[dak umfrwDu “tif'D
yif;'ifrh sm;” (“*smreftif'yD if;'ifh qd&k , S 'f rD ukd a&pDygw”D / qdv k okd nfrmS aumuf
puD;0g'orm;) ESifh tkyfpkzGJ@a&;udk pOf;pm;aoma=umifh *smref“vuf0J orm;
rsm;”u wdu k cf u kd v f monf? Tod@k wu kd cf ukd cf jhJ cif;rSm vH;k 0wnf=unf av;eufr_
r&Sb d J “vuf0o J rm;rsm;” rSm;,Gif;a=umif; &Si;f vif;pGm oufaojyaeonf[k
u|efawmfwdk@ ,lq=unf? u|efawmfwdk@ ±k&Sm;jynfYvnf; *smref &Sdwf'Drefrsm;
ESifhwlaom vuf,mrif&SDApfrsm; (u&ifpuDtpdk;&tzGJ@xJodk@ yg0ifolrsm;)ESifh
vuf,mrif&ADS pfrsm;udk qef@usi+f yD; *smrefaumufpuD;0g'orm;rsm;ESiw hf al om
vuf0Jrif&SDApfrsm; (rm;awmhzf) wdk@&SdcJh=uayonf? rif&SDApfrsm;bufrS aAmf&SD
Apfrsm;bufodk@ tvkyform;vlxkrsm; wjznf;jznf; ul;ajymif;vmyHk w&yfudk
1917 ckEpS w f iG f u|eaf wmfw@kd xif&mS ;pGmawG@jrifEikd af vonf? 1917 ckEpS f ZGev f
wGif usi;f yonfh yxrt}udraf jrmuf ±k&mS ;jynfv;kH qdik &f m qdAk , D ufrsm; uGe*f
&ufY u|eaf wmfw@kd onf rJ 13 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f udo k mv#if &&Scd ahJ yonf? qd&k , S af wmf
75
vSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf rJtrsm;pkudk &&SdchJ=uayonf? 'kwd,
t}udrf qdAk , D ufueG *f &ufY (jyuQ'ed af [mif;t& 1917 ckEpS f atmuf wdb k m
25 &uf) u|efawmfwdk@onf rJ 51 &mcdkifE_ef; &&SdcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifh
*smreD&Sd tvkyform;. tvm;wlaom/ vHk;0vuQ vuQ%mcsif;wlaom vuf,m
rS vuf0o J @kd ul;ajymif;aer_u uGejf rLepfrsm;tiftm;udk csujf cif;rwd;k rsm;apcJb h J
a&S;OD;pGmtm;jzifh =um;wGif&Sdonfh“tif'Dyif;'ifh”ygwD (T“tif'Dyif;'ifhygwD”
Y rnfonft h cgur# trScD u kd if;onfh Edik if aH &;tjrifrsm;ESihf trScD ukd if;onfh ay:
vpDrsm;r&SdcJhbJ &Sdwf'Drefrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;.tv,fwGif awGa0,drf;,dkifI
omaeonf) . tiftm;rsm;udk wdk;rsm;ap&ygoenf;?
tvGex f if&mS ;onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;teufrS wckum; *smrefueG jf rL
epfrsm;. rSm;,Gi;f aom enf;y&d,m,f a=umifyh ifjzpfonf? *smrefueG jf rLepfrsm;
onf TtrSm;tm; &J&0J 0hH ±hH ;kd om;pGm 0efc=H u&rnf? TtrSm;udjk yKjyif&ef oif,l
&rnf? TtrSm;um; azmufjyefonfh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ygvDrefESifh azmufjyef
onfh tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;xJo@kd yg0ifa&;udk jiif;y,fry_ ifjzpfonf? TtrSm;
um; “vuf0”J oli,fem. ra&wGuEf ikd af om azmfjycsurf sm;yifjzpfI TuJo h @kd
a&m*grsK;d onf ,cktcg tvGex f if&mS ;pGm ay:xGuv f mayonf? xd@k a=umifh xdo k l
i,femudk ydkrdkukefpifpGmESifh ydkrdkjrefqefpGm ukoEdkifvdrfhrnf? cE<mudk,ftm; ydkrdk
tusK;d &Sad pvdrrhf nfjzpfonf?
*smref“tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD”twGif;Y wnDw!Gwf
wnf; r&S=d uonfrmS tvGex f if&mS ;ayonf? ‚ygwt D wGi;f Y rdrw d @kd u,kd wf ikd f
qdAk , D uftm%mESihf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tm%m&Sipf epfw@kd . ta&;ygru _ kd em;
rvnfEikd af =umif;ESihf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; awmfveS af &;wdu k yf t
JG m; acgi;f raqmif
Edik af =umif; azmfjycJ=h uonf? tacsmif0g' acgi;f aqmifa[mif;rsm; (aumufpuD;/
[Dzm&ifwdk@ESifh tawmftwef tacsmifqefr_ xif&Sm;onfh u&pfyD,ef/ v,f
'Dabmif;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;) ESifhwygwnf; tvGefvsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vm
aom vuf0*J % kd ;f / qdv
k o
kd nfrmS ypPn;f rJh *d% k ;f w*d%
k ;f ay:aygucf o hJ nf? TygwD
(cef@reS ;f ajctm;jzifh ygw0D ifppk ak ygi;f 7 ode;f 5 aomif;cef@r# &Sad yonf). ygw0D if
ode;f aygi;f rsm;pGmonf &Sw d 'f rD efrsm;udk pGe@f cmG I uGejf rLepf0g'bufo@kd vsijf refpmG
ul;ajymif;aeaom ypPnf;rJhrsm; jzpf=uonf? vdkufyZpf+rdK@wGif usif;yonfh
76
tif'Dyif;'ifhrsm;. uGef*&uf (1919) Y TypPnf;rJhvuf0J*dk%f;u wwd,
tifwmae&Sife,fxJodk@ c|if;csufr&Sd csufjcif;yg0ifa&;udk wifjycJh+yD;jzpfonf?
Tygw. D tqdyk gvuf0*J % kd ;f ESi“hf aphpyf&ef”a=umufaernfqykd gu trSeyf if &,fp
&maumif;ayonf? qef@usipf mG yif uGejf rLepfrsm;u olw@kd EiS hf aphpyfa&;vky&f ef
twGuf oifhawmfrnfh o¿mefwrsKd;udk rkcsyif&SmazG&rnf? xdk@jyif &SmawG@&
rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm Tvdkaphpyfa&;rsKd;onf wzufY T*dk%f;ESifh vdktyfonfh
vH;k 0wom;wnf;jzpfa&;udk vG,u f al p&ef wGe;f aqmfay;Edik &f rnf? tjcm;wzufY
uGejf rLepfrsm;u“tif'yD if;'ifrh sm;”twGi;f &Sd tacsmif0g' vuf,m*d% k ;f rsm;tm;
tawG;tac:t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& wdkufyGJqifjcif;udk tenf;i,fr# twm;tqD;
rjzpfap&ay? TuJo h @kd aom oifah vsmo f nfh aphpyfa&; o¿mefwckukd owfrw S f
&efrmS rsm;pGmvG,u f v l o S nf r[kwaf cs? od@k aomf vlvrd v f n l mrsm;uomv#if
*syeftvkyform;rsm;ESifh *smrefuGefjrLepfrsm;tm; atmifyGJtwGuf“vG,ful
onfh”vrf;udk &SmazGay;rnf[k uwday;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?
tu,fI ypPn;f rJ“h pifppf”onf ypPn;f rJrh S ypPn;f rJw h ydik ;f (touf&iS f
a&;twGuf vkyt f m;udk wzufwvrf;rS a&mif;pm;ae&olrsm;) od@k vnf;aumif;/
ypPnf;rJhwydkif;rS v,form;uav; (ESifh vufr_ynmonfuav;rsm;/ vufr_
ynmtvkyo f rm;ESihf a,bk,stm;jzifh vkyif ef;ydik &f iS u f av;) od@k vnf;aumif;/
v,form;uav;rS tvwfwef;pm; v,form;odk@vnf;aumif; tp&Sdojzifh
ta&miftqif; trsK;d rsK;d &Su d m ra&rwGuEf ikd o f nfh ul;ajymif;aeaom tv$mrsm;
. 0dik ;f 0ef;jcif;udk rcH&ygv#i/f xd@k jyif ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; ud, k Yf yifv#if rsm;pGmzG@H
+zdK; aomtv$mESihf rsm;pGmrzG@H +zdK;aom tv$mrsm;tjzpf jcm;em;raeygv#if Zm
wda'otvdu k /f toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tvdu k /f wcgw&HwiG f bmoma&; ud;k
uG,fr_tvdkuf tp&Sdonfh jcm;em;r_rsm; r&Sdygv#if/ t&if;&Sif0g'onfvnf;
t&if;&Si0f g' jzpfawmhrnfr[kwaf y? Tta=umif;&if; tm;vH;k a=umifyh if ypPn;f
rJv
h w l ef;pm; wyfO;D ESihf ‚.vlwef;pm; Ed;k =um;r_&o dS nfh tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfaom
uGefjrLepfygwDonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tpktrsKd;rsKd;/ tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;
ygwDtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh vkyfief;ydkif&Sifuav;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsKd;rsKd;wdk@ESifh enf;
y&d,m,fo;kH jcif;/ txdu k t f avsmuf vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G jf cif;ESihf aphpyfjcif;enf;
rsm;udk usio hf ;kH &efvt kd yfayonf? tºuif;rJv h t kd yfayonf? jy\em w&yfv;kH
77
onfum; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm;Edk;=um;r_/ awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf/
wdkufcdkufEdkifpGrf;ESifh atmifyGJcHEdkifpGrf;wdk@. a,bk,sa&csdeftm; ESdrfhcsypfjcif;
r[kwfbJ jr‡ifhwifay;&eftwGuf Tenf;y&d,m,frsm;tm; rnfr# ydkifEdkifpGm
toH;k csonfqo kd nfh tcsuaf y:wGif wnf&adS eayonf? ta=umif; tm;avsmpf mG
azmfjy&rnfqdkaomf rif&SDApfrsm;tay: aAmf&SDApfrsm; tEdkif&&Sd&eftwGuf u|ef
awmfw@kd onf 1917 ckEpS f atmufwb kd m awmfveS af &;rwdik rf o
D mru awmfveS f
a&;+yD;onfh aemufwGifvnf; enf;y&d,m,fusifhoHk;jcif;/ txdkuftavsmuf
vkyfudkifjcif;/ aphpyfjcif;wdk@udk usifhoHk;cJha=umif; azmfjyvdkayonf? odk@aomf
obm0twdkif;yif u|efawmfwdk@usifhoHk;onfh Tenf;y&d,m,frsm;ESifh aphpyf
a&;onf rif&SDApfrsm;udk tm;,kwfapI aAmf&SDApfrsm;udk ulnDwGef;aqmf
cdik rf mawmifw h if;apvdrrhf nfjzpfonf? "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pDorm;rsm; (rif&DS
Apfrsm; tygt0if)um; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; t=um;wGif
vnf;aumif;/ "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh qdkAD,ufpepft=um;wGifvnf;aumif;/
jyKjyifa&;0g'ESihf awmfveS af &;0g't=um;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm;
cspfjrwfEdk;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepftm; a=umufvef@r_t=um;wGifvnf;
aumif; tp&So d nfw@kd wiG f rvG{J uefyif awGa0,dr;f ,dik f ae=uayonf? uGejf rL
epfrsm;. rSefuefaom enf;y&d,m,fonf T,drf;,dkifr_udk toHk;cs&ef jzpf
onf? vspfvsL±_jcif;rjyK&? Todk@toHk;cs&eftwGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;buf
wdrf;!Gwfvmaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;bufodk@ wdrf;!Gwf
v#if wdr;f !Gwo f nfEiS t
hf r# tav#mah y;jcif;jyK&ef vdt
k yfayonf? wcsed w f nf;
rSmyif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufodk@ wdrf;!GwfoGm;onfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
wdu k cf u
kd f oGm;&rnf? u|eaf wmfw@kd u rSeu f efonfh enf;y&d,m,fukd usio hf ;kH onfh
tusK;d qufa=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd wikd ;f jynfY rif&ADS pf0g'onf +ydKuGcJ ahJ v+yD? xd@k jyif
wae@wjcm;qufvuf +ydKuGJvsuf&Sdayonf? acgif;rmonfh tacsmif0g' acgif;
aqmifrsm;onfvnf; txD;usejf zpfuek =f u+yD; taumif;qH;k tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf
"e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pDorm;rsm;twGi;f rS taumif;qH;k tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;onf
u|efawmfwdk@bufodk@ a&mufcJh=uayonf? TonfrSm &Snf=umonfh jzpfpOf
w&yfjzpf+yD;“raphpyfwrf;”/“y&d,m,frusifhoHk;wrf;”qdkonfh tavmw}uD;
“qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;”onf awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. =oZmt&Sdefudk
78
wdk;jr‡ifha&;ESifh ‚.tiftm;udk wdk;csJ@a&;twGuf tusKd;,kwfapjcif;omv#if
jzpfEdkifayonf?
aemufq;kH tm;jzifh *smreD&“dS vuf0o J rm;rsm;”. oHo,jzpfp&m rvdk
aom trSm;rsm;teuf w&yfonfum; Amaq;+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyff 20 tm;
todtrSwfrjyKa&;udk taoqkyfudkifxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? Ttjriftm;
(aua[mfem azmfjyouJo h @kd ) ydrk “kd cdik v
f o
kH nfxuf cdik v f akH tmif”ESihf “crf;em;}uD;
us,fonfxuf crf;em;}uD;us,fatmif” yHkazmfavav/ “ydkrdkav;eufonf
xufav;euf”I ydkrdkw&m;aoqefonfxufqefatmif yHkazmfxm;avav
ydkIt"dy`m,f,kwfavsmhavav jzpfayonf? ,ae@uJhodk@ EdkifiHwumh ypPnf;rJh
awmfvSefa&; ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufY tifwGefEdkifiHrsm;21 tm; qef@
usipf pfjyK&eftwGuf *smref"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;ESihf tkypf zk @JG &ef &yfcw
H ifjyonf txd
jzpf c J h a om “trsKd ; om;aAmf & S D A pf 0 g'”(avmf z if b uf E S i f h tjcm;ol r sm;).
t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom r[kwfrrSefvkyfr_udk jiif;y,f±kHoufoufonf rvHkavmuf
ay? qdkAD,uf *smreD (tu,fI *smrefqdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf r=umrDwGif
ay:aygufvmrnfqdkygu)onf Amaq;pmcsKyftm; umvwcktxd vufcH&ef
ESiehf mcH&ef jiif;y,fonfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;onf t&if;cHryS if rSm;,Gi;f aeonf
udk em;vnf&rnf? odk@aomf ,if;twGufa=umifh &Sdwf'Drefrsm; tpdk;&tzGJ@
twGi;f Y &Sad e=uonfh tcsed w f iG v f nf;aumif;/ [efa*&DY qdAk , D uftpd;k &onf
twGef;vSefrcH&ao;onfh tcsdefwGifvnf;aumif;/ AD,memrS qdkAD,uf awmf
vSefa&;jzifh qdkAD,uf[efa*&Dudk vHk;0tultnDray;Edkif[k rqdkEdkifao;onfh
tcgwGifvnf;aumif; xdktcsdef&Sd TuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;Y “tif'Dyif;
'ifhrsm;”u Amaq;pmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;rSm rSefuef
onf[k t"dy`m,fr&ay? xdktcsdefu tif'Dyif;'ifhrsm; usifhoHk;cJhonfh tajc
taet& y&d,m,fqifro _ nf tvGeyf ifnzhH si;f ayonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
olw@kd onf opPmazmuf &Sw d 'f rD efrsm;tpm; tenf;ESit hf rsm; "m;pmcH vkyv f u
kd f
=uaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ olwdk@onf &Sdwf'Drefwdk@tm; r!‡mrwm (aoG;
at;at;jzifh) wdkuf&rnfh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJtjrifrS cGJcGmoGm;um “vlwef;
pm;rJhonfh”odk@r[kwf“vlwef;pm;xufausmfvGefonfh”tjrifodk@ tenf;ESifh
trsm; av#musoGm;aoma=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpfonf?
79
 od@k aomf vuf&t dS ajctaewGif &Si;f vif;vSonfrmS *smrefueG jf rLepfrsm;
onf uGefjrLepf0g' atmifyGJqifonfhtcgY Amaq;pmcsKyfudk rkcsy,fzsufypf&
rnf[k twdtus *wday;jcif;jzifh rdrw d @kd . ajcvufrsm;udk wkyaf ESmifrxm;oifh
ay? Tod@k jyKvkyjf cif;onf rdu k rf &J musayonf? &Sw d 'f rD efrsm;ESihf aumufpuD;wd@k
onf qdAk , D uf±&k mS ;ESihf qdAk ,D uf[efa*&Dw@kd EiS hf r[mrdwzf @JG a&; tcGit hf vrf;udk
wm;qD;aESmifhaES;aponfh (wpdwfwa'otm;jzifh wdkuf±dkufysufpD;apcJhonfh)
opPmazmufrr_ sm;udk t}udr}f udrjf yKusichf =hJ uonf[k ajymqdo k ifah y.? u|eaf wmf
wdk@ uGefjrLepfrsm;onf Todk@aom r[mrdwfzGJ@a&;udk vG,fulap+yD; vrf;zGifh
ay;&ef tpGr;f ukejf yKvky&f vdrrhf nf? Amaq;+idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyfEiS hf ywfoufaomf
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf rkcsjiif;y,fypf&efrvdak y? xd@k jyif csujf cif;jiif;y,fypf&efrvdak y?
xdpk mcsKyfukd atmifjrifpmG jiif;y,fa&;um; *smrefqAkd , D uf v_y&f mS ;r_. atmifyJG
tay:wGiv f nf; rlwnfae±Hrk u Edik if w H umh qdAk , D ufvy_ &f mS ;r_. atmifyt JG ay:
wGiv f nf; rlwnfaeayvdrrhf nf? &Sw d 'f rD efrsm;ESihf aumufpuD;rsm;u Tvdk v_yf
&Sm;r_rsK;d tm; wm;qD;aESmif, h uS af eonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd url TuJo h @kd aom v_yf
&Sm;r_rsKd;udk tm;ay;ulnDaeonf? Tum; jy\em. tESpfom&jzpfonf?
Tum; tajccHjcm;em;csufyif jzpfayonf? xdk@jyiftu,fI u|efawmfwdk@.
vlwef;pm;&efol aoG;pkyfolrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. aemufvdkufacG; &Sdwf'Drefrsm;ESifh
aumufpuD;wd@k u *smreDEiS hf Edik if w H um qdAk , D ufvy_ &f mS ;r_w@kd tm; awmifw h if;
apa&;twGuf ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ *smreDESifh
Edik if w H um qdAk , D uf awmfveS af &;wd@k tm; awmifw h if;apa&;twGuf ajrmufjrm;
pGmaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udv k nf;aumif; vufvw $ cf yhJ gu olw@kd ukd tjypfwifoifh
ayonf? *smreD&Sd qdkAD,uf awmfvSefa&;onf Amaq;+idrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyfudk
vnf;aumif;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh EdkifiHwumh e,fcsJ@0g'tm;vnf;aumif; qef@
usio f nfh awmifw h if;qH;k aom cHwyf}uD; (xd@k jyif wckwnf;aom/ tm;ud;k &aom
+zdKcGI J r&Edik o f nfh urBmEh iS t hf 0ef; pGr;f tm;}uD;rm;onfh cHwyf}uD;) jzpfaom Edik if H
wumh qdkAD,ufv_yf&Sm;r_tm; awmifhwif;apvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Amaq;+idrf;
csr;f a&;pmcsKyfrS vGwaf jrmufa&;tm; tylwjyif; jy\emtjzpf t"duae&mwGif
c|if;csufr&Sdxm;&Sdvdkjcif;/ ‚udk e,fcsJ@pepf. tzdESdyfcHae&aom tjcm;aom
wdkif;jynfrsm;tm; e,fcsJ@xrf;ydk;atmufrS vGwfajrmufapa&; jy\emrsm;
80
xuf OD;pm;ay;vdkjcif;onf evydef;wHk;trsKd;om;a&;0g'(‚rSm aumufpuD;/
[Dvzf m'if/ atmfwakd bm0g;ESihf taygi;f tygrsm;wd@k EiS o hf m xdu k wf efonf) jzpf+yD;
awmfveS af om Edik if w H umh0g' r[kwaf y? *smreDtygt0if Oa&mywdu k &f dS rnf
onfh wdkif;jynf}uD;wcktwGif;Yyifrqdk "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; +zdKcsjcif;onf
EdkifiHwumh awmfvSefa&;twGuf tvGef}uD;rm;onfh atmifjrifr_wck jzpfvdrfh
rnf? Todk@aom atmifyGJtwGufvdktyfygu Amaq;+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyftm;
tawmf t wef & S n f = umatmif oD ; cH E d k i f a yonf ? Tonfudk onf;vnf;
onf;cHI cGifhvnf;cGifhjyKoifhayonf? ±k&Sm;jynfudk,fwdkifuyif awmfvSefa&;.
tusKd;aus;Zl;twGuf b&ufvpfawmhzf +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk vaygif;rsm;pGm
=umonftxd wjynfwnf;awmifch H aeEdik cf ahJ o;onfjzpf&m qdAk , D uf±&k mS ;ESihf
r[mrdwfzGJ@xm;onfh qdkAD,uf*smreDu awmfvSefa&; tusKd;aus;Zl;twGuf
pmcsKyfudk tcsdefydkrdk&Snf=umpGm awmifhcHxm;a&;onf rjzpfEdkifp&m rnfonfh
ta=umif;r# r&Sad y?
jyifopf/ t*Fvdyftp&Sdonfh e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u *smrefuGefjrLepf
rsm;tm;“Amaq;+idrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyfay:wGif vufrSwfrxdk;vdk=ubl;[k oifwdk@
ajym=uprf;yg”[k rcHcsiaf tmifajymum acsmufweG ;f xm;=uavonf? “vuf0”J
uG e f j rLepf r sm;um; ^m%f r sm;onf h rsuf a rS m uf Y yd k r d k a wmif h w if ; onf h
&efot l ay: usiv f nfyg;eyfpmG enf;y&d,m,f oH;k &rnft h pm;“,cku|eaf wmfw@kd
Amaq;pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;rnf”[kajym&rnfhtpm; oli,fESyfpm;yrm
axmifacsmufxJodk@ vSdrfhqif;cJh=uawmhonf? vuf&SdtcgY u|efawmfwdk@xuf
vufeufwyfqifr_ ydkrdkomvGefaom &efoltm; wdkufrnfrwdkufrnfudkvnf;
aumif; rnfonft h csed rf w
S u
kd rf nfuv
kd nf;aumif; ajAmifajymqdI k u|eaf wmfw@kd
. vufrsm;udk }udKwifwyk af ESmifjcif;onf rdu k rf +J yD; awmfveS af &;rusay? tvGef
xif&mS ;pGmyif &efot l wGuf tusK;d &Sad pI u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf tusK;d rJah ponfh
tcsed Yf ppfwu kd &f efukd vufcjH cif;onf &mZ0wfru _ sL;vGejf cif;yif jzpfavonf?
rdrdtwGuf tusKd;r&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;aeonfhppfyGJudk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf
“enf;y&d,m,fusifhoHk;jcif;/ vdkufavsmjcif;/ aphpyfjcif;”wdk@udk rvkyfEdkifonfh
awmfvSefaomvlwef;pm;. EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifonf wefzkd;vHk;0r&Sday?
81
 (9)

*&d w f + Ad w d e f & S d “vuf 0 J * d k % f ; ” uG e f j rLepf 0 g'

*&dwf+AdwdefY uGefjrLepfygwD r&Sdao;ay? odk@aomf tvkyform;rsm;

