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tm;vH;k rSm a=unmcsuaf wG ray;Edik &f if/ Edik if aH &;wdu k yf w JG ckukd qifEEJ$ ikd rf mS
r[kwyf gb;l ? awmfveS af &;tiftm;awGukd pnf;±H;k pkpnf;/ pnf;urf;wus
jzpfatmif vkyzf @kd e@J awmfveS af &;enf;y&d,m,fawG azmfxw k zf @kd qwkd mvnf;
'Djy\emawGukd wjynfv;kH A[dk owif;pmwapmifrmS aqG;aEG;zd@k vdw k ,f?
udpt P 00 ajz&Si;f &mrSm vdu k ef m&r,fh pnf;urf;awG/ ajz&Si;f wJyh pkH aH wGukd
pkaygif;owfrSwfxm;zdk@ vdkw,f? A[dkowif;pmuwqifh wygwDvHk;
tay:rSm ygw0D ifwikd ;f u b,fvw kd m0ef,&l r,fqw kd m owfrw S x
f m;zd@k
vdw k ,f?
&Sd&Sdor# ygwDtiftm; (pmaytiftm;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;pGrf;tm;/
±ky0f wˆKtiftm;pwm) tm;vH;k udk pkpnf;toH;k ðyum ygww D ckv;kH twGuf
tmabmfowif;pmudk wnfaxmif+y;D rSeu f efpmG pDrvH nfywfa&; ta=umif;
udk ajymqdw k thJ cgrmS wjcm;v_y&f mS ;r_ o¿mefawGukd aemufwef;yd@k xm;zd@k
qdw k t hJ awG; enf;enf;rS r&Syd gb;l ? Oyrm a'otoD;oD;rSm v_@H aqmfa&;
vkyfwm/ qENjywm/ oydwfarSmufwm/ olv#dKawGudk azmfxkwftjypf
ay;wm/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk qef@usifzdk@
v_@H aqmfwm/ oydww f u
kd yf q
JG ifEw J$ mpwJh wjcm;v_y&f mS ;r_o¿meftm;vH;k
tay:rSm tajccHwmyg? 'gayrJh 'gawGudk ygwDw&yfvHk;&J@tmabmf
owif;pmuae pkpnf;/ pnf;±H;k ray;&if 'DawmfveS af &;wdu k yf o
JG ¿mefawG&@J
ta&;ygr_ 90µ [m qH;k ±H;_ oGm;ygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dwu kd yf aJG wGuwqifh ygw&D @J
tawG@tñuH/ tpOftvmawG/ ajcvSr;f awG ay:ayguv f mrSm r[kwyf gb;l ?
ygwD o wif ; pm[m 'D v _ y f & S m ;r_ a wG & J @ ,S O f ò yif b uf r [k w f w J h t jyif
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wdk;csJ@zdk@/ odyfonf;cdkifrmapzdk@/ pepfwusjzpfapzdk@
trsm;}uD; taxmuftulðyygvrd rhf ,f?
13
vDeif
±k&mS ;'Dru kd a&pDygw&D @J tajctae[m wjcm;Oa&myEdik if aH wGu
qd k & S , f ' D r d k u a&pD y gwD a wG e J @ vnf ; rwl / ±k & S m ;awmf v S e f a &;ygwD
a[mif;awGeJ@vnf; rwlwma=umifh tiftm; tm;vHk;pkpnf;+yD; ygwD
owif;pmwapmif wnfaxmifum yHrk eS x f wk af 0jzef@csEd ikd af tmif vky=f uzd@k
vdktyfaewmyg? *smr%D/ jyifopfpwJh EdkifiHawGu tvkyform;awGrSm
olwdk@&J@v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk trsm;odatmif azmfxkwfzdk@/ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
pepfwusjzpfatmifvkyfzdk@ owif;pmawGtjyif wjcm;enf;emawG
trsm;}uD; &Sd=uygw,f? Oyrm ygvDrefxJ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_/ a&G;aumufyGJ
v_@H aqmfrr_ sm;/ w&m;0iftpnf;ta0;rsm;/ (òr@jyaus;vuf) a'o vlxk
toif;tzG@J rsm;rSm yg0ifr/_ (vkyif ef;}uD;/ vkyif ef;ao;) or*~rsm; w&m;0if
xlaxmifr_ pwmpwmawG &Sd=uygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@uawmh 'gawG
tm;vH;k ([kwyf gw,f 'gawGtm;vH;k ) ae&mrSm (u|eaf wmfw@kd Edik if aH &;
vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;cGifh r&rcsif;) awmfvSefa&;owif;pmwapmifeJ@
tpm;xd;k vkyaf qmif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvo kd wif;pm r&S&d if tvkyo f rm;
vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_ wckv;kH udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ pnf;±H;k zd@k rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ?
