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Engels2letters PDF
Engels2letters PDF
Engels2letters PDF
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vef'ef/ Zefe0g&D 25/ 1894 ckESpf
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w,f/ b,fvzkd vS,w f ,f (vkyt f m;cGaJ 0r_&adS eor#) qdw
k mawGukd qdv k ykd gw,f?
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u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J tjrift&qd&k if 'Denf;pepf[m zvS,rf e_ nf;emudyk J tqH;k tjzwf
ay;w,f? 'gt h jyif xGuu f ek yf pPn;f rsm;jzef@jzL;r_/ 'ga=umifrh @kd rsK;d ±d;k pk (Gentile) vl@
tzGJ@tpnf; zsufodrf;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;udk tqHk;tjzwfay;w,f? aemuf+yD; vl
wef;pm;rsm; uGJjym;oGm;r_/ tJ'D&J@tqufjzpfwJh ociftqifheJ@ usKd;EGHoltjzpf
aemufqufvmwJh Edik if aH wmf/ Edik if aH &;/ Oya' pwmawGukd tqH;k tjzwfay;ygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_qdkwJhtxJrSm 'DqufqHr_awGjzpfay:wJh yx0DtajccHvnf;
yg0ifw,f? aemuf+yD; r=umc%qdo k vdyk J tpOftvmt& 'grrS [kwf rv_y&f mS ;/
rajymif;vJr_wdk@a=umifhom vufv$JcJh qufvufwnf&SdcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;r_&@J 'dt&iftqifah wG&@J tºuif;tuserf sm;vnf; tusK;H 0ifygw,f? 'gt h jyif
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wmyg? v#ypf pf"mwftm;udk enf;pepfwus toH;k csyu kH akd wG@&+dS y;D rSom 'ge@J ywfouf
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vlrsK;d (Race) qdk wm ud, k w
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(u) Edik if aH &;/ w&m;Oya'/ tbd"rRm/ bmoma&;/ pmay/ tEkynm
pwmawG&@J jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_[m pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_tay: tajcðyygw,f?
'gayrJh 'gawG tm; vH;k [m wcktay:wcka&m/ pD;yGm;a&;tajccHtay:a&m jyefvnf
*,uf±dkuf=u ygw,f? wOD;wa,muftaeeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;taetxm;[m t
a=umif;&if; eJ@ wc wckwnfkwnf;aomwufºuwJh t&mjzpf+yD; usefwmawGtm;vHk;[m
rwufºuwJt h &mawGv@kd xifaumif; xifygvrd rhf ,f? 'ge@J ajymif;jyefyJ aemufq;kH
us&if ol@[meJ@oal zmfjyvmwJh tjyeftvSef tusK;d oufa&mufr[ _ m pD;yGm;a&;
vdt k yfr&_ @J tajccHay:rSm jzpfay:wmyg? Oyrm Edik if aH wmfqv kd @kd &&dS if ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;
umuG,rf /_ tcGet f aumufw@kd / vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f ,
G rf w _ @kd / aumif;wJah iGa=u;pepf/
qd;k wJah iGa=u;pepf qdw k mwd@k e@J ol@&@J tpGr;f udk toH;k ðyygw,f? 1684 ckEpS ef @J 1830
ckEpS t f =um; tifrwefq;kd 0g;vSwhJ *smr%DEikd if H pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeu ay:ayguf
vmwJh *smrefevAde;f wk;H awG&@J urf;ukeaf tmifcsnehf @J re_ @J ud, k pf rG ;f ud,k pf wH;k r_/