twGi;f wGiu f m; opfviG u f s,jf yef@onf/h tiftm;}uD;rm;onf/h vsijf refpmG }uD;
xGm;aeonfh/ a&S@tvm;tvmtaumif;qHk;jzpfonfh uGefjrLepf0g'v_yf&Sm;r_
&Sad eayonf? Edik if aH &;ygwED iS hf Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;tcsK@d (Oyrm +Adwo d # qd&k ,S f
22
vpfygwD / qdk&S,fvpfavbmygwD/ a0vawmifydkif; qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@/ tvkyf
orm;rsm;. qd&k , S vf pftzG@J csKyf23) &Sad vonf? ‚wd@k onf uGejf rLepfygww D &yf
wnfaxmifv=kd uum TtwGuf ‚wd@k tcsi;f csi;f aphpyfaqG;aEG; wdik yf ifae=u
avonf?“tvkyo f rm;rsm;. qd&k , S vf pftzG@J csKyf”rSjzef@cso
d nfh 1920 ckEpS f az
azmf0g&D 21 &ufae@xkwf tvkyform;rsm;. '&uf'faemh tywfpOf*sme,f
twGJ 6/ trSwf 48 wGif t,f'w D m &Jabmf qDvAf ;D ,m;yef[yfpf a&;om;onfh
“uGejf rLepfygwD wnfaxmifa&;od@k ”[k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;onfh aqmif;yg;wapmif
yg&Sdonf? Taqmif;yg;wGif wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fxJodk@ yg0ifa&;/ ygvDref
pepftpm; qdAk , D ufpepfEiS hf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfukd todtrSwjf yKa&;wd@k ukd
tajccHtjzpfxm;I wpnf;wvHk;wnf;&Sdaom uGefjrLepfygwDw&yf zG@J pnf;a&;
twGuf txufygtzG@J tpnf; 4 ck. aphpyfa&;jzpfpOfukd azmfjycJah yonf? wpnf;
wvH;k wnf;jzpfaom uGejf rLepfygww D &yf tvsit f jref wnfaxmifa&;udk [ef@
wm;aeonfh t}uD;rm;qH;k aom twm;tqD;wckrmS ygvrD efxyJ g0ifa&; jy\
emESifh topfjzpfaom uGefjrLepfygwDu tvkyform;or*~0g'/ tacsmif0g'/
qd&k ,S af &SmAf if0g' ygwjD zpfaom avbmygwt D a[mif;xJo@kd yg0ifa&;ryg0ifa&;
82
jy\emwd@k Y oabmuGv J aJG e=ujcif; jzpfayonf? Tavbmygwo D nf tvkyf
orm;or*~trsm;ydik ;f yg0ifaeonfh ygwjD zpf.? tvkyo f rm;rsm;. qd&k , S v f pf
tzGJ@csKyfESifh qdk&S,fvpfavbmygwD· wdk@u ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;xJodk@
yg0ifa&;udv k nf;aumif;/ ygvrD efrsm;xJo@kd yg0ifa&;udv k nf;aumif; qef@usi=f u
onf? xd@k jyif avbmygwx D o J @kd yg0if&ef qef@usi=f uonf? Tae&mwGif +Adwo d #
qd&k ,S vf pf ygw0D iftm;vH;k od@k r[kwf trsm;ydik ;f ESihf oabmuGv J =JG ujcif;jzpfonf?
olw@kd u +Adwo d #q&kd ,S v f pfygwt D m; t*Fvefjynf&dS “uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;. vuf
,m*dk%f;” tjzpf,lqxm;=uavonf? (qDvfAD;,m;yef[yfpf. txufyg
aqmif;yg;/ pmrsufESm 5 udk=unfhyg?)
odk@jzpfI oabmxm;uGJvGJr_. azmfjycsufo¿mefrsm; (*smreD&Sd
o¿mefonf t*Fvefjynf&dS o¿mefxuf “±k&mS ;o¿mef” ESihf ydrk ekd ;D pyfonf)
ESihf tjcm;aom tajctaersm;Y t}uD;tus,jf cm;em;r_ &Sad omfvnf; t&if;cH
uGJvGJcsufonf *smreDrSmuJhodk@yif jzpfayonf? “vuf0Jorm;rsm;”. jiif;qdk
csufrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ ppfaq;=unfh=uygpdk@?
ygvrD efxo J @kd 0ifa&; jy\emESiyhf wfoufI &Jabmf qDvAf ;D ,m;yef[yfpf
u xdo k wif;pmxJwiG yf gaom *vyfp*f +kd rdK@ paumhwveftvkyo f rm; aumifpD
trnfEiS hf a&;xnfx h m;aom &Jabmf 'AvsL*gvmcsm. aqmif;yg;udk ud;k um;
azmfjyxm;avonf?
ola&;vdkufonfrSm “txufyg aumifpDonftwdtusyif ygvDref
qef@usifa&; jzpfayonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;pHkrS vuf0J*dk%f;
tm;vHk;u xdkaumifpDtm; oabmwl axmufcH=uonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf
paumhwvef awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKxm;onf? xkwv f yk af &;
twGif;Y (xkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;cGJtoD;oD;twGif;Y) awmfvSefaom tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; ae&mtESH@&Sd qdk&S,faumfrwDrsm;udk tajccHxm;
onfh uGefjrLepfygwDudkvnf;aumif;/ wnfaxmif&ef tqufrjywf tm;oGef
}udK;yrf;ae=uonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf w&m;0ifpmG &Sad om ygvrD eftzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf
———— ———————
·
Tygwo D nf avbmygwx D o J @kd yg0ifa&;udq
k ef@usijf cif;jzpf+yD; ygw0D iftm;vH;k taeESihf
um; ygvrD efxJ yg0ifvyk u
f ikd af &;udk qef@usijf cif;r[kw[ f k u|eaf wmf,=kH unfayonf?
83
tcsed tf awmf=um=umyif pum;ppfx;kd cJ+h yD;av+yD? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf olw@kd tay:
twdtvif;ppfa=unm&ef vdrk nf[k r,lqcJah y? olw@kd onf u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;
twdtvif;wdkufcdkuf&ef a=umufvef@ae=uayonf?
“odk@aomf TtajctaersKd; =um&Snfqufvuf wnf&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf
r[kwfay? u|efawmfwdk@onf ppfrsufESmwckvHk;wGif atmifyGJrsm; qufwdkuf
&cJhayonf?
“paumhwvefjynf tif'Dyif;'ifh tvkyform;ygwD. omrefygwD0if
vlxkonf ygvDrefpepfudk wae@xufwae@ ydkrdk&GH@rkef;vm=uonf? xdk@jyif qdkAD
,uf r sm; (±k & S m ;pum;vH k ; tm; t*F v d y f t oH x G u f j zif h a&;om;toH k ; jyK
xm;jcif;jzpfonf) od@k r[kwf tvkyo f rm;aumifprD sm;tm; XmecGt J m;vH;k eD;eD;u
axmufcHtm;ay;vsuf&Sd=uonf? "rRwmyif TonfrSm EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;aeol
vl}uD;rif;rsm;twGufqdkaomf tvGefw&mta&;}uD;ayonf? xdk@a=umifhyif
olwdk@onf rdrdwdk@tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; ygvDrefpepfbufodk@ jyefvnfvm&ef t}uH
uke^f m%fuek x f wk If aoG;aqmifazsmif;zsae=uonf? awmfveS af om &Jabmfrsm;
onf Tvlqdk;*dk%f;tm; raxmufcHoifhay? (pmvHk;apmif;/ vkdif;wm;r_rsm;rSm
pma&;ol. trSwt f om; jzpfonf)? TbufrmS &So d nfh u|eaf wmfw@kd . wdu k yf JG
onf tvGefcufcJayvdrfhrnf? TwdkufyGJtwGif;&Sd tqdk;0g;qHk;aom tcsuf
onfum; wOD;csif;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk awmfvSefa&;. tusKd;pD;yGm;xuf jr‡ifhwif
xm;olwdk@. opPmazmufr_rsm; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ygvDrefpepfESifh ywfoufI
axmufcrH _ rSeo f r#onf u|eaf wmfw@kd . +Adwo d # &Sw
d 'f rD efrsm;ESihf aemhu;D cfrsm;
vufxufodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef ulnD,dkif;yif;jcif;yif jzpfonf? [if'gqif/ uvdkif;
eufpfESifh taygif;ygwdk@onf urf;ukefatmif azmufjyefolrsm; jzpfayonf?
w&m;0ifpGm&Sdaom tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwDonf =umav=umav "e&Sifvl
wef;pm; vpfb&,fygwDrsm;. csKyfudkifr_udk cH&avjzpfonf? Tvpfb&,f
rsm;onf vl}uD;rif; rufa':e,fpEdk'ifESifh taygif;ygwdk@. t0ef;t0dkif;xJwGif
rdrdwdk@. “pdwf"mwfcdkvH_&m”udk&SmazG awG@&SdcJh=uayonf? w&m;0ifpGm&Sdaom
tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwDonf wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk tvGeftrif; rkef;
wD;onf? ygw0D ifxrk mS wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,fukd oabmwlaxmufco H nf?
ygvrD efx&J dS tacsmif0g'rD sm;udk axmufcrH r_ eS o
f r#onf rnfonfeh nf;ESijhf zpfap
84
txufazmfjyyg vl}uD;rif;rsm;tm; axmufcHulnDjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
TbufYqdkv#if +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygwDonf tenf;i,fr#toHk;r0ifay?
Tae&mY vdktyfaeonfrSm cdkifrmawmifhwif;aom/ awmfvSefaom pufr_
vkyif ef;qdik &f m tzG@J tpnf;wckEiS hf &Si;f vif;wdusjywfom;I 0dZm… enf;usaom/
vrf;pOfrsm;jzifh vkyfudkifaeaom uGefjrLepfygwDw&yf jzpfayonf? tu,fI
u|efawmfwdk@ &Jabmfrsm;onf TuJhodk@ tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;ESifh ygwDrsKd;udk wnf
aqmuf&mY u|efawmfwdk@tm; tultnDay;Edkifrnfqdkygu u|efawmfwdk@
0rf;omtm;& }udK qdyk g rnf? tu,fI rulnED ikd yf gu azmufjyefa&;orm;tm;
axmufcH ulnjD cif;jzifh awmfveS af &;tm; opPmazmufomG ;rnfukd pd;k &dr&f ygu
bk&m;ociftvdak wmfus a0;&mod@k a&Smif&mS ;ay;=uyg? Tazmufjyefa&; orm;
rsm;um; ygvrD ef ‘*k%x f ;l rsm;’(pma&;ol. ar;cGe;f trSwjf zpfonf)udk irf;irf;
wuf rufarmae+yD;‘ocif’vlwef;pm; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; udk,fwdkif tkyfcsKyf
ouJo h @kd yif rdrw d @kd vnf; xda&mufpmG tkycf sKyfEikd af =umif;udk oufaoxljy&ef
tvGef pdwfapmae=uolrsm; jzpfayonf?”
u|efawmfh tjrift&qdkaomf Tay;pmonfum; Eke,faom uGefjrL
epfrsm; odk@r[kwf uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufcHcgp omreftvkyform;rsm;. pdwf
oabmESihf tjrifrsm;udk uGuu f u
G u f iG ;f uGi;f azmfjyxm;onf[k xifjrifonf?
TpdwfoabmrsKd;um; ESpfvdkzG,faumif;I tzdk;wefvSayonf? u|efawmfwdk@
onf TuJo h @kd aom pdwo f abmrsK;d udk wef;zk;d xm;wwf&rnf? axmufcw H wf
&rnf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf TuJo h @kd pdwof abmrsK;d r&Syd gu *&dw+f Adwed jf ynf
wGif jzpfap/ tjcm;rnfonfh Edik if w H iG jf zpfap ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm; awmfveS af &;.
atmifyGJudkar#mfvifh&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? vlxk. TuJhodk@aom pdwfoabmrsKd;udk
azmfxw k Ef ikd I
f vlxx k wJ iG f TuJo h @kd (r=umc%yif tdyaf rmusaeonfh rodjrif
ao;onfh/ rEdk;=um;ao;onfh) pdwfoabmrsKd;udk E_d;qGEdkifonfholrsm;tm;
wefzkd;xm;um tultnDtrsKd;rsKd;ay;&rnf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif }uDrm;aom
awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;wGif vlxkrsm;tm; acgif;aqmif&mY pdwfoabm
wckwnf;oufoufjzihf rvkHavmufa=umif; awmfvSefa&; ta&;awmfyHktm;
opPmt&SdqHk;olrsm;u usL;vGefrd=urnfh trSm;rsm; odk@r[kwf usL;vGefae
=uonfh trSm;rsm;a=umifh awmfvSefa&; ta&;awmfyHktm; xdcdkufysufpD;
85
apEdkifa=umif;udk olwdk@tm; yGifhvif;pGmajymjy&rnf? &Jabmf*gvmcsm. ay;pm
onf *smref “vuf0”J uGefjrLepfrsm; usL;vGefae=uonfh trSm;rsm;ESifh 1908
ckEpS Ef iS hf 1918 ckEpS rf sm;u ±k&mS ;“vuf0”J aAmf&ADS pfrsm; usL;vGecf =hJ uonfh trSm;
tm;vHk; . ta!‡mifhtwufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onfrSm oHo,&Sdp&m
rsm;tm;vH
rvdkay?
Tpmudka&;om;olrSm "e&Sif“vlwef;pm; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;”tm;
jrifjh rwfaom ypPn;f rJw h @kd . rke;f wD;r_jzifh jynfv h #aH eonf? (Tonfukd ypPn;f rJh
rsm;omru vk y f o m;jynf o l t m;vH k ; *smref t oH k ; tE_ e f ; twd k i f ; qd k a omf
“atmufwef;pm;jynfo”l tm;vH;k wd@k uyg em;vnf+yD; cHpm;rd=uonf) tzdEydS cf H
ESifh aoG;pkyfcHvlxkrsm;.udk,fpm; azmfjyxm;onfh TuJhodk@ rkef;wD;r_rsKd;onf
trSew f u,fyif“^m%fynmyGiv hf if;r_reS o
f r#. tp”jzpfonf? trSew f u,fyif
qd&k , S v f pfvy_ &f mS ;r_/ uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_reS o f r#EiS hf ‚wd@k . atmifjrifrt _ ajccH
jzpfayonf? od@k aomf pma&;olonf Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS odyyH` nmw&yfjzpfonf?
tEkynmw&yfjzpfonf? ‚onf aumif;uifrSusvmjcif;r[kwf/ tcrJh&
onfht&mr[kwf? xdk@jyif TypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm;
tEd k i f w d k u f v d k y gu "e&S i f E d k i f i H a &;orm;rsm;xuf rnH h a om rd r d u d k , f y d k i f
ypPn;f rJh“vlwef;pm; Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;”udk avhusiahf y;&rnf? Tonfupkd ma&;
olu wGuq f rd[efrwlay?
Tpmudak &;om;olonf ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;. &nfreS ;f csuo f @kd a&muf
&SdapEdkifonfh ud&d,mrSm ygvDrefr[kwf tvkyform;. qdkAD,ufrsm;omv#if
jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfayonf? xdk@jyif "rRwmtwdkif;yif ,ck
xufwikd f Ttcsuu f kd em;vnfoo l nf tjrifq h ;kH ynm t&nftcsi;f &S+d yD; olrsm;/
tawG@t}uHK&ifhusufqHk; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ opPmt&SdqHk; qdk&S,fvpfrsm;/
pmayA[kow k ºu,f0qH;k aom rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;/ t±d;k om;qH;k aom jynfom;rsm;
ESifh tdrfaxmifpk tkyfxdef;olrsm;yif jzpfygap pufqkyfp&m taumif;qHk;aom
azmufjyefa&;orm; jzpfawmhonf? od@k aomf Tpmudk a&;om;olonf qdAk , D uf
udv k v kd m;aom Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;tm; ygvrD efxJ xo J @kd rxnfo h iG ;f ygu twGi;f rS
aeI ygvrD efpepfukd r+zdKcGyJ gu/ ygvrD efpepftm; zsuo f rd ;f a&;jzpfonfh aemifvm
rnfh vkyif ef;wm0efukd qdAk , D ufrsm; atmifjrifr&_ adS pa&;twGuf ygvrD eftwGi;f Y
86
0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd rf r_ &Syd gu qdAk , D ufrsm;u ygvrD eftay: atmifycJG &H ef jzpfEikd f
rjzpfEikd q
f okd nfukd wifjyr_r&Scd ahJ y? wifjy&efvt kd yfonfuv kd nf; rpOf;pm;rday?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif Tpmudka&;om;olu *&dwf+Adwdef&Sd uGefjrLepfygwDonf
odyeH` nf;usrrl sm;t& jyKrlaqmif&u G &f rnf[al om vH;k 0rSeu f efonfh xifjrif,l
qcsuw f &yfukd wifjycJah vonf? odyyH` nm. awmif;qdck suu f m; yxrtm;jzifh
tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnf? txl;ojzifh
t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynfrsm;yifjzpfaom tjcm;aomwdkif;jynfrsm;. jzwfoef;ae
qJjzpfonfh od@k r[kwf r=umrDu jzwfoef;cJ&h onfh tawG@t}uHKrsK;d ESihf tvGew f l
aom tawG@t}uHKrsKd; jzpfayonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh xdkwdkif;jynf&Sd v_yf&Sm;ae
aom tiftm;rsm;/ tpkrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ vlwef;pm;ESifh vlxkrsm; tm;
vH;k udk xnfo h iG ;f wGuq f &efuv kd nf;aumif;/ ay:vpDuckd srw S &f mY tpkwpk od@k r
[kwf ygwDw&yf.qENESifh tjrifrsm;/ vlwef;pm;toda&csdefESifh wdkufyGt J wGuf
toifhjzpfr_oufoufwdk@jzifhom qHk;jzwfjcif;rjyK&efudkvnf;aumif; awmif;qdk
vdkufayonf?
[if'gqifrsm;/ uvdik ;f eufprf sm;/ rufa':e,frsm;ESihf pEd'k ifrsm;wd@k onf
ar#mv f ifph &mr&Sad tmif azmufjyefonfqo kd nfrmS rSeaf yonf? olw@kd onf tm
%mudk rdr. d vuf0,f&&Sv d =kd uonf? ("e&Sirf sm;ESihf !Ge@f aygi;f zG@J ru _ u dk m; vdv k m;
=uonf?) "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. enf;vrf;a[mif;twdkif;“tkyfcsKyf”vdk=u onf?
tm%m&onfESifhw+ydKifeuf &Sdwf'Drefrsm;/ aumhuD;cfrsm;uJhodk@ rvGJraoG
jyKusifh=uvdrfhrnf qdkonfrSmvnf; rSefuefayonf? xdktcsuftm;vHk;onf
rSeuf efay.? od@k &mwGif Tod@k qjkd cif;jzifh olw@kd tm; axmufct H m;ay;jcif;onf
awmfveS af &;udk opPmazmufonf[k t"dym` ,fr&ay? tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;u awmfveS af &;. tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf xdv k }l uD;rif;rsm;
tm; ygvrD efqikd &f m axmufcrH _ toift h wifuh kd ay;oifah vonf? T,lqcsuf
udk &Si;f jya&;twGuf wcsed w f nf;ay:xGuv f maom +Adwo d #Eikd if aH &; rSww f rf;2
apmifukd ud;k um;oGm;ygrnf? (1) 1920 ckEpS f rwfv 18 &ufae@wiG f ajym=um;
aom eef;&if;0efvGKdufa*smh. rdef@cGef; (1920 ckESpfrwfv 19 &ufae@xkwf
refcsufpfwm *g'D,ef xJwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf)? (2) txufwGif
azmfjyxm;onfh aqmif;yg;xJ&“dS vuf0”J uGejf rLepf wa,mufjzpfol &Jabmf
87
qDvfAD;,m;yef;[yfpf. acsycsufrsm;jzpfonf?
vGKdufa*smhonf ol.rdef@cGef;YtufpfuGpf (‚tm; tpnf;ta0;odk@
wufa&muf&ef txl;wvnfzdwf=um;cJhaomfvnf; wufa&muf&ef jiif;qdkcJh
onf?) tm;vnf;aumif;/ uGeq f maA;wpfrsm;ESihf !Ge@f aygi;f rzG@J v=kd ubJ avbm
ygwED iS hf yl;uyfpmG !Ge@f aygi;f zG@J v=kd uaom vpfb&,frsm; (&Jabmf*gvmcsmuvnf;
vpfb&,frsm;onf tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwDodk@ 0ifcJha=umif;udk ol.pmxJY
azmfjyxm;onf)tm;vnf;aumif; wdu k cf ukd af jymxm;onf? vGKu d af *smu
h vpf
b&,frsm;ESifh uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;t=um; !Gef@aygif;zGJ@r_w&yf vdktyfa=umif;
xdrk #rueDeD;uyfaom !Ge@f aygi;f zG@J rw _ &yf vdt k yfa=umif;udk ajymcJah vonf? od@k
r[kwyf gu qd&k , S v f pf[v k nf;aumif;/ xkwv f yk af &;ypPn;f rsm;tm;“pkaygi;f ydik f
qdik af &;”twGuf }udK;yrf;aeonfh ygw[ D v k nf;aumif; vGKu d af *smt
h aeESihf ac:a0:
csiyf &kH aom avbmygwrD mS aocsmayguf atmify&JG oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymcJh
onf?“Tonfudk jyifopfjynfYqdkv#if uGefjrLepf0g'[kac:onf?”“*smreDYqdk
v#if qdk&S,fvpf0g'[kac:I ±k&Sm;Yqdkv#if aAmf&SDApf0g'[kac:onf”[lI +Adwd
o#"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmifu em;axmifoly&dowfrsm; em;vnfvG,f
aom pum;rsm;jzifh ,cifu Ttcsufudk odyHkr&ao;onfh ygvDreftzGJ@0if
vpfb&,frsm;tm; &Si;f jyajymqdck ahJ vonf? vpfb&,frsm;twGuf Ttcsurf mS
rlt&yif vufrcHEdkifonfh t&mjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf olwdk@onf
yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_wGif rlt&&yfwnfaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf[k vGKdufa*smhu
xyfrHIajymqdkcJhavonf?“,Ofaus;rlonf tE©&m,fESifh &ifqdkifae&+yD?”odk@
a=umifyh if vpfb&,fEiS hf uGeq f maA;wpfrsm; pnf;vH;k =u&rnf[k ‚u xkwf
azmfcJhonf?
vGKu
d af *smu h ajymcJo h nfrmS “tu,fIoifw@kd onf v,f,mvkyif ef;a'
orsm;od@k oGm;a&mufrnfqykd gu ygwt D ydik ;f tjcm;rsm; rlvtwdik ;f yif tajymif;
tvJr&So d nfukd oifw@kd awG@&rdS nf[k u|eaf wmfxifygonf? ‚wd@k onf ab;
tE©&m,f uif;a0;vsuf&Sdonf? xdkae&mwGif ab;tE©&m,f rusa&mufay?
odk@ aomf v,f,mvkyfief;a'oodk@ ul;pufvmonfESifh xdkae&monfvnf;
,ae@ pufrv _ yk if ef;a'otcsK@d rmS &So d uJo h @kd yif tE©&m,ftvGe}f uD;rm; ayvdrhf
rnf jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf. vlOD;a&ig;yHk;av;yHkonf pufr_ESifh
88
ukeo f ,
G af &; vkyif ef;rsm;vkyu f ikd =f uum v,f,mvkyif ef; vkyu f ikd o
f rl sm;onf
ig;yHkwyHkr#om &Sdayvdrfhrnf? TonfrSm aemifvmrnhftEW&m,fudk pOf;pm;rd
wdik ;f u|eaf wmf tpOft+rJ trSw&f aeonfh tcsuw f csuyf if jzpfayonf? jyif
opfjynfwiG f vlO;D a&trsm;pkrmS v,f,mvkyif ef; vkyu f ikd =f uonf? xdak e&mY
ajymif ; vJ v _ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;pG m rjref a omawmf v S e f a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;a=umif h
tvG,fwul ±dkufcwfjcif;rcH&aom t,ltqudk tpdkifvdkuftcJvdkuf awG@&
ayrnf? u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfwiG rf l Tod@k r[kwaf cs? u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynf
onf urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhEdkifiHxufrqdk +zdKcGJ&efvG,fulI Tta=umif;&if;
a=umifyh if tu,fI ‚onf pwif,rd ;f ,dik pf jyKonfEiS hf tjcm;aom wdik ;f jynf
rsm;. +ydKuGrJ _xufydkrdk jyif;xefayvdrfhrnf?”
Tpum;t& vGdKufa*smhum; vdrRmyg;eyf±Hkomru rmhufpf0g'xJrS r
enf;vSonft h &mrsm;udk avhvmxm;oljzpfa=umif; pmzwfol odjrifayvdrrhf nf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd onfvnf; vGKu d af *smx h rH S wpHw
k &mudk avhvm,ljcif; jyKEdik o f nf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf vGKd ufa*smah jym=um;+yD;aemuf aqG;aEG;=uonft h xJrS
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfh atmufygtjzpftysufuav;wckudk udk;um;jyyg
rnf?
ygvDreftrwf rpPwma0gavh-ar;
“ygvD ar;? vuf&SdtcgrSm pufr_vkyfief;
tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGi;f Y tajrmuftjrm;onf vpfb&,frsm; jzpf=uum u|ef
awmfwdk@onf olwdk@xHrS tultnDtajrmuftjrm; &cJhygonf? pufr_vkyfief;
tvkyform;rsm;tay: usifhoHk;onfh oif.ay:vpDrsKd;onf rnfuJhodk@ tusKd;
oufa&mufrnfukd eef;&if;0eftaeESihf rnfo@kd pOf;pm;xm;ygoenf;? rsuaf rSmuf
wGif u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd pdwaf &mud, k yf g axmufco H rl sm;xJrS avbmygwt D wGuf
vufwavm wdk;yGm;aom {&mrtiftm;pkwcktjzpf jzpfvm&ef rjzpfEdkifay
bl;avm?
eef;&if;0ef-ajz
“eef ajz? u|efawmfhtjrifrSm vHk;0rwlay? vpfb&,frsm;
tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef wdu k cf ukd af eonfh jzpf&yfu vpfb&,ftawmf rsm;rsm;
ukd ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhap+yD; avbmygwDbufodk@ wGef;ydk@aeonfrSm oHo,
&Sdp&mrvdkay? avbmygwDtwGif;Y vkyf&nfudkif&nf&Sdaom vpfb&,f t
ajrmuftjrm;&SdI ,cktcgY olwdk@onftpdk;&. *k%foduQmudk zsufqD;ae=u
89
ayonf? tusK;d oufa&mufru _ m; avbmygwt D m; vlx. k pmemr_rmS trSeyf if
tvGew f ;kd rsm;ayonf? ‚pmemr_onf jyify&Sv d pfb&,frsm;xH a&S;±_jcif;r[kwf
bJ avbmygwx D oH @kd a&S;±_omG ;ayonf? Tonfukd jznfph u G af &G;aumufyrJG sm;
u azmfjycJo h nf?
}uHK}udKufI ajym&rnfqv kd #if Tacsycsuu f "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;xJrS vdrmR
yg;eyfq;kH yk*Kd~ vfrsm;yifv#if rnfr#±y_ af xG;oGm;I jyKjyifr&Edik o f nfh rdu k rf rJ r_ sm;udk
rusL;vGefbJ raeEdkifa=umif; txl;wvnfwifjycJhayonf? Ttcsuft&yif
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onfvnf; usq;kH vdrrhf nfjzpfonf? u|ef awmfw@kd . vlrsm;onf
rdu
k rf rJ r_ sm; ("rRwmyif Trdu k rf rJ o _ nf odyrf }uD;rm;bJ tcsed rf jD yKjyifEikd &f ef vdk
tyfonf) udkusL;vGefrd=uayrnf? odk@aomf a&&SnfwGif olwdk@onf atmify&GJ
olrsm; jzpfvm=uayvdrfhrnf?
tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&;rSwfwrf;wapmifum;“vuf0J”uGefjrLepf0g'D &J
abmfqDvfAD;,m;yef[yfpf. atmufazmfjyyg acsycsuf jzpfayonf?
“ææ &Jabmf tifhcfyif (+Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygwD. taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL;)u avbmygwDtm; ‘tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. yifrtzGJ@
tpnf;’[k ac:qdx k m;avonf? +Adwo d #q&kd ,
S v f pfygwx D &J dS tjcm;&JabmfwOD;u
r=umcifu +yD;pD;oGm;aom wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f uGezf &ifYh +Adwo d # qd&k , S f
vpfygw. D oabmxm;udk ydrk x kd if&mS ;atmif azmfjycJah yonf? ‘u|eaf wmfw@kd onf
avbmygwDtm; pnf;±Hk;r_&Sdonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tjzpf oabmxm;
onf’[k oluajymonf?
“avbmygwED iS hf ywfoufonfh TuJo h @kd aom tjrifrsK;d udk u|eaf wmf
wd@k oabmrwl? avbmygwo D nf ta&twGut f & tvGerf sm;onf? od@k &mwGif
‚ygw0D if usm;-r trsm;pkonf rdrw d @kd . vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufrsm;rSm tvkyo f rm;
or*~0ifrsm; jzpf=uaoma=umifv h nf;aumif;/ xd@k jyifow l @kd onf rdwaf qG tcsi;f
csi;f tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk r#a0cHpm;vd=k uaoma=umifv h nf;aumif; tvkyf orm;
or*~rsm;xJo@kd yg0ifvm=uonft h wGuf pdwyf g0ifpm;r_EiS hf wufºur_rsm; r&S=d u
acs?
“odk@aomfvnf; avbmygwD }uD;xGm;vm&jcif;rSm ‚tm; tawG;
tac: t,lwqw&yfu zefw;D vdu k jf cif;jzpf+yD; +Adwo d #tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;
90
. trsm;pkonf ‚tawG;tac: t,ltqrS ±ke;f rxGuEf ikd af o;aoma=umifh
jzpfonf? odk@aomf r=umrDumvtwGif; Ttajctaersm;udk vSnfhajymif;
ypfrnfh }uD;rm;aom ajymif;vJr_rsm;onf jynfolrsm;. OD;aESmufwGif;0,f
udef; atmif;aeonf?
“+Adwdo#avbmygwDonf tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;&Sd qdk&S,fjynfcspf tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@yif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. obm0tavsmuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;&m
jzpfpOftwGif;wGif rvGJraoG tm%m&vmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;.
vkyfief;wm0efum; qdk&S,fjynfcspfrsm;tm; wGef;vSefypf&eftwGuf tiftm;
rsm;udkpkpnf;&ef jzpfayonf? t*FvefjynfwGifvnf; u|efawmfwdk@onf T
vkyfief;udk vkyfaqmif&ef aESmifhaES;jcif;/ awGa0jcif;r&Sdap&?
“u|efawmfwdk@onf avbmygwDudk tiftm;jznfhwif;jcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@
tiftm;udk jzKef;wD;rypf&? xdkygwD tm%m&vmrnfrSm rvGJra&Smifomay?
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf xdyk gwu D akd csre_ ;f ypfrnfh uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_ ay:ayguvf m&ef
tiftm;pkpnf;&rnf? avbmygwDonf r=umrD tpdk;&tzGJ@udk zGJ@awmhrnf?
awmfvSefaom twdkuftcHrsm;onf xdktpdk;&udk wdkufyGJqif&ef toifh&Sdae
&rnf? ææ”
Todk@jzifh vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;onf ordkif;wav#muf ESpf&Snfv=um
tawG@t}uHKrsm;t& tjrwfwEdk; udk;uG,fxm;cJh=uonfh xdkr#ru aoG;pkyf
olrsm;twGuf tvGe@f tvGef tusK;d &Sad ponfh (aoG;pkyo f rl sm;.)“2 ygw”D pepf
udk pGef@v$wfypfvdkuf=uum ygwD 2 &yf. tiftm;rsm;udk yl;aygif;I avbm
ygwu D kd wdu
k yf q
JG if&rnf[k ,lqavonf? vpfb&,ftrsm;tjym;onf a&epf
aeonfh oabFmay:rS ºuufrsm;yrm avbmygwDbufodk@ xGufajy;oGm;=u
avonf? vuf0u J eG jf rLepfrsm;onf avbmygwu D rvGrJ aoGtm%m&rnfukd
,Hk=unfavonf? xdk@jyif vuf&SdtcgY ‚onf tvkyform;trsm;ydkif;.
axmufcrH &_ &Sad eonfuv kd nf; 0efc=H uayonf? TrSaeI olw@kd onf atmufyg
twdik ;f &Jabmf qD;vfA;D ,m;yef[yfpu f wifjyxm;onfh xl;qef;onfh ed*;kH csKyf
csufudk xkwf,lcJh=uavonf?
“uGefjrLepfygwDonf raphpyf&? æ rdrd=o0g'rsm;. oef@pifr_udk xdef;
odr;f xm;&rnf? jyKjyifa&;0g'rS uif;&Si;f r_uv kd nf; tzsuq f ;D rcHap&? ‚.
91
wm0efrmS uGejf rLepfawmfveS af &;od@k &yfem;jcif;/ au@cG sKd ;jcif;rsm;r&Sb d J wnfrh wf
pGm acgif;aqmifoGm;a&;jzpfonf?”
qef@usipf mG yif *&dw+f Adwed &f dS tvkyo f rm;trsm;ydik ;f onf +Adwo d #u&if
puDrsm; od@k r[kwf &Sw d 'f rD efrsm;. acgi;f aqmifr_ aemufvu kd af eI xdo k rl sm;u
zG@J pnf;xm;aomtpdk;&. tawG@t}uHKrsKd;udk rcHpm;&ao;acs? ±k&Sm;ESifh *smreD
wGifrl xdktawG@t}uHKrsKd;onf tvkyform;rsm;u uGefjrLepf0g'qDodk@ tvHk;
t&if;ESihf ul;ajymif;Edik af pcJo h nf? Ttcsuaf =umifh +Adwo d #ueG jf rLepfrsm;onf
ygvDrefxJwGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&rnf &rnf ? ygvDreftwG twGif;rSaeI [if'gqifESifh pEdk'if
tpd;k &. tusK;d oufa&mufru _ kd vufawG@jrifvmap&ef tvkyo f rm;vlxrk sm;
tm; ulnDoifhonf? [if'gqifrsm; pEdk'ifrsm;tm; vGdKufa*smhESifh csmcsDwdk@.
yl;aygif;tiftm;pkudk tEdkifwdkufa&;wGif ulnDoifhonf? TonfrSm oHo,
&Sdp&mrvdkay? TuJhodk@ rvkyfudkifygu awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;wGif tcuf
tcJrsm; jzpfay:vmapvdrrhf nf? ta=umif;rl tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; trsm;pk.
tjrifajymif;vJrr_ &Syd gu awmfveS af &;onfvnf; rjzpfEikd af y? xd@k jyif TuJo h @kd
ajymif;vJrr_ sK;d onf 0g'jzef@csrd _ oufoufjzifh rnfonft h cgrS rjzpfEikd b f J vlx. k
Edik if aH &; tawG@t}uHKrSom jzpfEikd o f nf? “aphpyfa&;rsm; rjyKvkyb f J &yfem;jcif;/
auG@csKd;jcif;rsm; rjyKbJa&S@aqmifoGm;&rnf”[k tiftm;enf;a=umif; xif&Sm;
onfh tvkyo f rm;tenf;pku wifjy=uonf? olw@kd taeESihf [if'gqifEiS hf pEdk
'ifwdk@onf vGdKufa*smhESifh csmcsDwdk@udk atmifEdkifvdrfhrnf/ tvkyform;trsm;pk
onf tcsdefwdktwGif;Y olwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: pdwfysufvmum
uGefjrLepf0g'udk pwifaxmufcHvmvdrfhrnf (tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;
tay: =um;ae=u oabmxm;&Sdvdrfhrnf/ trsm;ydkif;u pmemonfh =um;ae
oabmxm; &Sd=uvdrfhrnf)udk odxm;=uonf? (tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh odoifh=u
onf?) od@k jzpfygu Taºu;a=umfoH rSm;,Gi;f aeonfrmS xif&mS ;ayawmhonf?
Tonfum; ppfom;waomif;onf &efopl pfom;ig;aomif;ESihf &ifqikd af e&pOf
csufjcif;wdkufyGJ r0ifEdkifao;onfh vmaeqJwyful wodef;ra&mufrD tawm
twGi;f “&yfem;jcif;” “auG@csK;d jcif;”od@k r[kw“f aphpyfa&;”rsm;vkyI f apmifq h ikd ;f
&rnft h pm; wdu
k yf 0JG ifypfvu kd o f uJoh @kd yif jzpfawmhonf? ‚onf ynmwwf.
uav;qefrj_ zpf+yD; awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;. av;eufaom enf;y&d,m,f
92
rsm; r[kwaf y?
awmfveS af &;tm;vH;k u txl;ojzifh 20 &mpkEpS t f wGi;f &Sd ±k&mS ; awmf
vSefa&; oHk;&yfpvHk;u twnfjyKxm;onfh awmfvSefa&;. tajccHw&m;
onfum; atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfayonf? awmfveS af &;w&yf jzpfay:vm&efrmS
aoG;pkyfcHESifh zdESdyfcHvlxkrsm;u enf;vrf;a[mif;twdkif; aexdkif&efrjzpfEdkif
a=umif; odem;vnfI ajymif;vJr_udk awmif;qdkvm±Hkr#ESifh rvHkavmufay?
awmfvSefa&;w&yf jzpfay:vm&efrSm aoG;pkyfolrsm;u enf;vrf;a[mif;
twdkif;aexdkifum tkyfpdk;jcif; rjyKEdkif&efvnf; vdktyfayonf? “atmufajc
wef;pm;rsm;u enf;vrf;a[mif;twdkif; aexdkif&ef tvdkr&SdbJ” txuf
tqifhwef;pm;rsm;u “enf;vrf;a[mif;twdkif; qufvufrvkyfaqmifEdkif
aom tcgrSomv#if awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifEdkifayonf? TtrSefw&m;udk
tjcm;enf;jzifh azmfjy&rnfqdkaomf (aoG;pkyfcHESifh aoG;pkyfolrsm; 2 OD;pvHk;udk
oufa&mufonf)h wEdik if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmaqmifaom usyw f nf;r_uyf r&Syd g
u awmfveS af &;onf rjzpfEikd af cs? t"dym` ,f&onfum; awmfveS af &;twGuf
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfr_rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf? yxrtcsufrSm tvkyform;
trsm;pk (,kwpf t G m;jzifh vlwef;pm;Ed;k =um;r_EiS hf pOf;pm;^m%f&+dS yD; Edik if aH &;t&
wufºuaom tvkyform;xJrStrsm;pk) onf awmfvSefa&;w&yf vdktyfae
a=umif;ESifh awmfvSefa&;twGuf olwdk@.toufrsm;udk pGef@vSL&eftoifh&Sd
a=umif;udk vH;k 0em;vnf&rnf? 'kw, d tcsurf mS tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;rsm;onf
tpd;k &tusyt f wnf;ESihf }uHKawGI ‚tusyt f wnf;u acwfaemuftusq;kH
vlxrk sm;udyk if Edik if aH &;xJo@kd a&muf&v dS mapum (ppfreS af om awmfveS af &;wdik ;f
. vuQ%mw&yfrSm ,cifu tr_rJhtrSwfrJhaecJh=uonfh tzdESdyfcHvkyfom;
vlxrk sm;twGi;f wGif Edik if aH &;wdu k yf u
JG kd vkyu
f ikd Ef ikd o
f l tajrmuftjrm; vsijf ref
pGmay:xGucf jhJ cif;jzpfI olw@kd .ta&twGurf mS q,fqod@k r[kwf tqw&mxd
atmifyif wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;vmjcif; jzpfayonf) awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;u tpd;k &
tm; csnfheJ@ap+yD; tpdk;&tzGJ@udk vsifjrefpGm wGef;vSefypfEdkifap&rnf?
*&dwf+AdwdefwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;tm; atmifyGJ&Edkif
onfh Tta=umif;tcsuf ESpf&yfvHk;onf tjcm;t&mrsm;teuf xif&Sm;pGm
&ifhrSnfhaea=umif;udk vGdKufa*smh. rdef@cGef;xJwGif awG@jrifEdkifayonf? vuf0J
93
uGefjrLepfrsm;. trSm;rsm;onf ,cktcsdefYqdkv#if txl;wvnf tE©&m,f
}uD;ayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tcsKd@aom awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf
Tta=umif;tcsuf ESpf&yfpvHk;ESifhywfoufI vHkavmufaompOf;pm;r_/ vHk
avmufaom *±kpdkufr_/ vHkavmufaom tod^m%fESifh vHkavmufaomvdrRm
yg;eyfrr_ sm; r&Sad oma=umifyh if jzpfayonf? tu,fI u|eaf wmfw@kd onf awmf
vSefaomtpkwpk. EdkifiHa&;ygwD r[kwfbJ awmfvSefaomvl vlwef;pm;
pm;. EdkifiH
a&;ygwDjzpfygv#if/ tu,fIvlxktm; u|efawmfwdk@.aemufodk@ vdkufapvdkyg
v#if (Ttwdkif;rjzpfv#if u|efawmfwdk@onf avtdk;rsm;oufouf jzpfvm
vdrrhf nf) u|eaf wmfw@kd onf yxrqH;k tm;jzifh [if'gqif od@k r[kwf pEd'k ifw@kd ukd
vGdKufa*smhESifh csmcsDwdk@tm; jzKwfcsa&;wGif tultnDay;&rnf? (ydkrdkwduspGm
ajym&v#if yxrvlukd aemufvt l m; jzKwfcsatmif twif;apcdik ;f &rnf? tb,f
a=umifhqdkaomf yxrvlrsm;onf rd r d w d k @ . atmif y G J u d k a=umuf = uaom
a=umifh jzpfayonf ) 'kwd,tm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm; trsm;pktm;
olw@kd . ud, k yf ikd f tawG@t}uHKrsm;t& u|eaf wmfw@kd . rSeu f efru _ kd ,H=k unfpw
d cf s
ap&ef tultnDay;&rnf? qdv k o kd nfrmS [if'gqifrsm;/ pEd'k ifw@kd ukd vGKd ufa*smh
ESihf csmcstD m; jzKwfcsa&;wGif tultnDay;&rnf? qdv k o
kd nfrmS [if'gqifrsm;/
pEd'k ifrsm;onf vH;k 0toH;k rusa=umif;/ olw@kd onfAZD t& "e&Siaf ygupf rsm;ESihf
opPmazmufrsm;jzpfa=umif;/ xdo k rl sm;onf rvGrJ aoGysupf ;D vdrrhf nf jzpfa=umif;
udk xif&mS ;pGm odjrifvmap&ef jzpfonf? wwd,tm;jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd onf[if
'gqifrsm;tay: tvkyform;trsm;pk. rauseyfcsufrsm;. tajccHay:wGif
[if'gqifrsm;. tpd;k &tm;wcsuw f nf;jzifh wGe;f vSeyf pfEikd rf nfh atmifyt JG wGuf
wu,fhtcGifhtcgaumif;rsm; ay:xGef;vmrnfh tcsdeftcga&muf&ef wGef;aqmf
&rnf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf usiv f nfyg;eyfq;kH jzpfonfh "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;
pm;r[kwb f J "e&Si}f uD;vlwef;pm; ppfppfjzpfonfh vGKd ufa*smo h nfyifv#if tvGef
trif; a=umufvef@ajcmufjcm;aeI ,ae@wGif csmcsDESifh“pdwf0rf;uGJ”vdkuf
aemufae@wGif tufpfuGpfESifh “pdwf0rf;uGJ”vdkuf vkyfaejcif;jzifh rdrd. (xdk@jyif
"e&Siv f wl ef;pm; w&yfv;kH taejzif)h tiftm;rsm; wae@wjcm; csnehf @J vmao;
onfqdkygu [if'gqifuJhodk@aom tpdk;&onf rnfr#a=umufvef@ ajcmufjcm;
rnfenf;?
94
 Ttcsuu f kd u|eaf wmfonf ydrk t kd cdik tf rmuspmG &Si;f jyrnf? u|eaf wmfh
xifjrifcsuft&qdkv#if +Adwdo# uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ygwDESifhtpkav;pk (‚wdk@
tm;vHk;onf tvGefcsnfheJ@ayonf? tcsKd@onf tvGef@tvGef csnfheJ@ayonf)
udk wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f. rlrsm;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif;/ rkcsyif ygvrD efxo J @kd
yg0ifa&; ay:wGiv f nf;aumif;/ tajccHI wckwnf;aom uGejf rLepfygwt D jzpfo@kd
aygif;pnf;=u&rnf? uGefjrLepfygwDonf [if'gqifESifh pEdk'ifwdk@tm; a&G;
aumufyJG oabmwlncD suEf iS hf ywfoufI atmufygtwdik ;f “aphpyfa&;vky&f ef”
wifjy&ayrnf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf vGKd ufa*smEh iS hf uGeq f maA;wpfw@kd . r[mrdwf
tzG@J ukd twlwI JG wdu k =f uygp@kd [v k nf;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd onf tvkyo f rm;rsm;u
avbmygwED iS hf uGejf rLepfygww D @kd twGuf ay;cJo h nfrh tJ a&twGuf (a&G;aumuf
yGw
J iG &f aom rJrsm;r[kw/f txl;oD;oef@tm;jzifah y;onfh rJrsm;jzpfonf) tcsK;d
tpm;t& ygvDreftwGif;&Sd trwfae&mrsm;udk cGJa0=uygpdk@[kvnf;aumif;/
wcsed w f nf;rSmyif u|eaf wmfw@kd onf 0g'jzef@jcif; ynmay; v_@H aqmfjcif;ESihf Edik if H
a&;vkyfaqmifr_ udpPt00wdk@. vHk;0vGwfvyfr_udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;
=uygp@kd [vk nf;aumif; olw@kd tm;wifjyoifah yonf? "rRwmyif aemufq;kH azmfjy
yg ta=umif;tcsuf r&Sb d EJ iS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd onf tkypf zk @JG &ef oabmrwlEikd af y?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TonfrSm opPmazmufr_ jzpfvdrfhrnf? ±k&Sm;aAmf&SDApf
rsm;u (1903 ckESpfrS 1917 ckESpfxd 15 ESpfwdkifwdkif ) ±k&Sm;[if'gqifrsm;/
pEd'k ifrsm; qdvk okd nfrmS rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf qufq&H mwGif ‚wd@k tm; vH;k 0 vGwf
vyfpGm zGifhcsa&;udkawmif;qdkI t&,lcJhouJhodk@yif +Adwdo#uGefjrLepfrsm;onf
[if'gqifrsm;/ pEd'k ifrsm;tm; vH;k 0vGwv f yfpmG zGichf sa&;udk awmif;qdk t&,l
xm;=u&rnf jzpfonf?
tu,fI [if'gqifrsm;ESihf pEd'k ifrsm;u Ttcsurf sm;t& tkypf zk @JG &ef
oabmwl=urnfqdkygu u|efawmfwdk@onf tjrwf&olrsm; jzpfvdrfhrnf?
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf ygvrD eftrwfae&m ta&twGuo f nf u|eaf wmfw@kd tzd@k
ta&;r}uD;ay? u|efawmfwdk@onf trwfae&m&a&;twGuf vkyfae=ujcif;
r[kwaf y? TtcsuEf iS yhf wfoufv#if u|eaf wmfw@kd av#mah y;vdrrhf nf (od@k aomf
[if'gqifrsm;onf txl;ojzifh olw@kd . rdwaf qGopfrsm; od@k r[kwf ocifopf
rsm;jzpf=uaom tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwDtzG@J udk 0ifchJ=uaom vpfb&,frsm;
95
onf trwfae&mrsm; &a&;twGuf pdwfapmae=uolrsm; jzpfayonf)?
u|efawmfwdk@onf tjrwf&olrsm; jzpfvdrfhrnf? tb,fa=umifh qdkaomf
vGKd ufa*smud huk, d fwdkifu vlxrk sm;tm;“xd;k qG”aecsed rf sK;d wGif u|eaf wmf wd@k onf
vlxkrsm;twGif;wGif u|efawmfwdk@. v_H@aqmfr_udk qufvufvkyfudkif vdrfhrnf
jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@onf avbmtpdk;&tzGJ@udk
vsijf refpmG zG@J pnf;&ef avbmygwt D m; uln±D rkH #ru [if'gqifrsm;udk qef@usif
onfh u|efawmfwdk@ uGefjrLepfrsm;. 0g'jzef@csufw&yfvHk;tm; vlxk}uD;ydkrdk
vsijf refpmG em;vnfap&efvnf; ulnaD yonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf [if'g qifrsm;
udk qef@usifonfh Todk@aom 0gjzef@csdr_rsKd;udk tenf;i,fr# axmufxm;jcif;/
xdefcsefjcif;r&SdbJ qufvufvkyfudkif aqmif&Gufoifhayonf?
tu,fI [if'gqifrsm;ESihf pEd'k ifrsm;u Ttcsurf sm;t& u|eaf wmf
wd@k EiS hf tkypf zk @JG a&;udk jiif;y,fygu u|eaf wmfw@kd onf ydrk I kd tjrwf&vdrhf rnfjzpf
onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf [if'gqifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk;
pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;xuf olw@kd .t&if;&Sirf sm;ESit hf wl eD;uyfpmG qufo, G v f rkd _
udk vlxkrsm;;tm; (rif&SDApf0g'ppfppfjzpfI vHk;0tacsmifqefaom tif'Dyif;'ifh
avbmygwt D wGi;f rSmyif ygw0D ifxuk qdAk , D ufrsm;tm; vdv k m;aer_ukd owdjyK
yg) u|efawmfwdk@ csufjcif;axmufjyEdkifrnf jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfayonf? u|ef
awmfwdk@onf vlxkrsm;;twGif;wGif csufjcif;,Hk=unfr_ &vmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
Tvlxrk sm;onf vGKd ufa*sm. h tvGerf eS u f efonfh (uGejf rLepf0g'twGuf tvGef
tusKd;&Sdonfh awmufajymifonfh &Sif;jycsufudk=um;+yD;onfhaemufwGif vGdKuf
a*smh uGeq f maA;opfw@kd . r[mrdwt f zG@J ukd qef@usi+f yD; tvkyo f rm;xkw&yfv;kH
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; t,ltqudk txl;wvnf pmem=uvdrfhrnf? u|efawmf
wd@k onf csujf cif;vufiif; tjrwf&vdrrhf nf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf u|eaf wmf
wd@k onf vlxrk sm;tm; tif'gqifrsm;ESihf pEd'k ifrsm;wd@k . vGKd ufa*smt h m; jzKwfcs
&efESifh tm%mudkwOD;wnf;odrf;&ef a=umufvef@aea=umif;ESifh avbmygwD
tm;qef@usif+yD; uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;tm; ajAmif vufurf;xm;onfh vGdKuf
a*smhxHrS wdwfwqdwfaxmufcHr_&&ef }udK;yrf;aea=umif;udk !ïefjyEdkifrnfjzpf
aoma=umifjh zpfonf? ±k&mS ;jynfY 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&D 27 (jyuQ'ed af [mif;
t&) awmfvSefa&;+yD;onfhaemufwGif aAmf&SDApfrsm;u rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,f
96
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm; (qdv k okd nfrmS ±k&mS ;[if'gqifrsm;ESihf pEdik 'f ifrsm;) tm;
qef@usifonfh 0g'jzef@csufonf tvm;wltajctaersKd;a=umifhyif tusKd;jzpf
xGef;cJhonfudk axmufjytyfayonf? u|efawmfwdk@u rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,f
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;tm; oifw@kd onf qdAk , D ufrsm;twGi;f Y trsm;pkjzpfae
aoma=umifh (1917 ckESpf ZGefv yxrt}udrfajrmuf qdkAD,ufrsm;. ±k&Sm;
jynfvHk;u|wf uGefz&ifhY aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf rJ&mcdkifE_ef; 13 r#omv#if &&Sday
onf?) "e&Sifrsm;rygapbJ tm%mw&yfvHk;udk ,lxm;=uyg[k ajymcJhonf?
od@k aomf ±k&mS ;[if'gqifrsm;ESihf pEd'k ifrsm;onf "e&Sirf sm;rygbJ tm%m,l&ef
a=umuf&GH@ae=uonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh
rif&ADS pf· wd@k (TEdik if aH &;ygwD 2 &yfonf &if;ES;D onfEh ikd if aH &; tkypf zk @JG c=hJ uonf?
vufawG@Yvnf; olw@kd onf "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pD*%kd ;f wckwnf;om jzpfay
onf) u rJtrsm;pk&vdrfhrnfudk taotcsmod&Sdxm;ojzifh "e&Sifrsm;u
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;tm; aESmifhaES;=uef@=umatmif
vkyf=uonf? xdktcgY qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfwdk@onf T
aESmifhaES;=uef@=umapr_rsm;udk tm;pdkufcGefpdkuf jywfjywfom;om; qef@usif&ef
rpGrf;aqmifEdkif=uay?
tu,fI [if'gqifrsm;ESihf pEd'k ifrsm;u uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf tkypf zk @JG ru _ kd
y,fcsygu uGejf rLepfrsm;onf vlx. k pmemr_uckd sujf cif;&,l+yD; [if'gqifrsm;ESihf
pEd'k ifrsm;onf =oZmusqif;oGm;ayrnf? TtwGuaf =umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd onf
ygvrD eftrwfae&m tenf;tusO;f udk qH;k ±_;H cJ&h apumrl u|eaf wmfw@kd twGurf
axmif;wmonfh udpyP ifjzpfayonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf u|eaf wmfw@kd . trwf
avmif;rsm;tm; ta&twGuf tvGefenf;aomfvnf; tºuif;rJhpdwfcs&onfh
---------------------------------------
·
±k&Sm;jynfwGif 1917 Edk0ifbmvtwGif;u wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJ
.tajzrSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfayonf? rJay;olaygi;f 36 oef;&So d nft h euf aAmf&ADS pf
rsm;u pkpak ygi;f rJ. 25 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f &&So
d nf? ajr&SiEf iS hf "e&Siw
f @kd . Edik if aH &; ygwt
D rsK;d rsK;d u
rJ. 13 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk &&Sx
d m;onf? "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pD/ qdv k o kd nfrmS qd&k ,
S af wmf
vSeaf &;orm;rsm; rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf tvm;wl tpnf; t±H;k av;rsm;u rJ 62 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk
&&Scd ahJ vonf?
97
a'orsm;Yom wifjy&rnf? qdv k okd nfrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd u trwfavmif;rsm;udk
wifjyvdkufaoma=umifh avbmtrwfavmif;rsm;tay: vpfb&,frsm;u
tEdik &f roGm;apEdik rf nfh a'orsm;Yom jzpf&rnf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf a&G;aumuf
yGt
J wGuf pdik ;f jyif;v_@H aqmfrx _ J yg0if=urnf? uGejf rLepf0g'twGuf v_@H aqmfaom
pm&Guf pmwrf;rsm;a0iSjzef@csrd nf? xd@k jyifu|eaf wmfw@kd . trwfavmif;r&So d nfh
a'otm;vHtm;vH k ; wG i f u|ef a wmf w d k @ onf rJ q EN & S i f r sm;tm; avbmygwD
trwf a vmif ; rsm;buf r S rJ a y;&ef E S i f h "e&S i f v l w ef ; pm; trwf a vmif ;
rsm;udk rJray;&ef wdkufwGef;rnf? tu,fI &JabmfqDvfAD;,m;yef[yfpfESifh
&Jabmf*gvmcsmwd@k u Tvkyaf qmifrr_ sK;d udk uGejf rLepf0g'tm; opPmazmufjcif;/
odk@r[kwf qdk&S,fopPmazmufrsm;tm; qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJudk pGef@v$wfjcif;
jzpfonf[k ,lqygu olwdk@rSm;awmhonf? qef@usifpGmyif uGefjrLepf0g'
awmfveS af &;ta&;awmfyo kH nfum; TtwGuaf =umifyh if aumif;usL;d &vdrrhf nf
jzpfayonf?
rsufarSmufwGif +Adwdo#uGefjrLepfrsm;rSm vlxkudkcsOf;uyf&efaomf
vnf;aumif;/ rdrw d @kd ajymonfh pum;rsm;udk vlxu k vma&mufem;axmifap&ef
aomfvnf;aumif;/ r=uc%tcuftcJESifh awG@ae&ayonf? tu,fI u|ef
awmf w d k @ onf uG e f j rLepf w a,muf t jzpf j zif h vG d K uf a *smh t m; qef @ usif I
[if'gqiftm; rJay;=uyg[k tvkyform;rsm;tm; wdkufwGef;aomf u|efawmf
wd@k . pum;rsm;udk olw@kd onf rkcsem;axmif=uayrnf? xdt k cgu|eaf wmfonf
vl t rsm;em;vnf v G , f o nf h e nf ; jzif h tb,f a =umif h qd k A D , uf p epf o nf
ygvrD efpepfxuf omvGeaf umif;rGeaf =umif;/ tb,fa=umifh ypPn;f rJh tm%m
&Sifpepfonf csmcsD. tm%m&Sifpepf ("e&Sif'Drdkua&pD[laom qdkif;bkwfjzifh
±kyfzsufxm;onf) xuf omvGefaumif;rGefa=umif;udk &Sif;vif;jy±Hkru u|ef
awmhrf jJ zifh [if'gqifukd axmufcv H u kd jf cif;jzifh w&m;cHtm; vnfyif;}udK; uGi;f pGyf
ay;vdu k of nfyh rm jzpfomG ;rnfuv kd nf; u|eaf wmf&iS ;f jyEdik af yonf? [if'gqif
rsm;. r=umrDzGJ@pnf;awmhrnfh tpdk;&u u|efawmfrSefa=umif;udk oufaojy
vdrfhrnfjzpf+yD; u|efawmfbufodk@ vlxkrsm;a&muf&Sdvmapvdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif
±k&Sm;ESifh*smreD&Sd olwdk@. wvrf;wnf;oGm;olrsm;enf;wl [if'gqifrsm;ESifh
pEdk'ifrsm;onfvnf; EdkifiHa&;t& vsifjrefpGm ZD0defcsKyfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf?
98
 tu,fI Tenf;y&d,m,frsm;onf“yg;eyf”vGef;onf/ odk@r[kwf
±_yfaxG;vGef;onf/ ‚wdk@tm; vlxku em;vnfvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ Tenf;y&d
,m,frsm;onf u|efawmfwdk@. tiftm;pkrsm;udk uGJ+yJjyef@usJapvdrfhrnf/
u|efawmfwdk@ qdkAD,ufawmfvSefa&;twGuf tiftm;rsm;pkpnf;r_udk wm;qD;
vdrfhrnf ponfjzifh uef@uGufvmygu uef@uGufvmol“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”udk
oifw@kd . w&m;ao0g'rsm;tm; vlxrk sm;tay:od@k v$rJ csygEiS [ hf k ajymjy&vdrhf
rnf? ±k&Sm;vlxkrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_a&csdefonf t*Fvefvlxkavmuf rjrifhrm;
Edik b
f J t*Fvefvx l x
k ufyif edrahf yonf? od@k &mwGif vlxo k nf aAmf&ADS pfrsm;udk
em;vnfc=hJ uonf? qdAk , D ufawmfveS af &;. t}udKumv / qdv k o kd nfrmS 1917
ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif aAmf&SDApfrsm;u "e&SifygvDref (wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$waf wmf) xJ yg0ifrnfh trwfavmif;rsm;. pm&if;udk wifjycJah yonf? qdAk D
,ufawmfveS af &; +yD;onfah emufaee@wiG /f qdv k o
kd nfrmS 1917 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv
wGifvnf; wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhjyefao;onf?
xdk@jyif 1918 ckESpf Zefe0g&D 5 &ufae@Y aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf Twdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;cJh=uayonf? Tonfu aAmf&SDApfrsm;udk rwm;qD;
raESmifh,SufcJh±kHr#ru qef@usifpGmyif aAmf&SDApfrsm;udk ulnDcJhayonf?
Tae&mYu|ef a wmf o nf +Ad w d o #uG e f j rLepf r sm;twG i f ; &S d 'k w d ,
oabmuGv J rJG j_ zpfonfh avbmygwx D J yg0ifa&; ryg0ifa&; jy\emta=umif;udk
rajymEdkifay? Tjy\emESifhywfoufI u|efawmfod&Sdxm;onfh tcsuf
tvufrsm;onf tvGefenf;onf? +Adwdo#“avbmygwD”tajctaeonf
tvGeftrif;xl;jcm;I zGJ@pnf;r_t& Oa&mywdkufr}uD;&Sd a,bk,s EdkifiHa&;
ygwDrsm;ESifh odyfrwlnDvSaoma=umifh xdkjy\emonf txl;±_yfaxG;aejyef
ao;onf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap yxrOD;pGmtm;jzifh Tjy\emwGiv f nf; “uGejf rL
epfygwDonf rdrd=o0g'rsm;. oef@pifr_udk xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf? jyKjyifa&;0g'rS
uif;&Si;f r_uvkd nf; tzsuq f ;D rcHap&? ‚.wm0efrmS uGejf rLepf awmfveS af &;od@k
&yfem;jcif;/ auG@csKd;jcif;rsm; r&SdbJwnfhrwfpGm acgif;aqmif oGm;a&;jzpfonf”
[laom rlrsK;d xJrS awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJrh sm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk xkw, f l
&ef }udK;pGm;ygu rvGJraoGyif trSm;jyKrdayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
TuJhodk@aomrlrsm;onf 1874 ckESpfwkef;u aphpyfa&;tm;vHk;ESifh vrf;ckvwf
99
tqift h m;vH;k udk “jiif;y,fxm;cJo h nf”? jyifopfbvef uGD *d% k ;f bHt
k zG@J om;rsm;
usL;vG e f c J h o nf h t rS m ;rsm;ud k xyf r H u sL;vG e f = uaoma=umif h jzpf a yonf ?
'kwd,tm;jzifh Tjy\emwGifvnf; uGefjrLepfrsm;. vkyfief;wm0efrSm
tcsdefra&G; &Sdaeonfh vkyfief;wm0efuJhodk@yif uGefjrLepf0g' a,bk,sESifh
tajccH r l r sm;ud k vl w ef ; pm;ES i f h Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;t=um;&S d xl ; jcm;onf h
qufqaH &;rsm;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ uGejf rLepf0g'qDo@kd csw D ufaeonfh yuwdbm0
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. xl ; jcm;onf h v uQ % mmrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ vufawG@
toHk;cswwf&ef oif,l&rnfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? Txl;jcm;onfh tajc
taersm;onf wdik ;f jynfwjynfEiS hf wjynfrwl=uay&m u|eaf wmfw@kd onf ‚wd@k
udak vhvm&rnf? &SmazG&rnf? awG;qodjrif&rnf?
od@k aomf Ttcsut f m; +Ado#ueG jf rLepf0g'v_y&f mS ;r_ wckwnf;ESio hf m
v#if qufpyfaqG;aEG;&rnfr[kwb f J t&if;&Sif wdik ;f jynfrsm;tm;vH;k &Sd uGejf rLepf
0g' jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ESifh ywfoufaeaom a,bk,sed*Hk;csKyfcsufESifh qufpyfI
vnf; aqG;aEG;&rnfjzpfonf? ,cku|eaf wmfw@kd Tjy\emrsm;udk azmfjyygawmh
rnf?