u|efawmfwdk@[m v#dK@0Sufvkyf}uHr_awGudk r,Hk=unfygbl;? tpdk;&udk
zsufqD;zdk@/ wOD;csif; awmfvSefa&;qefqef pGef@pm;vkyf=uwmudkvnf;
qef@usifygw,f? *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD&J@ &ifhusufwJh ygwD0if}uD;
vpfbn f uf&@J pum;awGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGuf owday;
aqmify'k t f jzpf ,lqyg? “avhvmyg? tod§0g' jzef@csad &; vkyyf g? pnf;±H;k
yg” 'gawGvyk zf @kd qHck suu f awmh ygwt D mabmf owif;pmyJ jzpfEikd yf gw,f?
jzpf&ygr,f?
'gayrJh yHrk eS v
f nfywf+y;D tenf;eJ@trsm; wnf+ird rf &_ w dS hJ owif;pm
wpmifaxmifz@kd jzpfEikd yf govm;? b,fvt kd ajctaersKd ;rSm jzpfEikd rf vJqw kd hJ
udpu P akd wmh aemufwcgrmS aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
vDeif (1899)
14
aqmif;yg;pk
tjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwck
(vDeif 1899)
u|efawmfwdk@twGuf vwfwavmvkyf&r,fh tvkyfu ygwD
tmabmfowif;pmwapmif xlaxmifzdk@ jzpfw,f? owif;pmudk yHkrSef
xkwaf 0jzef@cszd @kd jzpfw,f qdw k thJ a=umif; ,cifaqmif;yg;rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd
ajymcJyh gw,f? aemuf+y;D 'gjzpfEikd rf vm;/ b,ftajctaerSm jzpfEikd rf vJqw kd hJ
jy\emudv k nf; wifjycJw h ,f? tck 'Djy\em&J@ ydt k a&;}u;D wJb
h ufrsm;udk
oHk;oyfygr,f?
'D&nf&, G cf suf txajrmufz@kd q&kd if a'oqdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_awG
oGuv f ufaezd@k yxrqH;k vdv k rd rhf ,fqw
kd hJ apm'u t"duwuf=uvdrrhf ,f
xifygw,f? 'Dapm'uudk tus,ftjyef@ajymaewJhwdkifatmif 'g[m
rSm;,Gi;f w,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifygw,f? ygwt D mabmfowif;pmaxmifz@kd /
xdrk w
S qifh ygwyD ifu, kd u
f kd xlaxmifz@kd / owif;pmeJ@ygwu D kd tajccHcikd rf m
atmifvyk zf @kd jzpfEikd w f ,f? csucf si;f vnf; pvky=f u&r,fv@kd jrifygw,f?
'DajcvSrf;udkvSrf;zdk@ tc&muswJh tcsuftvufawG &Sdae+yDyJ? =unfhyg?