yxrawmh 'gukd udik ;f ±_id ;f r_0g' ¡udik ;f ±_id ;f r_0g' Pietison *smr%DEikd if rH mS y±kw d uf
pwifb h momudk azmfxw k o f l rmwifvo l m&J@ rlawGukd vdu k ef m=uwJh bmoma&;
*d%k ;f w*d% k ;f jzpfygw,f (bmomjyefo)l ¢eJ@ azmfjy+yD; aemufrmS rif;nDrif;om;eJ@
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twGuf t}uD;rm;qH;k tcuftcJ}uD; jzpfaecJv h u kd wf m awmfveS w f phJ pfyrJG sm;eJ@
eydv k , D pH pfyrJG sm;uae 'DrjJG ymusr}_ uD;udk tqd;k 0g;qH;k tajctaeod@k a&mufapvdu k f
wJh txdygy?J 'gayrJh pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeqdw k m[m vlawGv, G vf ifw h ul awG;q
=uovdk tvdt k avsmuf tusK;d oufa&mufwmrsK;d r[kwyf gb;l ? vlawG[m ud, k hf
ordik ;f ud, k f zefw;D =uwmyg? 'gayrJh olw@kd [m olw@kd twGuf tcsut f vufjzpfapwJh
wckaom ywf0ef;usit f wGi;f aemuf+yD; wu,fwnf&adS e+yD;jzpfwhJ qufqrH r_ sm;&J@
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qufqrH a_ wG[m tjcm;aomEdik if aH &;eJ@ tawG;tac:qufqrH a_ wG&@J *,uf±u dk f
cwfjcif; b,favmufycJ &H cH& tqH;k rSmolw@kd [m tqH;k tjzwfay;wJt h &mawG jzpf+rJ
jzpfaew,f? vlawGuekd m;vnfapEdik w f hJ wckwnf;aom t!¸e;f jzpf+rJjzpfaeyg w,f?
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w&yf eJ@tnD pkaygi;f qENw&yf r[kwb f ;l ? 'grrS [kwf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; owfrw S jf y
xm;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckxJrSmawmif r[kwfygbl;? olwdk@&J@pdwfqENawG[m
wcke@J wck cdu k rf =d uw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd yJ tJ'v D v kd @l tzG@J tpnf; tm;vH;k [m vdt k yfr_
tusK;d qufw&m &m;; (necessity) eJ@ tnDjzpf+yD; 'DtwGuf jznhpf u G cf suef @J azmfjycsuf
awG[m rawmf wqj z pfr w
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tm;vH;k twGi;f azmfjyvmcJw h hJ vdt k yfrt _ usK;d qufw&m;[m tqH;k rSm pD;yGm;a&;
t& vdt k yfrt _ usK;d qufw&m;yJ jzpfaejyefygw,f? }uD;jrwfwhJ yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;
qdw k meJ@ywfoufv@kd vnf; 'Dqufpyfrt _ &yJ csO;f uyf&ygw,f? wckaomtcsed f
wckaomwdkif;jynfrSm wa,mufaomyk*~dKvf wdusatmifajym&&if tJ'Dyk*~dKvf
ay:ayguw f ,fqw kd m[mtrSeyf J wdu k qf ikd rf _ (chance) oufoufyg? 'gayrJh 'Dvl
r&Sb d ;l qd&k if ol@ut kd pm;xd;k zd@k awmif;qdrk [ _ m &Sad ew,f? 'Dtpm;xd;k p&mvlukd
awG@rmS yJ? aumif;aumif;qd;k qd;k =umvmawmh awG@rmS yJ? ppfyrf;usaewJh jyifopf
orRwEdik if t H zd@k 'Deydv k ,D H wdwu d susuykd J 'Daumfpu D m e,fom;omyJ vdt k yfaewJh
ppftm%m&Sif jzpfvm&w,fqw kd m[m wdu k q f ikd rf y_ g? 'gayrJh eydvk ,D w H a,muf
r&Sdbl;qdk&if aemufw,mufu ol@ae&mudkjznfhrSmyJqdkwm vdktyf vm&if
vlwa,mufa,mufudkawmh awG@wmyJqdkwJhtcsufu oufaojyaeygw,f?