100
 (10)

ed * H k ; csKyf c suf t csKd @

1905 ckESpf ±k&Sm;"e&SifawmfvSefa&;u urBmhordkif;Y tvGefxl;jcm;

onf h tjymif ; tvJ w ck u d k xk w f a zmf v d k u f a yonf ? yxrt}ud r f t m;jzif h
acwfaemuftusqHk;aom t&if;&SifEdkifiHwcktwGif;Y oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_onf
t0ef;t0dkif;t&/ tiftm;}uD;rm;r_t& urBmay:wGif r}uHKpbl;avmufaom
twdkif;twmtxd a&muf&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1905 ckESpf yxr wvwnf;Y
yifv#if oydwfarSmufolOD;a&onf vGefcJhaom (1895 ckESpfrS 1904 ckESpf
twG i f ; ) q,f E S p f . ES p f p Of y srf ; r#jcif ; xuf q,f q ausmf + yD ; 1905 ck E S p f
Zefe0g&DvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd oydwfrsm;onf tqufrjywfwdk;rsm;vm
um tvGe@f tvGef }uD;rm;onfh twdik ;f twmtxd a&muf&cdS ahJ yonf? ajrmuf
jrm;pGmaom tvGefxl;jcm;onfh ordkif;qdkif&m t=umif;tcsufrsm;. =oZm
oufra_ tmufwiG f acwfaemufusaom ±k&mS ;u yxrt}udrt f m;jzifh urBm}uD;
tm; awmfveS af &;umvtwGi;f &Sd tzdEydS cf v H x
l rk sm;. trScD u
kd if;pGm jyKrlvy_ &f mS ;
onfh ckefv$m;ausmfwuf}uD;xGm;vmr_ (TonfrSm awmfvSefa&;}uD;wdkif;wGif
ay:aygupf +rJ jzpfonf) udk azmfjycJ±h rkH #ru ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;. ta&;ygro _ nf
wjynfvHk;vlOD;a&twGif;&Sd tcsKd;tpm;ESifh E_dif;pmaomf ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;.
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f xuf tqaygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGm }uD;rm;aer_uv kd nf; azmfjycJo h nf? ‚
jyif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;oydwfwdk@ aygif;pyfrdjcif; EdkifiHa&;oydwfrS vufeuf
udkifxºur_odk@ ul;ajymif;vmjcif;ESifh t&if;&Sifpepf. zdESdyfr_udkcHae&aom
vlwef;pm;rsm;. vlxw k ukd yf o
JG ¿mefopfEiS hf vlxpk nf;±H;k a&; o¿mefopf/ qdv k kd
onfrSm qdkAD,ufrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;wdk@udk azmfjycJhayonf?
101
 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;ESihf atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;wd@k u
qdkAD,ufrsm;tm; wjynfvHk; twdkif;twmt& bufpHk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apcJh+yD;/
aemifwiG f ‚tm; ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; qd&k , S v
f pfawmfveS af &;twGi;f Y atmif
yG&J &Sad pcJoh nf? 2 ESpw f m rjynfrh t D wGi;f Yyif qdAk , D ufrsm;. Edik if w H umhvuQ
%mudv k nf;aumif;/ TuJo h @kd aom wdu k yf o
JG ¿mefrsK;d ESihf pnf;±H;k a&;o¿mefrsK;d
onf wurBmvHk;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y jyef@ESH@a&muf&Sd
oGm;r_udkvnf;aumif;/ "e&SifygvDrefpepfESifh "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDwckvHk;. ocsõKif;
wl;ol/ tarGpm;tarGcEH iS hf t±du k t f &m qufcrH nfo h tl jzpfEiS hf qdAk , D ufrsm;.
ordkif;qdkif&m vkyfief;wm0efudkvnf;aumif; azmfjyvmcJhayonf?
xdrk #ru tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_. ordik ;f u ,cktcgY azmf
jycJhonfrSm wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y wae@wjcm;
}uD;xGm;vmaom/ oefrmawmifhwif;vmaom/ wae@wjcm;atmifyGJodk@ vSrf;
wuf a eaom uG e f j rLepf 0 g'onf OD ; pG m ES i f h t "d u tm;jzif h rd r d w d k i f ; jynf & S d
(wdkif;jynfwjynfpDtvdkuf) rif&SDApf0g' qdkvdkonfrSm tacsmif0g'ESifh qdk&S,f
a&SmfAif0g'udkvnf;aumif;/ 'kwd,tm;jzifh TjznfhpGufI wdkuf&rnfhwdkufyGJ[k
ajymEdkifaom “vuf0J*dk%f;” uGefjrLepf0g'udk qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJudk awG@}uHK
&ef&Sdonf (xdk@jyifawG@}uHKpjyKae+yD) [lI jzpfayonf? yxrwdkufyGJrsKd; 'kwd,
tifwmae&Sief ,f (‚onf vufawG@t&qdv k #if csKyf+idr;f cJah v+yD)ESihf wwd,
tifwm ae&Sief ,fw@kd . t=um;&Sw d u kd yf t
JG jzpf vH;k 0c|i;f csurf &Sb d J wdik ;f jynftm;
vH;k Y xif&mS ;pGm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeayonf? 'kw, d wdu k yf rJG sK;d udk *smreD/ *&dw+f Ad
wdef/ tDwvD/ tar&duef (tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh urBmhpufr_ vkyfief;qdkif&m
tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ@ESifh rif;rJhqif'Du,f0g'D*dk%f; wpdwfwydkif; wdk@onf tESH@
tjym; eD;yg;r#vnf;aumif;/ wnDw!Gww f nf; eD;yg;r#vnf;aumif; qdAk , D uf
pepfukd todtrSwjf yKxm;jcif;ESit hf wl vuf0*J % kd ;f uGejf rLepftrSm;udk qufvuf
qkyu f ikd x
f m;ae=uao;onf) wd@k wiG v f nf;aumif;/ jyifopf (qif'u D ,fa[mif;
rsm;. wpdwfwydkif;onf qdkAD,ufpepfudk vufcHxm;=uaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;
ygwD E S i f h ygvD r ef p epf w d k @ tay: rrS e f u ef o nf h oabmxm;rsm;&S d a eonf )
wGiv f nf;aumif; awG@ jrifEikd af yonf? tjcm; wenf;jzifh ajym&aomf Twdu k yf JG
onf tifwmae&Sief ,f t0ef;t0dik ;f t&omv#if ruao;bJ wurBmvH;k
102
us,fjyef@aom t0ef;t0dkif;t&vnf; qifE$JaeonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay?
od@k aomf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_onf ae&mwumY "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;tay: atmifyGJqifEdkifa&;twGuf wu,fwrf; wrsKd;wpm;wnf;
jzpfonfh jyifqifa&;ausmif;rsm;udk jzwfoef;aepOfwiG yf if wdik ;f jynfwckpYD rdrd
wdk@. enf;vrf;rsm;t& Tjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk &&SdcJh=uayonf? }uD;rm;I
a&S@wef;a&mufaeonfh t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynfrsm;onf Tvrf;udkav#muf&mY
aAmf&SDApf0g'av#mufcJhonfxuf tvGefw&mydkIjrefqefonf ? atmifyGJcH
a&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;xm;onfh EdkifiHa&;*dk%f;wcktjzpf rdrdudk,fudk jyifqif&ef
twGuf ordik ;f uaAmf&ADS pf0g'tm; 15 ESpf tcsed af y;cJah vonf? wkad wmif;onfh
wESpw f m umvtwGi;f Y wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,fonf tqH;k tjzwfay;onfh
atmifyGJudk &&Sd+yD;jzpfavonf? wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fonf vGefcJhonfh
vtenf;i,fu ‚xuf rE_dif;,SOfEdkifavmufatmif awmifhwif;cJhaom
wnf+idrIf tiftm;}uD;rm;[ef&adS om urBm"h e&Sirf sm;. ±ky0f wˆKt& (uJbeD uf
&mxl;rsm;/ Edik if uH ;l vufrw S rf wS rf sm;/ pme,fZif;rsm;)ESihf tawG; tac:qdik &f m
t& tzufzufrS axmufyHhulnDr_udk wdkuf±dkufjzpfap/ oG,f0dkufIjzpfap &&SdchJ
aom t0ga&mifq&kd , S af &SmAf if0g'jzpfaom 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,ftm; wdu k f
zsufcJhavonf?
,cktcgY jy\emw&yfvHk;onfum; wdkif;jynfwdkif;rS uGefjrLepfrsm;
onf tacsmif0g'ESifhjzpfap/ “vuf0J”w&m;ao0g'ESifhjzpfap wdkufyGJqifonfh
tajccHjzpfaom t"dujzpfaom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynf
wckpD. pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ trsKd;om;rsm;yg0ifyHk (tdkif,mvefp
onf)h / ‚ydik uf v kd ekd /D bmoma&;*d% k ;f tp&So d nfw@kd . xl;jcm;csurf sm;ESihf avsmf
nDaom TwdkufyrGJ sKd;Yyg&Sdaeonfh/ xdk@jyif rvGrJ aoGyg&Sd&rnfh tcdkiftrm xl;
jcm;csufrsm;
sm;udkvnf;aumif; ESpfckpvHk;tm; tvGeftod&SdpGmjzifh xnfhoGif;
wGuq f &ef jzpfayonf? ,cktcgY 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,ftay: rauseyfcsuf
rsm;udk ae&mwumwGif awG@xad eayonf? xd@k jyif ‚wd@k onf jyef@ymG ;aeum
}uD;xGm;vsuf&Sdayonf? Trauseyfr_rsKd;onf 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f.
tacsmif0g'a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ urBmq h Akd ,
D uforRw Edik if aH wmf wnfaxmif
a&;twGuf wdkufyGJqifaeonfhtwGif;Y awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
103
EdkifiHwumhenf;y&d,m,frsm;udk !¸ef=um;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh/ wu,fwrf;pkpnf;
csKyfudkifr_&Sdonfh/ wu,fwrf;cgif;aqmifEdkifonfh A[dktcsuftcsmwckudk
zefw;D &ef rpGr;f aqmifEikd rf /_ od@k r[kwf rwwfEikd rf a_ =umifv h nf;aumif; jzpf&ay
onf? Tod@k aom acgi;f aqmif A[dt k csutf jcmudk wyHpk w H nf;jzpfonf/h puf
,E©&m;qefqef ul;csxm;onfh/ xyfwljzpfonfh wdkufyGJenf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m
Oya'rsm;tay:wGif rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# rwnfaqmufEdkifa=umif;udk rkcsyif
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;vif; od&Sdem;vnfxm;&rnf? vlrsKd;rsm;t=um;/ EdkifiHrsm;
t=um;&Sd trsK;d om;jcm;em;r_rsm;ESihf Edik if aH wmfjcm;em;r_rsm; wnf&adS eor# um
vywfv;kH urBmt h wdik ;f twmt& ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfukd xlaxmif+yD;onfh
aemufrSmyif tvGef@tvGef&Snf=umpGm qufvufwnf&Sdvdrfh rnfjzpfonf?
Tjcm;em;r_ &Sdaeor#umvywfvHk; wdkif;jynftoD;oD;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;
pm; uGejf rLepf0g'v_y&f mS ;r_. Edik if w H umhenf;y&d,m,f wnDw!Gww f nf;&Srd u_
awmif;qdkonfrSm vuQ%muGJjym;r_wdk@udk zsufodrf;&efESifh trsKd;om;jcm;em;r_
rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f &ef (,cktcsed w f iG f TonfrmS rdu k rf o
J nfh tdyrf ufyif jzpfay
onf) r[kwfbJ uGefjrLepf0g' tajccHrl rsm; (qdkAD,uftm%mESifh ypPnf;rJh
tm%m&Sifpepf) udk toHk;jyK&mY tcsKd@aom tao;pdwftcsuf tvuf
rsm;
rsm;wGif Trlrsm;tm; rSefuefpGm ajymif;vJay;a&; y;a&;/ Trlrsm;tm; trsKd;om;
jcm;em;r_rsm;ESifh trsKd;om; EdkifiHawmfwdk@. jcm;em;r_rsm;wdk@ESifh rSefuefpGm qD
avsmaf tmifvyk af &;ESihf rSeu f efpmG toH;k csa&;wd@k jzpfayonf? wdik ;f jynf toD;
oD;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tacsmif0g'ESifh“vuf0J
w&m;ao0g'wdk@udk wdkufcdkufatmif Edkifa&;/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm; wGef;vSefa&;ESifh
qd k A D , uf o rR w Ed k i f i H E S i f h ypP n f ; rJ h t m%m&S i f p epf wnf a xmif a &;[l o nf h
wckwnf;aom EdkifiHwumh vkyfief;wm0efudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf tcdkiftrm
enf;em emrsm; usifhoHk;aomtcgY trsKd;om;xl;jcm;csufrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;vuQ
%mrsm;udk pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f jcif;/ avhvmjcif;/ &SmazGjcif;/ cef@reS ;f jcif;/ qkyu f ikd f
jcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyf&rnf? Tonfum; a&S@wef; a&mufwdkif;jynfrsm; (‚jyif
a&S@wef;a&muf wdkif;jynfrsm;omv#if ruay) tm;vHk;wdk@. ,cktcg jzwf
oef;aeaom ordik ;f umvydik ;f &Sd t"du vkyif ef;wm0efyif jzpfayonf? tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;. wyfO;D udk odr;f oGi;f &&Sjd cif;/ TwyfO;D tm; qdAk , D uftpd;k &udk
104
axmufcHapI ygvDrefpepfudk qef@usifapjcif;/ ypPnf;rJh tm%m&Sifpepfudk
axmufcaH pI "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pDpepfukd qef@usiaf pjcif;qdo k nfh t"du udp&P yf}uD;
udk vkyfudkifcJh+yD; jzpfayonf? ‚rSm t&mtwdkif;jzpf&ef tvGeftvSrf;a0;
vSaomfvnf; t"duyif jzpfayonf? ,cktcg tm;xkwrf _ rSeo f r#EiS hf *±kpu
kd rf _
rSeo f r#ukd aemufvrS ;f rnfh ajcvSr;f ay:wGif pkpnf;xm;&rnf? TajcvSr;f onf
tajccHrus[k xif&ayonf? xd@k jyif wpHw k ckaomtjrift& ajym&v#if wu,f
yiftajccHrusay? odk@aomfvufawG@Yum; vkyfief;wm0eftm; vufawG@
ajz&Si;f a&;ESihf tvGeef ;D uyfaeayonf? xdak jcvSr;f rSm ypPn;f rJh awmfveS af &;od@k
ul;ajymif;onfh odk@r[kwf csOf;uyfonfh o¿mefrsm;udk &SmazGjcif; jzpfay
onf?
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. wyfOD;udk tawG;tac:t& odrf;oGif;cJhav+yD?
TonfrmS t"dut&mjzpfonf? Tt&mr&Sb d EJ iS hf atmifyo JG @kd a&S;±_onfh yxr
ajcvSr;f yif vSr;f Edik v
f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? od@k aomf TonfrmS atmifyEJG iS hf tawmf
uGmvSrf;aeqJ jzpfonf? wyfOD;wckwnf;jzifh atmifyGu J dkr&,lEdkifay? wyfOD;.
wdu k ±f ukd f axmufcrH t _ aetxm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH us,jf yef@onfh vlxk
rsm;u r,lao;rD od@k r[kwf tenf;qH;k pmemaom =um;aer_r&Sad o;rDEiS hf ‚wd@k
u &efou l rkd axmufcEH ikd af om tcsed rf a&mufao;rD wyfO;D wckwnf; ,wdjywf
wduk yf JG 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd &f efrmS rdu
k rf rJ _ oufoufjzpf±o kH mru &mZ0wfrw _ ck
vnf; jzpfvdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif wu,fwrf; vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;ESifh t&if;tESD;.
zdESdyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfaom/ wu,fwrf;us,fjyef@aom vkyfom;jynfol vlxk
rsm;twGuf Ttaetxm;rsKd;udk &&Sd&efrSm 0g'jzef@csd±Hk/ v_H@aqmf±Hkr#jzifh rvHk
avmufay? ‚twGuf vlxrk sm;Y rdru d ,kd yf ikd f Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHK &S&d rnf?
Tum; awmfveS af &;}uD;tm;vH;k . tajccHw&m;yif jzpfayonf? Tw&m;udk
±k&mS ;jynfYomru *smreDjynfwiG v f nf; txl;tm;aumif;I yDjyifjywfom;pGm
,cktcg twnfjyKvdkufayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'qDodk@ jywfom;pGm OD;vSnfhvm
&efrSm ,Ofaus;r_a&csdef edrfhusonfh/ pmrwwfol tvGefrsm;jym;onfh ±k&Sm;
vlxkrsm;omru ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;jrifhonfh/ vlwdkif;pmwwf=uonfh
*smrefvx l rk sm;onfvnf; 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f vlprG ;f aumif;rsm;. tpd;k &
rsm;. vH;k 0csnehf @J tm;aysmrh /_ ausm±d;k rJrh /_ vH;k 0rwwfEikd rf /_ "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;xH
105
c,0yfwGm;aer_ESifh ,kwfrmr_wdk@udk rdrdwdk@.cg;oD;aom tawG@t}uHKrsm;t&
odjrifvm&ayonf? ypPnf;rJh tm%m&Sifpepf r[kwfv#if tvGefazmufjyef
aomolrsm; (±k&mS ;wGif aumufeaD vmhz/f *smreDwiG f uyf(yf) ESihf taygi;f ygrsm;)
. tm%m&Sipf epf rkcsyifjzpfvrd &hf rnf[k tawG@t}uHKt& odjrif&ayrnf?
Edik if w
H umh tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f vlwef;pm;tod&o dS nfh wyf
OD;/ qdkvdkonfrSm uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;/ uGefjrLepf0g'tkyfpkrsm;ESifh *dk%f;rsm;.
avmavmq,f vkyfief;wm0efonfum; us,fjyef@onfh (,cktcgrSm trsm;
ydik ;f onf tdyaf rmusae=uao;onf/h or±k;d us jzpfra_ =umifh rwufºuao;onfh
rwkerf v_yjf zpfae=uao;onfh wdrjf rKyfae=uao;onf)h vlx}k uD;tm; olw@kd .
taetxm;topfqDodk@ acgif;aqmif EdkifpGrf;&Sda&;/ odk@r[kwf twd tusqdk
aomf rdrw d @kd ygwu D kd acgi;f aqmifEikd pf rG ;f &S±d rkH u Tvlxrk sm;udyk g taetxm;
topfqDodk@ wufvSrf;ul;ajymif;&mY acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sda&;yifjzpfonf?
tacsmif0g'ESihf qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'wd@k tm; tawG;tac:t&/ Edik if aH &;t& vH;k 0
ratmifEdkifcJhygu ordkif;qdkif&m yxrvkyfief;wm0ef (ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
tod&adS om wyfO;D tm; qdAk , D uftm%mESihf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; tm%m
&Sipf epfbufo@kd a&mufvmatmif odr;f oGi;f a&;wm0ef) udk ajz&Si;f Edik v f rd rhf nf
r[kwfay? xdk@twl vuf0Jw&m;ao0g'udk acsr_ef;ypfjcif; vuf0Jw&m;ao
0g'trSm;tm; vH;k 0ausmef if; okwo f ifjcif;rjyKygu rsuaf rSmuf&ifqikd af e&aom
'kw, d vkyif ef;wm0ef qdv k okd nfrmS awmfveS af &;twGi;f Y wyfO;D tm; atmifyJG
&a&;udk tmrcHxm;Edik o f nfh taetxm;topfo@kd vlxrk sm;tm; acgiaf qmif
oGm;Edik af &;qdo k nfh vkyif ef;wm0efonfvnf; +yD;ajrmufEikd v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y?
u|efawmfwdk@. vkyfief;wm0efonf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wyfOD;tm;
uGefjrLepf0g'bufodk@ odrf;oGif;a&; (,cktcgYvnf; wpHkwckaom twdkif;
twmt& Tod@k jzpfaeao;onf) jzpfaeonfEiS t hf r# 0g'jzef@csad &;vkyif ef;onf
yxrtqihfae&mwGif &SdcJhayonf? TbufrSaeIajym&v#if tpkuav;
pdw"f mwf csK@d ,iG ;f csurf sm; &Sad eonfh 0g'jzef@cso d nfh tpkuav;rsm;yifv#if t
usKd;&SdI &vm'faumif;rsm;udk ay;Edkifayonf? odk@aomf ,ckuho J dk@ vlxkrsm;.
vufawG@jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonfh tcsdefrSmqdkv#if aemufqHk;
ydwf ,wdjywfppfyGJtwGuf tu,fI Todk@ajymEdkifcGifh&Sdrnfqdkygu rsm;jym;
106
vSonfh wyfrawmf}uD;rsm;udk pDpOfae&mcsxm;jcif;/ oufqikd &f mvl@tzG@J tpnf;&Sd
vlwef;pm;tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vHk; udk wef;pDae&mcsxm;jcif;qdkonfh umv
od@k a&mufonfh tcsed rf mS qdv k #if vkyaf eus0g'jzef@cs±d rkH #EiS v hf nf;aumif;/ “oef@pif
aom” uGefjrLepf0g' trSefw&m;rsm;tm; xyfjyefwvJvJajym±Hkr#ESifhvnf;
aumif; tusK;d r&Sad wmhay? Ttcsed Yf qdv k #if vlxt k m; acgi;f raqmifb;l ao;
aom tpkuav;. 0g'jzef@csad &;orm;wOD; wGucf suo f uJo h @kd aomif;*%ef;jzifh
rwGucf su&f ? TuJo h @kd tcsed rf sK;d Y ode;f ESio hf ef;ESichf sI
D wGucf su&f rnf? Ttajc
taeYqdv k #if u|eaf wmfw@kd onf awmfveS af omvlwef;pm;. wyfO;D udk ouf0if
,Hk=unfvmatmif vkyf+yD;+yDavm[k rdrdudk,frdrdar;=u±Hkr#ru vuf&Sdvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;tm;vH tm;vHk; rkcsyifc|if;csufr&Sd vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;. ordkif;
t& xda&mufaomtcef;rS yg0ifonfhtiftm;rsm;tm; wef;pDae&mcs+yD;jzpfI
,wdjywfppfyGJtwGuf t&m&monf vHk;0&ifhrSnfh ae+yDavm qdkonfudkvnf;
ar;&OD;rnf? qdv k o kd nfrmS (1) u|eaf wmfw@kd u&kd efral eonfh vlwef;pm; tiftm;
pkrsm; tm;vHk;. tusOf;tusyfwGifusa&mufr_/ ‚wdk@tcsif;csif; cdkuf&efjzpf
yGm;r_ olwdk@.tiftm;ESifh rr#onfh wdkufyGt J wGif;Y olwdk@udk,fwdkif tm;,kwf
apr_rsm; tvHt k avmufjzpfvm&rnf? (2) awGa0aom/ ,dr;f ,dik af om/ rwnf
+idraf om/ =um;tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfaom/ qdv k o kd nfrmS "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;ESihf uGjJ ym;
aom "e&Sifaygufpvlwef;pm; "e&Sifaygufp 'Drdku&ufrsm;onf jynfolrsm;
a&S@arSmufwiG f rdrw d @kd u, kd rf rd w
d @kd tjynft h 0azmfxw k jf y+yD; rdrwd @kd . vufawG@t&
c|w+f cHKusjcif;/ ysupf ;D cJjh cif;tm;jzifh vH;k 0 t&Su&f ap&rnf? (3) ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;
pm;twGif; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifonfh tjywfom;qHk;/ t&J&ifhqHk;
awmfveS af om jyKrlvyk &f mS ;r_ukd axmufco H nfh vlx. k pdw"f mwfonf wufºu
vmI tiftm;}uD;rm;pGm }uD;xGm;pjyKvm&rnf? xdt k cgY awmfveS f a&;onf
wu,fwrf;&ifrh n S ahf eay+yD? xdt k cgY tu,fI u|eaf wmfw@kd onf txufwiG f
twdkcsKyfazmfjyonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk rSefuefpGmxnfhwGufxm;ygu/
tcsed tf cgukd rSeu f efpmG a&G;cs,f owfrw S x f m;ygu u|eaf wmfw@kd . atmifyo JG nf
tmrcHcsuf wu,fwrf; &Sdvmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
wzufwGif csmcsDrsm;ESifh vGdKufa*smhrsm;. (Todk@aom EdkifiHa&;yHkpH
rsm;onf wdkif;jynftm;vH tm;vHk;Y&Sd=uI tvGefao;i,fonfh trsKd;om; jcm;em;
107
csurf sm; yg&adS e=uayonf) t=um;&Su d v JG cJG surf sm;ESi/hf tjcm;wzufY [if'gqif
rsm;ESifh vGdKufa*smhrsm;t=um;&Sd uGv J cGJ sufrsm;onf oef@pifaom uGefjrLepf0g'
qdv k o dk nfrmS taumif;txnfrahJ om uGejf rLepf0g' (0g) vufawG@t& vlxk
.Edik if aH &; aqmif&u G cf sut f qifx h d &ifrh n S rhf vmao;onfh uGejf rLepf0g' tjrif
rS=unfhv#if tvGefao;r$m;I rnfodk@r# ta&;r}uD;ay? odk@aomf vlxkrsm;.
vufawG@aqmif&Gufcsuf tjrifrS=unfhcJhv#if TuGJvGJcsufonf tvGefw&m
ta&;}uD;ayonf? vlwef;pm;tod&o dS nfh tawG;tac:t& ,H=k unf xufoefr_
&Sdonfh 0g'jzef@csdol jzpfvdk±Hkr#ru awmfvSefa&;twGif;Y vlxkrsm;tm; vuf
awG@ acgi;f aqmifov l nf; jzpfvo kd nfh uGejf rLepfwOD;. vkyif ef;wm0efEiS hf ta&;
udpw P &yfv;kH onf TuGv J cJG surf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ef/ T “rdwaf qGrsm;”
. t=um;&S d &S d & S d o r# Trd w f a qG r sm;tm;vH k ; wd k @ tm; csnf h e J @ aponf h
ra&SmifvEJG ikd o f nfh twdu k t f cHjzpfrr_ sm; vH;k 0&ifrh n S rhf nfh tcsed t f cgukd wGuq f
qH;k jzwf&ef jzpfayonf? uGejf rLepf0g' tawG;tac:rsm;tay: twdik ;f tqr&Sd
opPm&Sdr_tm; vufawG@bufwGif vdktyfaomaphpyfa&;/ txdkuftav#muf
vkyfjcif;/ oabmwlcsufjyKvkyfjcif;/ aumufaumufauG@auG@vkyfjcif;/ aemuf
qkwjf cif; tp&So d nfw@kd ukd usio hf ;kH Edik pf rG ;f &Srd E_ iS hf aygi;f pyfay;&rnf? Tod@k jyKvkyf
jcif;jzifh [if'gqifrsm; (yk*Kd~ vft&ajymjcif; r[kwyf gu rdrw d @kd u, kd uf kd qd&k ,
S v
f pf
rsm;[k ac:xm;=uonfh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pD ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom 'kwd
,tifwmae&Sife,f ol&Jaumif;rsm;udk qdkvdkayonf) tm; EdkifiHa&;tm%m
&a&;ESihf xdrk w S zef jyKwfusomG ;a&;udk jrefqefapvdrrhf nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd tawG;
tac:rsm;. pdwf"mwft& uGefjrLepf0g'qDodk@ vlxkrsm;tm; wu,fwrf;
tod^m%fay;vdrfhrnf jzpfonfh vufawG@tm;jzifh [if'gqifrsm; rvGJraoG
ysufpD;a&;udk jrefqefapvdrfhrnf? [if'gqifrsm;/ vGdKufa*smhrsm;ESifh csmcsDrsm;
(rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ zGJ@pnf;yHk'Drdku&ufrsm;ESifh
bk&if*% kd ;f om;rsm;/ &Sw d 'f rD efrsm;/ "e&Sirf sm;ESihf uyfp0f g'rD sm; ponfw@kd ) wd@k .
t=um;wGif ra&SmifvGJEdkifaom pdwf0rf;uGJr_rsm;/ &efjzpfr_rsm;/ twdkuftcHjzpf
r_rsm;ESifh vHk;0oabmuGJvGJr_rsm;udk vsifjrefapvdrfhrnf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
jywfom;onfx h ;kd ppfjzifh ‚wd@k tm;vH;k udk wdu k zf su+f yD; Edik if aH &;tm%mudk odr;f
ydkufa&;twGuf txGwftjrwf yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_pepf. a'gufwdkif}uD;rsm;
108
t=um;&Sd oabmuGv J GrJ _rsm; txGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&Sdvmrnfh tcGifhtcgudk
a&G;cs,fEdkif&rnf?
a,bk,sordkif; txl;ojzifhawmfvSefa&;rsm;. ordkif;onf a&S@wef;
ta&mufqHk;aom vlwef;pm;rsm;. taumif;qHk;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlwef;pm;tod
t&SdqHk;aom wyfOD;rsm;u awG;qxm;onfxuf ydkrdkItESpfom& jynfhpHk
ayonf? ydrk I kd trsK;d tpm;pHv k ifI ydrk Ikd bufaygi;f pHu
k sayonf? ydrk I
kd toufyg+yD;
ydrk kd “yg;eyf”ayonf? Tonfukd em;vnfEikd af yonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
taumif;qH;k aom wyfO;D onf vlaomif;tcsK@d . vlwef;pm;tod&rdS r_ sm;/ qEN
rsm;/ jyif;jyxufoefr_rsm;ESifh awG;qr_wdk@udkomv#if azmfjyEdkifI awmfvSefa&;
rSmrl vl@prG ;f &nfreS o f r# txl;wvnf tpGr;f ukeaf zmfjyvmonft h cgY jrifw h uf
vm+yD; txufjrufq;kH vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u
JG v_@H aqmfay;vduk of nfh oef;aygi;f rsm;
pGm. vlwef;pm;tod&rdS /_ qENxufoefrE_ iS hf awG;qr_w@kd jzifh azmfaqmif=uaom
a=umifh jzpfonf? TrSaeI tvGef@tvGef ta&;}uD;onfh vufawG@usaom
ed*;kH csKyfcsuEf pS &f yf xGuaf y:vmavonf? yxrtcsurf mS rdr. d vkyif ef;wm0efukd
+yD;ajrmufap&ef twGuq f vkd #if awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;
v_yf&Sm;r_.o¿mefrsm; odk@r[kwf bufrsm;tm;vH tm;vHk; c|if;csufr&SdydkifEdkif&rnf
(Edik if aH &;tm%m odr;f ydu k +f yD;onfah emufY tm%mudrk &cifwek ;f u r+yD;ajrmuf
cJhao;onfh t&mrsm;udk wcgw&HwGif }uD;rm;aompGefhpm;r_jyK+yD; tE©&m,fESifh
&ifqikd &f um +yD;ajrmufapcJ&h ayonf?) 'kw, d tcsurf mS awmfveS af om vlwef;
pm;onf o¿mefwckukd tjcm;o¿mefwckjzifh tjrefqefq;kH ±kww f &uf tpm;
xdk;Edkif&ef tqifoifhjzpfae&rnf?
ppfwyfwwyfonf &efolwGif&Sdaom odk@r[kwf &SdEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfaom
vufeuftm;vH;k / wdu k yf yJG &d,m,fEiS hf enf;emtm;vH;k wd@k ukd toH;k jyKwwfatmif
rdrdudk,fudkavhusifhrxm;ygu rdkufrJr_rsm;udk jyKrlaeonf odk@r[kwf &mZ0wf
r_rsm;udkyif usL;vGefaeonf[k ,lq=uvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf Ttcsuf
onf ppfa&;xufEdkifiHa&;wGif ydkIta&;ygayonf? EdkifiHa&;bufwGifqdkv#if
aemifvmrnfh xl;jcm;onfh ta=umif;tcsurf sm;atmufY u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf
rnfodk@aom wdkufyGJenf;emrsm;onf toHk;csEdkifI tcGifhaumif;&apEdkifrnf
qdkonfudk }udKwifwGufq&ef tvGefyifcJ,Of;ayonf? wdkufyGJenf;emrsm;
109
tm;vHk;udk u|efawmfwdk@ rykdifEkdifxm;ygu tjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;. tae
txm;onf u|efawmfwkd@ csKyfudkifEdkifr_xufausmfvGefI ajymif;vJr_rsm;vm+yD;
‚a=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd txl;csnehf @J aeonfh v_y&f mS ;r_o¿mefrsm; a&S@wef;od@k
a&mufvmygu u|efawmfwdk@onf jyif;xefaom qHk;±_H;r_rsm;/ wcgw&H tqHk;
tjzwfay;aom qH;k ±_;H r_rsm;ESihf }uHKawG@&vdrrhf nf jzpfayonf? rnfo@kd yif jzpfap
u|efawmfwdk@onf wdkufyGJenf;emrsm;tm;vHk;udk ydkifEdkifxm;ygu &efoludk
tEW&m,f tay;Edik q f ;kH / tjrefqefq;kH aoapavmufaom vufeufrsm;udk u|ef
awmfw@kd xw k of ;kH &ef tajctaeu cGirhf jyKonfw h ikd af tmif atmify&JG &ef aocsm
apayonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf wu,fa&S@wef;a&mufI wu,fawmfveS f
aom vlwef;pm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fpm;jyKxm;aoma=umifh jzpfayonf?
tawG@t}uHK r&Sad o;onfh awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;u wdu k yf . JG Oya'yenf;rsm;
onf awmfveS af &;qef+yD; wdu k yf . JG Oya'wGi;f enf;rsm;onf tacsmifqefonf
[k r=umc% xifjrif,lqcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf txl;ojzifh
Oya'wGif;Yqdkv#if "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm; r=umc%yif
(twdtustm;jzifh qd&k aomf“+idr;f csr;f aom”awmfveS af &; r[kwaf om tcsed f
rsm;wGif) vdrfnmvSnfhzsm; wywf±dkufaoma=umifh jzpfayonf? odk@aomf T
onfrmS rrSeaf y? Oyrm 1914-1918 ckEpS f e,fcs@J ppfuo hJ akd om umvu t
vGwfvyfqHk;aom 'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynf&Sd "e&Sifrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;tm;
apmfum;±dik ;f pdik ;f pGm vdrn f mvSnzhf sm;I trSew f &m;jzpfonfh ppfy. JG vk,ufa&;
vuQ%mrSefudk ajymqdkcGifhrjyKonfh tcgrsKd;Y wdkufyG. J Oya'enf;rsm;udk rusifh
oH;k Edik af om od@k r[kwf usio hf ;kH vdpk w d rf &Sad om (rvkyEf ikd [ f k rajym=uygEiS hf vkyv f kd
pdwf r&S[ d k ajym=uprf;yg) Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf t acsmif0g'D
rsm;ESihf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;. opPazmufrsm; trSeyf ifjzpf=uonf? od@k aomf
wduk yf . JG Oya'yo¿mefrsm;tm; Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf . JG o¿mefwikd ;f ESihf aygi;f pyf
ay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf wu,fyiftnHhzsif;qHk; awmf
vSeaf &;orm;rsm; jzpf=uayawmhonf? awmfveS af &;onf ayguu f v JG m+yD; t&Sed f
t[kef jyif;xefaepOfwGifvnf;aumif;/ awmfvSefa&;. qGaJ qmifoGm;jcif; cH&
onft h wGuaf =umifjh zpfap/ awmfveS af &;cwfpm;aeaoma=umifjh zpfap/ wcg w&H
tacsmifyaG yguw f ;kd a&; &nf&, G cf surf sm;a=umifjh zpfap vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f awmfveS f
110
a&;xJygvm=uonfh tcsdefwGifvnf;aumif; awmfvSefa&;orm;wa,muf
jzpfa&;onf rcJ,Of;vSay? atmify&JG +yD;onfah emufwiG f ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;onf
cufcufccJ J vH;k yrf;wdu k cf u kd +f yD;rSom/ emusiyf ifyef;r_rsm;pGmwd@k ukd cHpm;+yD;rSom
Ttwkta,mif awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;xHrS vGwfajrmufEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
wdkuf±dkuf twdtvif; wu,fhvlxkvuQ%maqmifaom awmfvSefaom
wdkufyGJqifEGJ&ef ta=umif;tcsufrsm; rwnf&Sdao;aom o;aomtcsdefwGif awmfvSef
a&;orm; jzpfa&;onfvnf;aumif;/ awmfveS af omtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf wcgw&H
wu,fwrf; azmufjyefonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xJwGifjzpfap/ awmfvSefaom
tajctaersm; wGijf zpfap/ awmfveS af om v_y&f mS ;r_enf;emrsm;. vdt k yfrt_ m;
csufjcif; vufiif;em;rvnfao;onfh vlxkrsm;twGif;wGifjzpfap awmfvSef