a'ocsi;f ygwv D yk if ef;awG vkyaf qmifae=u+yDy?J tjrpfw, G af ewmvnf;
txift&Sm;yJ? tpdk;&ykvdyfu wdkufcdkufwm pdyfpdyfvmaewJh=um;u
vkyif ef;awG[m c%wmavmufom &yfqikd ;f oGm;wmyJ? qH;k ±H;_ tiftm;awG
ae&mrSm tiftm;opfawG tjreftpm;xd;k 0ifvmae=uwmyJ? aemuf+yD;
ygwrD mS owif;pmxkwzf @kd t&if;tjrpfawG/ pmaytiftm;pkawG/ jynfyrSm
omru jynfwGif;rSmyg &Sdaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh jy\emu vkyfvufp
tvkyfawGudk “taysmfwrf;qefqef” qufvkyfae=urvm;? 'grSr[kwf
'DtvkyfawGudk wom;wnf;aom ygwD&J@ vkyfief;twGif; pkpnf;ay;+yD;
tm;vH;k udk ygwt D mabmfowif;pmrSm a&mifjyef[yf azmfjywm vkyrf vm;
qdwk thJ csuf jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd vy_ &f mS ;r_twGuf tjrefq;kH ajz&Si;f &r,fh
jy\emudk ajymygr,f? wdkwdkajym&&if pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_jy\emyJ?
awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ awmfvSefa&;pnf;urf;awGudk aumif;atmif
vkyfzdk@/ ajratmufenf;emawGudk aumif;rGefatmifvkyfzdk@ vHk;0vdktyf
15
vDeif
ygw,f? yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; 0efc&H &if 'Dupd aP wGrmS u|eaf wmf[m ±k&mS ;ygwD
a[mif;rsm;udk rDatmifrvdu k Ef ikd af o;ygb;l ? rDatmif/ ausmw f ufEikd af tmif
tpGr;f ukeóf u;pm;=u&ygr,f? tzG@J tpnf;t&nftaoG; rjrifb h eJ @J tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ wdk;wufa&;[m rjzpfEdkifyg? 'g,kwfpGtqHk;
ajymwmyg? txl;ojzifh owif;pmw&yfukd yHrk eS Of ;D aqmifvnfywfxm;wJ/h
wufºuwJyh gww D &yf xlaxmifa&; rjzpfEikd yf g? 'guwzuf? tjcm;wzufrmS
qdk&if vuf&SdygwDXmersm; (vkyfief;tzGJ@rsm;/ tpkrsm;/ owif;pmrsm;)
pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;r_jy\emawGukd ydrk *kd ±kpu kd =f u&r,f? a'otoD;oD; tpkrsm;
udk pnf;±H;k a&;udpeP @J ywfouf+yD; wGe;f tm;ay;=u&r,f?
a'otoD;oD;rSm taysmfwrf;qefqefawGvkyf&if; yk*~dKvfa&;
qufoG,fr_awG tvGeftu|Hrsm;oGm;wmcsnf;ygyJ? avhvma&;tpk
vky[ f efawG jzpfomG ;wmcsn;f yJ? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m avhvma&;tpktqifh
uae }uD;xGm;vm=uwmyg? 'Dtqif[ h m vuf&u dS |eaf wmfw@kd vyk if ef;awG
tzd@k tawmfu h kd usO;f ajrmif;vmae+yD? 'Dtqifv h yk &f if;uae tiftm;pkawG
tvGet f u|ðH zef;wD;&m a&mufomG ;wwfygw,f? tiftm;awGukd wom;
wnf;/ wckwnf;aomygwD tjzpfodk@ pkpnf;vdkufrSom tvkyfwm0efcGJ
vkyaf qmifa&;/ tiftm;ac|wma&;rlawGukd twdtusvu kd ef mvkyu f ikd Ef ikd f
rSmyg? 'Dvkd vkyu f ikd Ef ikd rf v
S nf; qH;k ±H;_ r_awGukd av#myh pfEikd rf mS yg? 'grv S nf;
oufO;D qHyikd t f pd;k &&J@ zdEydS rf e_ @J t&rf;uma&m zrf;qD;r_awGukd &ifqikd Ef ikd w f hJ
trmcHtiftm;udk twwfEdkifqHk; cdkifrmatmif wnfaqmufEdkifrSmyg?