Oyrm qDZm/ =o*wfpw f yfp/f c&Gr;f 0Jvf polw@kd ayg?h ordik ;f qdik &f m ±ky0f g'w&m;udk
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rmhupf u f awG@&w dS thJ cgrmS wD,mD&D (Thierry)/ rpfae; (Mignel)/ *DZ;kd (Guizot) eJ@
(1850 ckEpS f txdjzpfw)hJ t*Fvyd o f rdik ;f ynm&Siaf wG[m 'DtwGuf vH;k yef;ae=u
a=umif; om"uyJ jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; 'Dw&m;udyk J armf*if (Morgan) u awG@&dS
wm[mqd&k if tcsed &f ifrh n S ahf e+yD; awG@uakd wG@&r,fqw kd mudk jyoaewmygy?J
ordik ;f eJ@ wjcm;aomjzpfEikd af jcawG aemuf+yD; jzpfEikd af jcvd@k xif&wmawG
tukev f ;kH vnf; 'Dtwdik ;f ygy?J u|eaf wmfw@kd avhvmaewJh e,fy,fwck[m pD;yGm;
a&;e,f eJ@cmG +yD; tESpcf sKyfoabmw&m; e,fy,foufoufqo D @kd yd+k yD; a&muf
oGm;avav ol&@J jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rmS rawmfwqjzpfra_ wG yd+k yD;azmfjyvmavav
ol@&J@rsOf;auG; vrf;a=umif;[mvnf; tauG@taumufawG ydkrsm;vmavav
qdwk m awG@&rSmyJ? 'gayrJh 'DrsO;f auG;twGuf ysr;f r#0if±;kd wef;wck a&;qGv J u kd &f if
avhvmwJh umv=umjrifah vav e,fy,fus,jf yef@avav 'D0if±;kd wef;[m pD;yGm;a&;
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ 0if±;kd wef;eJ@ ydrdk rkd sO;f òyifusavavqdw k m awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f?
*smr%DEikd if rH mS awmh rSerf eS u f efuef em;vnfa&;twGuf t}uD;rm;qH;k
twm; tqD;[m abm*aA'ordik ;f qdik &f m pmayawG&@J wm0efrOhJ yuQmðyr_a=umifh
jzpfygw,f? vlwa,muftzd@k ausmif;wke;f u acgi;f xJ±u kd of iG ;f cHc&hJ wJh trSwf
onmawGukd z,f&mS ;ypfz@kd wifcufwm r[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dvv kd yk zf @kd twGuf vdt k yfwhJ
tcsuf tvufawG &,lz@kd ydv k @kd awmif cufygao;w,f? bmyJajymajym Edik if aH &;
tcsut f vuf tajrmuftjrm;udk &Si;f ay;Edik w f [hJ mawG trsm;}uD;ygwhJ *sw D eG f
*l;vpf}uD;&J@ ysi;f &dz, G &f m tcsut f vufawG (G- Gulish a&; u|Eyfk w f @kd acwf
ta&;tygq;kH ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; Edik if rH sm;. ukeo f , G af &; pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf
v,f,mvkyif ef; ordik ;f tajctae) udak wmifrS b,forl sm;zwfz;l vd@k w;Hk ? 'Dupd aP wG
awmfawmf rsm;rsm;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd u|eaf wmhtaeeJ@ 'l;&if;qef@usiaf &;usr;f u¾
(1) tcef; 9 rS 11/ u¾ (2) tcef; 2 rS 4/ aemuf+y;D u¾ (3) 'grrS [kwf ed'ge;f
tcef; aemuf+y;D jzL;0gbwfpmtkyf aemufq;kH tcef;rSma&m a&;+y;D +yv D @kd xifrw d myJ?
txufrmS a&;xm;wmawGukd pum;vH;k wvH;k csi;f ody+f yD; tao;pdwf
wGu/f csed f qraeapcsiyf g? a,bk,squfpyfru _ o
kd m acgi;f xJrmS xm;yg? cifAsm;qDu d dk
a&;wJt h cg pmtkyx f w k af 0zd@k twGuf a&;wmrsK;d pum;vH;k ra&G;cs,Ef ikd w f mudak wmh
awmif;yefygw,f? ?
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