a&;. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;tm; (0g'jzef@ynmay; v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk;jcif;jzifh) um
uG,f EdkifpGrf;&Sda&;onfvnf;aumif; ydkrdkcufcJayonf? jzpfvmyguvnf;
tvGeftzkd;xdkufwef vSayonf? }uD;jrwfaom/ ppfrSefaom tqHk;tjzwfay;
onfh tqHk;owfawmf vSefa&;wdkufyGJqDodk@ vlxkrsm;tm; a&S@aqmifEdkifrnfh
tcdik tf rmvrf;a=umif; od@k r[kwf ta&;tcif;. xl;jcm;onfh tvSnt hf ajymif;
wdk@udk&SmazGa&;/ E_dufE_dufc|wfc|wf ppfaq;a&;ESifh rSefuefwduspGm qHk;jzwfa&;
wd@k onf ,cktcg taemuf Oa&myESihf tar&duefwiG &f adS om uGejf rLepf0g'.t"d
u vkyfief;wm0efrsm; jzpfayonf?
Oyrm *&dw+f Adwed q f =kd uygp@kd ? Tae&mY ppfreS af om ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;
awmfveS af &;onf rnfr#apmpGm awmufavmifvmrnf qdo k nfuv kd nf;aumif;/
vuf&SdtcgwGif tdyfarmusae=uonfh tvGefus,fjyef@aom vlxkrsm;tm;
Ed;k =um;wufºuap+yD; wdu k yf t JG wGi;f od@k yd@k aqmifa&;udk tusK;d jyKrnfrmS rnfonfh
vufwavmta=umif;&if;rsm;enf; qdkonfudkvnf;aumif; u|efawmfwdk@
rajymEdik ?f xd@k jyif rnforl v S nf;}udKwifI ajymEdik v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? xd@k a=umifh
ajcav;acsmif;pvH;k tm; oHcmG aumif;aumif;±du k x
f m;+yD; (uG,v f eG of l yvufcf
aemhzo f nf rmhupf 0f g'ED iS hf awmfveS af &;orm; jzpfcphJ Ofu r=umc%ajymcJh ouJh
odk@) toifhjyifqifxm;a&;onf u|efawmfwdk@.wm0ef jzpfayonf? ygvDref
pepf. tusyftwnf;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJh
atmif ±_yaf xG;um wae@wjcm;em=unf;zG,jf zpfvmI xufjrufvmaom udk
111
vdkeDESifh e,fcsJ@orm;wdk@. yËdyuQrsm;xJrS ay:xGufvmonfh tusyftwnf;
a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ od@k r[kwf tjcm;aomta=umif;rsm; tp&So d nfw@kd a=umifh
vnf;aumif;“wmusKd;ayguf&ef”“a&cJxk+ydKuGJ&ef”jzpfEdkifayonf? u|efawmf
wd@k onf *&dw+f Adwed &f dS ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;. uH=urRmudk tqH;k tjzwfay;rnfh
wdkufyGJtrsKd;tpm;udk aqG;aEG;ae=uonf r[kwfay? (xdktcsufESifhywfoufI
uGefjrLepfwOD;wavur# oHo,r&Sday? u|efawmfwdk@twGufqdkaomf T
jy\emonf ajz&Si;f +yD;om; jzpfayonf? wduspmG ajz&Si;f +yD;om; jzpfavonf)
u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;aeonfrmS vuf&t dS cgY tdyaf rmusaeonfh ypPn;f rJh vlxk
rsm;tm; v_y&f mS ;vmaprnf/h xd@k jyif‚wd@k tm; awmfveS af &;od@k wdu k ±f u
kd f acgi;f
aqmifoGm;rnfh vwfwavmta=umif;&if; jzpfayonf? Oyrm jyifopf"e&Sif
orRwEdkifiHtwGif;wGif EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;ESpfzufpvHk;Y awmfvSefa&; t
a=umif;tcsurf sm;&Srd o _ nf vuf&t dS csed cf gxuf tqw&mru avsmeh nf; ae
onfhtcgwGif azmufjyefaomppfrsKd;EG,fwdk@. aumufuspfonfh vSnfhpm;npf
ywfra_ ygi;f rsm;pGmteufrS wck ('a&;zwfpt f r_24) uJo
h @kd aom“rar#mv f ifo h nf”h
“ao;i,fonfh”vwfwavmta=umif;&if;uyif jynfwGif;ppf jzpfvkeD;txd
jynfolrsm;tm; ac:aqmifEdkifcJhonfudk rarh=uESifh?
*&dwf+Adwdef&Sd uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ygvDrefa&G;aumufyrGJ sm;ESifh +Adwdo#
tpdk;&. tdkif,mvefay:vpD/ udkvdkeDay:vpDESifh wurBmvHk;twdkif;twm&Sd
onfh e,fcs@J 0g'ay:vpDw@kd &dS tajymif;tvJreS o f r#uv kd nf;aumif;/ trsm;jynf
olb0. tjcm;aome,fy,f t0ef;t0dkif;ESifh buftm;vHk;udkvnf;aumif;
tqufrjywf r,drf;r,dkif tav#mhray;bJ toHk;csoifhI Tbuftm;vHk;Y
enf;opfrsm;twdik ;f / qdv k o kd nfrmS uGejf rLepf0g'enf;rsm;twdik ;f 'kwd ,tifwm
ae&Sife,f pdwf"mwfr[kwfonfh wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. pdwf"mwft&
vkyfaqmifoifhayonf? u|efawmfhtzkd@ Tae&mY ygvDref a&G;aumufyGJESifh
ygvrD efwu kd yf t
JG wGi;f od@k yg0ifonfh “±k&mS ;”enf;/ “aAmf&ADS pf”enf;wd@k ukd azmfjy
&eftwGuf tcsdefvnf;r&/ ae&mvnf; r&Sday? odk@aomf ‚rSm jzpfaeus
taemufOa&my ygvrD efwu kd yf rJG sm;ESihf vH;k 0rwlonft h csuu f u
kd m; wdik ;f wyg;&Sd
uGejf rLepfrsm;tm; u|eaf wmf wxpfcsajymEdik cf ahJ yonf? TrSaeI ed*;kH csKyfcsuf
r=umc%qGJxkwf,l=uonfrSmæ“rSefayonf xdkudpPonf ±k&Sm;jynfwGif;
112
Yjzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@ jynfwGif;wGifum; ygvDrefpepfonfum; jcm;em;
ayonf” [lonfh rSm;,Gi;f onfh ed*;kH csKyfcsuw f &yf jzpfonf? wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k &Sd
uGejf rLepfrsm;/ qdv k okd nfrmS wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,ftm; axmufco H rl sm;.
wm0efonf buftoD;oD;wGifvnf;aumif;/ b0.buftm;vHk;wGifvnf;
aumif; qdk&S,fvpf tvkyform;or*~ qif'Du,f0g'wdk@. ygvDref vkyfudkif
enf;a[mif;udk uGefjrLepfvkyfudkifenf;opftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJypf&ef jzpfonf?
±k&Sm;jynfYvnf; a&G;aumufyGJrsm; twGif;wGif tacsmiform;tjyKtrlrsm;/
"e&SiftjrwftpGef;wGufr_ppfppfESifh t&if;&Sifvdrfnmr_ppfppf tajrmuftjrm;
onf tpOf&cdS ahJ yonf? taemufOa&myESihf tar&du&Sd uGejf rLepfrsm;onf jzpf
±dk;jzpfpOf r[kwfonfh tacsmif0g'r[kwfonfh udk,fusKd;&Smjcif; r[kwfonfh/
ygvrD ef0g'topfw&yfukd zefw;D wwfatmif avhvmqnf;yl;&rnf? uGejf rLepf
ygwrD sm;u rdrw d @kd . aºu;a=umforH sm;udk xkwjf yef&rnf? ppfreS o f nfh ypPn;f rJrh sm;
onf pnf;±Hk;r_r&Sdonfh tESdrfcHqif;&Jom;wdk@. ulnDr_jzifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
tm; tvkyform; aetdrfrsm;/ aus;vufypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh vlolta&muft
ayguef nf;onfh aus;&Gmrsm; (ta=umif;nD!w G yf rkH mS ±k&mS ;ESiphf mv#if Oa&myY
vlolta&muf taygufenf;onfh aus;&Gmta&twGufonf tawmfenf;ay
onf? t*Fvef&dS ta&twGurf mS tvGe@f tvGeyf if enf;ayonf) &Sv d ,form;
rsm;. wJuyk rf sm;xJo@kd ta&mufjzef@a0oifah yonf? olw@kd onf omrefvx l rk sm;
0ifxGuf&m pm;aomufqdkifrsm;odk@ oGm;oifhum omrefvlxkrsm;. or*~rsm;/
toif;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;rsm;xJodk@ xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufI
jynfov l xl rk sm;ESihf pum;ajymoifah yonf? od@k aomf ynm&Sq d efqef (od@k r[kwf
ygvDrefxJY ajymqdkouJhodk@) avoHrsKd;jzifh rajymoifhay? olwdk@onf ygvDref
twGi;f “trwfae&mrsm;”&a&;twGuf tenf;i,fr# r}udK;pm;oifb h J ae&m
wumY vlxrk sm;. tawG;tac:udk E_;d qGay;+yD; wdu k yf t
JG wGi;f ok@d olw@kd yg0if
vma&;udkvnf;aumif;/ "e&Sifrsm;tm; olwdk@.pum;udkudkif+yD; ‚wdk@ wnf
axmifxm;onfh ,EW&m;rsm;/ ‚wdk@u owfrSwfxm;onfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;
jynfov l xl k w&yfv;kH tm; wifjyxm;onfh ‚wd@k . arwWm&yfccH surf sm;tm;
toHk;csa&;udk }udK;yrf;oifhayonf? vlxkrsm;tm; aAmf&SDApf0g'ta=umif;udk
&Si;f jy&rnf? ("e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. tkycf sKyfra_ tmufY) a&G;aumufyJG umvrSty
113
omref tcsed w f iG f TuJo h @kd aom tcGiahf umif;rsm;udk r&&SEd ikd af =umif; em;vnf
xm;&ef vdkayonf? ("rRwmyif oydwf}uD;rsm; ay:aygufae onfh umvrSm
t}uHK;r0ifay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ±k&Sm;jynfY oydwf}uD;arSmufonfh
tcgrSmqdkv#if jynfolw&yfvHk;udk v_H@aqmfonfh tvm;w tvm;wl ,EW&m;. vkyf
aqmif r _ o nf yd k r d k I jyif ; xef a yonf ) taemuf O a&myES i f h tar&d u wG i f
Tonfuv kd yk u
f ikd &f ef tvGecf ufcaJ yonf? tar&duwGif tvGe@f tvGef cufcJ
ayonf? odk@aomf ‚udkvkyfudkifEdkifI vkyfvnf;vkyf&rnfjzpfonf? tb,f
a=umifq h akd omf uGejf rLepf0g'. vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;onf }udK;yrf;tm;pdu k rf r_ &Sb
d J
r+yD; ajrmufEikd af oma=umifh jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf wae@wjcm; axGjym;
vmonfh wae@wjcm; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0. XmecGJrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh eD;uyfpGm
qufoG,faeonfh XmecGJ wck+yD;wck e,fy,fwck+yD;wckudk "e&Sifrsm;xHrS
odrf;,,laeonfh vufawG @vkyfief;wm0efrsm; +yD;ajrmufap&ef }udK;yrf;vkyf
aqmif&rnf jzpfonf?
*&dw+f Adwed w f iG f ppfwyfrsm;ESihf “rdr”d Edik if &H dS tzdEydS cf &H aom/ wef;wl
tcGit hf a&; r&Sad om/ trsK;d om;/ (tdik , f mvefEiS hf udv k ekd rD sm;) twGi;f Yvnf;/
enf;vrf;opft& (qd&k , S v f pfenf;vrf; t&r[kwb f J uGejf rLepfenf;vrf;t&/
jyKjyifa&;enf;vrf;t& r[kwb f J awmfveS af &;enf;vrf;t&) 0g'jzef@csad &; v_@H
aqmfa&;ESihf pnf;±H;k a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyu f ikd &f ayrnf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
a,bk,se,fcsJ@0g' acwftwGif;Y txl;ojzifh ppf+yD;aom ,ckvdk tcsdefwGif
ppfu jynfov l x l t k zk@d yifyef;qif;&Jrr_ sm; jzpfapcJ+h yD; tjzpfreS f (oef; q,faygi;f
rsm;pGmaom jynfolvlxkrsm;. aoa=ur_ESifh udk,ft*FgcsKd@wJh=u&r_rsm;rSm
+Adwdo#ESifh *smreD "m;jy 2 OD;teuf rnfol@tm; wdkif;jynf trsm;pk}uD;tm;
vk,El ikd cf iG hf &,laprnfh jy\emudk qH;k jzwfcsuaf y;&efomjzpfonf) udk jrifvm
&ef vsijf refpmG rsupf zd iG ahf y;cJo h nfth csed w
f iG f vlra_ &;b0. e,fy,f toD;oD;
wdk@Y avmifpmrsm;jzifh txl;wvnfjynfhESufaeum twdkuftcH jzpfaponfh/
usyfwnf;r_uyf jzpfaponfh/ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJtm; ydkrdkjyif;xefaponhf
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk txl;wvnf zefwD;ay;aeayonf? ,cktcgwGif
wurBmhvHk;. pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r_uyfESifh EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;wdk@.
*,ufatmufwGif wdkif;jynftm;vHk;twGif;Y ra&rwGufEdkifaom rD;yGm;
114
uav;rsm;onf ae&mtESH@jyef@vGifhvsuf&Sd&m rnfonfhrD;yGm;u vlxk}uD;udk
txl ; v_ H @ aqmf r nf h rD ; awmuf r D ; v#H } uD ; jzpf a tmif awmuf a vmif a prnf h
enf;qdo k nfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd roday? odvnf;rodEikd af y? xd@k a=umifh u|eaf wmf
wdk@onf rkcsyifu|efawmfwdk@. opfvGifaom uGefjrLepfrlrsm;jzifh ta[mif;qHk;
aom/ ykyfodk;tysufpD;qHk;aom/ tenf;i,fr# ar#mfvifhp&mr&Sd[k xif&aom
ae&m toD;oD;od@k omG ;I “v_@H aqmfa&;”rsm; vkyaf qmif=u&rnf? od@k r[kwyf gu
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf rdrw d @kd vyk if ef;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEikd =f uvdrrhf nf r[kwf
ay? tzufzufukd axmufxm;Edik v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? &S&d o
dS r#vufeufrsm;udk
csKyfuikd Ef ikd v
f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; ("e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;onf vl@tzG@J
tpnf;b0. buftoD;oD;udk "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. enf;vrf;t& pDpOfc=hJ uonf?
,ckrl "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. enf;vrf;twdkif; ‚wdk@tm; zsufqD;vdkufayonf)
tm; tEdik w f u kd af &;udk jyifqifEikd v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? TuJo h @kd atmifyrJG sK;d &+yD;
onfah emufYvnf; b0. e,fy,fwikd ;f udk uGejf rLepfo¿meft& jyefvnfjyKjyif
pnf;±Hk;&efvnf; jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
±k&mS ; ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &; atmifjrif+yD;onfah emufwiG v f nf;aumif;/
awmfvSefa&;u "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh evAdef;wHk;rsm; ar#mfvifhrxm;=uonfh
Edik if w
H umhtwdik ;f twmt& atmifyrJG sm;ukd cH+yD;onfah emufwiG v f nf;aumif;
urBmwckv;kH onf ajymif;vJcahJ yonf? xd@k jyif ae&mwdik ;f Yvnf; "e&Siv f w l ef;
pm;rsm;onf ajymif;vJc=hJ uayonf? "e&Sirf sm;onf “aAmf&ADS pf”0g'udk a=umuf
vef@=uum tvGeftrif; a'goxGufcJh=uavonf? TtwGufa=umifhvnf;
wzufwGif ta&;tcif;rsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_rsm;udk wGef;aqmfay;cJhI tjcm;
wzufwGif aAmf&SDApf0g'tm; t=urf;zufzdESdyfypf&ef tm±Hkpdkufae=uayonf?
od@k jzpfaoma=umifh tjcm;e,fy,frsm;pGmY ‚.taetxm;udk csnehf @J apay
awmhonf? a&S@wef;a&muf wdik ;f jynfrsm;tm;vH;k &Sd uGejf rLepfrsm;onf Ttajc
taeESpf&yfpvHk;udk rdrdwdk@. enf;y&d,m,frsm;wGif xnfhoGif; wGufq&rnf?
±k&mS ; u'ufEiS hf u&ifpuDw@kd onf aAmf&ADS pfrsm;tm; t±l;trl; xd;k ESuf
vmonfhtcgrSm txl;ojzifh 1917 ckESpf {+yDvaemufydkif;wGif twdtus
qd&k aomf 1917 ckEpS f ZGeEf iS hf Zlvikd v f rsm;wGif olw@kd onf “oJorJ rJ ”J vkycf =hJ uay
onf? "e&Sifowif;pm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf aAmf&SDApf0g'udk oHpHk[pf ykwf
115
cwfcJh=uayonf? Tonfyif vlxkrsm;u aAmf&SDApf0g'udk tuJjzwf&mwGif
ulnDvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf? owif;pm;rsm;tjyif trsm;jynfolb0wckvHk;
twGi;f Yvnf; "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. “pdwjf yif;jyr_”a=umifh aAmf&ADS pf0g' ta=umif;
ESifh ywfoufonfh aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkr_rsm; tus,ftjyef@ jzpfay:cJhavonf? ,ck
tcgwGif wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd oef;ºu,folaX;}uD;rsm;. EdkifiHwumh twdkif;
twmt& jyKrlaqmuf&Gufcsufonf u|efawmfwdk@u olwdk@udk ESpfESpfumum
aus;Zl;wif&adS pzk@d yif jzpfaeayonf? olw@kd . aAmf&ADS pf0g'tm; xd;k ESuf wdu k cf u
kd f
aer_onfvnf; u&ifpuDESifhtaygif;tygwdk@ azmfjycJhonfh pdwfjyif;jyr_uJhodk@
wxyfwnf;yif jzpfayonf? olwdk@onfvnf; u&ifpuDrsm;uJhodk@yif “oJoJ
rJrJvkyfjcif;jzifh”u|efawmfwdk@tm; ulnDae=uayonf? jyifopf"e&Sif vlwef;
pm;u aAmf&ADS pf0g' qef@usiaf &;jy\emudk a&G;aumufyx JG w
k jf yefcsu.f tcsuf
tcsmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJh+yD; E_dif;,SOfcsuft& tv,ftvwfjzpfonfh odk@r[kwf
awGa0,drf;,dkifonfh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;udk aAmf&SDApfrsm; jzpfae=u+yD[lI pGyfpGJ
ae=uonf? tar&duef "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;onf ajcrudik rf d vufrudik rf jd zpfum
aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaomolrsm;udk aAmf&SDApf[k rouFmr_jzifh zrf;qD;I aAmf&SD
Apf t}uHqo kd nfh vkyZf mwfrsm;udk v$ix hf w
k jf cif;jzifh us;D vef@pmpm;tajctae
jzpfvm&ef zefw;D =uonf? urBmwGi“f 0gt&if”h qH;k aom +Adwo d #"e&Sivf wl ef;pm;
onf ‚Y ^m%fynmxufjrufrE_ iS hf tawG@t}uHKrsm; rnfo@kd yif&adS eaomfvnf;
r,HEk ikd af vmufatmif rdu k rf rJ r_ sm;udk jyKusi=hf uonf? tv#yH ,f axmufyx hH m;
onfh “aAmf&SDApf0g' qef@usifa&;toif;”rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif=uonf?
aAmf&SDApf0g' qef@usifa&; txl;pmayrsm;udk xkwfa0=uonf? aAmf&SDApf0g'udk
wduk cf u kd &f eftwGuf rsm;pGmaom 0dZm… ynmonfrsm;/ v_@H aqmfa&;orm;rsm;ESihf
bke;f }uD;rsm;tm; iSm;xm;=uonf? xdt k a=umif;rsm;a=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd onf
t&if;&Sif*k%foa&&Sd vl}uD;rif;rsm;tm; OD;!¸wf aus;Zl;wif&ayrnf? olwdk@
onf u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf tusK;d aqmifae=uayonf? olw@kd onf u|eaf wmf
wd@k tm; aAmf&ADS pf0g'. tESpo f m&ESihf ta&;ygru _ kd vlxrk sm;updw0f ifpm;vm&ef
ulnaD eayonf? olw@kd twGuf Tod@k rrS vkyv f #iv f nf; rjzpfawmhay? tb,f
a=umifh qdak omf aAmf&ADS pf0g'udk udpw P ;kH pD&ifa&;ESihf “a&iHEk w _ yf w
d ”f vkyaf ea&;
onf atmifjrifr_r&SdcJhawmhaoma=umifh jzpfayonf?
116
 odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif vufawG@tm;jzifh "e&Sifrsm;onf aAmf&SD
Apfw@kd . wzufwnf;udo k mv#if awG@jrifc=hJ uonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS ykeuf efxºur_/
t=urf;zufr/_ txdww f vef@jzpfapr_w@kd uo kd m awG@jrifc=hJ uayonf? xd@k a=umifh
vnf; TbufwGif ckcH&ef/ twdkuftcHjyK&eftwGuf rdrdudk,fudktxl;wvnf
vH;k yef;jyifqifcahJ yonf? wpHw k ckaom tajctaeYvnf;aumif;/ wpHw k ckaom
wdik ;f jynftwGi;f Yvnf;aumif;/ wpHw k ckaom umvwdw k ckYvnf;aumif; T
bufwGif atmifjrifr_ &Sdayvdrfhrnf? TjzpfEdkifr_udk u|efawmfwdk@ wGufqxm;
&rnf? od@k ro S mv#io f w l @kd jzpfajrmufatmifjrifyguvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd tzk@d vH;k 0
xdwfvef@p&m jzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwfay? uGefjrLepf0g'onf trsm;jynfolb0.
buftoD;oD;xJwiG f wu,fyif }uD;xGm;vmaeonf[k ajymEdik af yonf? ‚
ta!‡mifhtwufrsm;udk ae&mwumwGif twdkif;om; awG@jrifEdkifayonf?
“ul;pufwwfonfha&m*g” (Tpum;vHk;rSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Sifykvdyf
wd@k . toH;k rsm;I “tESpo f ufq;kH ” jzpfonfh vl}udKufrsm;aom Oyrm ay;csuf
jzpfonf) onf cE<mud, k w f ckv;kH twGi;f tjyef@tES@H prd 0hf ifc+hJ yD; vH;k 0 tjrpfw, G cf hJ
ayonf? tu,fI vrf;ayguw f cku“kd ydwyf pf”&ef txl;vH;k yrf;ygu “ul;puf
wwfonfah &m*g” onf tjcm;vrf;ayguw f ckukd awG@vrd rhf nf? wcgw&H vH;k 0
rar#mfvifhonfh vrf;aygufwckudkyif awG@&Sdwwfayonf? Tonfudk b0u
azmfjyvdrfhrnf jzpfayonf? "e&Sifrsm; ua,mif*wrf;jzpfI aoG;±l;aoG;wef;
vkyjf cif;/ tvGet f u|vH yk jf cif;rsm; vkyv f ykd guvkyyf gap? aAmf&ADS pfrsm;udk wif}udK
vufpm;acsvI kd (tdE, dN / [efa*&D/ *smreD tp&So d nfh wdik ;f jynfrsm;Y) taxmif
taomif;ruaom rae@ujzpf+yD;om; aAmf&ADS pfrsm;ESihf reufzefjzpfrnfh aAmf&DS
Apfrsm;udk owfjzwfvdku owfjzwfygap/ TuJhodk@jyKrlaejcif;onf ordkif;u
pD&iftjypfay;cJhonfh vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;uJhodk@yif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u jyKusifh
aejcif;jzpfayonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap tem*wfukd rdrw d @kd yikd af =umif; uGejf rLepfrsm;
odxm;oifah yonf? xd@k a=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd onf }uD;jrwfaom awmfveS af &;
wduk yf t JG wGi;f &Sd tjyif;xefq;kH aom jyif;jypdwt f m; "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;u *rl;&SL;
xdk; ua,mifuwrf; jzpfr_wdk@ESifhywfoufI acgif;tat;qHk; twnf+idrfqHk;
wGucf sucf ef@reS ;f jcif;ESihf aygi;f pyfay;&rnf (rkcsvnf; aygi;f pyfay;&rnf)? 1905
ckESpfwGif ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;onf &ufpufpGmzdESdyfjcif;udk cHvdkuf&onf? 1917
117
ckEpS f Zlvikd v f wGif ±k&mS ;aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf ±_;H edrchf &hJ onf? &Sw d 'f rD efEiS hf aemhu;D cf
rsm;u "e&Sirf sm;/ bk&if*% kd ;f Adv
k cf sKyfrsm;ESif yl;aygi;f um tvGeu f siv f nf uvdef
usI vdrn f monfeh nf;jzifh *smrefueG jf rLepf 15˜000 ausmu f kd owfjzwfvu kd f
=uonf? zifvefESifh [efa*&Dwdk@wGifvnf; a&mifjzL+cdrf;ajcmufr_onf tvGef
aomif;use;f aeayonf? od@k aomf udp&P yfwikd ;f ESihf wdik ;f jynfwikd ;f Y uGejf rL epf0g'
onf xkom;awom;&cJhI }uD;xGm;aeayonf? cdkif+rJpGmtjrpfwG,fvsuf
&Sdae+yDjzpfojzifh !‡Of;yef;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;jzifh ‚udkrcsnfheJ@apEdkif? cGeftm;,kwf
av#mh roGm;apEdik cf b hJ J ‚udk tm;tifjynf+h zdK;aponf? u|eaf wmfw@kd tzk@d atmif
yGJqDodk@ ydkrdk,Hk=unfr_&SdpGm ydkrdkcdkif+rJpGm csDwufEdkifap&ef t&mwckom csKd@,Gif;
aeayonf? ‚rSm rdrdwdk@.enf;y&d,m,frsm;onf tpGrf;ukef aysmhaysmif;r_
&Sdzkd@ vdktyfa=umif;udk wdkif;jynfwdkif;&Sd uGefjrLepfrsm;tm;vHk;u us,fjyef@I
ukefpifpGm odem;vnfr_ r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfayonf? txl;ojzifh a&S@wef;a&muf
wdkif;jynfrsm;&Sd t}uD;tus,f jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeaom uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_wGif
TuJhodk@ odem;vnfr_ESifh ‚tm; vufawG@Y toHk;csEdkifpGrf;rsm; ,cktcg
r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfayonf?
xdu k o
hJ @kd aom 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f. acgi;f aqmifrsm;jzpf+yD; qd&k , S f
vpf0g'tay: opPm&Sdaom ynm&Sdrmhufpf0g' orm;rsm;jzpf=uonfh aumuf
puD;/ atmfwakd bm0g;ESihf tjcm;olrsm; awG@}uHKcJ=h uonfh t&mrsm;onf toH;k
0ifaom oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfEikd af yonf? (jzpfvnf;jzpfoifah yonf)? olw@kd onf
aysmhaysmif;aom enf;y&d,m,frsm;vdktyfa=umif; tjynfht0 odjrifcJh=u+yD;
rmhufpf0g'tEkyËdavmr enf;rsm;udk udk,fwdkifavhvmoif,lcJhum tjcm;ol
rsm;udv k nf; oifay;cJo h nf? (TbufwiG f olw@kd . vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;onfyif
qd k & S , f v pf p maytm; wef z k d ; &S d o nf h aumif ; r_ j yKcsuf r sm;tjzpf xm0pOf
wnf&o dS mG ;vdrrhf nfjzpfonf?) od@k aomf olw@kd onf TtEkyËdavmrenf;rsm;udk
toHk;cs&mY TuJo h @kd aom trSm;rsm;udk usL;vGecf =hJ uonf? od@k jzifo h w l @kd onf
vufawG@xJwGif tEkyËdavmrorm; r[kwfolrsm; jzpfaea=umif; azmfjyvm
onf? o¿mefrsm;. vsijf refpmG ajymif;vJaer_EiS hf o¿mefa[mif;rsm;twGi;f Y
twGi;f oabmopfrsm; vsijf refpmG jynfEh u S af er_w@kd ukd vH;k 0yifwu G cf suEf ikd pf rG ;f
r&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk azmfjyvmonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@. uH=urRmonf
118
[if'rD ef/ *ufp'f /D yvufcaf emhzw f @kd EiS hf jcm;em;r_r&Sv
d aS y? olw@kd c|w+f cHKus&onfh
t"duta=umif;&if;rSm tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf qd&k , S vf pf0g' v_y&f mS ;r_w@kd .
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh twdtus o¿mefwck.“zrf;pm;r_”udk
olw@kd cv H u
kd &f jcif; jzpfayonf? ‚o¿mef. wzufowfusru _ kd olw@kd arhc=hJ u
avonf ? ol w d k @ onf yuwd b m0 ta=umif ; tcsuf r sm;a=umif h rk c syif
ay:aygufvmonfh jyif;xefaom ajymif;vJr_udk jrifawG@&ef a=umufae=u+yD;
oHk;onfESpfxuf}uD;onfqdkonfh omrefjzpfaom jrifjrifcsif; rjiif;Edkifaom
trSew f &m;udk tvGwu f surf w S If xyfjyefwvJvJ vkyu f ikd af e=uayonf? od@k
aomf Edik if aH &;onf *%ef;ocFsmxuf tuQ&mocsmF ESihf ydI k wlavonf? xd@k jyif
tajccHocFsmaA'xuf tqifjh rifo h cFsmaA'ESihf ydI k wlayao;onf? wu,fjh zpf
&yfrSefrSm qdk&S,fvpf0g'v_yf&Sm;r_. o¿mefa[mif;tm;vHk;onf twGif;
oabmopfrsm;udk &&Sd+yD;cJhav+yD? xdk@a=umifh *%ef;rsm;. a&S@wGif trSwf
tom;opfjzpfaom“tEkwfvuQ%m”ay:xGufvmayawmhonf? odk@aomf
vnf; u|efawmfwdk@. ^m%f}uD;&Sifrsm;onf“tEkwfoHk;”onf“tEkwfESpf”
xuf}uD;onf[k rdrdESifh tjcm;olrsm;udk acgif;rmpGm qufvuft,HkoGif;cJh
ayonf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf uGefjrLepfrsm;tm; tvm;wljzpfaom tjcm;
wenf;t& usL;vGeaf omtrSm;udk xyfIrusL;vGerf ad p&ef enf;vrf;&Sm&rnf?
od@k r[kwf twdtusqakd omf “vuf0”J uGejf rLepfrsm; usL;vGex f m;onfh tjcm;
wenf;t& usL;vGefxm;onfh tvm;wltrSm;udk apmEdkifor#apmpGm jyKjyif
ypfI jrefjrefEiS hf emusirf e_ nf;Edik o f r# enf;pGmz,f&iS ;f ypf&efjzpfonf? vuf,m
w&m;ao0g'omv#if trSm;r[kwfao;ay? vuf0Jw&m;ao0g'onfvnf;
trSm;jzpfonf? "rRwmyif uGefjrLepf0g'wGif;&Sd vuf0Jw&m;aotrSm;. tEW
&m,fESifh twdkif;twmonf ,cktcgrSmqdkv#if vuf,mw&m;aotrSm;
(qdv k okd nfrmS qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'ESif aumufpuD;0g') xuf tqaxmifaygi;f ru
avsmyh g;ayonf? od@k aomf trSet f m;jzifh Tod@k jzpf&jcif;um; vuf0u J eG jf rLepf
0g'onf tvGefEkysKdao;onfh tEG,fw&yfjzpfaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/
pwifjzpfwnfumpr#omv#if jzpfaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpf&ayonf?
Tta=umif;a=umifyh if wpHw k &m ta=umif;tcsuf atmufwiG f Ta&m*gukd
119
vG,fulpGm ukoEdkifayonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf tpGrf;ukeftm;xkwfIvnf;
a&m*guu kd o
k &rnf? toGio f ¿mefa[mif;rsm;onf tpdwpf w d tf jr¸mjr¸m ayguf
uGJysufpD;cJhavonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf toGifo¿mefa[mif;twGif;&Sd
twGi;f oabm opfjzpfaom ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;tm; qef@usio f nf/h azmufjyef
onfh twGif;oabmonf tvGeftrif; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhayonf? EdkifiHwumh
uGejf rLepf0g' jzpfay: wd;k yGm;r_bufrS =unfah omf u| efawmfw@kd . vuf&v dS yk if ef;Y
TuJhodk@cdkifcHhaom/ awmifhwif;aom/ tiftm;}uD;rm;aom vkyfief;twGif;
oabm (qdAk , D uf tm%mtwGuf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tm%m&Sipf epftwGu)f
yg&Sdaeayonf? TtwGif;oabmonf o¿mefopfrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ o¿mef
a[mif;rSmyJjzpfjzpf azmfjyEdik f I azmfvnf;azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf? o¿mefreS o f r#
o¿mefopfygru o¿mefa[mif;udyk g jyKjyifjcif;/ atmifEikd jf cif;/ odr;f oGi;f jcif;
wd@k ukd jyKvkyEf ikd If jyKvnf; jyKvky&f rnf jzpfonf? od@k aomf ‚onf o¿mef
a[mif;ESifh ajy+idrf;&efr[kwfbJ &Sd&Sdor#o¿mefa[mif; o¿mefopfrSefor#udk
+yD;jynfph akH om/ tqH;k owfjzpfaom/ tqH;k tjzwfay;aom ukepf ifonfh uGejf rL
epf0g' atmifyt GJ wGuf vufeufjzpfvmatmif jyKvkyf&ef jzpfayonf?
uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh a,bk,s
vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w@kd tm; qdAk , D uftm%mESihf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sif
pepfwdk@. tESH@tjym;atmifyGJcHa&;qDodk@ tajzmifhwef;qHk;ESifh twdkqHk;vrf;t
wdkif; !¸ef=um;ay;a&;twGuf tpGrf;ukefvHk;yef;=u&rnf? Tonf rjiif;Edkif
onfh trSefw&m;jzpfayonf? odk@aomf ‚ESifhOD;wnf&mbuf wxyfwnf;
wGi&f o dS nf[k xif&onfh ajcvSr;f wvSr;f r#yI kd vSr;f vdu k ±f jkH zifh trSeo f nf trSm;
jzpfvmayawmhonf? *smrefEiS hf +Adwo d #vuf0J uGejf rLepfrsm;ajymouJyh if u|ef
awmfw@kd onf wvrf;wnf;udo k m wdu k ±f u
kd v f rf;udo k m todtrSwf jyKonf[k
vnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfwdk@onf enf;y&d,m,fqifjcif;/ txdkuftavsmuf
vkyfudkifjcif;/ aphpyfjcif;wdk@udk cGifhrjyK[lIvnf;aumif; ajym&awmhrnf jzpfay
onf? TonfrmS trSm;jzpfawmhonf? TuJo h @kd aom trSm;rsK;d onf uGejf rLepf
0g'tm; tvGejf yif;xefonfh xdcu kd yf supf ;D r_ ay;vdrrhf nfjzpfonf? wpdwf wydik ;f
tm;jzifv h nf; ay;cJ+h yDjzpfI ,ckvnf; qufvufay;aeqJ jzpfayonf? vuf,m
w&m;ao0g'onfum; o¿mefa[mif;rsm;udkom todtrSwfjyKa&;tm;
120
taoqkyfudkifxm;cJhI c|wf+cHKuscJhayonf tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚onf
twGif;oabmopfudk vspfvsL±_aoma=umifhjzpfonf? vuf0Jw&m;ao0g'
onfum; wpHkw&mo¿mefa[mif;udk c|if;csufr&Sd jiif;y,fr_tm; taoqkyf
udik x
f m;um twGi;f oabmopfonf &S&d o dS r#o¿mefrsm; tm;vH;k udk jzwfoef;
I rdrv d rf;udk twif;xGiaf er_tm; rjrifc=hJ uay? uGejf rLepfrsm;. wm0efonf
o¿mefrsm;tm;vHk;udk ydkifEdkifu|rf;usifa&;jzpfa=umif;/ o¿mefwckjzifh jznfh
pGufay;a&;udkvnf;aumif;/ wckudktjcm;wckjzifh tpm;xdk;ay;a&;udkvnf;
aumif; / u|eaf wmfw@kd . vlwef;pm; od@k r[kwf u|eaf wmfw@kd . }udK;yrf;r_jzifah y:
aygufvmonf r[kwfaom Tajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifhtnD enf;y&d,m,f usifh
oHk;&efudkvnf;aumif; tjrefqHk;avhvm oif,l&rnfjzpfa=umif;udkvnf;
rodcJh=uay?
urBmah wmfveS af &;onf urBmeh ,fcs@J 0g'ppfy}JG uD;. a=umuf&@HG xw d v
f ef@
zG,&f mrsm;/ qd;k oGr;f r_rsm;/ rke;f wD;zG,&f mrsm;wd@k EiS v
hf nf;aumif;/ ‚ppfy}JG uD;u
zefwD;cJhonfh ar#mfvifhzG,fuif;rJhaom tajctaersm;rSaeI Todk@aom tif
tm;}uD;rm;onfh wGef;tm;ESifh vsifjrefr_rsm;udk &&SdcJhayonf? TawmfvSef
a&;onf Tod@k }uD;us,af om t&Sed jf zifv h nf;aumif;/ Tod@k o¿mefrsm; ajymif;
vJaeonfh ajymif;vJrt _ rsK;d rsK;d jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ Tod@k w&m;ao0g' tm;vH;k udk
rSwfom;avmufatmif vufawG@acsycJhjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ us,f0ef;pGmESifh
euf±id_ ;f pGm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeayonf? od@k jzpfI Edik if w H umh uGejf rLepf0g' v_y&f mS ;
r_tm; “vuf0J*dk%f;”uGefjrLepf0g'Drsm;. oli,fema&m*gudk jrefjrefESifh vHk;0
aysmufuif;&ef ar#mv f ifch surf sm;twGuf cdik v f o
kH nfh tusK;d ta=umif;rsm; &Sad e
ayonf?