u|eaf wmfw@kd vkd ±k&mS ;rSm “,l*s”D avmuxJ v#Kd ae&wJh qd&k , S v f pftpk
ao;ao;av;awG &ifqikd af e&wmu qd&k , S v f pfe@J 'rD u kd a&pDukd acsre_ ;f zd@k
tpGr;f ukeóf u;pm;aewJh tiftm;t}uD;qH;k acwfrt D pd;k &,EW&m;}uD; jzpfyg
w,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'DzdESdyfa&;,EW&m;udk aemufqHk;rSm acsr_ef;ypfEdkif
vdrrhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd
vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm a,bk,syrkH eS u f s+yD; zG@H òz;aewJv h rl eS &f if 'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J
qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk óuuf=uwm jzpfvdk@ygy?J 'gayrJh tpdk;&udk pepfwus
wdkufyGJqifzdk@qdk&if awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ pnf;urf;eJ@ ajratmuf
vkyif ef;enf;y&d,m,fawGukd taumif;rGeq f ;kH jzpfatmif jri‡ w hf if=u&ygr,f?
ygw0D ifwOD;csi;f / ygw0D iftpktzG@J wpkcsi;f [m trsKd ;rsKd ;aom ygwv D yk if ef;
awGukd ud, k pf cD aJG 0+yD; txl;oD;oef@ vkyaf e=u&ygr,f? wcsKd @u pm&Guf
pmwrf; rlyGm;wJhvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u e,fpyfjzwfausmf+yD; pmapmifawG
yd@k wvhJ yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u ±k&mS ;jynfwiG ;f pmapmifjzef@a0wJv h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u
16
aqmif;yg;pk
òr@}uD;awGrSm pmapmifjzef@a0wJhvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u v#dK@0Suftpnf;ta0;
ae&mawG pDpOfay;wJv h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u &efyakH iG pkaqmif;wJv h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u
owif;awG/ v_y&f mS ;r_tcsut f vufawG yd@k ay;wJv h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u tquf
toG,f jywfroGm;atmif xde;f odr;f wJv h yk if ef; pwJph wJh vkyif ef;awGukd
cGaJ 0vkyaf e=u&ygr,f? cgwikd ;f vkyaf eus avhvma&;tpkawGxu J tvkyf
awG vkyw f meJ@pm&if tckvkd tvkyw f m0efcaJG 0+yD; oD;oef@vyk w f mrsKd ;[m
ud, k u hf ,
kd u f kd trsm;}uD;xde;f csKyfz@kd vdw k ,f? ao;ao;r$m;r$m; vlorl jrifwhJ
ae@pOftvkyfuav;awGudk tm±HkpdkufEdkifzdk@ trsm;}uD;vdkw,f? wu,fh
ol&aJ umif;0g'&Szd @kd trsm;}uD;vdw k ,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf ±k&mS ;qd&k , S v f pfawG&@J ±k&mS ;tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;
rSm ol&Jaumif;yDowJh t&nftaoG;awG &Sdw,fqdkwm jyocJh+yD;yg+yD?
'ga=umifh omreftm;jzifh ajym&&if vlrvHak vmufb;l qd&k if nnf;nLaewm
[m raumif;ygb;l ? tvkyo f rm;vli,fawGrmS 'Dru kd a&pDe@J qd&k , S vf pfa&;
twGuf jyif;xefw/hJ rxde;f csKyfEikd w f hJ wufºur_awG&adS ewm awG@Eikd w f ,f?
axmifxJrSm vlawGtrsm;}uDyJ? jynfESif'%feJ@ EdkifiHjcm;a&mufae&
olawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yJqakd yr,fh ynmwwfawG[m tvkyo f rm;awGukd
ulnDzdk@ tqufrjywf a&mufvmaewkef;yJ? 'Dtiftm;opfawG=um;rSm
pnf;urf;wif;usyfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sdzdk@ vdkw,fqdkwJh pOf;pm;r_rsdK;
tus,t f jyef@&v dS matmif vkyEf ikd &f if yHrk eS x
f w k af 0jzef@csrd ,fh ygwo D wif;pm
wapmifaxmifzdk@ pDrHudef;qdkwm tdyfrufr# r[kwfawmhyg? 'DpDrHudef;
jzpfajrmufz@kd &S&d r,fv h t dk yfcsuw f ckukd =unf&h atmif? owif;pmtwGuf
owif;awGeJ@wjcm;ukef=urf; tcsuftvufawG ae&mwumu yHkrSef
ay;yd@k aezd@k vdw k ,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf g? u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_
jrefjrefay:vmwJt h cgwikd ;f owif;pmxkwaf &;[m jzpfEikd w f ,f? Edik if jH cm;
uae xkwaf 0wJh pmapmifawGtwGuaf wmif jzpfEikd w f ,fqw kd m ordik ;f u
oufaojycJ+h yD r[kwyf gvm;? a'otoD;oD;rSm tvkyv f yk af e=uwJh qd&k , S f
'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;rsm;taeeJ@ ygwo D wif;pmudk olw@kd u, kd yf ikd f owif;pm
tjzpf ,lqvm=uum owif;pmeJ@ yHrk eS t f quftoG,f xde;f odr;f xm;a&;/
olw@kd jy\emrsm;udk owif;pmxJrmS a&mifjyef[yfaeapa&;wd@k ukd olw@kd &@J
t"duvkyif ef;tjzpf oabmxm;vm=ur,fq&kd if v_y&f mS ;r_owif;tcsuf
tvuf tjynft h pHuk kd owif;pmqDta&muf yd@k z@kd [m jzpfujkd zpfEikd yf gw,f?
"rRwmyJ v#dK@0Sufa&;pnf;urf;enf;vrf;awGtwdkif; vdkufemvkyfzdk@awmh
vdkwmaygh? 'gawGuvnf; odyfr±_yfvSygbl;? wjcm;vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh
17
vDeif
owif;pmudk ±k&Sm;EdkifiHa'otm;vHk;odk@ yHkrSefta&muf jzef@a0a&;qdkwJh
tcsuu f awmh vkyaf ezd@k cufygw,f? owif;pmawGukd vlxw k &yfv;kH qD
ta&mufydk@a&;udk tckavmuf tav;rxm;cJhwJh [dkwkef;u ±k&Sm;
awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ umvawGxuf vky&f ydck ufygw,f? 'gayrJh qd&k , S f
'Drdkua&pD owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0jcif; &nf&G,fcsuft&=unfh&if 'Djzef@
a0a&;udpP[m odyfrcufjyefygbl;? 'Dowif;pmudk yHkrSefusus/ apmifa&
rsm;rsm; yd@k ay;&r,fh t"duae&mawGu tcsut f csm pufrZ_ ekH ,fajrawG/
puf±òkH r@&mG awG/ òr@jypuf±&kH yfuu G af wGpwJh ae&mawG jzpfygw,f? 'Dvakd e&m
rsKd ;awGrmS ae=uwJv h l tm;vH;k vdv k [kd m tvkyo f rm;awGcsn;f ygy?J wu,fh
vufawG@rmS 'Dvakd e&mrsKd ;rSm tvkyo f rm;u tajctaeudk xde;f csKyfxm;
wmyg? tvkyform;rSm ykvdyfudkvSnfhjzm;wJh enf;emawG trsm;}uD;
&Syd gw,f? teD;tem; puf±t kH yk pf ak wGe@J qufq&H mrSm rdrw d @kd u,kd pf D txl;
ydik Ef ikd w
f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_uav;awGtay: rlwnfqufq=H uygw,f? 1878 -
90 *smr%DrSm qdk&S,fvpfESdyfuGyfa&; txl;Oya'usifhoHk;pOfumvu
*smrefyv k yd af wG vkyyf ukH ikd yf [ kH m ±k&mS ;ykvyd af wGxuf rnHyh gb;l ? omcsif
awmif omygvdrfhOD;r,f? 'gayrJh 'Dwkef;u *smreftvkyform;awG[m
olw@kd &@J pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;r_/ pnf;urf;&Srd a_ wG tm;ud;k +yD; w&m;r0if tywfpOf
owif;pmwapmifudk e,fpyfydwfqdk@r_udk jzwfausmfyHkrSefo,fydk@um
owif;pmrSm,lolawGqD ta&mufydk@ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh tpdk;&
0ef}uD;awGuawmif qd&k , S 'f rD u kd a&pDpmwdu k f (“teDa&mifpmwdu k ”f ) udk
tm;rusbJ raeEd k i f c J h y gbl ; ? u|ef a wmf w d k @ qD r S m awmh 'D a vmuf x d
ajymifajrmufz@kd r&nfreS ;f bl;ayg?h 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd 'DO;D wnfcsut f wdik ;f
tm;xkwv f yk =f ur,fq&kd if ygwo D wif;pmudyk J tenf;qH;k weSpf 12 }udrf
xkwEf ikd +f yD; v_y&f mS ;r_tcsut f csmae&m tm;vH;k rSm &Sad e=uwJh qd&k , S v
f pf
0g' vdv k m;ol tvkyo f rm;tpktm;vH;k qD yHrk eS t f a&muf yd@k Eikd rf mS aocsm
ygw,f?