1920 ck / {+yD v 27 &uf a e@

121
 aemuf q uf w G J

wurBmvHk;&Sd e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;tm; vufpm;

acsjcif;a=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfonf tvk,uftzsuq f ;D cH&onf? xd@k jyif
rdrdwdk@. tvkyform;rsm;tm; ay;xm;onfh rdrdwdk@. uwdrsm;tm;vHk;udk r
axmufxm;awmhbJ u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfukd vk,ufzsuq f ;D jcif;ESihf ydwq
f @kd jcif;
rsm; qufvufjyKvkyf aeao;onf? u|eaf wmfw@kd . wdik ;f jynf&dS pmay xkwaf 0a&;
Xmersm;u u|efawmf. pmapmifudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; rjyK&ao;rD tcsdefwGif
Edik if jH cm;rS jznfph u
G pf &m tcsut f vufrsm; a&muf&v
dS mayonf? u|eaf wmf.
pmapmifxw J Gif EdkifiHa&;a0zefa&;orm;wOD;. tavmoHk;q,f a&;xm;aom
rSwpf x k uf enf;enf;us,af om wifjyr_ukd rjyKawmhbJ u|eaf wmfonf tcsuf
tcsKd@ESifh ywfoufI tusOf;r#azmfjyoGm;rnf?

1? *smref u G e f j rLepf r sm;twG i f ; uG J + yJ r _

*smreDjynfwiG f uGejf rLepfrsm;twGi;f uG+J yJra_ y:aygucf ahJ v+yD? “vuf0J

orm;rsm;”od@k r[kw“f rlt&twdu k t f cH”rsm;onf “uGejf rLepfygw”D ESihf uGjJ ym;
jcm;em;aom oD;jcm;“uGefjrLepftvkyform;ygwD”w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf?
uG+J yJro
_ nf tDwvDjynfwiG v f nf; jzpfawmhrnfh t&dyt f a&mif&adS yonf? t&dyf
ta&mif &Sad yonf[k ajym&jcif;onf topfa&mufvmonfh vuf0o J wif;pm
tDvfqdkAD,uf (trSwf 7 ESifh 8) ESpfapmifom u|efawmfhwGif &Sdaoma=umifh
jzpfayonf? ‚wd@k xw J iG f uG+J yJEikd rf E_ iS hf uG+J yJ&efvt
kd yfrw_ @kd ukd twdtvif; aqG;
aEG;xm;avonf? xdk@jyif“rJay;&ef a&Smifaeonfh”*dk%f; (odk@r[kwf oydwf
orm;rsm;/ qdkvdkonfrSm ygvDrefxJyg0ifa&;udk qef@usifolrsm;). uGef*&uf
ta=umif;udyk g azmfxw k af jymqdx k m;avonf? xd*k % kd ;f onf tDwvD qd&k , S f
vpfygwD. wpdwfwydkif;yif jzpfaeao;onf?
122
 “vuf 0 J o rm;rsm;”qd k v d k o nf r S m ygvD r ef q ef @ usif a &;orm;rsm;
(‚txJ&Sd wpdwfwydkif;onf EdkifiHa&;udk qef@usif=uayonf? qdkvdkonfrSm
Edik if aH &;ygwu D v kd nf;aumif;/ tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;twGi;f Y tvkyv f yk u
f ikd af &;
udv k nf;aumif;/ qef@usi=f uayonf) ESihf uG+J yJro l nf “A[d0k g'rD sm;” (od@k r[kwf
aumufpuD;rsm;/ avmif*Gwfrsm; “tif'Dyif;'ifhrsm;”tp&Sdonfwdk@) ESifh uG+J yJchJ
&ouJo h @kd Edik if w
H umh tjcif;t&m jzpfvmrnfukd pd;k &drpf &mta=umif;&Sad yonf?
jzpfvu kd jzpfygap? uG+J yJro _ nf ±_yaf xG;r_xufpmv#if awmfayao;onf? tb,f
a=umifq h akd omf T±_yaf xG;r_rsm;onf ygw. D tawG;tc:t&/ oabm w&m;
a&;t&/ awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwft&/ }uD;xGm;r_ESifh &ifhusufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;
xm;aoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepftwGuf wu,fwrf;
vrf;&Si;f ay;r_ jzpfaomygw. D wufnv D ufnjD zpf+yD; wu,fwrf; pnf;±H;k r_&o dS nfh
vufawG@vkyfief;udk wm;qD;xm;aoma=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpfayonf?
“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”tm; trsKd;om;twdkif;twmESifh EdkifiHwum
twdik ;f twmt& ud, k wf ikd vf ufawG@ prf;oyf=uygap? ‚wd@k tm; oHr%dpnf;
urf;ESifh wif;usyfaom A[dkcsKyfudkifr_&Sdonfh ygwDw&yfr&SdbJESifhvnf;aumif;/
buftoD;oD;/ XmecGt J oD;oD; Edik if aH &;&mESihf ,Ofaus;r_a&;&m vkyif ef; trsK;d rsK;d
udk vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf; r&SdbJESifhvnf;aumif;/ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepftwGuf jyif
qif&ef (xdk@jyif taumiftxnfazmf&ef) }udK;pm;vdku }udK;pm;=uprf;ygap?
r=umcif olw@kd ukd vufawG@ tawG@t}uHKu ynmay;ayvdrrhf nf?
Tr#ru“vuf0o J rm;rsm;”ESihf uG+J yJ&jcif;u qDAk ,
D uftpd;k &ESihf ypPn;f
rJhtm%m&SifpepftwGuf ±dk;om;pGmESifh ajzmifhrSefpGm &yfwnf=uonfh tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;. aemifr=umrD
twGi;f rvGrJ aoG ay:ayguv f m=urnfjzpfonfh wckwnf;aom ygwt D wGi;f od@k
rkcsaygif;pnf;rd=urnfhta&;udk rwm;qD;ap&ef odk@r[kwf twm;tqD;jzpfr_
enf;Edik o f r#enf;ap&ef tpGr;f uke}f udK;pm;=u&rnf? ±k&mS ;aAmf&ADS pfrsm;. txl;
uHaumif;vSyHkrSm ypPnf;rJh tm%m&Sifpepf &,la&;twGuf vlxk. wdkuf±dkuf
wdkufyGJrqifrD &Snf=umpGmuwnf;uyif rif&SDApfrsm; (qdkvdkonfrSm tacsmif
0g'Drsm;ESifh“tv,fA[dk*dk%f;om;rsm;”) udkvnf;aumif;/ “vuf0J*dk%f;om;
rsm;”udkvnf;aumif;/ qef@usifonfh pepfusIukefpifaom wdkufyGJudk 15 ESpf
123
wdkifwdkif qifE$JcJh&jcif; jzpfayonf? Oa&myESifh tar&duwGifum; ,cktcg
rwwfomawmhb“J tjrefcsw D uf”&jcif;jzifh Tvkyif ef;rsK;d udk vkyu f ikd af eayonf?
vlwcsKd@wavonf txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmifr_ae&mudk &,lvdk+yD; r&=u
olrsm;onf (tu,fI olwdk@Y ypPnf;rJhpnf;urf;ESifh ±dk;om;yGifhvif;onfh
oabmxm;rsm; csK@d wahJ eygu) olw@kd . trSm;rsm;udk =um&Snpf mG tao qkyu f ikd f
xm;=uvdrrhf nf jzpfonf? od@k aomf tcsed t f cg&ifrh n
S vhf monfEiS hf w+ydKif euf
tvkyo f rm; vlxrk sm;onf vsijf refpmG ESihf vG,u f pl mG rdrw d @kd u,
kd wf ikd f pnf;vH;k
vm=uvdrrhf nf? xd@k jyif ±d;k om;opPm&Sad om uGejf rLepfreS o f r#ukd pnf;vH;k I qdAk D
,ufpepfEiS hf ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epfw@kd ukd taumiftxnf azmfEidk pf rG ;f &So d nfh
·
wckwnf; aom ygwu D x kd al xmif=uvdrrhf nfjzpfonf?
———————

· tem*wfwiG f “vuf0*J %
kd ;f ” uGejf rLepfrsm; (0g) ygvrD efqef@usiaf &;orm;
rsm;ESifh a,bk,suGefjrLepfrsm; aygif;pyfrd=urnfh jy\emESifhywfoufI atmufyg
tcsufrsm;udk u|efawmf!¸efjyvdkayao;onf? u|efawmf zwfcJh&or#aom *smreD&Sd
“vuf0*J % kd ;f ” uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf a,bk,sueG jf rLepfrsm;. owif;pmrsm;t&qdak omf
“vuf0o J rm;rsm;”. wyef;omr_onfum; olw@kd onf a,bk,s uGejf rLepfrsm;xuf
pmaomf vlxt k wGi;f Y v_@H aqmfynmay;onfh vkyif ef;vkyaf qmifru _ kd ydrk pkd rG ;f aqmifEikd jf cif;
jzpfayonf? u|efawmfonf aAmf&SDApfygwD. ordkif;xJY tvm;wltjzpfrsm;udk
xyfwvJvaJ wG@cahJ yonf? od@k aomfvnf; twdik ;f twmydrk akd o;i,fI a'oE©&tpnf;t±H;k
wckcsi;f Yjzpf+yD; wjynfv;kH twdik ;f twmt& r[kwaf y? Oyrmqdak omf 1907-1908
ckEpS t
f wGi;f wGif “vuf0*J % kd ;f ”aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf wcgw&H tcsK@d aomae&mrsm;wGif vlxu k kd
v_@H aqmf ynmay;&mY u|eaf wmfw@kd xuf ydrk akd tmifjrifrr_ sm; &S=d uayonf? wpdww f ydik ;f
tm;jzifh Tonf awmfveS af &;umvtwGi;f od@k r[kwf awmfveS af &;ESihf ywfoufI ylyl
aEG;aEG; trSw&f ae=uao;onfh umvtwGi;f Y jiif;y,fr“_ oufouf”enf;y&d,m,f
rsm;jzifh vlxx k H csO;f uyf&ef ydrk I
kd vG,uf al oma=umifh jzpfayonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap ‚onf
TuJo h @kd aom enf;y&d,m,frsK;d rSeu f efa=umif;udk jyoonhf taxmuftxm; r[kwaf y?
rnfo@kd yifjzpfap oHo,enf;enf;uav;rS &Spd &mrvdo k nfrmS awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;
(0g) ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;. ppfreS o f nfwh yfO;D / a&S@wef;a&muf wyfz@JG jzpfvo dk nfh xk@d jyifxyfI

124
2? *smreD j ynf & S d uG e f j rLepf r sm;ES i f h tif ' D y if ; 'if h r sm;

TpmapmifxYJ uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh tif'Dyif;'ifh vuf0*J dk%f;wdk@t=um;

aphpyfa&;onf uGejf rLepf0g'twGuf vdt k yfI tusK;d &Sad =umif;udv k nf;aumif;/
od@k aomfTonf vG,v f , G Ef iS hf jzpfajrmufEikd v
f rd rhf nf r[kwaf =umif;udk vnf;
aumif; u|eaf wmfazmfxw k f ajymqdx k m;ayonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif u|eaf wmf&&Sd
aom owif;pmrsm;u Txifjrifcsuf ESpf&yfpvHk;udk cdkifrmapcJhonf? (1920
ckESpf rwfv 26 pygwmuyftzGJ@csKyfrS xkwfa0aom) *smreDuGefjrLepfygwD
A[dak umfrwD. tmabmfjzpfaom tvHeD trSwpf Of 32 wGif uyf (yf) vwf0pf
ppfa&;t&JpGef@xºur_25 ESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ “qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&”ESifh
ywfoufIvnfaumif; xdAk [dak umfrwD. “a=unmcsu”f udk xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy
xm;avonf? Ta=unmmcsuo f nf ‚.tajccH a&S@O;D vdt k yfcsuf tjzpfjzifh
vnf;aumif;/ vufawG@ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm; tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; =unfh±_ygu
vHk;0rSefuefayonf? tajccHa&S@OD; vdktyfcsufqdkonfrSm rsufarSmuftcgY
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf. “yuwdbm0tkwfjrpf”r&Sdjcif;jzpfay
onf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf“+rdK@aetvkyo f rm;trsm;pk”u tif'yD if;'ifrh sm;udk
axmufcaH eaoma=umifh jzpfavonf? ed*;kH csKyfcsuq f okd nfrmS “"e&Sit
f &if;&Sif
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk z,fxkwfxm;aom qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&”tay: “opPm
apmifhaom twdkuftcHrsm;”(‚rSm“t=urf;zuf +zdKcs a&;”twGuf jyifqif
r_rsm; tm; pGe@f vw
$ jf cif;udk qdv k akd yonf) tjzpfae&ef uwdjyKjcif; jzpfayonf?
Tenf;y&d,m,frsm; tajccHtm;jzifh rSefuefaejcif;udk oHo,&Sd
&efrvdkay? wifjy&mY ao;r$m;onfhrwdusr_ESifh ywfoufI avukefcH&efrvdk
----------------
ajymqk&d ygu us,jf yef@aom vlxrk sm;udk acgi;f aqmif &ef ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;omv#irf u
aoG;pkycf v
H yk o
f m;rsm;. ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm; r[kwfaom vlxrk sm;udyk g acgi;f aqmif&ef
wwfajrmufvakd om uGejf rLepfygwo D nf +rdK@aepuf±vkH xl rk sm;ESihf aus;vufvx l rk sm;
ESp&f yfpvH;k twGuf vufcv H ,G q f ;kH aom/ em;vnfv, G q f ;kH aom/ t&Si;f vif;qH;k aom/
toufygq;kH aom enf;vrf;rsm;t&jzifh rnfo@kd 0g'jzef@ pnf;±H;k v_@H aqmf&rnfukd odem;
vnfxm;&rnf jzpfonf?
125
aomfvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd onf qd&k , S of pPazmufrsm;. tpd;k &udk “qd&k , S v f pf”
tpd;k &[k (uGejf rLepfygw. D w&m;0ifxw k jf yefcsurf sm; twGi;f Y) a&;om; razmf
jyoifhay? &Sdwf'Drefrsm;ESifh vl}uD;rif;aumufpuD;rsm;/ u&pPyifrsm;. ygwD 2
&yfpvH;k onf "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pDygwrD sm; jzpfae=uonft h cgwiG f “"e&Sif
t&if;&Siyf gwrD sm;”udk z,fxw k v f u
kd of nf[k rajymoifah y? a=unmcsut f yd'k f
(4) wGifyg&Sdaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk atmufazmfjyygtwdkif; a&;om;&ef
cGifhrjyKEdkifay?
“ æ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_rsm;udk tuef@towfr&Sd cHpm;Edkif+yD; "e&Sif
'Drukd a&pDonf t&if;tES;D . tm%m&Sipf epf jzpfrvmEdik o f nfh TuJo h @kd aom
tajctaersK;d onf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&; tjrift& qdak omf
ypPnf;rJhvlxkrsm;udk uGefjrLepf0g'bufodk@ a&mufvmatmif qufvuf odrf;
oGi;f a&;twGuf tvGe@f tvGef ta&;}uD;ayonf? æ ”
TuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;onf vHk;0r&SdEdkifay? "e&Sifaygufp
acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uaom *smreD&Sd [if'gqifrsm; (&Sdwf'Drefrsm;/ pEdk'ifrsm;/
u&pPyifrsm;)onf "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD t0ef;t0dik ;f rS ausmx f uG rf vm=uay? ausmf
vnf;rausmfvGef Edkif=uay? xdk@jyif TuJhodk@aom 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;onfvnf;
t&if;tES;D . tm%m&Sipf epf rjzpfbrJ aeEdik af y? uGejf rLepfygwD A[dak umfrwD
onf vufawG@tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm; &&S&d efv;kH 0rSeu f efpmG tm;oGe}f udK;yrf;
aeonfqykd gu rlt& rrSeu f efbJ Edik if aH &;t& tE©&m,f}uD;onfh TuJo h @kd aom
t&mrsK;d udk vH;k 0ra&;om;oifah y? (tu,fI ygvrD efpepf. avmuGwf pum;
twdik ;f qdak omf) +rdK@aetvkyo f rm; trsm;pkonf tif'yD if;'ifrh sm;. aemufo@kd
vdkufaeor#umvywfvHk; Ttvkyform;rsm;onf olwdk@“udk,fydkif” tpdk;&
rSwqifh &&SdonfhtawG@t}uHKtm;jzifh olwdk@.aemufqHk;jzpfaom evydef;
wHk;'Drdkua&pD(qdkvdkonfrSm“"e&Sift&if;&Sif”) pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;
a&;tm; u|eaf wmfw@kd uGejf rLepfrsm;u rnfo@kd r#wm;qD;&ef rvdak y[k ajymjcif;
jzifh vHkavmufayonf? TonfrSm wu,fwrf;vdktyfaeaom aphpyfa&;
twGuf vHkavmufaom tajccHjzpfayonf? ‚um;wpHkwckaom umv
twGif; +rdK@aetvkyform;trsm;pk. ,Hk=unfr_udk&&Sdae&aom tpdk;&tm;
t"rR+zdKcs&ef }udK;yrf;csuftm;vHk; pGef@v$wfxm;&rnf [laomtcsufudk
126
xnfhoGif;oifhonf? odk@aomf ygvDrefpepf. w&m;0if avmuGwfvkyfr_rsm;.
uef@owfr_rsm;udk rcH&onfhvlxktm; ynmay;v_H@aqmfonfh ae@pOfvkyfief;
twGif; "rRwmyif atmufygtwdkif; xyfavmif;I ajymEdkifayonf? &Sdwf'Dref
uJoh @kd aom vl,w k rf mrsm;ESihf aumufpuD;/ u&pPyifrsm;uJo h @kd aom evyde;f wH;k
rsm;onf rdrw d @kd u, kd wf ikd f rnfuo hJ @kd t±l;vkycf yhJ ekH @J tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; rnfuhJ
ok@d t±l;vkyaf eyHw k @kd ukd rdrw d @kd . jyKrlvyk u f ikd rf r_ sm;jzifh azmfjyygap/ olw@kd . “oef@
&Si;f aom”tpd;k &ud, k wf ikd o f nf qd&k , S v
f pf0g'/ qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pDEiS hf tjcm;aom
qdk&S,fopPmazmufo¿mefrsm;. “atmf*sD,H” EGm;wif;ukwfudk “aq;a=um
okwfoif”&mwGif “toef@&Sif;qHk;” jzpfatmif vkyfayvdrfhrnf?
*smreD tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD vuf&Sdacgif;aqmifrsm;
(Tacgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm vH;k 0=oZmusqif;cJ+h yD[k rSm;,Gi;f pGm ajymae=uayonf?
trSerf mS olw@kd onf ud, k u hf , kd u f kd uGejf rLepfyzkH rf;xm;+yD; ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epf
udk “axmufcyH grnf”[k uwday;xm;onfh [efa*&D qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;xuf
yif ydIk ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm;twGuf tE©&m,f}uD;ayonf?) .Zmwd±yk o f nf *smref
aumhedavmhzf tjzpftysuftwGif;Y qdkvdkonfrSm uyf (yf)vwf0pf ppfa&;
t&JpGef@xºur_ · Y w}udrfxyfrHI azmfjycJhavonf? 1920 ckESpf rwfv 30
&uf a e@xk w f z&d w f [ d w f ( tif ' D y if ; 'if h r sm;. tmabmf / vG w f v yf a &;
owif;pm)xJ&Sd um;aumufpuD;.“qHk;jzwfcsdef”[k acgif;pD;wyfxm;onfh
aqmif;yg;ESihf ‚owif;pm. 1920 ckEpS f {+yD 14 &ufae@xw k x f w
J iG yf g&adS om
tmomc&pPyif.“Edik if aH &;tajctae”[laom acgi;f pD;wyfxm;onfh aqmif;yg;
wdk 2 apmifonfvnf; xdrdvSayonf? Tvl}uD;rif;wdk@onf awmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;uJo h @kd awG;awmEdik pf rG ;f ESihf qifjcifpOf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f vH;k 0r&S=d uay? olw@kd
onf [efaqmifI idak eaomevyde;f wH;k 'Dru kd &ufrsm;omjzpfonf? qdAk , D uf
------------------

· TtcsuEf iS yhf wfoufI 1920 ckEpS f rwfv 28 ESihf 30 ae@xw

k f =opwD;,m;
uGefjrLepfygwD. taumif;qHk;tmabmf tvHeD (trSwf 266-267 wGifyg&Sdaom
t,fvt f ,fv.f “*smrefawmfveS af &;tqifo
h pf”) wGif rmhupf 0f g'twdik ;f wdw
k &kd iS ;f &Si;f ESihf
wduspmG a&;om; azmfjycJah vonf?
127
tpdk;&ESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfwdk@udk axmufcHolrsm;tjzpf olwdk@ a=unm
ajymqd k a eonf h t cgwG i f ol w d k @ onf ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;twG u f tq&m
axmifru tE©&m,f}uD;ayonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf vufawG@wiG cf ufcIJ
tEW&m,frsm;aom tajctaersm; ay:ayguv f mwdik ;f olw@kd onf rkcsyif opPm
azmufru _ kd usL;vGe=f uonf? æ wcsed w f nf;rSmyif olw@kd onf ypPn;f rJh vlwef;
pm;udk ulnaD eygonf[k “±d;k om;pGm” ,H=k unfae=uao;onf? olw@kd u, kd o
f w
l @kd
uGefjrLepfrsm;[k jyefvnfuif;yGef;wyfxm;onfh [efa*&D qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf
rsm;onf olwdk@.ol&Jabmenf;r_ESifh aus±dk;rJhr_wdk@a=umifh olwdk@u [efa*&D&Sd
qdAk ,
D ufpepf.tajctaeonf ar#mv f ifph &mr&Sad wmh[k pOf;pm;=u+yD; tifweG f
t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh tifwGef yg;uGuftm%mom;wdk@. aemufvdkufacG;rsm;tm;
idk,dkwdkifwef;aepOfrSmvnf; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk“ulnD”vdkae=uao;onf
r[kwfygoavm?

3? tD w vD j ynf & S d wl & yf w D r sm;ES i f h taygif ; ygrsm;

TpmapmifxJY u|efawmfajymcJhonfhtcsufudk txufwGif udk;um;

!¸ejf yxm;onfh tDwvDowif;pm tDvq f Akd ,
D ufrsm;u vH;k 0twnfjyKcJo h nf?
‚rSm tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygwD. rdrdwyfzGJ@xJY TuJhodk@aom ygvDreftzGJ@0if
rsm;ESifh xdkxufru Todk@aom ygvDreftkyfpkrsm;udkyif vufcHcJhonfhtrSm;
jzpfayonf? xdktcsuftm; jyifyrS tuJcwf&olwOD;jzpfaom t*Fvdyf"e&Sif
vpf b &,f o wif ; pm ref c suf p wm*g'D , ef . a&mr+rd K @owif ; axmuf u
xyfrI H twnfjyKcJah o;onf? ‚owif;axmuf. wl&yfwED iS hf awG@qakH qG;aEG;
cef;udk 1920 ckEpS f rwfv 12 &ufae@xw k f owif;pmxJwiG f xnfoh iG ;f azmfjycJh
avonf? Towif;axmufu a&;om;xm;onfrSm -
“ æ awmfveS af &;tEW&m,fonf tDwvDjynfwiG f tajctjrpfr&Sad om
pdk;&drfr_rsm;udk jzpfapavmufonfh tajctaeodk@ ra&mufao;yg[k vl}uD;rif;
wl&yfwu D ,lqavonf? tqH;k pGeo f rm;rsm;u qdAk ,D uf oabmw&m;rsm;
. rD;awmufudk ,yfcwfay;aejcif;onf vlxktm; Edk;=um;xºuaeapa&;ESifh
aoG;qlaeapa&; twGufomv#if jzpfayonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap Toabm
128
w&m;rsm;onf '¾m&DozG,f xifjrif,q l csuf oufoufomjzpf+yD; vufawG@
toH;k cs&ef rjzpfEikd o f nfh r&ifrh n S ahf o;aom vkyif ef;pOfr#om jzpfayonf? ‚wd@k
onf vkyo f m;vlwef;pm;rsm;tm; ar#mv f ifah eonfh tajctaeYom xde;f odr;f
xm;vkdjcif;r#om jzpfayonf? ypPnf;rJhwdk@. rsufaphrsm;jyma0oGm;ap&ef
Toabmw&m;rsm;udk jr‡LvH;k tjzpf toH;k jyKae=uonfh Tolrsm;onfyifv#if
r=umc%pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufr_uav;rsm;&&Sd&ef aumif;rGefvma&;twGuf
ae@pOfEiS hf tr# rjzpfraewdu k yf 0JG ifae=uavonf? od@k jzifv h yk o
f m;vlwef;pm;u
pd w f u l ; ,Of r _ E S i f h ol w d k @ jrwf E d k ; vS a om '¾m&D r sm;tay: ,H k = unf r _ r sm;
pGef@vGwfypf rnfhtcsdefudk aESmifhaES;apvdkufjcif; jzpfawmhonf? xdk@a=umifh
r=umrDujzpfcahJ om pmwdu k Ef iS hf rD;&xm;oydwrf sm;txd tqufrjywf jzpfay:
aeonfh ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh jzpfay:aeaom oydw}f uD;i,f woDwwef;
}uD;onf wdik ;f jynf. jyif;xefcufcv J su&f adS om tajctaersm;udk ydrk I kd yifq;kd 0g;
apcJh ayonf? wdkif;jynfonf at'&D;,m;wpf jy\emESifh qufpyfaeonfh
tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfum EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrsm;a=umifh vnf;
aumif; azmif;yGaom aiGpuULvSnyhf wfrw _ @kd a=umifvh nf;aumif; zdp;D jcif;cHae&ay
onf? odk@yifjzpfjim;vnf; tpDtpOfwus vdkufema&;ESifh om,m0ajyma&;
rsm;udk jyefvnfay;tyfEikd af om wckwnf;aomt&mjzpfonfh tvkypf nf;urf;
csrSwfusifhoHk;a&; vdktyfaea=umif;udk od&Sdem;vnf&ef tvGeftvSrf; uGmae
ayonf? æ””
wl&yfwDudk,fwdkifESifh tDwvDjynf&Sd ol.aemufvdkuf "e&Sifudkum
uG,folrsm;/ taygif;ygrsm;ESifh aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfolrsm;u zHk;zdxm;I tvScs,f
xm;[efwal om tjzpftrSeu f kd Tt*Fvyd o f wif;axmufu trSwrf t hJ m;jzifh
xkwaf zmfajymqdv k u kd o
f nfrmS ae@tvif;a&mifuo hJ @kd yif xif&mS ;vSayonf? T
trSefw&m;onfum; vl}uD;rif;wl&yfwD/ x&DApf/ rdk'pf*DvD,meD/ 'l*dkeDESifh
taygif;ygwdk@. tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf t*Fvdyf
owif;axmuf azmfjycJo h nfrsm;ESihf wu,fyifwxyfwnf; wlnaD ejcif; yifjzpf
onf? Tqdk&S,fvpf0g'udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; opPmazmufjcif;yif jzpfayonf?
t&if;&Sirf sm;ºu,f0apa&;twGuf yifyef;}uD;pGm vkyu f ikd af e=u&onfh tcpm;
aus;u|erf sm; jzpf=uaom tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGi;f tpDtpOfwus vdu k ef ma&;/
129
pnf;urf;&Sda&;ESifh ywfoufI T&yfcHajymqdkcsufudkom =unfh=uygavmh?
Trif&SDApfpum;rsm; tm;vHk;onf u|efawmfwdk@ ±k&Sm;rsm;tzdk@ em;,Ofae+yD
r[kwyf goavm? vlxrk sm;onf qdAk , D uftpd;k &udk axmufcH=uonf [kajym
jcif;onf tvGefyifwefzkd;&Sdaom 0efcHcsufyguvm;? tvdktavsmuf jyef@yGm;
vmaom oydwrf sm;. awmfveS af omtcef;udk em;rvnfjcif;onf rnfr#ru kd f
rJI ,kwfnHhaom "e&Sifvlwef;pm;qefjcif;ygenf;? wu,fyif t*Fvdyf"e&Sif
vpfb&,fowif;pmrS owif;axmuf. apwemonf vl}uD;rif;wl&yfwDESifh
taygif;ygwdk@twGuf a0'emjzpfap+yD; &Jabmfabmf'D*gESifh tDvfqdkAD,uf
owif ; pm;xJ r S o l . rd w f a qG r sm;. awmif ; qd k r _ o nf rS e f u ef a =umif ; ud k
taumif;qH;k twnfjyKvdu k af yonf? olw@kd awmif;qdo k nfrmS tDwvD qd&k , S f
vpfygwDonf wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk axmufcH&ef wu,fwrf; vdkvm;
ygu vl}uD;rif; wl&yfwED iS hf taygi;f ygw@kd ukd rdr.
d wyfwiG ;f rS oHy;kH wD; awmxkwf
ypfI *k%fESifhj'yfudkufnDonfh uGefjrLepfygwD jzpfvmap&rnf[lI jzpfonf?

4? rS e f u ef o nf h a&S @ OD ; ta=umif ; tcsuf x J r S rS m ;,G i f ; onf h ed * H k ; csKyf

csuf r sm;