vkyif ef;wm0efcaJG 0+yD; oD;oef@pv D yk zf @kd upd P jyefaqG;aEG;&r,fq&kd if
'Dvkd rvkyEf ikd af o;wm[m wydik ;f u “taysmw f rf;qef” wJh tvkyaf wGyJ
rsm;aewma=umift h jyif aemufwydik ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd qd&k , S 'f rD u kd a&pD
owif;pmawGtaeeJ@ pnf;±H;k a&; jy\emawGtay: tav;xm;r_ odyu f kd
enf;yg;wma=umifyh gy?J
wapmifwnf;aom jynfv;kH qdik &f m ygwo D wif;pm axmifEikd rf S
om awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f ‘us&me,fy,fwcku tvkyo f rm;’
18
aqmif;yg;pk
udk ol[m ‘b0wl’ awGeJ@twl csDwufaeyguvm; qdkwJhtod/ ol@&J@
tvky[ f m ygwt D wGuf wdu k ±f ukd tf a&;}uD;yguvm; qdw k t hJ od/ ±k&mS ;
ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;eJ@ jynfov l xl &k @J tqd;k 0g;qH;k &efol oufO;D qHyikd t f pd;k &&J@
vnfyif;udk pGyrf ,fh óu;uGi;f xJrmS ol[m uGi;f qufuav;wckygvm;qdw k hJ
todukd ay;Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd vkyif ef;wm0ef cGaJ 0vkyaf qmifa&;yHpk u H kd
twdtusvu kd ef m vkyaf qmifro S m u|eaf wmfw@kd tiftm;awGukd ac|ac|
wmwm toH;k csEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f? 'gro S m awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;awGukd
axmifhaphatmif vltenf;i,fr#eJ@ vkyfEdkif±Hkomru vuf&Sdv_yf&Sm;r_
awGxu J wcsKd @tpdwt f ydik ;f tawmfrsm;rsm;udk w&m;0ifabmifxJ oGi;f Edik f
r,ft h cGit hf a&; ay:vmEdik rf mS jzpfygw,f? v_y&f mS ;r_ukd w&m;0ifjzpfatmif
vkyfwJhudpPudk [dk;apmapmydkif;uwnf;u *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufawG&J@
t"du*sme,fjzpfwJh “a&S@odk@” *sme,frSm ±k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpfawGtwGuf
OD;wnf+yD; t}uHay;cJzh ;l ygw,f? 'g[m aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;oifw h uhJ pd yP g?