od@k aomf &Jabmf abmf'*D gEiS hf ol.“vuf0”J rdwaf qGrsm;wd@k onf vl}uD;
rif; wl&yfwED iS hf taygi;f tygw@kd EiS hf ywfoufI olw@kd .rSeu f efonfh a0zefcsuf
xJrS ygvrD efxyJ g0ifvyk u f ikd af &;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tE©&m,f &Sad yonf[k
rSm;,Gi;f aom ed*;kH csKyfcsuuf kd qGx J w
k cf =hJ uavonf? tDwvD “vuf0o J rm;rsm;”
onf TtjrifudkaxmufcH&mY av;eufonfh jiif;qdkcsufESifh ywfoufonfh
t&dyfta&mifyif rwifjyEdkif=uay? olwdk@onf ypPnf;rJh awmfvSefa&;twGuf
jyifqif&mY rjiif;Edik af vmufatmif wefz;dk &Scd o hJ nfh "e&Siyf gvrD eftm; wu,f
wrf; awmfveS af &;qefI wu,fwrf; uGejf rLepfrqefaom toH;k jyKyHEk iS hf ywf
oufonfh Edik if w H umherlemrsm;udk olw@kd rod&mS =uay? (od@k r[kwf arhypf&ef
}udK;pm;ae=uayonf?) olwdk@onf ygvDreftm; toHk;jyKonfh enf;“opf”udk
rod em;rvnfEikd =f ubJ aAmf&ADS pfrqefonfh enf;“a[mif;”udk rd;k rqH;k ajrrqH;k
xyfjyefwvJvJ ajymqdkatmf[pfIom ae=uonf?
130
 TonfrmS olw@kd . tajccHtrSm;yif jzpfawmhonf? uGejf rLepf0g'onf
ygvDrefpepf e,fy,fwGifomruao; v_yf&Sm;r_e,fy,f tm;vHk;wGif 'kwd,
tifwmae&Sife,f. tpOftvmrsm; ('kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. aumif;rGef
csufrsm;udk xdef;odrf;I jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ap&if;)ESifh jywfom;pGm; tqufjzwfr_
udk ud, k pf m;jyKvdrrhf nfjzpfaom rlt& topfjzpfaomt&mrsm;udk rkcsay;tyf
&rnf (=um&Snpf mG rav#mah omZGjJ zifh acgi;f rmrm vH;k yef;f tm;xkwjf cif;r&Syd gu
‚udkay;tyf&ef jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfayy)?
pme,fZif;vkyfief;udk =unfh=uygpdk@? owif;pmrsm;/ pmapmifrsm;ESifh
a=unmpmwrf;rsm;jzifh 0g'jzef@csad &; v_@H aqmfa&;/ pnf;±H;k a&;wd@k twGuf vdt k yf
aom vkyif ef;udv k yk u
f ikd cf ahJ yonf? tenf;ESit hf rsm; ,Ofaus;=uonfh wdik ;f jynf
wdkif;&Sd rnfonfhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rqdk pme,fZif;qdkif&m ,E©&m;udk vufv$wf
rxm;Edkif=uay? “acgif;aqmifrsm;”tm; atmf[pfjypfwifjcif;onfvnf;
aumif;/ vlx}k uD;tm; acgi;f aqmifrsm;. v$r;f rd;k r_rS uif;a0;apa&;udk xde;f odr;f
&ef av;eufpGmt"dÏmef jyKjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ "e&Sifynmwwf ywf0ef;
usifrSvmonfh olrsm;udk Tvkyfief;twGuf toHk;cs&efvdktyfr_udk z,f&Sm;
ypfvrd rhf nf r[kwaf y? od@k r[kwf t&if;&Sipf epfatmufY Tvkyif ef;udk vkyu f idk f
ae&aom "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_pepf ywf0ef;usif tajctaeESifh
todik ;f t0dik ;f xJrS vGwx f u G Ef ikd af pvdrrhf nf r[kwaf y? "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;udk wGe;f
vSe+f yD; ypPn;f rJvh w l ef;pm;u Edik if aH &;tm%mudk &&S+d yD;onfah emuf 2 ESp=f um
onfhwdkif u|efawmfwdk@.ywfvnfY Tywf0ef;usif tajctaersKd; T"e&Sif
'Dru kd a&pD yk*v ~ u d ydik f qufqaH &;. xkvu kd x f nfvu
kd &f adS om (v,form;ESihf
vufr_ynmonfrsm;) ywf0ef;usifrsKd;onf qufvuf&Sdaeayao;onf?
ygvrD efpepfonf jyKrlaqmif&u G cf su. f o¿mefwrsK;d jzpf+yD; pme,fZif;
vkyfief;onf tjcm;aomo¿mefwrsKd; jzpfavonf? tu,fI Tbuf
ESpzf ufpvH;k Y yg0ifvyk u f ikd af eolrsm;onf uGejf rLepfppfppfrsm; jzpf=uygu ypPn;f
rJhvlwef;pm;. vlxkvuQ%maqmifaom ygwD.tzG@J 0ifppfppfrsm; jzpf=uygu
‚vkyfief; 2 ckpvHk;. twGif;oabmonf uGefjrLepfjzpfEdkifonf? jzpfvnf;
jzpfoifhonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf; yxrwzufwGifjzpfap 'kwd,zufwGifjzpfap
xdkr#ru t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGifvnf;aumif;/ t&if;&Sif0g'rS qdfk&S,fvpf0g
131
'odk@ ul;ajymif;onfh umvwGifvnf;aumif; rnfonfhbuf&Sd vkyfief; t
wGif;YYjzpfap rkcsrvGJraoGyif ausmfeif;&rnfh tcuftcJrsm;ESifh xl;jcm;onfh
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf ra&SmifuGif;Edkifay? ‚"e&Sif
vlwef;pm;rS vm=uaomolrsm;udk rdrw d @kd .&nf&, G cf suo f @kd a&muf&&dS ef toH;k cs
a&;/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm; ynmwwftpGJtvef;rsm;ESifh =oZmrsm;udk tEdkifwdkuf
ypfa&;/ "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm; ywf0ef;usi. f ckcrH u_ ckd snehf @J apa&; (tqH;k owf
tm;jzifh vH;k 0jyKjyifajymif;vJypfa&;) [laom ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u ajz&Si;f &rnfh
xl;jcm;onfh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk a&SmifuGif;Ir&Edkifay?
1914-1918 ck E S p f ppf } uD ; rwd k i f r D t vG e f “ vuf 0 J q ef o nf h ” rif ; rJ h
0g'Drsm;/ qif'Du,f0g'Drsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;onf ygvDrefpepfudk jypfwifqaJ &;
jcif;/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. v_dufpm;r_udkcH&aom qdk&S,fvpfygvDref trwfrsm;
udk oa&mfcjhJ cif;/ olw@kd . tqifah e&m vdu k pf m;r_ukd ±_wcf swu kd cf ukd jf cif; ponf
wd@k ukd vkycf ahJ omfvnf; olw@kd u, kd wf ikd rf mS rl pme,fZif;vkyif ef;rS wqi wqif/h tvkyf
orm;or*~vkyfief;rSwqifh tvm;wl "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tqifhae&mvkduf
pm;r_rsKd;udk vkyfudkifae=ur_ tyHktyifudk wdkif;jynftm;vHk;wGif u|efawmfwdk@
awG@jrifc+hJ yD;+yD r[kwyf gavm? tu,fI jyifopfjynfwjynfxu J okd m ajym&rnf
qdku vl}uD;rif;*sLa[mESifh rm[def;wdk@onf pHxm;avmufonfh Oyrmrsm;yif
r[kwfygoavm?
ygvDrefwGif;0ifa&mufr_udk“jiif;y,f”=uonfholrsm;. uav;qefr_
onfum; tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD. =oZm*,ufESifh
wduk yf qJG if&onfh cufco J nfv
h yk if ef;wm0efukd Tod@k “±d;k ±d;k jzpfonf”h “vG,u f l
onfh”awmfvSefonf[k ,lqxm;onfhenf;jzifh“ajz&Sif;”Edkifonf[k awG;
xif=ur_tay:wGif wnf&adS eayonf? vufawG@wiG u f m; olw@kd onf ud, k t hf &dyf
udk udk,fvef@aejcif;r#om jzpfavonf? tcuftcJrsm;udk r=unfhrlI rsufpd
rSw
d xf m;jcif;r#om jzpfavonf? tajymoufoufjzifh tcuftcJrsm;udk a&Smif
&Sm;jcif;om jzpfavonf? t&Suu f if;rJq h ;kH aom tqifah e&m vdu k pf m;a&;0g'
ygvDreftrwfae&mrsm;tm; "e&SifqefqeftoHk;csr_/ ygvDrefvkyfaqmifr_rsm;
tay: txift&Sm; jyKjyifa&;qefaom tjrifvrJG mS ;r_rsm; ,kwn f o hH rd zf si;f onfh
"e&Sifaygufpwdk@. or±dk;ustavhtusifhrsm;onfum; t&if;&Sifpepf a=umifh
132
tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_. tjyifbufwGifomru tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_.
twGif;ydkif;wGifyg ae&mwumY jzpfyGm;apcJhonfh/ rjiif;Edkifavmufonfh
tpOft+rJ jrifawG@ae&onfh tjyef@ESH@qHk;aom xl;jcm;csufrsm; jzpfavonf?
odk@aomf t&if;&SifpepfESifh ‚uzefwD;cJhaom "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ywf0ef;usif
(TuJhodk@ ywf0ef;usifrsKd;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk wGef;vSef+yD;onfh aemuf
wGiyf if csKyf+idr;f r_onf tvGeaf ES;ayonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf v,form;
rsm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk tqufrjywf jyefvnfaygufzGm;apaoma=umifh
jzpfayonf) wd@k u jyKrlvy_ &f mS ;r_EiS hf b0e,fy,ftm;vH;k Y o¿meft& tenf;
i,fom jcm;em;r_&+dS yD; tESpo f m&vH;k 0wlno D nfh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; tqifah e&m
vdu k pf m;r_0g'/ trsK;d om;a&SmAf if0g'/ "e&Siaf ygupf ,kwn f ohH rd zf si;f r_ ponfw@kd ukd
jzpfyGm;apavonf?
cspv f pS mG aomygvrD efukd oydwaf rSmufol qef@usio f l vl}uD;rif;rsm;cif
Asm;/ oifwdk@udk,fudkoifwdk@ “tvGefawmfvSefa&;qefonf” [k ,lqxm;=u
aomfvnf; wu,fhvufawG@Y oifwdk@onf tvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. =oZm*,ufrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJqif&mrSm ay:aygufvmonfh
E_dif;,SOfjcif;t& r}uD;rm;onfh tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh oif w d k @ a=umuf & G H @
cJh=uon
uonf? oifwdk@.atmifyGJ qdkvdkonfrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk+zdKcsI ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;u tm%mudkodrf;ydkufjcif;wdk@onf ydkI}uD;rm;+yD; wdkif;wmI
r&atmif }uD;rm;onfh Todk@aom tvm;wl tcuftcJrsKd;udk zefwD;ay;
vdrrhf nf? oifw@kd onf uav;oli,fuo hJ @kd yif ,ae@&ifqikd af e&onfh tcuftcJ
uav;. ajcmufveS @f r_ udck cH &hJ +yD; eufjzefobufwiG f tvm;wltcuftcJrsK;d
rrS e f ; qEd k i f a vmuf atmif } uD ; rm;onf h twd k i f ; twm&S d a om tvm;wl
tcuftcJrsK;d udk ausmv f m$ ; &efyikd Ef ikd af tmif avhvmoif,=l u&OD;rnf qdo k nfukd
oifwdk@ rod=uao;ay?
qdkAD,uftm%matmufwGif ydkrdkrsm;jym;onfh "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;
onf oifw@kd EiS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd . ypPn;f rJyh gwx D o
J @kd wd;k 0ifvm=uvdrhf OD;rnfjzpf
onf? olwdk@onf qdkAD,ufrsm;xJodk@vnf;aumif;/ w&m;±Hk;rsm;xJodk@ vnf;
aumif;/ tkycf sKyfa&; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;xJo@kd vnf;aumif; wd;k 0ifvm=uvdrrhf nf?
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf u|eaf wmfw@kd onf t&if;&Si0f g'u zefw;D xm;onfh vl[l
133
aom±ky0f wˆK. tultnDryg&b dS u
J eG jf rLepf0g'udk rwnfaqmufEikd af oma=umifh
jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;udk armif;xkwfjcif;/
zsuq f ;D jcif;rjyKEdik af oma=umifh jzpfavonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf olw@kd uw kd ukd ,f l
odrf;oGif;&rnf? jyefvnfyHkoGif;&rnf? jyKjyif&rnf? jyefvnf ynmay;&rnf?
ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk,fwdkifonf rdrdwdk@. "e&Sifaygufp tpGt J vef;rsm;udk ewfwdk@.
wefcdk;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ r,fawmfrm&D. Asm'dwfpum;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ aºu;
a=umfo/H qH;k jzwfcsuf od@k r[kwf trde@f jyefwrf;csrw S f vduk jf cif;jzifh vnf; aumif;
wcsuw f nf;razsmufzsuEf ikd =f uay? us,jf yef@onfh "e&Siaf ygupf =oZm*,uf
rsm;udk qef@usifonfh/ &Snf=umIcufcJonfh us,fjyef@aom wdkufyGJ twGif;Y
omv#if azsmufzsufEdkifayonf? ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf. tajccH tkwfjrpf
ay:wGif &Snf=umonfh wdkufyGJtwGif;Y ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf rdrdudk,frdrd
xyfrHI ynmay;&ouJhodk@yif olwdk@udkvnf; xyfrHarG;jrLynmay;&rnf? ,ck
tcg qdAk , D uftm%matmufY ygvrD efqef@usiaf &;orm;rsm;u vufwcsuf
&rf;vdkuf±Hkr#jzifh z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifonf[k rme}uD;pGm/ b0ifjrifhpGm/ ayghwefpGm/
uav;qefpGm pOf;pm;xm;onf? TuJhodk@aomtvm;w aomtvm;wl vkyfief;wm0ef
rsm;onf qd k A D , uf r sm;twG twG i f ; wG i f v nf ; aumif ; / qd k A D , uf t k y f c sKyf a &;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; qdkAD,uf “Oya'tusKd;aqmif”(±k&Sm;jynfY
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm; a&S@aepepfukd zsuo f rd ;f cJo
h nf? TpepfrsK;d udk
zsuo f rd ;f jcif;onfvnf; tvGerf eS u f efayonf? od@k aomfvnf; ‚onf “qdAk D
,uf”“Oya'tusK;d aqmif”trnfjzifx h yfrH touf0ifvmjyefayonf) twGi;f
wGif vnf;aumif;/ xyfraH y:ayguv f mayonf? qdAk , D uf tif*sief , D mrsm; t
wGif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uf ausmif;q&mrsm; twGif;wGifvnf;aumif;/
qdkAD,ufpuf±Hkrsm;xJ&Sd tcGifhxl;rsm;udk &cHaeonfh/ qdkvdkonfrSm u|rf;usifr_
tjrifhrm;qHk;ESifh taumif;qHk; cHpm;cGifhudk&aeonfh tvkyform;rsm; twGif;
wGifvnf;aumif; "e&Sifvlwef;pm; ygvDrefpepfrSm&SdcJhonfh raumif;r_tm;
vH;k onf tqufrjywfjyefvnf ayguzf mG ;aer_ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@jrifEikd o f nf?
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. pnf;±Hk;r_/ pnf;urf;&Sdr_wdk@jzifh rarmryef;tqufrjywf
a&&Snt f av#mh ray;onfh wdu k yf q JG ifErJG o
S m Tqd;k 0g;onft h EW&m,fukd wjznf;
jznf; tEdkifwdkufEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
134
 "rRwmyif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tkyfpdk;r_atmufYqdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@
onf u|efawmfwdk@ygwDtwGif;&Sd qdkvdkonfrSm tvkyform;rsm;. ygwDwGif;&Sd
"e&Siftusifh"avhrsm;udk ausmfeif;&ef“tvGefcufcJ”ayonf? "e&SiftpGJt
vrf;rsm;a=umifh ar#mv f ifph &mr&Sad tmif ysupf ;D cJ=h uonhf awG@aeus ygvrD efacgi;f
aqmifrsm;tm; ygww D iG ;f rS armif;xkwyf pfa&;onf“tvGecf ufc”J ayonf? u|ef
awmfwkd@ tºuif;rJhvdktyfaom "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rS xGufvm=uonfh olrsm;
tm; (tvGeef nf;onfh ta&twGuyf ifjzpfygap) ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. pnf;urf;
udk emcHapa&;onf “tvGecf ufc”J ayonf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; ygvrD eftwGi;f Y
tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;udk wu,fwrf;ud, k pf m;jyKonfh uGejf rLepftpkukd zG@J pnf;
a&;onf “tvGecf ufc”J ayonf? uGejf rLepftrwfrsm;tm; "e&Siyf gvrD ef. +iD;
aiG@z, G &f m upm;r_rsK;d udk rjyKvkyaf pbJ vlxt k wGi;f tvGet f a&;w}uD; vdt k yf
aom 0g'jzef@csda&;/ v_H@aqmfa&;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifap&efrSm
“tvGecf ufc”J ayonf? Tt&mtm;vHk “cufco J nf” qdo k nfrmS rSeaf yonf?
Tt&monf ±k&Sm;jynfY tcuftcJjzpfcJhI "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rsm;pGm awmifh
wif;ae+yD; "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD tpOftvmrsm; ydrk t kd m;aumif;aeonfh taemuf
Oa&myESifh tar&duwGifqdkaomf rE_dif;,SOfEdkifavmufatmif ydkrdkcufcJayawmh
onf?
odk@aomfjim;vnf;“tcuftcJ”rSefor#tm;vHk;onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;
pm; awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tm%modrf;,l+yD; aemuf
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ ypPn;f rJrh sm;u awmfveS af &; atmify&JG a&;twGuf rvGrJ aoG
ajz&Sif;ypf&rnfjzpfaom tvm;wlwrsKd;wpm;wnf; jzpfonfhvkyfief; wm0ef
rsm;ESifh E_dif;pmvdkufonf&Sdaomf uav;upm;p&mr#om jzpfayawmhonf?
ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom v,form;rsm;ESifh
vkyif ef;ydik &f iS u
f av;rsm;/ &maygi;f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom±H;k tr_xrf; vkyo f m;
rsm;/ t&m&Srd sm;/ "e&Siyf nmwwfrsm;udk rkcsyifjyefvnf ynmay;a&;/ ‚wd@k
tm;vH;k tm; ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmfEiS hf ypPn;f rJah cgi;f aqmifru _ kd emcHapa&;/ ‚wd@k .
"e&Sit f usi"hf avhrsm;ESihf tpOftvmrsm;udk tEdik w f ukd yf pfa&;wd@k onf wu,f
wrf;tm;jzifh tvGe@f tvGe}f uD;rm;onfh vkyif ef;wm0efjzpfonf? Tonfw@kd EiS hf
E_id ;f pmvdu k of nf&adS omf "e&Sit f yk pf ;kd r_atmufY "e&Siyf gvrD eftwGi;f wGif ppfreS f
135
aom ypPnf;rJhygwD. uGefjrLepftpkppfppfudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifa&;qdkonfrSm
uav;rsm;upm;ouJhodk@yif vG,fulvSayonf?
tu,fI u|efawmfwdk@. “vuf0J”&Jabmfrsm;ESifh ygvDrefqef@usif
onfh &Jabmfrsm;onf ,cktcgY Todk@ao;i,fonfh tcuftcJuav;udkyif
ausmv f m$ ;ajz&Si;f &ef ravhvm rwwfajrmufEikd =f uygv#if olw@kd onfaemiftcgY
ypPn;f rJth m%m&Sipf epfukd taumiftxnfazmfEikd pf rG ;f &Sv d rd rhf nfr[kw/f }uD;rm;
onfh twdkif;twmt& "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;ESifh "e&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;
emcHvmap+yD; jyefvnfyo kH iG ;f Edik pf rG ;f &Svd rd rhf nfr[kw?f od@k r[kwf olw@kd . oif,l
r_ukd t&ifpvdk +yD;ajrmufap &vdrrhf nfjzpfonf? xd@k jyifTod@k t&ifpvdjk zpfru _
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ta&;awmfyHkudk t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufepfemapvdrfhrnf
jzpf+yD; olwdk@onf omrefxufydkrsm;aom trSm;rsm;udk usL;vGefrd=uvdrfhrnf?
omrefxufydkrsm;aom csnfheJ@r_udk azmfjyvm=uvdrfhrnfponfjzifh cdkifrmpGm
ajymEdkifayonf?
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf twGef;vSefrcH&ao;or# xdk@aemufwGifvnf;
pD;yGm;a&;uav;ESihf ukepf nfxw k v f yk rf _ uav;wd@k onf vH;k 0 ruG,af ysmufao;
or# umvywfv;kH "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. todik ;f t0dik ;f / yk*v ~ ud ydik q
f ikd o
f l tusihf
"avhrsm;ESihf "e&Siaf ygupf tpOftvmrsm;wd@k onf ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm; v_y&f mS ;
r_. twGi;f tjyif 2 &yfpvH;k &Sd ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;. vkyif ef;udx k cd u
kd f ysupf ;D ap
vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif xdcdkufysufpD;onfh t0ef;t0dkif;onf jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsuf.
bufwzuf (0g) ygvrD efqikd &f m jyKrlaqmif&u G cf suf bufwzufwnf;omv#if
r[kwfao;bJ rvGJraoGyif,Ofaus;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;e,fy,frsm;ygrusef vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;. jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsuf. e,fy,ftm;vHk;txd jzpfayonf? xdk@jyif
jyKrlaqmif&u G cf su.f e,fy,fwcktwGi;f &Sd “rcsr;f ajrhz, G &f m”aom jy\emrsm;
od@k r[kwf tcuftcJrsm;xJrS wckcu k kd a&Smif&mS ;&ef uif;&Si;f pGmae&ef }udK;yrf;
r_onf tvGew f &m}uD;av;onfh trSm;jzpfawmhonf? ‚twGuf aemifqv kd #if
jyefvnfay;qyf&rnfrmS aocsmvSayonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf vkyif ef;ESihf jyKrl
aqmif&Gufcsufwdk@. e,fy,fwdkif;udk c|if;csufr&Sd ydkifEdkifu|rf;usifaeap&efESifh
ae&mwumwGif tcuftcJrsm;tm;vH;k / "e&Sit f avhtusirhf sm; "avhx;kH pHrsm;/
tpOftvmrsm; tm;vH;k wd@k ukd ausmv f m$ ;ajz&Si;f &ef wwfajrmufatmif avhvm
136
&rnf? jy\emudk tjcm;enf;jzifh wifjycsufrSefor#onf ao;odrfI uav;
qefayonf?
1920 - arv 12 &uf?
5?

±k&mS ;bmomjzifh yHEk ydS x

f m;aom Tpmtkyxf YJ Edik if w
H umhawmfveS af &;
ay:vpDEiS yhf wfoufI a[mfvef uGejf rLepfygww D &yfv;kH . jyKrlaqmif&u G cf suu
f kd
u|eaf wmfonf wpHw k &mrrSerf uef azmfjyrdcahJ yonf? xd@k a=umifh u|eaf wmfonf
vuf&SdtcGifhta&; &onfhtwdkif; Tjy\emESifhywfoufI 'wfcsf&Jabmfrsm;
xHrSay;pmudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? xdk@jyif ±k&Sm;pmtkyfxJY u|ef
awmfoHk;E_ef;xm;onfh“'wfcsform"d*dk%f;om;rsm;”qdkonfh toHk;tE_ef;udk
“a[mfvefuGefjrLepfygwD. tcsKd@aomygwD0ifrsm;”[laom toHk;tElef;jzifh
tpm;xdk;oHk;pGJ&ef ,ckwifjyvdkufygonf?

tif - vD e iif

137
 0d k i f u k y f x H r S a y;pm

armfpud/k 1920 ckEpS f Zlvikd v

f 30 &uf
cspfvSpGmaom &JabmfvDeif
uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf. 'wfcsf
udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfaom u|efawmfwdk@onf oif. uGefjrLepf0g'
v_yf &Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;oli,fem” pmtkyftm; Oa&mybmom
&yfrsm;jzifh yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0jcif;rjyKrD }udKwifzwf±c_ iG &hf cJo
h jzifh aus;Zl;txl; wif&dS
ygonf? TpmtkyftwGif; ae&mtajrmuftjrm;Y EdkifiHwumhEdkifiHa&;wGif
a[mfvef uGejf rLepfygw. D tcsK@d aomygw0D ifrsm;. yg0if&mtcef;ESiyhf wfoufI
oifoabm rwla=umif;udk tav;xm; azmfjycJhayonf?
odk@&mwGif u|efawmfwdk@onf xdkolrsm;. jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;t
wGuf ,l&rnfw h m0efukd uGejf rLepfygwt D ay:od@k yHck sru _ q
kd ef@usif uef@uu G &f vdrhf
rnf[kxifygonf? Tonf tvGefyifrwdusay? xyfIqdk&aomf Tonf r
w&m;ay? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf a[mfvefueG jf rLepfygw. D xdyk gw0D ifrsm;onf
ygw.D ae@pOfrsuaf rSmufjyKrl aqmif&u G cf surf sm;xJwiG f tenf;i,fom yg0ifchJ
onf? od@k r[kwf vH;k 0ryg0ifc=hJ uay? xd@k jyifow l @kd onf twdu k t
f cH aºu;a=umf
oHrsm;udk a[mfvef uGefjrLepfygwDxJY wdkuf±dkufjzpfap/ oG,f0dkufIjzpfap t
aumiftxnfazmf&ef }udK;yrf;ae=uonf? Taºu;a=umforH sm;udk ygwED iS yhf gw. D
138
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u tifwdkuftm;wdkuf qef@usifwdkufyGJqifcJh=uonf? ,ae@
xdatmifyif qufvufwdkufyGJ qifae=uonf?

nD&if;tpfuokd zG,f E_wq f ufjcif;jzifh

'D - tdik f 0dik u
f yk f

('wfcsu
f ,
kd pf m;vS,t
f zG@J .ud,
k pf m;)

1920 ckEpS f {+yD/ arv wGiaf &;onf?

1920 ZGefvwGif pmapmiftjzpf
yxrt}udrf xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?

139
 &S i f ; vif ; csuf r sm;

1? vDeifonf uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;oli,fem”