òr@awGrmS a'oavhvma&; tpkxrJ mS vkycf o hJ l tm;vH;k eD;yg; tvG,w f ul
rSwfrdaeygvdrfhr,f? avhvma&;tpkawG vufawG@vkyfudkif&wJh udpP
trsKd ;rsKd ;awGxrJ mS wcsKd @u w&m;0ifupd aP wGyg? (Oyrm tvkyo f rm;awG&@J
b0tajctaeqdik &f m tcsut f vufpak qmif;wJu h pd /P jy\em tawmf
rsm;rsm;odz@kd w&m;0ifpmtkypf mayawG avhvmwJu h pd /P wcsKd @aom Edik if jH cm;
pmtkyfrsdK;awGudk udk;um;oHk;oyfwJhudpP/ wcsdK@aom tquftoG,frsdK;
rsm;udk rjywfatmif xdef;xm;wJhudpP/ tvkyform;awGudk taxGaxG
ynma&; oif=um;&mrSm puf±OkH ya'avhvm&mrSm ulnw D u hJ pd P pwmawG
jzpfygw,f?) 'Dupd rP sKd ;awGukd vlwcsKd @uykd J oD;oef@vyk cf ikd ;f xm;jcif;tm;jzifh
u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG &@J ‘ypfcwfa&;ppfrsuEf mS ’ udk ‘ypfcwf
rD;tm;’ ravsmyh g;apbJ vltiftm;av#mch sv@kd &wmayg?h 'Denf;eJ@ t&ef
wyftiftm;udk wd;k cs@J Eikd yf gw,f? t&eftiftm;eJ@ “usq;kH '%f&m&olawG’
&J@ ae&mudk tpm;xd;k vd@k &wmayg?h 'Dvjkd zpfz@kd q&kd if v_y&f mS ;tiftm;a&m/
t&eftiftm;awGyg olwdk@&J@ udk,fpDv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wjynfvHk;qdkif&m
ygwDowif;pmxJrSm a&mifjyef[yf azmfjyxm;wmawG &Sd&+yD; olwdk@eJ@
owif;pm=um; qufoG,fr_udk cHpm;rdaewJhtcgrSom jzpfEdkifygw,f?
tvkyaf wGukd b,favmufyJ cGaJ 0vkyv f yk /f tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ a'otpk
rsm;&J@ a'ocsi;f tpnf;ta0;awGukd usi;f yzd@k awmh t+rJwrf; vdt k yfae
rSmyg? 'gayrJh wzufu=unf&h if (txl;ojzifh ykvyd &f efa=umuf&+yD; &v'f
uvnf; pGe@f &wmeJ@ rumrdw)hJ awmfveS af &; vlxt k pnf;ta0; usi;f y
19
vDeif
&wJh t}udrt f a&twGuf odoo d momavsmeh nf;oGm;ygvrd rhf ,f? tjcm;
wzufu=unfh&if wu,fvdk@ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;u¾ trsdK;rsdK;udk
oD;oef@pDcGJa0vkyfaqmifwJh pepf&Sdae&if 'Dvlxktpnf;ta0;awGudk
w&m;0ifpak 0;r_ yHpk aH wGe@J zH;k uG,x f m;Edik w f hJ tcGit hf vrf; ydrk sm;vmrSmyg?
w&m;0ifpka0;r_yHkpHqdkwm Oyrm azsmfajza&;yGJawG/ w&m;Oya'u
cGiðhf yxm;wJh toif;tzG@J rsm;&J@ tpnf;ta0;awG pwmawG yg0ifygw,f?
wwd,eydv k ,D H vufxufu jyifopftvkyo f rm;awG qd&k , S vf pf ESyd u f yG f
a&; txl;Oya'umvu *smreftvkyo f rm;awG[m olw@kd &@J Edik if aH &;/
qd&k , S vf pfa&; tpnf;ta0;awGukd zH;k uG,rf t _ rsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ usi;f yEdik cf =hJ uw,f
r[kwyf gvm;? ±k&mS ;tvkyo f rm;awGvnf; 'grsKd ;vkyEf ikd rf mS yg?