pmtkyu f kd 1920 ckEpS f {+yDvwGiv f nf;aumif;/ aemufqufwu JG kd 1920 ckEpS /f arv 12
&uf ae@wiG v f nf;aumif; a&;om;cJ. h ? Tpmtkyo f nf ±k&mS ;bmomjzifh 1920 ckEpS /f ZGev f
8-10 &ufae@wiG x f uG cf +hJ yD; wcsed w f nf;vdv k ykd if Zlvikd v f wGif *smref/ jyifopf/ t*Fvyd f
bmom yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm; ay:xGucf o hJ nf? vDeifonf 'kw, d t}urd af jrmuf uGejf rLepf tifwm
ae&Sief ,f uGe*f &uftrD xkwaf 0Edik &f eftwGuf yHEk ydS af epOftawmtwGi;f txl;*±kpu kd f
ppfaq;cJo h nf? pmtkyu f kd uGe*f &ufu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; tm;vH;k udk a0iSc. hJ ? 1920 ckEpS f
Zlvikd v f rS Ed0k ifbmvtxd vdu k yf Zpf+rdK@wiG f *smrefbmom/ yg&pf+rdK@wiG f jyifopfbmom/
vef'efwiG f t*Fvyd b f momjzifh jyefvnfxw k af 0cJ. h ?
uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_twGi;f &Sd “vuf0*J % kd ;f ” vufa&;xJwiG f 'kw, d acgi;f pOf
“rmhupf 0f g'aoe*FAsL[mESihf enf;y&d,m,fukd trsm;em;vnfv, G &f ef }uKd ;pm;csu”f [kyg&cdS hJ
onf? ‚udk vDeif&pdS OfumvwGif xkwaf 0aom yHEk ydS jf cif;tm;vH;k wGif csev f yS x
f m;cJ. h ?
vuf&b dS momjyefrmS yHEk ydS +f yD; rl=urf;rsm;udk vDeifu, kd wf ikd f ppfaq;cJo h nfh yxrt}udrf
±k&mS ;bmom yHEk ydS jf cif;rSjzpfygonf? (ESm - 7)
2? vDemta&;tcif; 1912 ckEpS f {+yDvwGif qdu k af A;&D;,m;&Sd vDema&$wiG ;f Y
Zmppfwyfrsm;u tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; aoewfEiS yhf pfowfjcif;udk &nf!e¸ ;f jcif;jzpfonf?
vDemtvkyo f rm;rsm;onf pDrt H yk cf sKyfr._ &ufpuf±ikd ;f jyaom aoG;pkyrf u _ kd qef@usiu f ef@
uGuf oydwaf rSmufc=hJ uonf? ±k&mS ;jynfae&mtES@H &dS tvkyo f rm;rsm;u vDemypfcwfrt _ m;
Edik if aH &;oydwrf sm;/ pDwef;vSnv hf nfqENjyr_rsm;jzifh wk@H jyefcahJ yonf? Tvlxk Edik if aH &;
oydwfrsm; pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyr_rsm;rS awmfvSefaom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
v_y&f mS ;r_. jyif;xefaom xºur_ay:xGuv f maponf? (ESm - 18)
140
 3? avmif*w G 0f g' jyifopfq&kd , S v f pf ygwt D wGi;f wGif tv,fA[d*k % kd ;f wckjzpfI
,ef;avmif*w G u f acgi;f aqmifonf?
yxrurBmppftwGif; avmif*Gwf0g'Drsm;onf qdk&S,fa&$jynfat;0g'bufrS
&yfwnfc=hJ uonf? ±k&mS ;jynfY r[matmufwb kd m qd&k ,S v f pfawmfveS af &; atmifycJG +H y;D
onfh aemufwiG f olw@kd onf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfEiS hf ywfoufIolw@kd . axmuf cHcsuf
udk a=unmcJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; wu,fwiG rf l ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfukd qufvuf
&efrq l yJ ifjzpfonf? olw@kd onf qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'rD sm;ESihf ajy+ird ;f a&;ay:vpDukd qufvufvyk f
aqmifae+yD; vk,ufzsupf ;D onfh Amaq;+idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyfukd axmufcaH yonf? 1920
ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif avmif*w G 0f g'rD sm;onf ajAmifjyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESit hf wl jyifopf
qd&k , S v f pfygwrD S cGx J uG o f mG ;+yD; ac:qdak vh&o dS nfh (ESpf - ESpyf ikd ;f wydik ;f ) tifwmae&Sief ,f
od@k yg0ifcahJ vonf? xdt k zG@J tpnf; +ydKuGyJ supf ;D +yD;onfah emufwiG f 'kw, d tifwmae&Sif
e,fxo J @kd jyefvm=uavonf? (ESm - 19)
4? tif'Dyif;'ifhavbmygwDudk 1893 wGif pwifz@JG pnf;cJI h *srd ;f pfuikd [
f m'D/
&rfaq;ruUa':e,fEiS hf tjcm;olrsm;u acgi;f aqmifco hJ nfh jyKjyifa&;ygww D &yfjzpfonf?
‚u"e&Siyf gwrD sm;ESihf Edik if aH &;t& trScD u kd if;onf[k a=unmajymqdck o hJ nf? wu,f
rSmum; “‚onf qd&k , S vf pf0g'ESihf trScD u kd if;cJ+h yD; vpfb&,f0g'tay: rScD ckd ahJ vonf”
[k vDeifu ajymcJah vonf? (ESm - 19)
5? azbD,Hrsm; 1884 ckEpS w f iG f t*FvefjynfY "e&Siyf nmwwftpkwcku
zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh jyKjyifa&;qefonf/h tacsmifqefonfh azbD,t H oif;. toif;0ifrsm;
jzpf=uonf? ‚u a&mrAdv k cf sKyf azbD,yfpu f ef@awwm (“tcsed q f o
JG ”l ) trnfukd ,lxm;
avonf? xdo k u l m; tqH;k tjzwfppfyrJG sm;ESihf ywfoufI ol. a&$@qikd ;f enf;y&d,m,frsm;ESihf
a&Smif&mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh emrnfausmo f l jzpfavonf? azbD,t H oif;onfum; vDeif ajym
qdo k uJo h @kd yif “tacsmif0g'ESihf vpfb&,f avbmEdik if aH &;rsm;ESihf ywfouf+y;D t+y;D owfq;kH
tacsmudik x f m;onfh azmfjycsu”f udk ud, k pf m;jyKcJah vonf? azbD,rH sm;onf ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;tm; vlwef;pm;wdu k yf rJG S vrf;vGo J mG ;ap&ef }upH nfc+hJ y;D t&if;&Sipf epfrS qd&k , S f
vpfpepfo@kd ao;r$m;aom jyKjyifa&;enf;rsm;jzifh +ird ;f csr;f pGm wpwp ul;ajymif;a&;. jzpfEikd f
r_ukd &yfcaH jymqdck =hJ uonf? 1914-1918 ckEpS f e,fcs@J urBmppftwGi;f Y azbD,rH sm;onf
qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'bufrS &yfwnfc=hJ uonf? azbD,rH sm;ESiyhf wfoufI vuQ%m owf
rS w f a &;twG u f vD e if .“td k i f - tuf u f z f b uf u m;/ a*s-'k d i f , uf * sif ; / tuf z f
tdef*,f/ um;rmhufpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tufzfataqmf*DESifh tjcm;olrsm;xHo dk@
ay;pmrsm;;”±k&mS ;bmomyHEk ydS x f w k af 0r_twGuf pum;cs;D udv k nf;aumif;/ “±k&mS ;awmfveS f
141
a&;twGi;f &Sd qd&k , S 'f rD u kd a&pD. ajr,mvkyif ef;pOf” udv k nf;aumif;/ “t*Fvyd f a&$jynf
at;0g'ESihf oabmw&m;udk t*Fvyd rf sm;rESpo f ufr”_ udv k nf;aumif;/ tjcm; pmapmif
rsm;udv k nf;aumif; =unfyh g? (ESm - 19)
6? *smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD 1917 ckESpf {+yDvwGif
pwifz@JG pnf;cJo h nfh tv,fA[d0k g' wckjzpfonf?
1920 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGi‚ f . a[mvfueG *f &ufY ygwu D cJG +hJ yD; xdEk pS f
'DZifbmvwGif ‚. ygw0D iftawmfrsm;rsm;onf *smreDueG jf rLepfygwED iS hf yl;aygi;f cJ=h u
onf? vuf,m*d% k ;f onf oD;jcm;ygww D &yf zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; 1922 ckEpS t f xd tif'yD if;'ifh
qd&k ,S 'f rD u kd &ufwpf ygw[ D al om trnfa[mif;jzifh wnf&cdS o hJ nf? 1922 ckwiG f “tif'D
yif;'if”h rsm;onf *smrefq&kd , S f 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwx D oJ @kd jyefvnf0ifa&mufc=hJ uonf?
(ESm - 20)
7? “*smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS yHkwlrul;oifhonfht&mrsm;”
qdkonfh vDeif. aqmif;yg;udk=unfh? (vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 4/ ESm 334-338/
t*Fvyd b f momyHEk ydS jf cif;/ e,l;a,muf) (ESm - 25)
8? pyg;wmhpt f zG@J 0ifrsm;onf yxrurBmppftwGi;f 1916 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D wGif
zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh pygwmuyf toif;0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? urBmppfpwifpwGif *smrefvuf0J
qd&k , S 'f rD u kd &ufrsm;onf um;vpfbeuf/ ±kZd mvlZifbuf/ z&ef@ar&if;/ uvm&m Zuf
uif;ESihf tjcm;olw@kd acgi;f aqmifaom “tifwmae&Sief ,f” tpkukd zG@J pnf;cJ=h uavonf?
“pygwmuyftoif;”[k pwifac:qdv k m=uonft h pku vlxrk sm;twGi;f wGif e,fcs@J ppfyu JG kd
qef@usio f nfh awmfveS af om 0g'jzef@csrd r_ sm;udk vkyu f ikd f aqmif&u G cf +hJ y;D *smrefe,fcs@J 0g'.
vk,ufzsupf ;D a&;ay:vpDEiS hf qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &uf acgi;f aqmifrsm;. opPmazmufrw _ @kd ukd azmf
xkwzf iG chf sc=hJ uavonf? od@k aomfvnf; pyg;wmhpt f zG@J 0if *smref vuf0o J rm;rsm;onf
oabmw&m;ESihf enf;y&d,m,fqikd &f m tcsut f jcm jy\emrsm;wGif rif&ADS pfwydik ;f trSm;
rsm;. tuef@towfcaH e&r_rS ±ke;f rxGuEf ikd cf ahJ y? *smrefvuf0rJ sm;. trSm;rsm;ESihf ywf
oufI a0zefcsurf sm;udk ADtikd v f eD if. “*sL;eD;,yfp. f pmapmif” (usr;f aygi;f pH/k pwkwˆ
t}udrf ±k&mS ;bmomxkwf twGJ 22/ ESm 291 -305) “rmhupf 0f g'tm; o±kyzf sujf cif;”ESihf
“e,fcs@J orm;. pD;yGm;a&;0g'” (txuf txufygpmtkyf twGJ 23/ ESm 16 -64)ESihf tjcm;aom
a&;om;csurf sm;xJwiG v f nf;aumif;/ a*sAGD pwmvif.“aAmf&ADS pf0g' ordik ;f qdik &f m jy\em
tcsK@d ”(vD vDeif0g'jy\emrsm; 1947 armfpudk xkw/f ESm 378 - 389) xJwiG v f nf;aumif;
azmfjyxm;avonf? 1917 ckESpfY pyg;wmhpf0g'Drsm;onf rdrdwdk@. pnf;±Hk;a&;t&
trScD u kd if;r_ux kd ed ;f odr;f xm;&if; tv,fA[d0k g'*smref“tif'yD if;'if”h qd&k , S f 'Dru kd &uf
142
ygwo D @kd 0ifc=hJ uonf? 1918 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv *smreDawmfveS af &; +yD;onfah emufwiG f
pyg;wmhpt f zG@J 0ifrsm;onf“tif'yD if;'ihrf sm;”xHrS cGx J u G cf =hJ u+y;D xdEk pS f 'DZifbmvwGif *sm
reDueG jf rLepfygwu D kd wnfaxmifc=hJ uavonf? (ESm - 25)
9? b&uf (odk@r[kwf b&ufvpfawmhzf) +idrf;csrf;a&; a&;onf e,fcs@J *smreDEiS hf
‚.r[mrdwrf sm;jzpf=uaom =opwD;,m;/ [efa*&D/ bla*;&D;,m;/ wl&uDu 1918 wGif
i,f&, G af o;+y;D csnehf @J tm;enf;wke;f yif &Sad o;onfh qdAk , D uforRwEdik if aH wmftay: wifp;D
xm;onfh vk,ufaom +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf jzpfavonf? xdpk mcsKyfukd 1918 rwfv 3
&ufae@wiG f vufrw S af &;xd;k cJo
h nf? pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;rSm qdAk , D uf±&k mS ;twGuf tvGef
xdcu kd af ponf? ydv k efjynf/ abmfvw f pfEikd if H tm;vH;k vdv k Ekd iS hf bdik v f ±kd &k mS ;wydik ;f udk *smreD/
=opwD;,m;/ [efa*&Dw@kd vufo@kd ay;vdu k &f .? ,lu&de;f rSm qdAk , D uf±&k mS ;rS cGx J w k cf &H +y;D
*smreD.trScD w kd ikd ;f jynfjzpfomG ;cJo h nf? *smreDjynf 1918 Ed0k ifbm awmfveS af &;+yD;onfh
aemufwiG f qdAk , D uftpd;k &u ‚udk y,fzsuv f u
kd af vonf? (ESm - 26)
10? avbmygwD0ifrsm;;rSm +Adwo d #avbmygw0D ifrsm;udk qdv k o kd nf? +Adwd
o#avbmygwu D kd tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; tpnf;t±H;k rsm;jzpfonfh tvkyo f rm; or*~
rsm;/ qd&k , S v f pfygwrD sm;ESihf tpkrsm;wd@k uykd ;l aygi;f I 1900 jynfEh pS w f iG f zG@J pnf;cJah vonf?
ygvrD efo@kd tvkyo f rm;rsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; a&G;cs,af &;tmrcHcsu&f adS p&ef &nf&, G f
onf? (od@k a=umifyh if ‚.trnf&if;rSm tvkyo f rm;ud, k pf m;jyK aumfrwDjzpf avonf?)
1903 wGif avbmygwt D rnfukd cH,cl o hJ nf? rdr. d tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf enf;y&d,m,f
rsm;twGi;f wGif tvGet f rif; tacsmifqefI vDeifajymouJo h @kd “ajcqH;k acgi;f qH;k "e&Si”f
jzpf=uonf? (ESm - 29)
11? u&ifpuD }uD;jrwfaom atmufwb kd m qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;. wGe;f
vSejf cif;udk cHvu kd &f aom ±k&mS ;"e&Sif ,m,Dtpd;k &. 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfonf?
aumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifw@kd onf Edik if jH cm;usL;ausmpf u G zf ufa&; tiftm;rsm;.
axmufyrhH j_ zifh qdAk , D uforRwEdik if u H kd qef@usiaf om jynfwiG ;f ppfyu JG kd vkyu f ikd af eonfh
wefjyefawmfveS af &; wyfrawmfrsm;udk OD;pD;trde@f ay;cJ=h uonf? (ESm - 31)
12? u'ufrsm; (zG@J pnf;yH'k rD u kd &ufygw)D onf ±k&mS ;jynf&dS t"du"e&Sif ygwo D nf
vpfb&,frif;rJh "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;. ygwjD zpfonf? 1905 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvxJwiG f
zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh twkta,mif'rD u kd a&pD rsuEf mS zH;k jzifh rdrw d @kd u, kd u f /kd “jynfo@l vGwv f yfa&;”
ygw[ D ak c:qd&k if;jzifh u'ufrsm;onf v,form;xkukd olw@kd bufygatmif }udK;pm;cJh
avonf? olw@kd onf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf &kH adS om bk&ifpepfo¿mefjzifh Zmpepfukd xde;f odr;f &ef
}udK;pm;cJo h nf? wqufwnf;rSmyif u'ufrsm;onf e,fcs@J "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;ygwD jzpfchJ
143
ayonf? atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcH+yD;onfhaemufwGif
u'ufrsm;onf qdAk , D uforRwEdik if u H kd qef@usiI f wefjyefawmfveS af &; vky}f uHrr_ sm;ESihf
ykeu f efxºur_rsm;udk pnf;±H;k cJo h nf? (ESm - 31)
13? w±la'ghADuDonf yxrEdik if aH wmf 'l;rm;v$waf wmf. v,form; tzG@J 0if
wd@k EiS hf 1906 ckEpS f {+yv D wGif zG@J pnf;xm;onfh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pDtpkjzpfonf? x±la'gh
ADut D pkonf 'l;rm; 4 ckpvH;k Y wnf+rcJ o hJ nf? 1914 - 1918 ckEpS f e,fcs@J urBmppf twGi;f Y
x±la'gAh u D oD nf a&SmAf if0g'&yfwnfru _ , kd cl +hJ y;D 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D "e&Si'f rD kd ua&pD
awmfveS af &;Y yg0ifcu hJ m csr;f omv,form;rsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKI wefjyef
awmfveS af &;ESihf aygi;f cJah vonf? (ESm - 43)
14? ygw0D ifO;D a&onf 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&D awmfveS af &;t+yD;rS 1919 ckEpS f
ESpu f ek u
f mvydik ;f twGi;f atmufygtwdik ;f ajymif;vJco hJ nf? 1917 ckEpS f ±k&mS ; qd&k , S f
'Dru kd &ufavbmygwD (aAmf&ADS pf) . ±k&mS ;jynfv;kH qdik &f m 7 }udraf jrmufueG zf &ifh ({+yDv)
usi;f ycsed Yf ygw0D if 80˜000 &So d nf? 1917 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f rS =o*kwfvxd usif;yaom
±k&mS ;qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &uf avbmygwD 6 }udraf jrmuf uGe*f &ufumvY ygw0D if 240˜000 &Sd
onf? 1918 ckEpS f rwfvwGif usi;f yaom ±k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygwD (aAmf&ADS pf) 7 }udraf jrmuf
uGe*f &ufumvY tenf;qH;k ygw0D if 270˜000 &S+d yD; 1919 ckEpS f rwfvwGif usi;f yaom
±k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygwD (aAmf&ADS pf) 8 }urd af jrmuf uGe*f &ufumvY ygw0D if 313˜766 &So d nf?
(ESm - 44)
15? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ@onf 1905 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh
aom tar&duef tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±H;k jzpfonf? ‚. v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif rif;rJq h if'D
u,f t&dyv f uQ%mrsm;jzpf=uaom ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;. Edik if aH &;wduk yf JG vdt k yfru _ kd
todtrSwrf jyKjcif;/ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;ygw. D acgi;f aqmifrt _ cef;/ t&if;&Sif pepf+zKd cs&ef/
vufeufuikd yf ek u f efa&; vdt k yfrE_ iS hf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epftwGuf wdu k yf q
JG ifrw _ @kd tm;
jiif;y,fjcif;wd@k ukd txift&Sm;awG@&onf? urBmph ufrt _ vkyo f rm;rsm; tzG@J onf tar
&dueftvkyform; or*~toif;csKyftwGif; 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&efvnf; jiif;qdkonf?
‚aemufwiG f *d% k ;f *%qefaom rif;rJq h if'u D ,f tpktjzpfo@kd av#musomG ;um tvkyf
orm;rsm;twGi;f wGif =oZmoufa&mufr_ r&Sad wmhay? (ESm - 54)
16? tD w vD q d k & S , f v pf y gw gwD u d k 1892 ck E S p f w G i f tD w vD t vk y f o rm;
ygwt D rnfjzifh zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; 1893 ckEpS w f iG f tDwvDq&kd , S v f pfygw[ D k ajymif;vJrn S ahf c:cJh
onf? ±k&mS ;jynf atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;}uD; +yD;onfah emufwiG f vuf0*J % kd ;f onf
tiftm;awmifw h if;vmonf? xd@k jyif 1921 ckEpS f Zefem0g&v D wGif usi;f yaom vpfAEkd kd
144
uGe*f &ufY vuf0o J rm;rsm;onf ygwrD cS x JG u G o f mG ;=uonf? ‚wd@k bmom uGe*f &uf
wckukd usi;f ycJ=h u+yD; tDwvDueG jf rLepfygwu D kd xlaxmifc=hJ uonf? (ESm - 70)
17? bvefuGD0g'Drsm;;um; jyifopfawmfveS af &;orm; vl0=D o*wfpf bvefuDG
(1805 - 1881 ckEpS )f . aemufvu kd rf sm; jzpf=uonf? rmhupf v f eD if0g' pHwifusr;f rsm;u
bvefuu DG kd xl;c|eaf om awmfveS af &;orm; wa,muftjzpfjzifv h nf;aumif;/ qd&k , S f
vpf0g'udk ouf0if,=kH unfow l a,muftjzpfjzifv h nf;aumif; rSw, f cl &hJ if; wcsed w f nf;wGif
ol.*dk%f;cGJa&;0g'ESifh vkyf}uHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_enf;emrsm;tm; a0zefxm;avonf?
“bvefu0DG g'onf vlwef;pm; wdu k yf u JG ykd pfy,fonfh oabmw&m;jzpfonf? ‚onf
tcpm;u|eb f 0rS vlom;wd@k . vGwaf jrmufa&;udk ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. vlwef;pm; wdu k yf JG
enf;jzifh r[kwb f J ynmwwftenf;pkuav;. vky}f uaH &;enf;rsm;jzifh &,l&ef ar#mrf eS ;f cJh
onf”[k vDeifua&;om;cJo h nf? (uGe*f &ufe*d ;kH csKyf/ vDeifusr;f aygi;f pH/k ±k&mS ;bmom
pwkwEˆ ydS jf cif;/ wGJ 10/ ESm - 360) (ESm - 71)
18?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;onf yxrurBmph pfEiS hf 'kw, d urBmppf ESpcf t k =um;
wGif wnf&cdS ahJ om urBmt h zG@J tpnf; wckjzpfonf? 1919 ckEpS w f iG f urBmppfut kd Edik &f aom
tiftm;rsm;. yJ&pf+ird ;f csr;f a&;uGezf &ihrf S pwifwnfaxmifco hJ nf? Edik if aH ygi;f csKyt f oif;.
oabmwlnrD t _ csurf sm;rSm 1919 ckEpS f Amaq;pmcsKyt f &jzpf+y;D 44 Edik if u H yg0if vufrw S f
a&;xd;k =uonf? ‚yËdnmOft&qdyk gu usL;ausmrf q _ ef@usiaf &;/ vufeufav#mah ygah &;/
+idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf vH+k cHKr_cikd rf ma&;wd@k ukd &nf&, G af omfvnf; vufawG@wiG f usL;ausmrf u _ kd
tumtuG,jf yK&ef/ vufeuf+yKd iq f ikd &f ef/ 'kw, d urBmppf twGuf jyifqif&efom jzpfco hJ nf?
1920ESihf 1934 twGi;f Ttoif;onf qdAk , D uf ,le, D u H kd &efjyKcJo h nf? 1920 ESihf 1921
twGi;f qdAk , D ufukd vufeufpu G zf uf&mY tcsut f csmwck jzpfco hJ nf? (ESm - 75)
19? Zifrm0JuGefz&ifhonf 1915 ckESpf pufwifbm 5 &ufrS 8 &uftxd
qGpZf mvefjynf Zifrm0JwiG u f si;f yaom yxrt}urd f Edik if w H umhq&kd , S vf pf uGezf &ifjh zpf
onf? vDeifu TuGezf &ift h m; ppfqef@usiaf &; Edik if w H umhvy_ &f mS ;r_ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_.
“yxrajcvSr;f ” [kazmfjycJo h nf? uD,ifou J eG zf &ifrh mS 1916 ckEpS f {+yDv 24 rS 30 txd
uD,ifo+J rKd @uav;wGif usi;f yaom 'kw, d t}urd af jrmuf Edik if w H umhq&kd , S vf pf uGezf &ifjh zpf
onf? TuGezf &ifrh sm;onf taemufOa&my qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_ vuf0*J % kd ;f om;
rsm; twGuf rmhupf 0f g'vDeif0g'tajccHay:wGif tawG;tac:t& nD!w G rf u _ kd &&Sad p onf?
‚wd@k onf xdEk ikd if rH sm;wGif uGejf rLepfygwrD sm; xlaxmif&;/ wwd,uGejf rLepf tif wm
ae&Sief ,f xlaxmifa&;twGuf wufºuaomtcef;rS yg0ifc=hJ uonf? (ESm - 79)
20? Amaq;pmcsKyfonf yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif csKyfqakd ompmcsKyfjzpfonf?
145
1919 ckEpS f ZGev f 28 &ufae@wiG f tar&duef/ +Adwo d #/ jyifopf/ tDwvD/ *syefEiS hf r[m
rdwfEdkifiHrsm;uwzuf/ *smreDuwzuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; jzpfonf? ppfEdkifaom
wdik ;f jynfrsm;u urBm}uD;udck aJG 0,lonfh pmcsKyfjzpfonf? urBmah wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd
ESrd ef if;&ef &nf&, G af ompmcsKyfjzpfonf? (ESm - 84)
21? tifweG f (jyifopfpum;t& oabmwlrj_ zpfonf) onf 20 &mpktpydik ;f u
e,fcs@J Eikd if }H uD;rsm; jzpf=uonfh t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ ±k&mS ;wd@k . r[mrdwt f zG@J tjzpf 1890
ckEpS /f ESppf wGif *smreDjynfu wnfaxmifco hJ nfh usL;ausmaf &; 3 Edik if rH [mrdwf (*smreD/
=opwD;,m;/ [efa*&DEiS hf tDwvD) ESihf qef@usib hf uf r[mrdwt f jzpf ay:xGuv f monf?
1904 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd Ef iS hf jyifopf 1907 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd Ef iS hf ±k&mS ;wd@k t=um; oabm
wl=u+y;D aemuf 3 Edik if H oabmwlcsut f jzpf tifweG af y:xGuv f monf? ‚tkypf k 2 ckv;kH
onf urBm}uD;udk topfwzefcaJG 0,la&;twGuf t"dut&if;&SiEf ikd if }H uD;rsm;. }udK;
yrf;csujf zpfonf (txl;ojzifh *smreDonf 1871 ckEpS rf S 1913 ckEpS t f xd t*Fvyd Ef iS hf
tjcm;Oa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ pD;yGm;a&;t& ausmfvGefoGm;cJhonf?) tifwGefzGJ@pnf;
vdu k jf cif;jzifh t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ ±k&mS ;t=um; wnf&adS eaom yËdyuQrsm;udk ravsmyh g;oGm;
aponft h jyif *smreDEiS hf ‚wkid ;f jynfrsm;. yËdyuQrmS ykrd o dk nf;oefvm+yD; urBmppfudk
ayguyf mG ;vmaponf? ppfyt JG wGi;f tifweG x f o J @dk tar&duef/ *syef/ tDwvDEiS hf tjcm;
wkid ;f jynfrsm; pkpak ygi;f 25 jynf yg0ifvmcJo h nf? r[matmufwb dk m qk&d , S v f pf awmfveS f
a&; atmifjrif+yD;aemuf qkAd , D uforRwEkid if o H nf ppfyx JG rJ S Ekwx f u G cf o hJ jzifh tifweG f
Ekid if rH sm;u ±k&mS ;jynfudk ppfa&;t& usL;ausmu f m qkAd , D uftm%m +zdKcs&ef }udKyrf;
cJ=h uonf? tifweG ef ,fcs@J Ekid if rH sm;onf ±k&mS ;wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I
qkdAD,uftm; ppfa&;usL;ausmfr_ jyKvkyfonf? okd@aomftifwGef. usL;ausmfr_onf
t±_;H ESit hf qH;k owfc&hJ onf? (ESm - 84)
22? +Adwo d #q&kd ,S v f pfygwu D kd 1911 ckEpS w f iG f refcsupf wm+rdK@Y zG@J pnf;cJo h nf?
‚onf rmhupf 0f g'pdw"f mwftwdik ;f 0g'jzef@csad &;ESihf v_@H aqmfa&;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifco hJ nf?
‚ygwo D nf“tacsmiform;r[kw/f vpfb&,frsm;rS wu,fwrf; trSt D cdk uif;onf?”
[k vDeifuajymcJo h nf? ‚. ygw0D ifO;D a&enf;r_EiS hf vlxrk sm;ESihf oD;jcm;uif;uGmaer_w@kd u
ygwt D m;wpHw k &maom *d% k ;f *%vuQ%mudk jzpfapcJo h nf?
yxre,fcs@J urBmppf}uD; (1914-1918) twGi;f u ygww D iG ;f wGif *d% k ;f 2 zG@J ay:
vmcJo h nf? [if'ref acgi;f aqmifonfh ajAmifusaom qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'*d% k ;f ESihf tjcm;wck
onf attifch yf ifEiS hf tjcm;olrsm; acgi;f aqmifonfh Edik if w H umh0g'*d% k ;f jzpfonf? 1916
ckEpS f {+yDvwGif ygwu D rJG w
_ &yf jzpfco hJ nf? [if'refEiS hf ol@uakd xmufco H rl sm;onf tenf;
146
pkjzpfomG ;=u+yD; ygwrD ES w _ x f uG cf =hJ uonf? xdt k csed rf pS I Edik if w H mh0g'rD sm;onf +Adwo d #
qd&k , S v f pfygw. D acgi;f aqmifru _ kd &&Scd =hJ uonf? +Aw d od #q&kd , S vf pfygwo D nf 1920 ckEpS w f iG f
zG@J pnf;onfh *&d+Adwed f uGejf rLepfygw. D tpysK;d olrsm; jzpf=uonf? (ESm - 87)
23? qdk&S,fvpfavbmygw vbmygwDudk 1903 ckESpfY qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS
cGx
J u G o f mG ;onfh vuf0q J &kd ,
S f 'Dru kd &ufrsm;u zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? a0vawmifyikd ;f qd&k , S f
vpftoif;/ a0vausmufrD;aoG; tvkyform;trsm;pkjzifh zGJ@xm;onfh tpkuav;
jzpfonf? tvkyform;qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKy csKyfqdkonfh tzGJ@tpnf;uav;rSm“trsKd;
orD;rsm; rJay;cGi&hf a&;toif;csKy”f rS ayguzf mG ;cJI h trsK;d orD;trsm;pkjzifh zG@J pnf;xm; onf?
T “vuf0”J tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf *&dw+f Aw d ed uf eG jf rLepfygwD wnfaxmifonfh
tcgwiG f (yxrqH;k t}udrf zGiv hf pS o f nfh uGe*f &ufukd 1920 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 31 rS=o*kwf 1
&ufae@ xd usi;f ycJo h nf?) ‚ygwx D o J @kd yg0if&efjiif;qdck =hJ uonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚.
vkyif ef;pOfxYJ ygvrD efa&G;aumufyrJG sm;od@k yg0ifa&;ESihf avbmygwo D @kd yl;aygi;f a&;wd@k ukd
wifjyxm;onfh pmyd'k yf gaeaoma=umifjh zpfonf? a0vawmifyikd ;f qd&k , S v f pftoif;ESihf
tvkyo f rm;qd&k , S v f pftzG@J csKyf (‚wd@k emrnfrsm;udk uGejf rLepfavbmygwED iS hf uGejf rLepf
ygw[ D I l toD;oD;ajymif;vJc=hJ uonf?) wd@k onf *&dw+f Adwed u f eG jf rLepfygwED iS hf 1921
ckEpS w f iG f usi;f y=uonfh *&dw+f Adwed u f eG jf rLepfygwD uGe*f &ufY yl;aygi;f vdu k =f uI *&dwf
+Adwed f ,lEu kd w f uf uGejf rLepfygwD trnfu, kd cl =hJ uonf? qd&k , S vf pfavbmygw. D acgi;f
aqmifrsm;url yl;aygi;f &ef jiif;qdck =hJ uonf? (ESm - 84)
24? 'a&;zwfpftr_tcif; qdo k nfrmS jyifopfppfO;D pD;XmecsKyfrS *sL;vlrsK;d t&m
&Sjd zpfol 'a&;zwfpt f m; jyifopf&dS azmufjyefonfh rif;rsK;d rif;EG,f ppfa&;*d% k ;f u 1894
ckEpS w f iG f trlqifppfaq;r_ jzpfavonf? 'a&;zwfpo f nf olv#Krd /_ Edik if aH wmf opPm azmufr_
[laom rw&m;pGq J ckd surf sm;jzifh axmif'%fwouf ay;cH&oljzpfonf?
pD&ifcsut f m; jyefvnfppfaq;a&;twGuf trsm;jynfow l @kd . tES@H tjym;
wdu k yf q JG ifro _ nf orRw*d% k ;f om;rsm;ESihf rif;rsK;d rif;EG,f *d% k ;f om;rsm;wd@k t=um; jyif;xef
aomwdu k yf t JG jzpf xif&mS ;vmI 1906 ckEpS w f iG f 'a&;zwfpt f r_ukd yvyf&onftxd jzpfchJ
avonf? (ESm - 117)
25? uyfvwf0pf ppfa&;t&JpGef@xºur_ 1920 ckEpS f rwfvY uyfvwf0pfEiS hf
tjcm;aom rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;wd@k u vkyu f ikd =f uonfh *smreDjynf wefjyefawmfveS af &;tm%m
vky}f urH j_ zpfavonf? bmviftvkyo f rm;rsm;. tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f jyKral qmif&u G cf suf
a=umifo h m Tt}ut H pnfukd &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f Y acsre_ ;f ypfcahJ vonf? (ESm - 130)

147
 trnf t !¸ e f ; rsm;

aumufpuD; (um;aumufpuD; 1854 - 1938) onf *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD ukd &ufEiS hf

'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f acgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpfonf? tpydik ;f wGif rmhupf 0f g' orm;wOD;
jzpfcahJ vonf? aemifwiG f opPmazmufomG ;onf? tE©&m,ft}uD;qH;k jzpfaom tv,f
A[kd tacsmif0g'jD zpfonf? urBmph ufrt _ vkyo f rm;rsm; tzG@J twGi;f Eikd if w H umh0g' t
a&+cHKxm;aom qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'orm; jzpfonf? e,fcs@J pepfEiS hf ywfoufI azmufjyef
aom oabmw&m;udk zefw;D cJo h jl zpfonf? ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfEiS hf ypPn;f rJh awmfveS f
a&;udk twdtvif; qef@usicf o hJ nf? atmufwb kd m qd&k , S v
f pfawmfveS af &;udk twd
tvif;qef@usif wdu k cf ukd cf o hJ jl zpfonf?
*gvmcsm (0Dv, D *H gvmcsm 1881 - ) onf t*Fveftvkyo f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_
twGi;f rS xif&mS ;aom acgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpf+yD; +Adwed jf ynf uGejf rLepfygw. D acgi;f
aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? yxrurBmppftwGi;f ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;.“tvky±f pkH wD;0yf” vlxk
v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f acgi;f aqmifco hJ nf? tvky±f pkH wD;0yfaumfrwD. ud, k pf vS,t f jzpf wwd,
tifwmae&Sief ,f/ 'kw, d t}urd f uGe*f &ufukd wufco hJ nf? vuf0*J % kd ;f *% trSm; rsm;udk
pGu
J ikd +f yD; "e&Siyf gvrD efwiG f uGejf rLepfrsm;yg0ifrE_ iS hf avbmygwo D @kd yg0ifjcif;udk qef@usicf hJ
onf? ‚tm;a0zefrr_ sm;jyKojzifh trSm;rsm;udk ausmef if;Edik cf o hJ nf? 1921 ckEpS w f iG f
*gvmcsmonf t*FvefueG jf rLepfygwo D @kd 0ifco
hJ nf? A[dak umfrwD0ifEiS hf Edik if aH &; OD;aqmif
tzG@J 0iftjzpf t}udrrf sm;pGmta&G;cHc&hJ onf? 1935 ckEpS rf S 50 ckEpS rf sm;txd t*Fvef
ygvrD eftzG@J 0if jzpfco hJ nf? 1943 ckEpS rf S 56 ckEpS t f xd +Adwed u f eG jf rLepfygwD tr_aqmif
obmywd jzpfco hJ nf? ‚onf zufqpf0g'ESihf ppfqef@usiaf &;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf qd&k , S v f pfa&;
wduk yf rJG sm;wGif wufºupGmyg0ifco hJ nf?
148
 wl&yfwD (zdvpfyw kd &l yfwD 1857 - 1932) onf tDwvDtvkyo f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_
wGif tDwvDq&kd , S v f pfygwu D kd pnf;±H;k olwOD; jzpfonf? ‚ygw. D vuf,mjyKjyifa&;*d% k ;f
acgi;f aqmifjzpfonf? urBmph ufrt _ vkyo f rm;rsm; tzG@J wiG f tv,fA[d*k % kd ;f om;jzpfI
atmufwb kd mqd&k , S v f pf awmfveS af &;udk &efjyKcJo h nf? 1922 ckEpS w f iG f tDwvD qd&k , S f
vpfygwu D +JG y;D aemuf jyKjyifa&;ygwjD zpfonfh “qd&k , S vf pfn! D w G af &;ygw”D udk acgi;f aqmif
cJo
h nf?
yef[yfpf (qDvAf ;D ,m; tufpw,fvm yef[yfpf 1882 - 1960) onf t*Fvyd f
tvkyo f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f yg0ifonf? urBmph ufrt _ vkyo f rm;rsm;tzG@J wiG f a&$jynfat;
0g'udk &yfwnfco hJ nf? olronf atmufwb kd m qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;+yD;aemuf qdAk D
,uf±k&Sm;udk e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;u usL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf=ujcif;udk &yfqdkif;&ef ajyma[m
v_H@aqmfcho J nf? tvkyform; qdk&S,fvpftzG@J csKyfwGifyg0ifum ‚tzG@J csKyf. vuf0J
tvGet f u|H acgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpfco hJ nf? “tvkyo f rm;'&ufaemh”owif;pm t,f
'wD mjzpfonf? wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f 'kw, d uGe*f &ufo@kd wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1921
ckEpS w
f iG f +Adwed u f eG jf rLepfygwo D @kd 0ifcohJ nf? 1921 ckEpS w f iG f ygwrD S ygwpD nf;urf; rvdu k f
emonfh twGuf xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&onf?
abmf'D*g (tmrm'D,dkabmf'D*g 1889 - ) onf tDwvDEdkifiHa&;orm;
wOD;jzpf+yD; 1910 ckEpS w f iG f tDwvDq&kd , S v f pf ygw0D ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1912 ckEpS rf pS I
rif;rJ0h g'ED iS hf eD;pyfonf? 1919 wGif "e&Siyf gvrD efrsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf&ef vkyif ef;pOfukd
wifjy+y;D ac:qdak vh&adS om uGejf rLepfoydwo f rm;tkypf u k kd acgi;f aqmifonf? ‚onf 'kwd
, tifwmae&Sief ,f ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfonf? 1921 ckEpS w f iG f tDwvDueG jf rLepfygwu D kd
wnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf? 1926 ckEpS t f xd acgi;f aqmifrt _ zG@J wiG f yg0ifco hJ nf?
abmf'*D gonf wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f. zufqpfqef@usiaf &; wyfaygi;f pk enf;y&d,m,f
udk qef@usi+f yD; vuf0*J % kd ;f cGaJ &; vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? qufvufI xa&mfpuD t,ltq
rsm;udk jzef@jzL;+yD; tDwvDueG jf rLepfygwv D rf;pOfukd *d% k ;f *%t& wdu k cf ukd rf jl yKcJo
h nf?
xd@k a=umifh 1930 wGif ygwrD x S w k yf pfc&H onf? 1944 ckEpS w f iG f ac:qdak vh&adS om “uGejf rL
epfEikd if H wumh 0g'rD sm;ygw”D udx k al xmifco hJ nf?
abm0g; (atmfwdkabm0g; 1882 - 1938) onf =opwD;,m; qdk&S,f'Drdk
u&ufEiS hf 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? =opwD;,m; rmhupf 0f g'
oabmw&m;q&mjzpfonf? "e&Sijf yKjyifa&;orm; wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_ trsK;d
om; ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;/ "e&Sit f rsK;d om;a&;0g'udk wDxiG o f wl OD;jzpfonf? atmufwkd
bmqd&k , S v f pf awmfveS af &;udk vufrcHcahJ y? 1918 - 1919 ckEpS w f iG f =opwD;,m; "e&Sif
149
orRwEdik if . H Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfonf? uGejf rLepf0g' qef@usiaf &;orm; zufqpf0g'
axmufco H jl zpfonf?
&Swd 'f rD eef (zdvpf&w dS 'f rD ef 1865 - 1939) onf *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u kd &ufygw. D
tacsmif0g'*D % kd ;f vuf,mtvGet f u|H acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? 1918 ckEpS f *smreDjynf
Edik 0f ifbmawmfveS af &;wGif trsK;d om;tr_aqmif aumfrwDwiG f yg0ifco hJ nf? ‚aumf
rwDonf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; wefjyefawmfveS af &; tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKonf? 1919
ckEpS f azazmf0g&rD S ZGev f txd bpfprf wforRwEdik if . H !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &udk acgi;f aqmifonf?
‚onf 1918 ckEpS rf S 1921 ckEpS t f xd *smreftvkyo f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd aoG;acsmif;pD;
ESrd ef if;&mY pnf;±H;k olwOD;jzpfonf? ‚aemuf Edik if aH &;orm; b0udk pGe@f vw $ cf o hJ nf?
vpfbeu euf (um;vpfbeuf 1871-1919) onf xif&Sm;aom*smrefESifh
EdkifiHwumh tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; *smrefqdk&S,f 'Drdku&ufygwD.
vuf0*J % kd ;f acgi;f aqmifjzpfonf? 1912 ckEpS w f iG f &de;f pwwf vGwaf wmftrwf ta&G;cH&
onf? yxrurBmppfwiG f awmfveS af om Edik if w H umh&yfwnfru _ kd &yfwnfco hJ nf? Edik if H
wumh0g' “pygwmuyftzG@J ”udk pnf;±H;k oljzpfco hJ nf? 1916 ckEpS w f iG f e,fcs@J ppfqef@usiaf &;
0g'jzef@ra_ =umifh tjypf'%fay;jcif;cH&onf? 1918 ckEpS f *smreDjynf Ed0k ifbm awmfveS af &;
wGif ±dZk mvlZifbwfEiS t hf wl *smref tvkyo f rm;wyfO;D udk acgi;f aqmifco hJ nf? “tvHe”D
owif;pmudk xkwaf 0cJ+h yD; *smreDueG jf rLepfygwu D kd pwifwnfaxmifow l OD; jzpfco hJ nf?
1919 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D wGif bmviftvkyo f rm;ykeu f efru _ kd acgi;f aqmifco hJ nf? ykeu f efr_
ta&;edr+hf yD; wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;. vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif; cHc&hJ onf?
vefpb f m& m&D (a*smv h efpb f m&D 1859-1940) onf t*FvefavbmygwD acgi;f
aqmifjzpfonf? 1892 ckEpS w f iG f qd&k ,S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpf zD'a&;&Si;f xJo@kd 0if+y;D 1906 ckEpS w f iG f
avbmygwDodk@0ifcJhonf (1910 rS 1912) ESifh (1922 rS 1940) ckESpfrsm; txd
ygvrD eftzG@J 0ifjzpfonf? 1912 ckEpS rf S 1922 ckEpS x f “d a'vD[m&,f”owif;pmudk xkwaf 0+y;D
‚rS t,f'w D mjzpfonf? 1929 rS 1931 xd vlrv _ yk if ef;0ef}uD;jzpf+yD; 1931 rS 1935 xd
avbmygwOD uUÏ jzpfonf?
0dkifukyf (a';Apf0ikd u f yk f 1877-1941) onf a[mfvefq&kd , S 'f rD u kd &uf ygwD
0ifjzpf+y;D ‚aemuf a[mfvefueG jf rLepfygw0D ifjzpfonf? 1907 ckEpS w f iG f a[mfvefq&kd , S f
'Dru kd &ufwpf tvkyo f rm;ygw. D vuf0aJ ºu;a=umfojH zpfaom“'Dx&DA|e;f ” owif;pm
wnfaxmifoEl iS hf ‚.t,f'w D mcsKyf jzpfonf? 1909 ckEpS w f iG f a[mfvef qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &uf
ygwu D wkd nfaxmifojl zpf+y;D OuUÏjzpfco hJ nf? ‚ygwu D kd 1918 ckEpS w f iG f a[mfvef uGejf rLepf
ygwt D jzpf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;onf? yxre,fcs@J urBmppfyw JG iG f Edik if w
H umh 0g'jD zpfonf? Zifrm0J
150
vuf0*J % kd ;f . oabmw&m;a&; *sme,f “aAmabmh”*sme,fwiG f yg0ifaqmif&u G cf ohJ nf?
a[mfvefueG jf rLepfygw. D acgi;f aqmifwOD;tjzpf vuf0J tvGet f u|H *d% k ;f *% &yfwnf
csuu f kd &yfwnfco hJ nf? 1918 rS 1925 txdEiS hf 1929 rSpI a[mfvefygvrD ef tzG@J 0ifjzpf
onf? wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f 'kw, d uGe*f &ufwiG f tr_ aqmif aumfrwD0iftjzpf
ta&G;cH&onf? 1925 ckEpS w f iG f wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f. udv k ekd ED iS hf tvkyo f rm; jy\
emrsm;tjyif tjcm;jy\emrsm;udyk g qef@usib f ufjyKojzifh 1926 ckEpS w f iG f uGejf rLepf
ygwrD S xkwyf ,fypfco hJ nf? 1930 ckEpS w f iG f rdrt d rSm;rsm;udk odjrif vmojzifh ygww D iG ;f wGif
jyefvufccH o hJ nf? 1935 ckEpS w f iG f uGejf rLepfygwD A[dak umfrwD0if tjzpf ta&G;cH&onf?
[if'gqif (tyfwdk;[if'gqif 1863-1935) onf t*Fvdyftvkyform;
or*~vy_ &f mS ;r_EiS hf avbmygwaD cgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? 1908 - 1910 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1914
- 1917 ckEpS f rsm;txd avbmygw. D ygvrD eftpk. OuUÏjzpfonf? yxrurBmppfwiG f
qd&k ,
S af &SmAf if0g'D wOD;jzpfonf? ±k&mS ;jynf azazmf0g&"D e&Sif 'Dru kd a&pD awmfveS af &;t+y;D
wGif ±k&mS ;jynfo@kd vm+yD; urBmppfqufwu kd af &;udk v_@H aqmfwu kd w f eG ;f cJoh nf? 1919 wGif
bef; 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,fukd pnf;±H;k olwOD;jzpfonf? 1923 ckEpS rf pS I ac:qdak vh&adS om
“qd&k , S v f pf tvkyo f rm;tifwmae&Sief ,f” tr_aqmifobmywdjzpfonf? t*Fvyd f
tpd;k & tzG@J Y tzG@J 0iftjzpf t}udr}f udryf g0ifco hJ nf?
[Dzm'if (±l;a'g[ h zD m'if; 1877 - 1941) *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpfygw. D
tacsmiform;acgi;f aqmifEiS hf 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? ac:qdk
avh&adS om =opwD;,m; rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;a&; q&mwOD;jzpfonf? 1907 ckEpS rf S
1915 ckEpS x f d *smrefq&kd ,S 'f rD u kd &ufygw. D A[dt k mabmf “a&S@o@kd ”owif;pm t,f'w D m
jzpfco hJ nf? yxrurBmppfwiG f tv,fA[d0k g'D wOD;jzpf+yD; qd&k , S ef ,fcs@J 0g'orm;rsm;ESihf
yl;aygi;f cJo h nf? ppf+yD;aemuf pnf;±H;k xm;aom t&if;&Sipf epfoabmw&m;udk wDxiG o f l
jzpf+y;D Edik if aH wmfvuf0g;}u;D tkyf t&if;&Si0f g'udk &yfcaH jymqdo k l jzpfonf? 1917 ckEpS rf pS I
*smreftif'yD if;'ifh qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &ufygw. D acgi;f aqmifjzpf+y;D qdAk , D uftm%mESihf ypPn;f rJh
tm%m&Sipf epfukd twdtvif;qef@usio f l jzpfonf? *smreD bpfprwforRwEdik if . H "e
&Sif tpd;k &tzG@J o@kd t}urd rf sm;pGm yg0ifco hJ nf? zufqpfrsm; tm%modr;f +y;D aemuf *smreDrS
xGucf mG +yD; jyifopfwiG f aexdik cf o hJ nf?

ppfaq;+yD; &ufpG?J 2015 Zlvkdif 10 &uf?

151