tzG@J tpnf;udk ydrk akd umif;rGeaf tmif wnfaqmuf+yD; wckwnf;
aom jynfv;kH qdik &f m ygwo D wif;pmwapmif xlaxmifro S m/ qd&k , S 'f rD kd
ua&pD0g' 0g'jzef@csdr_/ v_H@aqmfr_udk us,fjyef@euf±d_if;atmif vkyfEdkifrSm
jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS 'Dtcsuf vpf[maeygw,f? a'ocsi;f qdik &f m
vkyfief;awG[m rdrda'o xl;jcm;csufuav;rsm;udk ay:vGifatmif
zG@H òz;apzd@k e@J ææææ (Tae&mwGif pmrljywfomG ;ygonf?) zd@k taotcsm
vdktyfygw,f? 'grsdK; vkyfzdk@qdkwmvnf; A[dkowif;pmwckvnf;jzpf/
'Dru kd a&pD jrifjh rifrh m;rm; zGiahf y;xm;wJh owif;pmvnf;jzpfwhJ t&mwck
r&Sb d J rjzpfEikd yf g? tJ't D &m &Srd oS m qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwu D kd 'Dru kd a&pD
a&S@aqmif wdkufyGJ0iftiftm;tjzpf ajymif;vJa&;qdkwJh u|efawmfwdk@&J@
tmoDo[mvnf; wu,fv h ufawG@ jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f? tJ't D cgro S m
EdkifiHa&;enf;y&d,m,fudk csrSwfEdkifygvdrfhr,f? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD[m
“wom;wnf;aom azmufjyefwv hJ xl ”k ("one reactionary mass")
qdw k hJ rSm;,Gi;f wJh oabmw&m;udk ±_wcf sc+hJ yD;yg+yD? ¡vmqm;vf (Lassale)
&J@ “tvkyform;vlwef;pm;eJ@,SOf&if usefwJhvlwef;pm;tm;vHk;[m
twlwyl ?J azmufjyefwhJ vlxrk #om jzpfw,f” qdw k hJ t,ltqudk *do k m
vkyif ef;pOfa0zefcsux f rJ mS rmhupf u f qef@usiaf 0zefcyhJ gw,f? jyefqo kd ¢l
qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pD0g't&/ azmufjyefwhJ vlwef;pm;rsm;udk qef@usi&f mrSm
wd;k wufwhJ vlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ axmufcrH u _ kd &,la&;[m ta&;t}uD;qH;k
aom Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;wm0efwck jzpfygw,f? tzG@J tpnf;awG/ pmapmifawG
[m a'ovuQ%myJ aqmifaeoa&G@ 'Dvyk if ef;wm0efukd aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf mS
r[kwyf gb;l ? vkyo f r#upd aP wG[m wOD;csi;f aom ‘vGwv f yfrj_ rwfE;kd ol’
awGe@J qufqw H u
hJ pd /P olw@kd quD trsKd ;rsKd ;aom ‘tusKd ;ðyr_’ av;awG
20
aqmif;yg;pk
&,lwJh udpPxuf odyfydkrSm r[kwfygbl;? EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ rl0g'rsm;udk
pdu
k v f u kd rf wfwwf azmfaqmifum 'Dru kd a&pDtvHukd jrifjh rifrh m;rm;pGu J ikd f
v$ixhf x l m;wJh jynfv;kH qdik &f m wckwnf;aom ygwo D wif;pmuomv#if
wufºuaom 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;Edkif+yD; EdkifiHa&;
vGwv f yfr&_ &Sad &; wdu k yf t
JG wGi;f wGif ±k&mS ;Edik if H wd;k wufaom tiftm;pk
tm;vH;k udk toH;k ðyEdik rf mS jzpfygw,f? tJ't D cgro S m tpd;k &ykvyd wf yfz@JG e@J
t&m&Sdrsm;tay: tvkyform;rsm; waiG@aiG@ rkef;wD;aer_tjzpfodk@
vnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;eJ@ jynfol@tcGifhta&;twGuf
tjyif ; txef w d k u f y G J q if & if qH k ; jzwf c suf c sr_ t jzpf o d k @ vnf ; aumif ;
ajymif;vJypfEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f? acwfr±D &k mS ;Edik if rH mS txufygtjriftajccHay:rSm
rlwnfum/ odyo f nf;uspv f pfpmG pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;xm;aom awmfveS af &;
ygww D ck[m t}uD;rm;qH;k Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f?
aemufxw k pf mapmifrsm;rSm ±k&mS ;'Dru kd a&pDtvkyo f rm;ygw&D @J
vkyfief;pOfrl=urf;udk wifjy+yD; pnf;±Hk;a&;qdkif&m jy\emtrsdK;rsdK;udk
tao;pdwf pwifaqG;aEG;ygr,f?
vDeif (1899)
21
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf