rmufph 0f g' tbd"rRmydk@cscsuf

(ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D A[kyd gwaD usmif;wGif (1986) ckEpS u

f ydk@cscaJh ombmom&yf jzpfygw,f)

a[majymcsu(f 1)

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,ae@rpS +yD; rmufph 0f g' tbd"rRma[majymcsuu f dk pwif avhvm=ur,f? rmufph 0f g' tbd"rRm bmom&yf[m ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;&JΠvufeufjzpfw,f? ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;ygwjD zpf wJh uGefjrLepfygw0D ifrsm;/ ygwaD u'grsm;[m 'DtpGr;f xufjruf
tiftm;=uD;wJh vufeufut dk ok;H ðy+yD; &ifqidk af wG@ñuHrjJh y\em awGudk rSerf eS u
f efuef cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmum rSefuefweJh nf;emrsm;udk
tok;H ðyEdik b f dk@/ ay:ayguv f mwJjh y\emrSeo f r#udk ajz&Si;f Edik f bdk@ygb?J
ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&JŒ urBm@tjrifudk rdrw d dk@awmfveS af &; twGi;f / ðyr_v_y&f mS ;csurf sm; twGi;f rSm pduk fxrl xm;Edik b
f ;l qd&k if
aumufusppf Of;vJ azmufjyefwJh vlwef;pm;&JŒvSnpfh m;jcif;udk rkcs cH&ygvrd fhr,f? azmufjyefwv Jh w
l ef;pm;&JΠom;aumiftjzpf
epfreG ;f qk;H ±_;H oGm;Edik w
f Jh tEW&m,f&ySd gw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ tm;vk;H [m tifrwefta&;=uD;wJh tawG;tac:vufeufudk
wwfqifEidk b f dk@twGuf rmufph 0f g' tbd"rRmbmom&yfudk avh vmoGm;=uygpdk@?

tbd"rRmbmom&yf[m 0dZm… ynbmom&yf

ynbmom&yfyifjzpfw,f

tjcm;jcm;aom todqidk &f m/ A[kow k qdik &f m u¾&yf rsm;uJo

h dk@yif tbd"rRmbmom&yf[mvnf; xl;jcm;eufew
J Jh
todqidk &f m u¾udk avhvmjcif;ygb?J
'Du¾tydik ;f udk ravhvmrD rmhupf f0g' tbd"rRmtyg0if tm;vk;H aom tbd"rRmqdik &f m bmom&yfrsm;u wifjyxm;wJh
jy\emrsm;udk =unf=h uygpdk@?tJ't
D xJrmS t"du tusq;kH jy\emuawmh tbd"rRmqdik &f m tajccHjy\emyJjzpfw,f?

tbd"rRm&JΠtajccHjy\
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tbd"rRm[m a&S;tusq;kH jzpfwJh 0dZm… ynm&yfwckjzpfw,f? a&S;ya0o%Duae+yD; tbd"rRmqdik &f m ausmif;awmf=uD;rsm;udk

rwlwv Jh w l ef;pm;toD;oD;wdk@u ‚if;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGi;f rwlwJh tkypf /k ‚if; rwlwJh tajctaeatmufrmS rwlwJh wdik ;f
jynftoD;oD;wdk@rmS pwifzefw;D wnfaqmufvmcJ=h uygw,f?
tJ'v D edk J@ trsK;d rsK;d jzpfaewJh tbd"rRmqdik &f mpepfrsm;/ t,l tqrsm;[m wdu k yf aGJ wGtaeeJ@ ay:ayguv f y_ &f Sm;vmcJ=h uawmh
usaemfwdk@tzdk@ b,fvrf;udk a±G;cs,v f u
dk =f urvJ? 'Djy\em udak jz&Si;f zdk@q&dk if yxrOD;qk;H taeeJ@ tbd"rRmpepfrsm; (odk@r
[kw)f tbd"rRmq&mrsm;[m tbd"rRmqdik &f m tajccH jy\emudk b,fvcdk sO;f uyfojd rif=uygovJ qdw k mudyk J usaemf wdk@
=unf@±&_ rSmjzpfygw,f?
usaemfwdk@[m usaemfwdk@&ŒJ ywf0ef;usi&f Sd ouf&o Sd ufrJh urBmavmu=u;D &JŒ toGio f ¾mefrsm;udk b,fvdk t"dy`g,zf iG jfh y
=urvJ? ±ky0f g't& =unf@jrifo;kH oyf=urvm;? 'grrS [kwf pdwf 0g't& ±_jrifcsO;f uyf=urvm;æ qdw k m tvGet f a&;=uD;wJh
uGi;f qufjy\emygb?J
±ky0f g'eJ@ pdw0f g' b,fvq dk ufpyfr_&oSd vJqw dk m tbd "rRmqdik &f mtjrif&ŒJ tajccHjy\embJjzpfw,f?
'Djy\emrSm tjrif (2)rsK;d [m wav#mufv;kH &Scd =Jh uyg w,f? rwlwJh tjrif (2)&yf[mvJ wav#mufv;kH wdu k yf aGJ wG
&Scd w
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±ky0f g' tjrif&o Sd al wGu urBmavmu=uD;[m yuwd taeeJ@ vlwdk@tod&ŒJ tjyifyrSm trScD u dk if;pGm ol@zgom wnf&Sd
aewmjzpfw,f? ±kyb f 0 wnf&Sdr[ _ m yxrt&mjzpf+yD;/ pdwf 0d^mOfqw dk m 'kw, d t&momjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqw,f?
pdw0f g'aD wGuawmh 'geJ@ ajymif;jyefyJ obm0tcsi;f t&mawG [m vlawG&ŒJ pdwu f ;l tod^m%fawGu zefw;D vdu k w
f mjzpfyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh pdwq f w dk m yxrt&mjzpf+yD; ±kyq f dwk m 'kw, d t&momv#ijf zpfw,fvdk@ ,lqw,f? pdw0f g't& pdw0f ^d mOfu
yxrwnf&v Sd mjyD;rS urBmavmu=uD;eJ@ tppt&m&m zefw;D vdu k wf ,fvdk@ ,lq=uw,f?
tJ'pD w d 0f g'aD wGxrJ mS vnf; ESprf sK;d ESppf m; wnf&aSd ejyef w,f? wcsKdŒu yuwdbm0 pdw0f g'jzpf+yD; tjcm;wcku twW
bm0 pdw0f g'jzpfw,f?
pdw0f ^d mOfu yxrwnf&jSd yD; vlawG&ŒJ jyify&Sd tJ'0D ^d mOf todu obm0avmu&Sd tcsi;f t&mrSeo f r#udk zefw;D wmjzpf
w,fqw dk Jh tjrif&o Sd al wGudk yuwdbm0 pdw0f g'aD wGvdk@ac: w,f?
vlwdk@&ŒJ twWbm0todu pOf;pm;awG;awmr_u usew f Jh
t&mrSeo f r#udk zefw;D wmjzpfw,f jrifoal wGuawmh twW bm0 pdw0f g'aD wGb?J b,fpw d f0g'aD wGbjJ zpfjzpf pdwu f yxr
jzpf+yD; ±kyu f aemuf/ 'kw, d t&mjzpfw,fvdk@ ,lq=uwmygb?J vltzGJ@tpnf;twGi;f ud;k uG,q f nf;uyf=uwJh bmoma&;
trsK;d rsK;d wdk@[m pdw0f g' csO;f bJjzpfw,f?
pdw0f g' tbd"rRmqdik &f mawGrmS rwljcm;em;wJh tbd"rRm pepfrsm;tvdu k f rwlwJh enf;emeJ@ &Si;f vif;wifjyr_awG&Sd w,f?
Oyrm - urBmavmu=uD;[m (Absulte Idea) y&rwW 0d^mOfu zefw;D wmjzpfw,fvdk@ qdw k ,f? wcsKŒd uvnf; (Universal
Sprit) avmuorkwe d mrf wavmuvk;H qdik &f m pdw"f gwu f zefw;D wmjzpfw,fvdk@vJ qdw k ,f? tJ'Dvdk qdv k dk csuaf wGrmS
bk&m;ocifu zefw;D w,fqw dk m tygt0ifjzpf w,f? (qdv k w kd mu tEWwefc;dk &Siu f zefw;D jcif;vdk@ qdv k wdk m ygb?J
tbd"rRm tajccHjy\emawGay:rSm tbd"rRmq&mrsm;&JΠtjcm;bufuok;H oyfr/_ xifjrif,q l csurf sm; &Sad o;w,f?
'DbufrmS vnf; rwlujGJ ym;r_awG &Sad eygao;w,f?
±ky0f g'rD sm;u urBm=uD;[m odEidk fwt Jh &mjzpfw,fvdk@ ,lq=uw,f? urBm=uD;udk em;vnfwJh vlwdk@. tod t,l
tqwdk@[m rSeu f efw,fvdk@,q l =uw,f? vlwkd@&J @oed m;r_u t&m0wˆKrSefor#wdk@&J@ twGi;f ydik ;f qufqrH u _ dk odjrifEidk pf rG ;f &Sd
w,f? wenf;qd&k v#if ‚if;&JŒtESpfom&udk odEidk pf rG ;f &Sw d ,fvdk@ cH,=l uw,f?
pdw0f g'Drsm;uawmh 'Dtjrifudk jiif;y,f=uw,f? urBm avmu=uD;udk odEidk pf rG ;f &Sdw,fqw dk mudk jiif;y,f=uw,f? tJ'D vdk
tbd"rRmorm;awGudk (Agnostite) rodEidk 0f g'aD wGvdk@ ac: w,f? pdw0f g'eJ@ qef@usizf ufjzpfwJh ±ky0f g'[m wd;k wufwt Jh jrif jzpfjyD;
pdw0f g'eJ@ a&±Snw f u dk yf q GJ if&wJh jzpfpOftwGi;f rSm 0dZm… enf;us urBmt h jrif jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'±D yk 0f g' urBmt h jrifu rSom
urBmavmu=uD;&JΠyku H m;csyu f dk rSerf eS u
f efuef xif[yf jyEdik pf rG ;f &Sdwmjzpfw,f? ±kyf0g' tjrif[m 0dZm… ynm ±SmazGp;l
prf;r_twGuf rSeu f efwJh vrf;!$erf _ay;olvnf;jzpfw,f? wcsed f wnf;rSmvnf; ±ky0f g'tjrifu vlom;wdk@&ŒJ vufawG@ðyr_vy_ f
&Sm;r_awGeJ@ udu k nf ºD uG,0f wJh twGi;f oabmawGeJ@ jzpfay:wd;k wufaewmjzpfw,f? =uD;xGm; cdik jf rJvmaewmjzpfw,f?
±ky0f g'[m bmoma&;&JŒ rajyjidr;f Edik w f Jh &efo=l uD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? urBmavmu=uD;rSm v_y&f mS ;aewJh ±ky0f wˆKrS ty
tjcm;bmrSr&Syd g? 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;ocif&J @tcef;r&SEd idk yf g? odk@ r[kwf bk&m;&Spcf ;dk ausmif;rsm;rS ±ky0f g'ESifh ‚if;wdk@ ,k=H unfow l dk@
tay: xm0pOftjypfwif ykcH saejcif;wdk@[m a±Smifwcif r[kwf yg? jzpfpOft&ajymaomf ±ky0f g'[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&Sd a&SŒwef;
a&mufvw l ef;pm;rsm;&JŒ tjrifjzpfvm+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wd;k wufru _ dk tusKd ;ðywJh tawG;tac:vufeuf jzpfvmw,f?
aus;u|epf epftwGi;f rSm aus;u|eyf dki&f iS w f dk@udk qef@usif &mrSm ±ky0f g'udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJvw dk Jh tiftm;
pkwdk@u tok;H ðy=uw,f?
t&if&iS pf epf ay:xGuv f mwJt h cgrSm ya'o&mZft&Sif ocifrsm;eJ@ bk&m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;wdk@udk "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;u qef@
usiv f m=uwJt h cgr,f ±ky0f g'u tawG;tac:vufeufaumif; ozG,f tvkyaf ºuG;ðycJyh gw,f?
,ck usaemfwdk@acwfrmS awmh ±ky0f g'[m ypPn;f rJv h wl ef; pm;eJ@ wd;k wufwJh tiftm;pkawGu e,fcsŒJ orm;eJ@ azmufjyef
a&;orm;wdk@udk qef@usiw f u
dk cf u dk &f mr,f pGr;f yum;=uD;rm;wJh vufeuf=uD;wckyifjzpfw,f?
'geJ@ajymif;jyefbJ pdw0f g'uawmh 0dZm… ynmudk qef@usiw f Jh tjrifjzpfjyD; ‚if;[m bmoma&;eJ@ waygi;f wpnf;wnf; jzpf
w,f? urBmavmu=uD;&JŒ wu,fyh kHum;csyu f vdk J ±kyyf suq f if; ysuf rrSerf uef &Si;f jywmvnf;jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh pdw0f g'[m trSew f u,ftm;jzifh azmufjyefwJh tiftm;pkwdk@udk tvkyaf u|;ðy+yD; wd;k wufwt Jh iftm;pkwdk@udk
qef@usi&f mrSm bmoma&;eJ@ wqufwpyfwnf;vufwu GJ m vkyfom;jynfow l dk@&ŒJ pdwf"gwu f dk u|eðf yzdEySd x f m;ygw,f?
azmufjyefwJh vlwef;pm;awG/ tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ tkypf ;dk r_udk tm; jznf@ay;wJh u&d,mwcktjzpfvnf; yg0ifaew,f?
tkypf ;dk wJh vlwef;pm;bufuvnf; olwŒdk tm%mwnf+rJ a&;twGuf pdw0f g'udak xmufc+H yD; pdw0f g'tjrifawG wae@
wjcm; us,jf yef@a&;twGuv f nf; óud;pm;=uygw,f?
qd&k , S v f pf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qd&k ifawmh aoG;pkww f Jh vlwef; pm;vnf; r&So d jzifh pdw0f g' v$r;f rk;d a&;twGuf vlral &; tajccH
r&Sad wmhyg? 0dZm… enf;ustjrifrsm;uom (±ky0f g')uom v$r;f rd;k wJh t& jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@[m tbd"rRmq&mwdk@udk =unf±Œ_ &m rSm tbd"rRm&J@ tajccHjy\emtay: olwdk@b,fvo dk abm
xm;&Sw d ,fqw dk Jh tcsuu f dk tajcðyjyD; ±ky0f g'eJŒ pdw0f g'wdk@udk cGjJ cm;=unf@±Œ_ &rSm jzpfygw,f?
vlwef;pm;&Sw d Jh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm vlwef;pm;toD;oD; [m tjrifrwl=uygb;l ? rfrd w d dk@vw l ef;pm;&JΠtusK;d pD;yGm;buf u
&yfwnfjyD; jy\emawGudk =unf@wmomjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;usawmh rdrv d w l ef;pm;vGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf urBmavmueJ@ ‚if;&JŒ jy\emawGudk rSerf eS f uefuef em;vnfzdk@q&dk if pdw0f g'udk udik pf GJvdk@r&Edik yf g? ±ky0f g'udk
udik pf &GJ rSmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh vltzGJ@tpnf;twGi;f rSm rwl wJh vlwef;pm;awG[m rdrv d wl ef;pm; tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf
jy\emawGudk =unf@jrif&mrSm &yfwnfcsuaf wGrwl=uyg? 'ga=umifh ±ky0f g'tbd"rRm[m vlwef;pm;wdu k fyt
GJ wGuf udik pf GJ &r,fh
xufjrufwJh vufeufjzpfvmygw,f? xdk@a=umifh vl wef;pm;&Sw d Jh vltzGJ@tpnf;rSm tbd"rRm[m vlwef;pm;vuQ %m
&Sjd cif;bJ?
b,fvw l ef;pm;jzpfjzpf tod&o Sd nfjzpfap r&So
d nfjzpfap ra±Smifvo $J mbJ tbd"rRmtjrifwckcu k dk udik pf GJxm;wmcsn;f yg
bJ? 'Duae@ avhvm=uawmhr,fh rmhupf t f bd"rRmqdw k m ypPn;f rJhvlwef;pm;twGuf tifrwefxufjrufwJh tawG;tac:vuf
euf jzpfw,f? 'Dvufeufudk &Jabmfwdk@ udik pf &GJ vdrrfh ,f?
ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm;ESifh ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm;ygwu
D udik pf w
GJ Jh tbd"rRmudk tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g' vdk@ac:ygw,f? 'gudk rmhupf ef J@
tde*f ,fvw f dk@u &SmazGawG@&=Sd uvdk@ rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmvdk@ ac:wmjzpfw,f?

tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'qdw

k mbmvJ?

obm0tcsi;f t&mrsm;udk csO;f uyf&mY‚if;/ avhvmok;H oyf&mY‚if;/ oabmaygu&f mY‚if; awG;ac:r_enf;emwGif tEkyÉd
avmr enf;t&jzpf+yD; obm0tcsi;f t&m (Phenomina)udk t"dy`g,fziG &fh mwGi/f =unf±h q
_ ifjcif&mwGif ±ky0f g't& jzpfaom

a=umifh tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g' [kac:jcif;jzpfonf?

tEkyÉdavmr±ky0f g'rSm tydik ;f ESpfydki;f yg0ifw,f? wcku tEkyÉdavmr/ wcku ±ky0f g' jzpfw,f? tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'udk
'Dtydik ;f ESpyf idk ;f eJ@ aygi;f pyfxm;w,f? tEkyÉdavmrqdw k m enf; emjzpfw,f? ±ky0f g' qdwk m tjrifjzpfw,f?
Dialetic qdw k m *&dbmompum; Dialego qdw k pJh um;u qif;oufvmwmjzpfw,f? t"dy`g,u f aqG;aEG;jiif;ckjH cif;rS
trSew f &m;ud±k mS azGjcif; jzpfw,f? a&S;tcgu tjiif;yGm;=uwJh tcgr,f wzuf&JŒ jiif;qdck surf sm; twGif;xJu yÉdyuQrsm; jzpf
aewmawGudk qGx J kw+f yD; ok;H oyfausmef if;jcif;tm;jzifh trSeu f dk a&mufatmif vkyaf qmifjcif;ygb?J tJ'D tEkynmudk tEkyÉd
avmr [kac:w,f?
awG;ac:r_ twGi;f yÉdyuQawGudk azmfxw k jf cif;ESifh qef@usizf uf/ xifjrifcsu/f twdu
k tf cHjzpfjcif;wdk@[m trSeu
f adk &mufzdk@ taumif;
qk;H enf;bJvdk@ ,k=H unfol tbd"rRmq&mrsm; a&S;u &Scd w hJ ,f?
'D tEkyÉdavmr awG;ac:enf;udk aemifumvrSm obm0 avmu&Sd tcsi;f t&mrsm;twGuf wk;d csŒJ vdu k f wtJh cg obm0
udk oabmayguaf &; tEkyÉdavmr enf;tjzpf wd;k yGm;cJw h ,f?
tJ'D tEkyÉdavmrenf;uæ
obm0tcsi;f t&mrsm;[m tpOfojzifv h y_ &f mS ;aew,f? ajymif;vJaew,f? ‚if;&JŒobm0&JŒ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_[m obm0
twGi;f &Sd yÉdyuQrsm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_&ŒJ tusK;d qufomjzpf w,fvdk@ ,lq=uw,f? xdk@a=umifh tEkyÉdavmrenf;eJ@ ±ky0f g'
tjrifwdk@udk aygi;f pyfxm;wmvdk@ ajym&jcif;jzpfw,f? tESpo f m &t& ajymaomf tEkyÉdavmrenf;[m wuUaA'eJ@ ajzmifh
ajzmif=h uD; qef@usiaf ew,f?

urBmt
h jrif qdw
k mbmvJ
mbmvJ ?

urBmt h jrifqw dk m urBmavmu=uD;wckv;kH udk =unf@±w _ Jh tjrifpepfjzpfum vl[m‚if;&J@ywf0ef;usi&f Sd wu,ftajc

taersm;udk csO;f uyf=unf±&_ mrSm/ wu,ft h ajctaeudk &Si;f jy wJt h cgrmS vufawG@ ðyr_vy_ &f mS ;=u&wJh tcgrmS ±ky0f g' tjrifudk
vrf;!$eo f zG,f tok;H cs=u&ygw,f?
obm0e,fy,f toD;oD;twGi;f rSm b,favmufyJ =uD; rm;wJh ±SmazGawG@&rSd y_ jJ zpfjzpf ude;f jynf@tjriftjzpf ray;Edik yf g?
urBm@tjriftjzpf rzGJ@pnf;Edik yf g? Oyrm - "gwak A' bmom&yf wdk@[m ude;f jynf@tjriftjzpf ray;Edik w f m[m "rRwmyifjzpf
w,f? ta=umif;uawmh ‚if;wdk@[m b,fvydk if ta&;=uD;ap umrl usO;f ajrmif;+yD; tuef@towf&w Sd Jh twdik ;f twmtwGi;f
qdv
k wdk mu "gwak A' tcsi;f t&me,fy,ftwGi;f rSmom cdik v f kH ygvrd rfh ,f? 'gayrJh ajrmufrsm;vSwJh tcsi;f t&mrsm;&JΠtwGi;f
oabm (tESpo f m&)udak wmh ay:vGiaf tmif rzGijfh yEdik =f uyg? 'g[mvnf; tjcm; 0dZm… ynm&yfrsm;twdik ;f yif jzpfygw,f?
ordik ;f ±ky0f g' qdwk m[m tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'rlawGudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tcsi;f t&mrsm;tm; avhvm&mrSm wd;k csŒJ vdu k f wm/
vltzGJ@tpnf;tcsi;f t&mawG / vltzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ‚if;&JŒ ordik ;f udkavhvm&mrSm tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'rlawGeJ@ aygi;f pyf
vduk w f mjzpfw,f? tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'ESifh ordik ;f ±ky0f g'udk rmhufpef J@ tde*f ,fvw f dk@u ‚if;t&ifay:aygucf w Jh Jh tbd"rRm
e,fy,frmS &Sw d Jh t,ltqawG/ odem;vnfcsuaf wGudk avhvm ok;H oyf+yD; usK;d a=umif;qDavsmw f mawG (Rational resonal)
aumif;wmawG,l raumif;wmawGuydk ,f/ tqDtESpu f ,dk l tumudyk ,f+yD;rS &cJ=h uwmjzpfw,f?
tJ'gawGudk tcdik t f rmazmfjy&r,fq&dk if rmhupf 0f g' ay: aygufvmcJw h Jh a&aomufjrpfo;kH oG,x f rJ S a&aomufjrpf wck jzpf
wJh a&S;a[mif; *smreftbd"rRq&m [D;*Jv-f a*sm-h [D;*Jvf (1770-1831)udk ud;k um;ajymavh&w Sd ,f? [D;*Jvu f tEkyÉd
avmr&JŒ t"dut*Fg&yfawGudk az:xkwo f jl zpfygw,f? 'gay r,fh [D;*Jv&f ŒJ tEkyÉdavmrenf;eJ@ rmhupf &f JŒ tEkyÉdavmr enf;
[m wu,fvnf; rwlygb;l ? rmhupf [ f m [D;*Jv&f JŒ tEk yÉdavmrenf;emxJu tqDtESpu f d, k +l yD; pdw0f g'awGygaewJh
tumawGudk ypfy,fvu dk wf ,f? rmhupf &f ŒJ tEkyÉdavmrenf; em[m ydrk adk cwfrjDS yD; 0dZm… enf;usatmif aemufwqifw h ;dk yGm;ap
vduk wf mjzpfw,f? rmhupf &f JŒ tEkyÉdavmrenf;em[m [D;*Jvf &JŒ enf;emeJ@ jcm;em;±krH u ajzmifah jzmif=h uD; qef@usiv f #u&f Sd
w,f? [D;*Jvu f yuwdpw d 0f g' orm;wa,mufjzpfw,f? ol@&ŒJ tjrifrmS yxrqk;H ay:ayguv f mwJh (Absolute Idea)
tºuGi;f rJh t,ltqu urBmavmu=uD;udk zefqif;vdu k w f m jzpfw,f? wu,fu h rBm=uD;[m tºuGi;f rJht,ltq&JŒ tjyifyidk ;f
tcsi;f t&m o¿mefomv#if jzpfw,fvdk@ olu,lqw,f? rmhupf ef J@ tde*f ,fvw f dk@u 'geJ@ajymif;jyefbJ t,ltq qdw k m [m
vl&ŒJ pdwfu ±kyu f rBmavmuudk a&mifjyef[yfjcif;omv#if jzpfw,f? odjrifro _ ¿mefrsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJvu dk jf cif;om v#if
jzpfw,fvdk@ ,lqw,f? rmhupf -f tde*f ,fvw f dk@ tjrift& obm0avmu=uD;u t&if&v Sd m+yD; ESpo f ef;aygi;f rsm;pGm =um jyD;wJh
aemufrS vlqw dk mjzpfvmwm jzpfw,f? yxr obm0 avmu ay:vmw,f? tJ'aD emufrS ouf&o Sd wW0g wpwp
ay:vmw,f? yxr ouf&o Sd wW0gawGxrJ mS uvyfpnf;wck wnf;&SdwJh trD;bm; (Ameba) qdw k mu pjzpfw,f? 'Daemuf
ouf&Sd owW0gawG tqift h oD;oD; jzwfoef;jyD;aemufrS vljzpf vmwm jzpfw,f? vl&ŒJ OD;aESmuf[m wajz;ajz;&ifu h suv f mjyD;
pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_ ay:vmwmjzpfw,f?
±ky0f g'tjrifrmS vnf; rmhupf -f tdef*,fvf wdk@[m *smref tbd"rRm q&mwOD;jzpfwJh vl;0pfpf zsL;0g;bwfcsf (1804-
1872)udk ud;k um;avh&=Sd uw,f? 'gayr,fh rmhupf -f tdef*,fvf wdk@&JŒ ±ky0f g'tjrif[m zsL;0g;bwfcs&f ŒJ ±ky0f g' tjrifxu J
twGi;f ydik ;f tqDtESpaf wGu, dk +l yD; tumudyk ,fvu dk u
f m 0dZm… enf;uswJh ±ky0f g'tbd"rRmqdik &f m oabmw&m; jzpfvmatmif
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;apvdu k wf m jzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcs&f JΠpdw0f g'us wJh bmoma&;qefwmawGudk ud, k u f s iw fh &m;qefwmawGudk
y,fvu dk w f mjzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcs[ f m “tajccHt&” ±ky0f g' orm;wa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; pdw0f g'taESmiftzGJ@rsm;udk
xif&mS ;pGmawG@&w,fvdk@ tde*f ,fvfu t}udr}f udraf jymcJzh ;l w,f?

±ky0f g' tEkyÉdavmr&JŒ t"du vuQ%mrsm;uawmh

;uawmhæ

yxrvuQ%mrSm -
obm0tcsi;f t&mawGrmS woD;wjcm;wnf&aSd ewm r[kw?f =o*Jepft& tjyeftvSef qufpyfaew,f? tjyef tvSef
rScD adk ew,f? tjyeftvSef qk;H jzwfjyXmef;aew,fvdk@ ,lqw,f?
wuUaA't&awmh ‚if;ESiq fh ef@usipf mG bJ obm0tcsi;f t&mawG[m a±Smifwcif pkpnf;aewmjzpfw,f? wckeJ@ wck
rqufpyf? oD;jcm;pDjzpfaew,f? trScD u dk if;w,fvdk@,ql w,f?

'kw, d vuQ%mrSm -
obm0tcsi;f t&mawG[m +idro f uf+yD; rv_yrf &Sm;jzpfae aomt&m/ rajymif;vJwt Jh &mr[kwb f J tqufrjywf v_y&f mS ;
aew,f? ajymif;vJaew,f? wd;k yGm;aew,fvdk@ tEkyÉdavmr enf;emt& ,lq=uw,f? wuUaA'u 'geJ@ajymif;jyefb?J
obm0tcsi;f t&mawG[m +idro f ufaew,f? ajymif;vJrl r&Sd bl;vdk@ ,lqw,f? 'ga=umifh tEkyÉdavmr ±lŒa'giu fh =unf@&if
umv=umpGm wnf+rJaew,fxif&ayrJh ðyduyGJ sufp;D aewJh tcsi;f t&meJ@ tcsKŒd tcsed rf mS =um±Snpf mG wnf+rJr,f rxif&ay r,fh
pwifjzpfay:wd;k yGm;ae+yDjzpfwJh tcsi;f t&mawGq+dk yD; tcsi;f t&m ESpcf k &Sw d t Jh euf tEkyÉdavmr enf;emt& aemuf
tcsi;f t&mudk tav;xm;w,f? Oyrmtm;jzif-h t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;eJ@ ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm; / Armjynf tcdik t f rmeJ@ ajym &&if
vuf&t Sd m%m& azmufjyefwpJh pftpd;k &eJ@ Armjynf uGef jrLepfygwu D OD;aqmif+yD; wdu k yf 0GJ ifae=uwJh awmfveS af &;tif
tm;pkrsm;udk qufpyfo;kH oyfEidk w f ,f? azmufjyefwJh tiftm;pk awG[m vuf&t Sd ajctaerSm wnf+rJoa,mif &Sad eayrJh ðyduGJ
ysupf ;D qkwf,w k af ewJh tiftm;jzpfw,f? awmfveS af &; tif tm;pkawGuawmh vuf&t Sd ajctaerSm rwnfEidk b f ;l xif&ayrJh
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aew,f? 'Dtiftm;pkawGudk tav;xm;&r,f? ta=umif;uawmh topfay:xGuv f mwJth &m/ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;
aewJh t&mwdk@[m ra=uðyef;Edik w f tJh wGuaf =umifbh ?J
rmhupf 0f g' tEkyÉdavmrenf;emu topfjzpfay:wd;k wufrq _ w
dk m t&m&mjzpfay:w;dk wufrw _ dk@udk rqdv
k ydk g? wu,ft h opf
jzpfay:wd;k wufrw _ dk@uodk m qdv k wdk mjzpfw,f?
Oyrm - 'kw, d urBmppf twGi;f u zufqpf*smr%Du ol&ŒJ &ufpuf=urf;ñuyfwJh tkypf ;dk r_udk Oa&myacwfopfqw dk Jh
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Jh &mvdk@ rwGuqf Edik b
f ;l ? rkcsrvGaJ =uðyef;& r,f?
twkta,miftopfjzpfvdk@y?J wu,fv h ufawG@uawmh olwdk@[m rkcsusq;kH cJ&h +yD r[kwyf gvm;? 'geJ@ywfouf+yD; tdef *,fvu f
- “obm0tcsi;f t&mawG[m tao;i,fq;kH tpdwt f ydik ;f av;rS t=uD;qk;H cE<mud, k t
f xd jzpfomG ; w,f? oHra_H v;uae+yD;
aep}uFm0Vmtqk;H / umvmv a&=unfrv S t
l xd tqufrjywf/ r&yfrem; v_y&f mS ; ajymif;vJaewJh jzpfpOftwGi;f xm0pOf
ay:xGuaf e w,f? ausðyef;aew,f?” vdk@ajymcJw h ,f? (tde*f ,fvf - obm0tEkyÉdavmr - rS)
'ga=umifh tde*f ,fu f “ tEkyÉdavmr&J@ aumuf,l csu[ f m t&m0wˆKrsm;eJ@ ‚if;wdk@&ŒJ a&mifjyef[yfr_ t"dutm;jzifh
tjyeftvSeq f ufo,G rf /_ aygi;f pnf;r_/ay:xGuvf mr_/ aysmufu, G o
f mG ;r_ jzpfw,f?” vdk@ ajymcJw h ,f? (tde*f ,f. 'l;&if;
qef@usiafh &; - rS)

wwd,vuQ%mrSm -
obm0&J @tcsi;f t&mawG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;wm[m ta& twGut f & ajymif;vJrr_ S t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJro _ dk@ ul;
ajymif;aewmomjzpfw,f? t&nftcsi;f ul;ajymif;wm[m omrefajymif;oGm;wmr[kwb f J ckeu f ;l ajymif;vJwmvdk@ jrif w,f?
'gayrJh wuUaA' t&awmh ta&twGuaf jymif;vJr[ _ m t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJomG ;wmrsK;d r[kwb f ;l wJ?h tJ'D ajymif;
vJra_ wG[m puf0idk ;f vdjk yefvnf+yD;/ jzpf+yD;wm jyefjzpfwJh ±k;d ±k;d ajymif;vJwmrsK;d vdk@ ,lqw,f?
tEkyÉdavmr enf;t& tjrifuawmh t&nftwGuf ajymif;vJrt _ qifrh mS ajymif;vJr[ _ m rodom rxif&mS ;ao;bl;?
wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJaewJh jzpfpOfjzpfw,f? tJ'v D adk jymif;vJ &if qufx;kH wckudk a&mufwt Jh cg tifrwefvsijf refpmG ckeu f ;l
ajymif;vJomG ;wmrsK;d jzpfw,fvdk@ jrifw,f? tEkyÉdavmr enf; t& jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_[m a&SŒodk@jzpfay:wdk;yGm;w,f? tjrifo h dk@
jzpfay:wd;k yGmw,fvdk@ ,lqw,f? t&nftcsi;f ta[mif;uae t&nftcsi;f opfodk@ ajymif;vJaewmjzpfw,f? ±k;d ±k;d uae ±_yf
axG;aeaom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_odk@ tqifeh rd rfh S tqifjh rifo h dk@ jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;r_jzpfw,f? tJ'aD wmh obm0avmurSmyJjzpfjzpf
ouf&o Sd wW0gavmurSmjzpfjzpf vlowW0gtxd 'Denf;eJ@ ajymif;vJvmwmjzpfw,f? tyifavmurSmvnf; tedrq fh ifu
h ae
tjrifq h ifo
h dk@ ajymif;vJvmcJwh ,f? a&S;ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmu tyifrsK;d awG[m ,ae@&aSd ewmeJ@ rwlcb Jh ;l ? [dak &S;a&S;u tyifjzpfpu
tyif&ŒJ rsK;d aphawG[m tcGrH &Scd b Jh ;l ? aemifrmS wajz;ajz; &moDOwk'g%cf EH idk af tmif rsK;d aphrmS tcGjH zpfvm toD;rSmvnf;
ajymif;vJvmwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh wuUaA' tbd"rRmq&mrsm;uawmh e*dt k wdik ;f yJ rajymif;bl;vdk@ &yfcH =uw,f? Oyrm -
emrnfausmf qG'd ifjynfom; obm00dZm… ynmonfwOD; jzpfwJh csm;vf vif;aemh (1717 -1778)u tyif avmurSm
rlvzefw;D xm;wJh twdik ;f bJ bmr#rajymif;bl;vdk@ ajAmif&yfcaH jymqdrk _ &Scd w Jh ,f? tvm;wl jyifopf tbd"rRmq&m *db k ed uf
(1735 - 1821) uvnf; vl=uD;jzpfvmayr,fh ol&ŒJ umvva&=unfb0eJ@ bmr#rjcm;bl;wJ?h olu vljzpfvmwm [m
±k;d ±k;d =uD;xGm;vmwmom jzpfw,fvdk@ qdw k ,f? tyifavm urSm tqifeh rd u fh ae tqifjh rifo h dk@ ajymif;vJvmw,f? a&n‡d uae
tyif=uD;rsm; ayguzf mG ;vmw,f? ouf&o Sd wW0grsm; ajymif;vJr_rmS (ZD0aA') trD;bm;vdk uvyfpnf;wckuae
tqifjh rifw h &dpm> eftxd wppajymif;vJjyD; aemufq;kH vltxd jzpfvmw,f? 'g[m ESpo f ef;aygi;f rsm;pGm jzwfoef;jyD;rS jzpfvm
=uwmjzpfw,f?
±lyaA'rSm a&cd;k a&aiG@/ a&/ a&cJtjzpf ajymif;wmawG&Sd w,f? 'g[m ta&twGuu f ae wpwpajymif;vm+yD; quf
xk;H trSwaf &mufawmh ckeu f ;l ajymif;vJ oGm;wmawGygy?J

pwkwv ˆ uQ%muawmh -
t&mcyford ;f eJ@ obm0 tcsi;f t&mrsm;rSm twGi;f yÉdyuQrsm;[m yifu, dk u f wnf;u &Sad ew,f? bmha=umifv h q
J dk awmh
t&mcyford ;f eJ@ obm0 tcsi;f t&mwdk@rmS treJ@tzd/k twdwf eJ@ tem*gw/f ysufp;D aewJh t&mwcsKŒd ESifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm; aeaom
t&mwcsKŒd wdk@ yg0ifae=uygw,f? qef@usizf ufwdk@ wckeJ@wck wdu k cf dkuaf e=ujcif;/ ta[mif;eJ@topfwdk@ wdu k cf u
dk f ae=ujcif;/
ysuq f ;D aewJt h &meJ@ topfjzpfay:wd;k yGm;aewJh t&mwdk@ qef@usiw f u dk cf udk af ejcif;ygy?J 'gawG[m ta& twGuaf jymif;vJrr_ S
t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJro _ dk@ ajymif;vJjcif; wdk@ yg0ifaewJh twGi;f o±kyfrsm; jzpf=uw,f?
twdtus t"dy`g,t f wdik ;f qdk&if tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g' [m t&mcyford ;f wdk@&ŒJ tESpo f m&twGi;f &Sd yÉdyuQrsm;udk avh
vmjcif;jzpfw,f? jzpfay:wd;k yGm;jcif;qdw k m qef@usib f uf tcsi;f t&mwdk@&ŒJ twdu k t f cHjzpfjcif;wdk@&ŒJ wdu
k yf yGJ J jzpfygw,f?
vlrb _ 0eJ@ vltzGJ@tpnf;wdk@&ŒJ ordik ;f avhvm&mrS tEkyÉd avmrenf;&JŒ rloabmrsm;udk wd;k csŒJ vdu k &f ifæ
urBmay:rSm oD;jcm;uif;uGmaewJh toGio f ¿mefrsm; r&Syd gu tm;vk;H aom o¿mefrsm;[m wckeJ@wck qufo, G af e
jcif;/ rScD t
dk m;xm;ae=ujcif;wkd@a=umifh ordik ;f rSm vltzGJ@tpnf; pepfwdki;f eJ@ vltzGJ@tpnf; vly&f mS ;r_widk ;f udk ordik ;f q&mawGu
r=umc% ajymavh&o Sd vdk “xm0& opPm” odk@r[kwf tjcm; wifñud,q l xm;wJh xifjrifcsuef J@ wefz;dk jzwfr&? txuftqdk
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ayvdrrfh nf?
 'kw, d tcsuu f awmh - urBmavmu=uD;[m tpOf ojzifh v_yf&mS ;I jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeygu ta[mif;rsm;aysmuf
uG,af e+yD; topfopfawG ay:ayguaf eygu “rajymif;vJEidk f wJ”h vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm; r&SEd idk af =umif;/ yk*v ~ u
d ypPn;f eJ@
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xm0pOfaoG;pkwcf aH e&r,f ? tvkyo f rm;rsm;[m t&if;&Sif awG&ŒJ atmufrmS xm0pOf tcpm;tvkyo f rm;jzpfae&r,f qdw k Jh
“xm0&pdwu f ;l ” rsm;vnf; r&SEd idk fa=umif; xif&mS ;yg w,f? 'ga=umifh wcgwek ;f u ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfudk t&if; &Sipf epfu
z,f&mS ;cJo h vdk t&if;&Sipf epfuv dk nf; qd&k ,
S v f pf pepfu rkcsz,f&mS ;ygvrd rfh ,f? 'gawG[m ra&SmifvE$J idk w f Jh tcsi;f t&mawGygy?J
'gah =umifh vlwef;pm;yÉdyuQawGudk ajz&Si;f Edik zf d@k vlwef;pm;wdu k yf aGJ wGudk }uH}h uHch idk cf idk f qifE&GJ ayvdrrfh ,f?
vlwef;pm;wdu k yf GJ rkcsvyk &f r,fq&dk if tajccHwu dk yf GJ o¿mef (3) rsK;d udk qkyu f idk x
f m;&vdrrfh ,f? (1) Edik if aH &;wduk yf /GJ (2)
pD;yGm;a&;wdu k yf /GJ (3) tawG;tac:wdu k yf GJ wdk@jzpfw,f? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf &GJ JŒ tjrifq h ;kH o¿mefqdkwmvJ vufeufuidk f
wdu k yf jGJ zpfw,f?
usaemfwdk@[m vltzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;/ azmufjyefwpJh epf awG&ŒJ yÉdyuQudk rzk;H uG,b f J azmfxw k af y;&r,f? vlwef;pm;
wdu k yf uGJ dk wm;qD;rxm;bJ rSeu f efwJh tjrifenf;emawGeJ@ tqk;H wdik f qifEaGJ &;udk cdik cf idk rf mrmpdu k x
f x
l m;&r,f? r,dr;f ,dik &f bl;?
'Dae@ ArmjynfrmS qifEaGJ ewJh jynfol@'rD u dk a&pDawmfveS af &;[m obm0uswJh a&Smifvr$J &wJh tcsi;f t&m jzpfw,f? 'Dae@ vuf
eufuidk w f ukd yf GJudk atmify&GJ onftxd qifEo $J mG ;&ygvrd rfh ,f? ay:vpDrrSm;bl;qd&k if usaemfwdk@[m &efoleJ@ vlwef;pm;wdu k yf GJ
udk }uH}h uHch idk cf idk f qifE$oJ mG ;a&;jzpfw,f? &efo&l JΠr_id ;f wdu k rf /_ pdwf ul;,Ofr/_ vSnpfh m;rl rSeo f r#udk owd&Sd&SdeJ@ qef@usiw f udk cf u dk f
&vdrrfh ,f?
tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS tvkyf orm;-v,form; r[mrdwzf GJ@r_ tajccHay:rSm wjcm; awmf
vSew f Jh vlwef;pm;toD;oD;/ vl@tv$mtoD;oD; wdk@eJ@ aoG;pnf; nD!Gw+f yD; bk&H efou l dk atmify&GJ wJt h xd tqk;H wdik f qef@usif
wdu k yf 0GJ if=u&vdrrfh ,f?

'kw,
d jy\
jy\em

rmhupf 0f g'&J@ tbd"rRmtjrif

rmhupf &f ŒJ ±ky0f g'tjrif[m t&if;cHtm;jzifh pdw0f g'eJ@ ajzmifah jzmif=h uD; qef@usiw
f ,f? rmhupf 0f g' ±ky0f g'tjrif&J@
t"dut*Fg&yfawGuawmhæ

(1) yxrt*Fg&yfuawmh -
urBmavmu=uD;[m vuQ%mt& =unf@r,fq&dk if ±kyf vuQ%maqmifw,f? urBmavmu=uD;&JŒ ajrmufrsm;vSwJh
tcsi;f t&mawG[m v_y&f mS ;aewJh ±ky0f wˆK&JŒ jcm;em;wJh o¿mef awGom jzpfygw,f? 'gawGudk ±lyaA'/ "mwkaA'/ ZD0aA' bm
om&yfwdk@u oufaotcdik t f rm jyaew,f?
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(3) wwd,t*Dg&yf -
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a[majymcsuf (2)

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f m[m tifrwef
ta&;ygwJh udpjP zpfygw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0 tcsi;f t&mawG [m tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af ew,f? tjyeftvSef rScD adk e w,f?
'g[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_qidk &f m w&m;rsm; jzpfw,f?
±ky0f g'tjrifudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordik ;f avhvm&mrSm wd;k csŒJ vdu k wf ma=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordik ;f avhvma&;[m 0dZm…
ynmw&yf jzpfvmcJw h ,f? ypPn;f rJhvw l ef;pm;ygwD&ŒJ vuf awG@vyk if ef;awG[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ w&m;rsm; tay:
tajcpdu k x f m;&r,f? 'Dw&m;awGudk avhvm+y;D vrf;!$ef
tjzpftok;H cs&r,f?
oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@aygi;f pyf&r,f? 'g[m odyf ta&;=uD;wJh udp=P uD;bJ?
tbd"rRmqdik &f m&JŒ tajccHjy\emjzpfwJh ±kyef J@ pdw&f ŒJ qufqrH t _ jrifudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0rSm qufpyfr,fq&dk ifæ
vlra_ &;b0 yxr jzpf+yD; (±kyb f 0)?
vlra_ &;tod[m 'kw, d jzpfw,f (pdw)f ?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vlrb _ 0u vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vlra_ &;tod udk jyXmef;w,f?
vlra_ &;todu vlral &;b0udk tjyeftvSef =oZmouf a&mufw,f?
vlra_ &;b0[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyyf idk ;f qdik &f m b0jzpf w,f?
vlra_ &;tod[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JΠpdwyf idk ;f qdik &f mjzpf w,f?
vlra_ &;b0[m vlawG&J@pw d qf ENeJ@ trScD u
dk if;pGm wnf&Sd aewJh yuwdbm0 wu,fjh zpf&yf jzpfw,f? vlra_ &;tod[m
vlra_ &;b0&JΠa&mifjyef[yfcsujf zpfw,f?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m t,ltqawG/ oabmw&m;awG [m tJ't D csed &f Sd vltzGJ@tpnf;rSm&Sw
d Jh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyyf dik ;f
qdik &f mb0 tcsut f vufrsm;u qk;H jzwfjyXmef;wmjzpfw,f? Oyrm - aus;u|eaf cwf/ ya'o&mZfacwf/ t&if;&Siaf cwfwdk@rmS
vJ 'Dtwdik ;f yJjzpfw,f?
 usaemfwdk@[m ay:vpDt& trSm;rjzpf&atmif usaemfwdk@ &JŒ vkyif ef;awGudk vltzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfyidk ;f b0qdik f&m tcdik t f rm
tcsut f vufawGay:rSm tajcðy&vdrrfh ,f? qdv k w dk mu vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ wu,fv h ufawG@b0eJ@ b,fawmhrS ruif;uGm&
bl;? rdrpd w d q f ENtay:rSm tajcrwnf&bl;?
pdwq f ENt&ajym&&if reufjzef awmfveS af &;atmifcsif wmyJ? tJ'v D dk pdwq f EN &S, d ekH J@ r&bl;? 'gtay: rlrwnf&bl;?
wu,ft h ajctaejzpfwJh pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &; ponf wdk@tay:rSm vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudk csrw S rf Som vkyif ef;ay:vpD
awGudk csrw S rf oS m vkyif ef;atmifjrifvrd rfh ,f?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyyf idk ;f b0 tcsuftvufawGay: tajc pdu k &f vdrrfh ,fvdk@ qdw k ma=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm&Sw d Jh t,l
tq/ oabmw&m;/ Edik if aH &; taqmuftOD;rsm;eJ@ ordik ;f rSm ‚if;wdk@yg0ifwt Jh cef;udk rjiif;y,f±o kH mru ‚if;wdk@&ŒJ ta&;ygwJh
tcef;udv k J todtrSwðf yw,f? tav;xm;w,f? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;rSm&Sw d Jh t,ltq oabmw&m;awGrmS qd&k ifvJ trsK;d rsK;d
&Syd gvrd rfh ,f? t,ltqa[mif;/ oabmw&m;a[mif;awG[m ausðyef;rJt h iftm;pkawGudk tvkyt f au|;ðyw,f? t,ltq
opf a&SŒwef;a&mufwJh oabmw&m;opfawG[m wd;k wufwJh wu,ft h iftm;pkawGudk tvkyt f au|;ðyaew,f? 'Dvt dk ,l
tqtopf/ oabmw&m;topfawGudk vlxu k csKyfuidk v f m wmeJ@ wðydief uf tifrwefpGr;f yum;=uD;rm;wJh ±ky0f wˆKtif
tm;=uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmw,f? vlx[ k m wd;k wufwJh vuf awG@eJ@ udu k n f w D Jh oabmw&m;opfawGudk csKyfuidk v f mEdik yf gu
azmufjyefwt Jh iftm;pkawGudk ðzdzsuyf pfzkd@ tcGio fh mvmw,f? 'g[m xufjrufwv Jh ufeufudk &vmwmeJ@wyl gw,f?
vlra_ &;b0[m tqufrjywf v_yf&mS ;aejyD; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aew,f? rajymif;vJbJ aewm&,fvdk@ r&Syd g? 'g[m wae&m
rSm &yfaejcif;r[kw?f xm0pOf v_y&f mS ;aew,f? 'g[m topf opfjzpfay:wd;k wufjcif;&JΠxm0&jzpfpOfxrJ mS wnf&aSd ejcif;
a=umifh t&m0wˆKopfeJ@ t&m0wˆKa[mif;/ ay:ayguw f ;dk yGm;ae wJht&meJ@ a=uðyef;csKyfjidr;f aewJt h &m/ awmfveS w f tJh &meJ@
wefjyef awmfveS w f t Jh &mwdk@[m xm0pOfwnf&aSd ewmjzpf w,f? t&mtm;vk;H [m v_y&f mS ;ajymif;vJaew,fq&dk if usaemf wdk@
rScD t
dk m;xm;&rJh vlwef;pm;[m jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aejyD; a&SŒodk@ wd;k wufaewJh tiftm;jzpfonfh ypPn;f rJhvw l ef;pm;yJjzpfw,f?
(tem*gw&f ŒJ acgi;f aqmiftiftm;opf[m ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;yJ jzpfw,f?)
txufyg t,ltqu vkyfom;jynforl sm;udk eufew J Jh taumif;jrif0g'/ qdv k w dk mu t&if;&Si0f g'udk rkcs wdu k zf suðf zdcs
ypfEidk wf ,fqw dk Jh ,k=H unfcsuu f &dk apygw,f?
yxr jy\emu - rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm&JΠenf;emjzpf+yD;?
'kw, d jy\emu - rmhupf 0f g'&JΠtbd"rRmtjrif jzpfw,f?
wwd, jy\emuawmh - ordik ;f ±ky0f g'jzpfw,f?
tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'rlawGudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;odk@ wd;k csŒJ vdu k +f yD; ordik ;f ±ky0f g'tjrif jzpfay:vmw,f? ordik ;f ±ky0f g'
tjrift& vlra_ &;b0[m vlra_ &;todudk jyXmef;w,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;±kyyf idk ;f qdik f&m b0ta=umif;t
csuaf wGu vltzGJ@tpnf;&JΠpdwyf idk ;f b0qdik &f m ta=umif; tcsuaf wGudk jyXmef;w,f? 'gut dk xufyidk ;f rSmvJ ajymjycJ+h yD?
vltzGJ@tpnf; ±kyyf idk ;f b0qdik &f m tcsut f vufawG[m bmawGvJ ?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk 0dik ;f &HaewJ@ obm0yx0D ywf0ef;usif wdk@[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyyf dik ;f b0 tajctaersm;teuf ryg
r+yD;wJh tcsut f vufjzpfw,f? ‚if;onf "rRmwmtwdik ;f bJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k wufrt _ ay: =oZmt&Sed f ouf
a&mufr&_ wSd ,f? yx0Dywf0ef;usifonf vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ rsuf ESmtoGit f jyif/ vlwdk@&ŒJ vlrv
_ uQ%m pepfwckrS wckodk@ ul;
ajymif;jcif;udk jyXmef;wJh t"dutiftm;pkvm;? ordik ;f ±ky0f g' tjrift& t"dutiftm;pkr[kwyf g?
yx0Dywf0ef;usi[ f m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_udk jrefqefapwJh odk@r[kwf aES;auG;apwJh =oZmt&Sed f ouf
a&mufayrJh t"duta=umif;t&m/ jyXmef;wJh ta=umif;w&m; awmhr[kwb f ;l ? ta=umif;u vltzGJ@tpnf; ajymif;vJru _
yx0Dywf0ef;usif ajymif;vJrx _ uf ydrk vdk #ijf refwt
Jh wGuf a=umifh jzpfw,f? tESpf ok;H axmiftwGi;f / Oa&myrSm pepf ok;H rdsK;
ajymif;vJausmv f eG cf aJh yrJh 'DumvtawmtwGi;f yx0D tajctaeuawmh rajymif;vJoavmufb?J
ta&;=uD;wJh yx0Dajymif;vJrr_ eS o f r#[m ESpo f ef;aygi;f rsm;pGm vdtk yfw,f? ta&;=uD;wJh vltzGJ@tpnf; ajymif;vJr_
qdwk muawmh ESpaf ygi;f ESpaf xmif/ ok;H axmif twGi;f rSmbJ jzpf Edik w f ,f? aomif;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom ESpftwGi;f rSm vk;H 0rajymif;
vJbJ aeoavmuf&w Sd tJh &m[m ESp&f maygi;f tenf;i,f twGi;f rSmyJ tajctjrpfuae+yD; ajymif;vJwwfwJh t&m&JΠjzpf

ay:wd;k yGm;a&; t"duta=umif;w&m;awmh r[kwEf idk b f ;l ?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyyf idk ;f b0 tajctaersm;rSm vlO;D a& [m ta&;=uD;wJh t*Fgtpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfw,f? tenf;qk;H &St
d yf wJh
vlO;D a&r&Syd gu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ±kyyf idk ;f b0vnf; r&SEd idk b
f ;l ? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepf&JΠvuQ%mudk jyXmef;&mrSm vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;
jcif;/ vlO;D a&rsm;jym;jcif;[m t"dutiftm;pkvm;? ordik ;f ±ky0f g'u t"dutiftm;pk r[kwv f dk@ jrifw,f?
vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;jcif;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&; udk "rRwmtwdik ;f jrefqefap odk@r[kwf aES;auG;apwJh =oZm
oufa&mufayrJh t"dutiftm;pk jyXmef;wJh ta=umif;tcsuf awmh rjzpfEidk b f ;l ? pepfwckae&mrSm pepfwcku tpm;xd;k jcif;/
pepfwckeJ@wck tpOftwdik ;f qufc&H mrSm tjcm;pepfwcku bmh a=umifh rqufco H vJqw dk Jh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk
vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;jcif;u tajzray;Edik yf g? tar&duefjynfxuf w±kyjf ynfu vlO;D a&xl xyfaygrsm;r_rmS (4)q =uD;rm;ygw,f?
b,fv*f s, D jH ynf vlO;D a&xlxyfjcif;rSm tar&duefxuf (19)q/ qdAk D,uf,el , D xH uf (26)q jzpfw,f? (&Jabmf pwm
vif acwfpm&if;t&jzpfw,f) vlO;D a& xlxyfjcif;[m vl@tzGJ@ tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;rSm t"dutiftm;pk/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
pepf&ŒJ vuQ%m (0g) vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ rsuEf mS oGijf yifudk jyXmef;wJt
h iftm;pk rjzpfEidk b
f ;l ? jzpfvJ rjzpfb;l ?
(u) vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;rSm t"du tiftm;pku vlowW0gwnfaer_eJ@ ‚if;wdk@touf&iS af &; twGuf
tok;H taqmifrsm;&,lenf;/ touf&iS af &;eJ@ vl@ tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf r&Srd jzpfwJh pm;p&m/ 0wf p&m
xkwv f yk af &;u&d,mrsm; pwmwdk@jzpfw,f? ±kyyf idk ;f wef

bd;k (tok;H taqmif) rsm;xkwv f yk ef nf;jzpfw,f?

vlwdk@[m touf&iS af eEdik b f dk@ pm;p&m/ 0wfp&mwdk@ &S&d r,f? ±kyyf idk ;f tok;H taqmifrsm;udk &&SEd idk zf dk@ vlwdk@[m 'gawGudk
xkwv f yk =f u&r,f? 'gawGudk xkwv f yk zf kd@q&dk if 'gawGukd xkwf vkyw f Jh xkwv f yk af &; u&d,mrsm; &S&d r,f? vlwdk@ u&d,mrsm;udk
xkwv f yk Ef idk &f r,f? ok;H pGEJ idk &f r,f?
±kyyf idk ;f tok;H taqmifrsm;udk xkwv f yk wf Jh xkwv f yk af &; u&d,mrsm;/; xkwv f yk af &;u&d,mrsm;udk udkipf +GJ yD; ±kyyf dik ;f
tok;H taqmifrsm;udk xkwv f yk o f Gm;rJh vlrsm;/ 'gt h jyif 'Dvl awG&ŒJ xkwv f yk af &; tawG@tñuHeJ@ tvkyu f |r;f us
usirf /_
'Dtpdwt f ydik ;f tm;vk;H [m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JΠxkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfvmw,f? 'gayrJ@ xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pk rsm;[m
xkwv f yk af &; (xkwv f kyef nf;)&JΠrsuEf mS wzufom jzpfw,f? xkwfvyk ef nf;(xkwv f yk af &;)&JΠtjcm;rsuEf mS wzuf [mawm
x
h w k vf yk af &;jzpfpOfrmS vlwOD;eJ@ wOD; qufqaH &; (xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;) yJjzpfw,f?
vltzGJ@tpnf;±kyyf idk ;f tok;H taqmifrsm;udk xkwv f yk zf dk@ twGuf obm0udk tok;H cs&mrSm wa,mufeJ@wa,muf oD;
jcm;uif;uGm+yD; (oD;jcm;aom vly*k K~d vfrsm;/ woD;yk*K~d vfrsm; taeeJ@) ðyvky=f uwmr[kwb f J twlwuG tpkvu dk /f tzGJ@
tpnf;vdu k f ðyvky=f u&w,f? 'ga=umifh xkwv f yk af &;[m b,f tcg b,ftajctaeatmufrmS rqdk vltzGJ@tpnf; xkwf
vkyaf &; jzpfw,f? b,fxw k v f yk af &; qufqrH r_ qdk (aoG;pkwf cs,v f S,af &;uif;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if tcsi;f csi;f ulnaD &;eJ@
yl;aygi;f aqmif±u G af &;qufqrH )_ (v$r;f rd;k tkypf ;dk +yD; vufatmuf cHxm;onfh qufqaH &;) (xkwv f yk af &; qufqaH &;r_ toGif
w&yfrS tjcm;toGiw f &yf ponfh qufqaH &;rsm;) tcgumv wdik ;f / pepfwidk ;f rSm vltzGJ@tpnf;&JΠxkwfvyk af &;tiftm;pkvdk yJ
xkwv f yk af &;rSm t"duuswJh tpdwftydik ;f tjzpf yg0ifw,f?
xkwv f yk af &;(xkwv f yk ef nf;) rSm vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ xkwf vkyaf &;tiftm;pkeJ@ vlwdk@&ŒJ xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ ESp&f yfpvk;H
yg0if=uw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ xkwv f yk af &;(xkwv f yk ef nf;) [m ±kyf ydik ;f tokH;taqmifrsm; xkwv f yk af &;jzpfpOfrSm xkwv f yk af &; tif
tm;pkrsm;eJ@ xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _wdk@&ŒJ wpnf;wvk;H wnf; aygi;f pyf&m jzpfvmawmhw,f?
(c) xkwv f yk af &;&JΠyxrvuQ%m uawmh b,f awmhrS wae&mwnf; =um&Snpf mG raebJ/ tpOfojzifh ajymif;
vJjzpfay:aejcif;jzpfw,f? 'gt h jyif xkwv f yk ef nf;rSm ajymif;vJr_ rsm;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfwckv;kH vltzGJ@tpnf;&JΠpdwu f ;l
rsm;(emrfyidk ;f b0)/ vlwdk@&ŒJ Edik if aH &;tjrifrsm;eJ@ Edik if aH &; taqmuftOD;rsm;rSmyg ra±Smifrv$o J mbJ ajymif;vJvmap w,f?
vltzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tpDtpOfw&yfv;kH udv k nf; jyef vnfwnfaqmufzdk@ jzpfvmapw,f? jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_&JΠrwlwJh
tqifrh sm;rSm vlwdk@[m rwlwx Jh wk v f yk ef nf;rsm;udk tok;H ðy =uw,f? rwlwJh toufarG;aexdik yf w kH dk@eJ@ ae=uw,f? pepf
(acwf) wrsK;d rSm xkwv f yk ef nf;wrsK;d jzpfcw Jh ,f? vlwdk@ touf arG;aexdik yf kH wdk@uv dk u dk +f yD; vlwdk@&JŒawG;ac:ykH jzpfvmcJw h ,f?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ ordki;f qdw k m pepfrsm;xJrmS wck +yD;wck pOfquf ay:aygucf w Jh Jh xkwfvyk fa&;enf;&JΠjzpfay:wd;k
yGm;r_ordik ;f yJ jzpfw,f? xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ vlwdk@&ŒJ xkwfvyk af &;qufqrH r_ sm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;ordik ;f yJ jzpfw,f?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;ordik ;f [m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ wnf+rJa&;twGuf vdt k yfwJh ±kyyf idk ;f tok;H taqmifrsm;udk xkwf
vkyw f Jh xkwv f kyaf &;jzpfpOfrmS t"du tiftm;pkjzpfwJh xkwf vkyo f rl sm;/ vkyo f m;vlxrk sm;/ jynforl sm;&J @ ordik ;f yJjzpfw,f?
&Sib f &k ifrsm;/ eef;wGi;f ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ ppfyrGJ sm;/ ppfEidk o f /l zdp;D ESyd u
f yG o
f rl sm;&JΠta=umif;t&mrsm;udo k m azmfjy&if
wu,fo h rdik ;f 0if vlr0_ Zd m… ynm rjzpfEidk b f ;l ?
ordik ;f a&; 0dZm… ynm&JŒ t"duwm0efuawmh xkwv f yk f a&;w&m;rsm;/ xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh xkwv f yk af &;
qufqrH w _ dk@&ŒJ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;w&m;rsm; vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;udk avhvmazmfxw k zf dk@yjJ zpfw,f?
ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;ygwD w&yf[m wu,fph pfreS w f Jh rmhupf f vDeif0g' ygww D &yfjzpfvdk&if xkwv f yk af &;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;&JŒ
todynm/ vltzGJ@tpnf; pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:w;dk yGm; r_ w&m;rsm;&JΠtodynmwdk@udk tjcm;aom ta=umif;t&m wdk@xuf
od&eSd m;vnfatmif avhvmxm;&r,f? ay:vpDrmS rrSm;,Gi;f vd&k if rdrv d yk if ef;pOfa&;qG&J meJ@ rdrw d dk@vufawG@aqmif ±Gurf r_ sm;udk
vkyu f idk &f mrSm 'Dw&m;awGuaerS OD;pGmtpðy&r,f?
vufawG@vyk af qmif&mrSm/ ay:vpDrsm;csrw S &f mrSm vkyf ief;pOfvrf;pOfrsm; csrw S &f mrSm vltzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay: wd;k yGm;r_
w&m;u tpcs&D r,f? 'geJ@ywfoufvdk@ tde*f ,fvu f vltzGJ@ tpnf; ajymif;vJrt _ m;vk;H &JŒ Edik if aH &; awmfveS af &;awG&ŒJ
aemufq;kH ta=umif;t&if;awGudk vlawG&ŒJ OD;a%SmufxrJ mS r&SmygeJ@? xm0&trSew f &m;eJ@ w&m;r#wr_tay: odjrifem;
vnfrx _ rJ mS r&SmygeJ@? vltzGJ@tpnf; xkwv f yk ef nf;eJ@ txGuf ypPn;f zvS,ef nf;xJrmS &Smyg? acwfwidk ;f acwfwidk ;f &JΠtbd"rRm
xJrmS r&SmygeJ@ ? acwfwidk ;f acwfwidk ;f &JΠabm*aA'xJrmS &Smyg vdk@ ajymcJw h ,f? 'ga=umifv h rf;pOfwck ay:vpDwck csawmhr,f
qd&k if 'Dwidk ;f jynf&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;b0udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm&r,f? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D vrf;pOfcsrw S &f mrSm yxr qk;H
Armjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk avhvmw,f? Armjynf vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;[m b,fvv dk l@tzGJ@tpnf;vJ? ‚if;&J@ pD;yGm;a&; qufqH r_/
xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ b,fvd&k o Sd vJ? tJ'gudk =unfw h tJh cg udkvdkew D ydik ;f / ya'o&mZfwydik ;f vltzGJ@tpnf;jzpfw,fvdk@
awG@&w,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm; vufatmufrmS t*Fvyd f e,fcsŒJ orm;/ wOD;xJu vuf0g;=uD;tkyf aoG;pkycf w Jh Jh udv k edk D
wdik ;f jynf jzpfcw Jh ,f? zqyv xJrS trsK;d om;t&if;&Sif vufsm *d% k ;f udk t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;u tm%may;+yD;wJah emuf Edik if H
a&;t& vGwv f yfayrJh pD;yGm;a&;t& rvGwv f yfwJh e,fcsŒJ aygi;f pkt H ay:rSm rScD v dk m&wJh udv k edk w
D ydki;f ya'o&mZfwydik ;f
Edik if jH zpfvmw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ qifE&JG r,fh awmfveS f a&;[m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiw f /Jh ya'o&mZfqef@usiw f /Jh AsL±ku d &uf
t&if;&Siq f ef@usiw f Jh jynfol@'rD u dk a&pDawmfveS af &;jzpfw,f?
'Do;kH oyfr_[m ordik ;f ±ky0f g' tjrifeJ@ udu k n f w D tJh wGuf rSeu f efwJho;kH oyfcsuf jzpfygw,f?
(*) xkwv f yk af &;. 'kw, d vuQ%mrSmum; - ‚if;.ajymif;vJrE_ iS fh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_wiG f tpOfojzifh tpðy ayonf?
OD;pGmtm;jzifh xkwv f yk af &;u&d,mrsm;. ajymif;vJ jzpfay:r_wiG f tpðyayonf? xdk@a=umifh xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk rsm;onf
xkwv f yk af &;. tv_yf&mS ;qk;H tawmfveS q f ;kH t*Fg tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfawmhonf? OD;pGmyxr vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. xkwf vkyaf &;
tiftm;pkrsm; ajymif;vJI ‚if;tay:wGif trSo D [Jðy um ‚if;ESiafh vsmn f aD om vlwdk@. xkwv f yk af &; (pD;yGm;a&;) qufqrH r_ sm;
ajymif;vJvmayonf? odk@&mwGif xkwv f yk af &; qufqHru _ xkwv f yk fa&;tiftm;pkudk =oZmt&Sed f rouf a&muf[k rqdv k adk y?
xkwv f yk af &; qufqrH _onf rdrdwdk@. jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk tay:wGif trSD o[Jðy&if;
xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_tm; jref qefapjcif; odk@r[kwf [ef@wm;apjcif; twkH@tvSJ@ðyayonf? xkwv f yk af &;
qufqrH o _ nf xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk. aemuf wGif tcsed =f umjrifph mG =uef@=umIraeEdik ?f tb,fah =umifq h dk aomf
xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH u _ xkwv f yk fa&;tiftm;pk. vuQ %mtajctaeESifh udu k nf +D yD; ‚if;wdk@. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&; twGuf
tpGr;f ukef vrf;zGiafh y;rSomv#if xkwv f yk af &; tif tm;pkrsm; tjynf@tpkH jzpfay:wd;k yGm;Edik af yonf?
xdak =umifh xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH o _ nf ukex f w k v f yk af &; tiftm;pk. aemufwiG f rnfr#yif useaf pumr_ taES;eJ@ tjref
yif xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkvuQ%mESifh wu,ftm;jzifh udu k f nDvm&ayrnf? odk@r[kwv f #if xkwv f yk af &;pepftwGi;f Y xkwf
vkyaf &;qufqrH E_ iS fh xkwv f kyaf &;tiftm;pk wpnf;wvk;H wnf; jzpfr_udk tajctjrpfraS eI usL;vGeaf zmufzsujf cif;/ xkwv f yk f
a&;w&yfv;kH a,muf,ufcwfjcif;/ xkwv f yk af &;=uyfwnf;r_ uyf/ xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm; ysupf ;D jcif;wdk@udk usaemfwdk@
awG@&ayrnf?
xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH o _ nf xkwfvyk af &;tiftm;pk. vuQ%mESifh rudu k n f b D J jzpfaeonfh erlemw&yftjzpf t&if;
&Siw f idk ;f jynfrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_uyfrsm;udk awG@&ay rnf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; awmfveS af &;. &nf±, G cf suo f nfum;

a[mif;EGr;f aom xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;udk zsuq f ;D ypf+yD; xkwv f yk fa&;tiftm;pkrsm;. vuQ%mESifh udu k n
f aD om xkwf
vkyaf &;qufqrH _ topfrsm;udk zefw;D &efjzpfayonf?
xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH o _ nf xkwfvyk af &;tiftm;pk. vuQ%mESifh udu k nf aD om qd&k , S vf pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfudk wnf
aqmufay;Edik rf nf@ vrf;a=umif;um; ppfreS o f nfh ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS fh wnfaqmufxm;onfh ypPn;f rJh
tm%m&Sipf epf Edik if aH wmftm%muomv#if zGiv fh pS af y;Edik af y onf? Oyrm - vDeif/ pwmvifwdk@ wnfaqmufco Jh nfh qdAk D
,uf,el , D H qd&k , S vf pftrsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;pepfEiS fh w±kwjf ynf ol@orwEdik if . H qd&k , S vf pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfwdk@yifjzpfonf?
tjcm;rnfonfh Edik if aH wmftm%mwdk@urS xkwv f yk af &; qufqrH _u xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk vuQ%mESifh udu k n f aD om
qd&k ,S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfudk rwnfaqmufEidk af y? tcdik t f rm t&ajym&aomf tdE, Nd / Armjynf/ tif'cdk sKd if;em; ponfh AsL±ku d
&uf t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm; tm%mu xkwv f yk af &;qufqHr_ onf ukex f w k v
f yk af &; tiftm;pk vuQ%mESifh udu k nf oD nfh
tcsKd ;nDnD jzpfay:wd;k yGm;onfh qd&k S,v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfudk rwnfaqmufEidk yf g?
xdak =umifh xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;onf xkwv f yk af &; wGif tv_y&f mS ;Edik q f ;kH / tawmfveS Ef idk q f ;kH aom tpdwt f ydik ;f
yifjzpf+yD; xkwv f yk af &; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_udk jyXmef;&mwGif ta&; =uD;onfh tpdwt f ydik ;f vnf; jzpfayonf? xkwv f yk af &; tif
tm;pkrsm; wnf&aSd eovdk xkwv f yk fa&;qufqrH r_ sm;vnf; vdu k If &S=d u&ayonf?
vlwdk@onf rdrw d dk@ vdt k yfaom ±kyyf dki;f tok;H taqmifrsm;
xkwv f yk &f mwGif tb,fxw k vf yk fa&;u&d,mrsm;udk tok;H ðy =uonf qdo k nfah r;cGe;f udk xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;u tajz
ay;aeovdk (ajr,m/ opfawm/ owWKwiG ;f / o,f,yl dk@aqmifa&;/ qufo, G af &;u&d,m) ponfh xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*rsm;tm; rnfou l
ydik q
f idk of enf;/ rnfou l pDrcH ef@caGJ eoenf;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf; wckv;kH u ydik o f vm;? (ac:qdak vh&o Sd nfh jynfoyl idk f qdik ;f bkwjf zif)h
vl@tzG@t J pnf;udk ‚if;wdk@xifovdk cs,v f , S &f ef ydik f qdik af ejcif;avm qdo k nfh tjcm;ar;cGe;f udk xkwfvyk af &;qufqrH _ u
tajzay;aeayonf?
xkyv f yk af &;u&d,mrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;ESifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm; vmjcif;rSm xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmjcif; rSm
xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;wGif ta&;ygq;kH aom tpdwf tydik ;f jzpfonfh vltrsm;. ajymif;vJjcif;ESifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vm jcif;/
vlwdk@. xkwv f yk af &;tawG@tñuH/ tvkyu f |r;f usirf E_ iS fh xkwv f yk af &; u&d,mrsm;udk udik w f ,G Ef idk o
f nfph rG ;f &nfwdk@ ajymif; vJjcif;ESifh
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;jcif;wdk@yg ay:ayguv f mapayonf?
ordik ;f wavsmufv;kH wGif xkwv f yk fa&;qufqrH _ (5)rsK;d ay:cJ@ayonf? a&S;bkt H zGJ@ (ya'omyif acwfwiG )f xkwv f yk af &;
ypPn;f rsm;udk yk*v ~ u d rydik qf idk =f ubJ trsm;uyif ydik q f idk af eI aoG;pkwcf s,v f , S af &;ESifh vlwef;pm; r&Sdc?hJ aus;u|epf epfwiG f
vlenf;pk aus;u|eyf dik &f iS rf sm;onf t"duOpPm"ersm; ydik q f idk o
f l jzpfvmum aus;u|eyf idk &f iS f t&Sio f cifEiS fh aus;u|eq f odk nfh
vlwef;pm;rsm; uGjJ ym;vmum wdu k fyaGJ y:vmonf?
ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfwiG f ajr,mudk ya'o&mZfajrydik f &Siw f dk@u ydik fqidk =f u+yD;/ ajr&SiEf iS fh v,form;vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;
vmum wdu k yf &GJ v Sd monf? xdek nf;wl t&if;&Sipf epftwGi;f rSm t&if;&Siv f wl ef;pm;ESifh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;t=um; wdu k yf GJ
rSm rsuaf rSmuftcsed w f iG f wae@wjcm; xufjrufjyif;xefvmae onfuv dk nf; jrifawG@=u&onf? **
qd&k , S v f pfpepfatmufrmS xkwv f kyaf &;qufqrH r_ sm;&JΠtajccH[m xkwv f yk af &;ypPn;f rsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckv;kH u
ydik q
f idk rf j_ zpfw,f? 'DpepfatmufrmS aoG;pkyo f el J@ aoG;pkycf &H ol qdw k m r&Sad wmhb;l ? xkwv f yk v
f u dk w
f Jh ypPn;f awGudk vkyaf qmif
wJh tvky&f ŒJ ta&twGuef J@ t&nftcsi;f t& cGaJ 0ok;H pGw J m jzpfw,f? qd&k , S v f pfpepf cGaJ 0r_u (pGr;f tm;&So d avmufvyk /f
vkyo f avmuf,)l qdw k Jh rly?J 'Dxufyjdk yD; wqifjh rifrh m;wJh uGejf rL epfpepfatmuf a&muf&ifawmh &S&d o Sd r# xkwv f kyaf &;ypPn;f
rsm;[m vltzGJ@tpnf;ydik f ypPnf;jzpf+yD; txGuyf pPn;f rsm; tvGew f &mºuG,0f rsm;jym;vmjyD; cGaJ 0a&;rlu (pGr;f tm;&Sd
oavmufvyk /f vdo k avmuf,)l jzpfvmayrnf?

(C) xkwv f yk af &;. wwd,vuQ%mrSm - xkwf vkyaf &;. wwd,vuQ%mrSm xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkopfrsm;
ay:ayguv f mjcif;ESifh ‚if;ESiu fh u dk n
f Daom qufqrH r_ sm;ay:ayguf vmjcif;wdk@onf pepfa[mif;ESifh oD;jcm;uif;uGmI rjzpfymG ;ay?
pepfa[mif;uG,af ysmuf+yD;rSvnf; jzpfymG ;onfr[kwb f J pepf a[mif;twGi;f Y jzpfymG ;ayonf?
vlwdk@u tod&pdS mG ESifh csicfh sed jf yD;/ okH;oyfjyD; aqmif±u G jf cif; wdk@a=umifh jzpfay:vmonf r[kwb f J vlwdk@.qENEiS fh uif;uGm
pGm tvdv k dk wppjzpfymG ;ayonf? vlwkd@. qENEiS fh uif;vGwpf mG tvdv k jdk zpfymG ;jcif; ta=umif;t&if; (2)&yf &Sad yonf?
(1) vlwdk@onf xkwv f yk ef nf; w&yf&yfudk ñudu&f ma±G;I vkyu f idk cf iG fh r&Sad y? tb,fah =umifqadk omf v@rl sK;d quf topf
wkid ;f onf vlvm;ajrmufaomtcg0,f ,ciftqufqufwek ;f u csecf aJh om wnf&q Sd J xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh xkwf
vkyaf &; qufqrH r_ sm;udk awG@ñuH=u&ayonf? vl@rsK;d quf topfonf xkwv f yk af &;e,fy,ftwGi;f wGif ±kyyf idk ;f tok;H
taqmifrsm;ukd xkwv f yk fEidk &f ef yxrY toifah wG@ñuHae& onfh t&mwdik ;f ESifh vdu k af vsmnDpmG rvGo J mbJ cH,t l ok;H ðy&
ayawmhonf?
(2) wpkw H ckaom xkwv f yk af &;u&d,mudk wd;k wufaumif; rGefatmif vky&f mY‚if;/ xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk.
wpkw H ckaom tpdwt f ydik ;f udk wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf tmif vky&f mYaomf‚if;/ vlwdk@onf Todk@
wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf tmifvyk jf cif;rS tb,f vlr_ tusK;d xl;rsm; oufa&mufvmvdrrfh nf[k odvnf;rod em;vnf;rvnf/
odk@r[kwf pOf;pm;jcif;vJ r&Sb d /J vlwdk@ae@pOf tusK;d pD;yGm;jzpfonfh vlwdk@.tvkyu f dk oufomap±kHEiS fh olwdk@ twGuf wdu k ±f u kd /f
rsurf suu f av; cHpm;±kH avmufomawG; awm=uonf?
a&S;ya'omyifacwfu (a&S;bkt H zGJ@) vltzGJ@tpnf; twGi;f tcsKŒd aomolwdk@onf wjznf;jznf; prf;w0g;0g;ESifh
ausmufvufeufudk tok;H ðy=ujcif;rS oHvufeufudk tok;H ðy jcif;odk@ ul;ajymif;vmaomtcg Todk@topfxiG I f vkyu f idk jf cif;
tm;jzifh tb,fvrl t _ usdK;xl;rsm; jzpfxeG ;f vmrnf[k awG; awm}uHqEdik =f ujcif; r&Scd aJh y? owWKwefqmyvmrsm;udk udik f
wG,t f ok;H ðyEdik =f u+yD; aemifwiG pf uf±/kH tvky±f =kH uD;awG ay:vm jyD;/ t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;ESifh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;vm
um ykeu f efawmfveS rf r_ sm; ay:ayguv f mrnfqo dk nfuu dk m; ydI k yif olwkd@rodc=Jh uay? a&S;bkt H zGJ@ro S nf au|;u|epf epfodk@
ul;ajymif;vmrnfuv dk nf; rodc=Jh u? olwdk@ odprG ;f =uonfum; olwdk@.tvkyf aygyh g;oufoma&;udo k m vdkvm;=uonf? olwdk@
tod&aSd om aqmif±u G rf o
_ nf tvGeu f sO;f ajrmif;vSonfh ae@pOftusK;d pD;yGm;avmufuo dk m pl;pdu k fI vkyu f idk cf =Jh uonf?
ya'o&mZfpepfro S nf t&if;&Sipf epfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mYvnf; ao;i,faom topfwnfxiG v f yk fuidk rf u
_ av;rsm;onf
vltzGJ@tpnf;. tiftm;pkrsm; jyefvnfp±k ;kH jcif;ESifh wenf;wzkH ajymif;vJomG ;aprnf[k olwdk@ od˜em;vnfjcif; r&Scd aJh y? xdk
ta=umif;t&if;rsm;a=umifh aemifwiG f qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &; atmifyGJ qifvrd rfh nf[I l vnf; od˜em;vnfjcif; r&Scd aJh y?
olwdk@. tod&aSd om aqmif±u G rf o_ nf vufawG@tusK;d pD;yGm; oufoufEiS fh omrefavmufom jzpfaeayonf?
xkwv f yk af &;pGr;f tm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;jcif;ESifh xkwv f yk f a&;qufqrH _ e,fy,ftwGi;f &Sd ajymif;vJjcif;wdk@onf wpkw H ck
aom tcsed u f mvtxd vlwdk@.pdwq f ENEiS fh oD;jcm;uif;vGwpf mG jzpfymG ;ayonf? xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pktopfrsm; aumif;rGef
pGm&ifrh mvmonfh tcsed t f xdjzpfav&m/ xdt k cg vuf&x Sd w k f vkyaf &;qufqrH r_ sm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk xde;f odr;f xm;onfh tkypf ;dk
aomvlwef;pm;rsm;rSm taESmuft,Suf twm;tqD;rsm; ozG,f jzpfvm=uayonf? xdw k m;qD;r_rsm;udk vlwef;pm;
topfrsm;. tod&aSd om ðyr_v_y&f mS ;r_awmfveS af &;jzifo h m z,f&mS ;ypfEidk af yonf? xkwv f kyaf &;tiftm;pk topfrsm;ESifh
xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ ta[mif;rsm;t=um; twdu k t f cHjzpfr_ twGi;f rSm vltzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;pepftopfEiS fh avsmn f D
aom vlrt _ ,ltq/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; pdwu f ;l opfrsm;vnf; ay: xGuv f mrnfjzpf.? vlrt _ ,ltqrsm;onf vlxu k pdk nf;±k;H
odr;f oGi;f um Edik if aH &; wyfrawmfopfjzpfvmjyD; awmfveS af &;rS tm%mopfw&yfudk zefw;D vmv#uf ‚if;tm%mudk tok;H ðy
um xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ ta[mif;rsm;udk zsuq f ;D okwo f if jyD;v#if pepfopfudk cdik +f rJatmif wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf?
,ckusaemfwdk@ awmfveS af &;u Armjynf&aSd zmufjyefaom tkypf ;dk olvlwef;pm;rsm;. usio fh ;kH aeaom xkwv f yk af &;quf
qHrt _ a[mif; (ac:qdak vh&aSd om “qd&k , S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;” uifyeG ;f wyfxm;aom) pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk zsuq f ;D okwo f if ypf+yD;
pepfopf (jynfol@'rD du k a&pDpepf) pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk csrSwv f yk uf idk o
f mG ;&ef jzpfayonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tvdk tavsmuf
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf vlwdk@. tod&Sdaom ðyrlvy_ f &Sm;r_tm; ae&mz,fay;&awmhonf?
jidr;f csr;f pGmjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf jyif;xefaom xºuGyek f uefr_ rsm;tm; ae&mz,fay;&I vlwdk@. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeaom
xkwf vkyaf &; tiftm;pktopfrsm;ESifh udu k n f &D rnf@ xkwv f yk f a&; qufqrH t _ opfudk awmfveS af om vufeufuidk w f udk yf jGJ zifh
aqmif±u G t f aumiftxnfazmfEidk af yawmhonf?
ypPnrf v Jh wl efpm;onf "e&Siv f wl ef;pmvufwiG ;f rS t&if; tED;S tm;vk;H udk wxpfjyD;wxpf odr;f ,l&ef tpd;k &vufwiG ;f
(0g) tkypf ;dk aomvlwef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±k;H xm;onfh ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;. vufwiG ;f wGif tm;vk;H aom xkwv f yk af &;u&d,m
rsm;udk pkpnf;csKyfuidk x f m;&efEiS fh xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pktm; vk;H udk tv#it f jref wd;k wufap&ef rdr. d Edik if aH &;tm%mudk
tok;H csomG ;&vdrrfh nf?
TtrSmudk (uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf; - rmhupf . f vufa±G;pifusr;f ) xJwiG f azmfjyxm;onf?
“t=urf;zufro _ nf vltzGJ@tpnf;opfudk oaE< vG,x f m;aom vltzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;wdik ;f . 0rf;qGJ q&mjzpfayonf?”
(TtrSmudk rmhupf . f t&if;usr;f wGif azmfjyxm;+yD;jzpfonf?)
(1859) ckEpS u f rmhufp. f ausm=f um;aom “Edik if aH &; abm*aA'”ESifh ywfoufI a0zefcsuaf &;om;&mwGif pmtkyf
ed'ge;f Y a&;om;xm;onfh ordik ;f ±kyf0g'. tESpo f m& azmfjy csuu f dk xufjrufpmG azmfjyxm;r_w&yfum;æ
“vlwdk@. toufarG;aexdik af &;twG &;twGuf vltzGJ@ tpnf; xkwv f yk af &;wGif vlwdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. pdwq f EN ESifh uif;uGm+yD;
r&Svd #irf jzpfonfh wdusaom qufqH a&;twGi;f odk@ vlw@dk yg0if=u&ukeo f nf? Txkwv f yk f a&;qufqrH r_ sm;onf vlw@dk .
±kyyf idk ;f qdik &f m xkwv f yk f a&;tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. wdusaomtqif omtqifh ESifh udu k n f =D uayonf?
Txkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ pkpk aygi;f onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkH jzpfonf? tajccH
wu,ft h w k jf rpfjzpfonf? TtajccH tkwjf rpfay:wGif w&m;Oya'ESifh Edik if aH &;txuf taqmufttkH ay:xGuv f mjyD;/
vlral &;tod. wdus aom toGio f ¿mefwdk@onf ‚if;ESiu fh u
dk nf pD mG ay:xGuf vmayawmhonf? ±kyyf idk ;f b0
xkwv f yk ef nf;onf a, bl,stm;jzifh vlral &;/ Edik if aH &;ESifh todynm b0jzpf pOfukd jyXmef;ay;onf? vlwdk@. todu
vlwdk@b0udk jyXmef;onf r[kwb f /J ajymif;jyefyif vlral &;b0u vlwdk@. todudk jyXmef;jcif;jzpfonf? vltzG tzGJ@tpnf; twGi;f &Sd
±kyyf idk ;f qdik &f mxkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;onf wpkw H ckaom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_tqifw h iG f vuf&Sd xkwf vkyaf &;qufqrH r_ sm;ESifh
vmI twdu k tf cH jzpf=uay onf? (0g) ‚if;tcsed t f xd ‚if;wdk@u v_y&f mS ;ðyr_aeaom xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH . _ w&m;Oya't&
azmfjycsuom fom jzpfaom ydik q f idk rf q_ ufqaH &;ESifh twdu k tf cHjzpfvmay onf? TqufqaH &;rsm;onf xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk
rsm;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ toGio f ¿mefrsm;tjzpfrS ‚if; wdk@. taESmiftzGJ@rsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymifvo J mG ;ayonf?
xdok dk@aomtcgwiG f vlra_ wmfveS af &;acwfonf tpðy awmhonf? pD;yG ;yGm;a&; tajccHtw k jf rpf ajymif;vJonfEiS fh tr#
=uD;rm;aom txuftaqmufttk=H uD;wckv;kH onfvnf; taES;tjrefyif ajymif;vJ&awmhonf? T odk@ajymif;vJa&;udk
qifjcif&mY obm00dZm~ ynmuJodk@ wduspmG qk;H jzwfEidk af om xkwv f yk af &;wGif pD;yGm;a&; ta=umif;tcsurf sm;.
±kyyf idk ;f qdik &f majymif;vJrE_ iS fh w&m;Oya'/ Edik if aH &;/ bmoma&;/ tEkynm/ tbd"rRm a&;&m twdck sKyftm;jzifh
tawG;tac:qdik &f mo¿mef rsm;t=um; cGjJ cm;r_udk ðyvky=f u&onf? vlwdk@onf T twdu k t f cHjzpfru _ dk
tawG;tac:o¿mefrsm;wGif od&Sd em;vnfvm+yD; wdu k yf q GJ ifvm=ujcif; jzpfayonf yonf?
vlwa,mufEiS fh ywfoufI usaemfwdk@. xifjrif csuo f nf ol@uo dk l tb,fuo Jh dk@ ,lqonf[al om tcsuaf y:wGif
tajcrwnfouJo h dk@ Todk@aom ajymif; vJru _ mvrsK;d udk xdpk Oftcg. todtjrift& rqk;H jzwf Edik af y? qef@usipf mG yif
xdtk odtjrifudk ±kyyf idk ;f qdik &f m b0. yÉdyuQrS &Si;f jy=u&onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m xkwv f yk af &;. tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh
xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ wdk@t=um;&Sd wnfaeaom twdu k t f cHjzpfrr_ aS eI &Si;f jy=u&ayrnf? xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pktm;vk;H
jzpfay: wd;k yGm;&efrmS xdpk epftwGi;f Y ae&museaf eao;or# umvywfv;kH rnfonfh vltzGJ@tpnf;pepf ;pepfrS aysmuf
uG,o f mG ;onf[I l r&Sad y?
 wqifjh rifah om xkwv f yk af &; qufqrH t _ opfrsm; onfvnf; vltzGJ@tpnf;ta[mif;. om;tdrt f wGi;f Y ‚if;wdk@.
wnf&aSd &;twGuf vdt k yfaom ±kyyf idk ;f ta=umif;tcsurf sm; r&ifrh mao;or# umvywfv;kH rnfodk@r# ay:ayguv f mrnf r[kwaf y?
odk@jzpfI vlom; avmuonf rdrad jz&Si;f Edik af vmufaom vkyif ef;wm0ef rsm;udo k m rsuaf rSmufðywwf=uayonf? tb,f
a=umifq h adk omf tjzpftysuf (tr_upd )P udk eD;uyfpmG =unf nfh ±_qifjcifv#if tpOfojzifah wG@&onfrmS vkyif ef;wm0ef udk
ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf vdt k yfaom ±kyyf idk ;f ta=umif; tcsurs frsm; wnf&ESd iS +fh yD;jzpfaomtcgwiG ‚f if; odk@r[kwf tenf;qk;H tm;jzifh
zGJ@wnfaepOftwGi;f wGi‚f if;/ Tvkyf ief;wm0efyifu, dk of nfvnf; ay:xGuv f mayonf? (TtrSmudk rmhupf f
vufa±G;pifusr;f wGif azmfjy xm;.)
Tum;tEkyÉdavmrESifh (ordik ;f ±kyf0g')wdk@. t"du vuQ%mrsm; jzpfayonf?
rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmjzpfaom tEkyÉdavmr ±kyf 0g'ESifh ordik ;f ±kyk 0f g'wdk@onf urBmavmu=uD;udk vuf
awG@=oZmoufa&mufap&mwGif tiftm;=uD;rm;aom u&d,mwefqmyvm (0g) urBmavmu=uD;udk od&eSd m; vnf&efEiS fh
ajymif;vJypf&eftwGuf u&d,mwefqmy vmjzpfonf?
rmhupf u f ajymcJzh ;l onfrmS ,cif tbd"rRmq&mrsm;onf urBm=uD;udk enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t"dy`g,f&Si;f vif; azmfjyjcif;
udk ‚if;wdk@. vkyif ef;wm0ef[k rSwf,=l uonf? awmfveS af om tbd"rRmopf. vkyif ef;wm0efrmS um; urBm=uD;udk ajymif;vJ
ypf&ef jzpfayonf?
(18)&mpkEpS rf sm;u tbd"rRmq&mwdk@onf tm;oabm ynm. w&m;rsm;udk obm0ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tcsi;f t&m
tm;vk;H wdk@wiG f tok;H cs&ef }uH±, G cf =Jh uonf?
(19) &mpkEpS rf sm;wGirf l t&if;&Sifvw l ef;pm;. tbd"rRm ynmESifh vlra_ &;ynm&yfrsm;Y 'g0if0g'. w&m;rsm;udk vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;Y tok;H csjcif;rSm ysŒEH SH@vmojzifh vlra_ &;ynmwGif vlra_ &;'g0if0g'tjzpf ay:ayguv f mum azmufjyefa&;trsK;d rsK;d
wdk@. oabmw&m;tajccH jzpfvmawmhonf?
vltzGJ@tpnf;w&m;rsm;udk obm0tcsi;f t&may:odk@ wd;k csŒJ tok;H ðy&ef }uH±, G frv
_ nf; r=umc%awG@c&Jh onf? yd;k r$m;
wdk@.b0udk Edik if aH wmfðyr_vy_ &f mS ;r_EiS fh tvm;wloabmxm;jzifh wd&dpm> efrsm;vnf; tvkyv f yk =f uonf pojzifh xifrw S =f u
onf?
tcsi;f t&mtcsKŒd wGif txl;yg&aSd eaom w&m;rsm;udk ajymif;a±G@,+l yD;/ tcsi;f t&mrsm;tay: tok;H cs&ef }uH±, G rf r_ mS
0dZm… ynmESifh qef@usiaf om azmufjyefaom }uH±, G rf j_ zpfonf? xdo k abmw&m;rsm;onf e,fcsJŒacwfwiG f txl;acwfpm;vm
onfh t&if;&Si0f g'udk umuG,f&efEiS fh ‚if;wdk@twGuf vk,uf aom usL;ausmaf &;ppfyrGJ sm;twGuf wwftm;or# xkacsum
uG,&f ef ñud;pm;=ujcif;omjzpfonf?
tvk;H pkyH g0ifaeaom 0dZm… enf;us urBmt h jrifudk owf rSwI f obm0ESifh vltzGJ@tpnf;. w&m;rsm;udk aygi;f csKyf& rnf?
t&m0wˆKtcsi;f t&mrsm;ESifh vufawG@jzpfpOftm;vk;H . a,bl,sw&m;rsm;udk &SmazGawG@&&Sd rnf? qdv k dkonfrmS wckeJ@ wck
vGepf mG jcm;em;aom tcsi;f t&mtrsK;d rsK;d udk pkHprf;ppfaq; &mwGif vrf;!$et f jzpfay;Edik af om xdt k csi;f t&mrsm;. tpðy
csujf zpfaom rlEiS yfh wfoufonfh w&m;rsm;udk ay:vGiaf tmif zGijfh y&rnf? Todk@aomw&m;rsm;udk &SmazGawG@&jSd cif;/ wu,fh
vufawG@udk csO;f uyfenf;eJ@ t"dy`g,&f iS ;f jyenf;rsm;udk owf rSwjf cif;rsm;onf rmhupf f0g' tbd"rRm. vkyif ef;wm0efjzpfay
onf?
tbd"rRme,fy,fwiG f &SmazGawG@&aSd om wpkw H ckonf t+rJyif obm0ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@wiG f ay:ayguaf om tcdik f
trmjzpf&yfrsm;udk tcdik t f rmuspmG cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+yD; pkaygi;f csKyfjcif; (a,bl,s csKyfjcif;)yif jzpfayonf?
tbd"rRm. 0dZm… enf;usaom ordik ;f qdik &f m urBmt h jrifrmS ‚if;w&m;rsm;. oaE<wnfjcif;rS wd;k yGm;vmjcif;wdk@.
ordik ;f yif jzpfonf?
tbd"rRmq&mrsm;udk a&SŒodw k ;dk wufatmif wGe;f aqmfae
aomtiftm;rSm olwdk@awG;xifae=uovdk awG;ac:r_ ouf oufjzpfaom tiftm;vk;H 0r[kwaf cs? obm00dZm… ynmESifh
pufrv _ yk if ef;. tvGev f sijf refpmG wd;k wufrj_ zpfonf? (T trSmudk tde*f ,fvu f *smreftbd"rRmpHwifusr;f tqk;H owf
jcif;ESifh zsL; 0g;bwfpf qdo k nfh pmusr;f wGiaf jymcJo h nf? )
tbd"rRmwGif awG;ac:r_jzpfymG ;&mjzpfpOfudk xd=k oZm oufa&mufaponfh t&monf xkwv f yk af &;ESifh xkwv f yk af &;
tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfonfomru xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ (0g) ol wdk@. vlrq _ ufqaH &;vnf; jzpfayonf?
vltzGJ@tpnf;onf zDvmqef@usib f uf vlwef;pm;rsm; uGjJ ym;vm+yD; ‚if;wdk@t=um;&Sw d udk yf rGJ sm;tm;jzif/h vltzGJ@
tpnf;onf a±S@odk@w;dk wufvmaoma=umifh tbd"f rRmqdik &f m awG;ac:r_ordik ;f onf vlwef;pm;wdu k fyGJ. ordik ;f udk a&mifjyef
[yfaom awG;ac:r_wu dk yf oGJ rdik ;f tjzpf ay:ayguv f mawmh onf?
Tae&mwGif vufawG@EiS fh qufpyfavhvmoifo h nf? rdrd wOD;csi;f . awG;ac:r_tbd"rRmtjrifonf rnfonfv h wl ef;pm;
. tawG;tac:udk a&mifjyef[yfygoenf;? qef@usib f uf vl wef;pm;ESp&f yfwiG f aoG;pkyo f l vlwef;pm;/ "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;.
trltusifh tawG;tac:xJwiG f yg0ifaeygoavm? ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm;&yfwnfr_ tjrifqdki&f mwGif yg0ifaeo
avm? tEkyÉdavmrw&m;. urBm@tjrifwiG f rnfodk@umG jcm; aeygoenf;? qdo k nfudk tbd"rRmbmom&yf avhvm&if; vuf
awG@ qifjcifo;kH oyfoifah yonf? ðyjyif&efvydk gu ðyjyifomG ;& ayrnf? (a[majymol.qEN )
±ky0f g'orm;wdk@onf wu,fjh zpf&yfrS tpðy+yD; tcdik f
trmjzpf&yfudk tcdik t f rmuspmG cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmum &Si;f jy&av onf? pdw0f g' orm;wdk@urlum; wu,fjh zpf&yfrS tprðybJ
rdrw d dk@pwd u f ;l / pdwu f ;l pHEiS fh tqk;H ajym&v#if ( emrftiftm;) ewfwdk@. wefc;dk ESifh urBm=uD;ud&k iS ;f jy&ef obm0udk &Si;f jy&ef
ñud;pm;avonf? bmoma&;ESifh pdw0f g'wdk@onf vkyfom;jynf olrsm;udk u|epf w d o
f iG ;f onfh vufeuftjzpf t&if;&Siv f wl ef;
pm;rsm;tm; tvkyaf u|;ðyayonf?
obm00dZm… ynm. atmifjrifrr_ sm;rSm tEkyÉdavmr ±kyf 0g' zefw;D ðypk&ef ta&;=uD;qk;H jzpfaom a&S;OD;vdt k yfcsuf
wcsujf zpfayonf?
(19) &mpk yxr&mpk0ufrmS obm00dZm… ynmwGif =uD;rm; aom&SmazGawG@&rSd r_ sm;teuf a&S;OD;pGm!$ejf y&rnfrmS pGr;f tm;
xde;f odr;f a&;ESifh toGiaf jymif;vJa&;w&m;rsm; jzpfayonf?
tEkyÉdavmr±ky0f g'tjrifjzifh obm0ESifh vltzGJ@tpnf; twGi;f tcsi;f t&mrsm;udk =unf±h p_ pfaq;&ef qdkonfrmS ‚if;wdk@
yuwdwnf&aSd eykt H wdik ;f yuwdbm0tjrifjzifh ‚if;wdk@udk =unfh ±_qef;ppf&ayrnf?
tEkyÉdavmr±ky0f g'udk zefw;D ðypk&ef tqk;H tjzwfay; rnfh tcsut f vufrmS vlwef;pm;opf (0g) ypPn;f rJ@vw l ef; pm;
ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfI ‚if;onf ordik ;f ZmwfcakH y:wGif oD; jcm;uif;vGwaf om Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktjzpf ðyr_v_y&f mS ;jcif;yif
jzpfonf? tbd"rRmonf ypPn;f rJhvw l ef;pm;xJrS rdr. d ±ky0f wˆK tiftm; vufeufudk ±SmazGawG@&v Sd su/f xdek nf;wlyif ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;uvnf; tbd"f rRmxJrS rdr. d pdw"f gwv f ufeufudk &SmazGawG@&cSd o Jh nf? TtrSmudk (rmhupf /f tde*f ,fvf usr;f aygi;f
pkwH iG yf g&Sdonf?) ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_topf
ajymif;vJrt _ opfu ta[mif;udkwu dk zf suaf om =o0g't& &yfwnfI ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm; tbd"rRmu jzpfay:wd;k r_onf
yÉdyuQrsm; (0g)qef@usib f ufrsm;. wdu k yf jGJ zpfonf[al om tEkyÉdavmrenf;emt&/ ypPn;f rJv h lwef;pm;ESifh t&if;&Sif vl
wef;pm; t=um;&Sd wdu k yf o GJ nf/ ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;rSwqifh ypPn;f rJhtm%m&Sipf epfudk xlaxmif+yD; qd&k , S v f pf0g' taumif
txnfazmfEidk o f nf[al om oabmw&m;vufeufudk ay;tyf ayonf?
qef@usib f ufrsm;. nD!w G jf cif;ESifh wdu k yf o JG nf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfpOf. a&aomuf jrpfEiS fh
tESpo f m&usaom twGi;f oabmjzpfayonf?
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;&m a&aomufjrpfudk em;vnf&mY tEkyÉdavmrenf;onf wuUaA'ESifh tajccHtm;jzifh qef@usiaf vonf?
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. a&aomufjrpfjy\emonf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_qidk &f mjy\emwGif ta&;=uD;qk;H ESifh tqk;H tjzwf ay;Edik f
qk;H aom jy\emyifjzpfonf? tu,fI jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. a& aomufjrpftay: 0dZm… enf;us tjrifr&Sdv#if jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_EiS fh
ygwo f ufaom 0dZm… enf;usonft h jrif &Sv d rd rfh nfr[kwaf y?
=uD;jrwfonfh 0dZm… ynmq&m=uD; aumyg;eD;uyfonf a±GŒ vsm;aeaom +*dKvfrsm;u aeAdrmefudk vSnyfh wfaeaom w&m;
udk rSeu f efpmG em;vnfI owfrw S cf Jhonf? Todk@jzpfaeatmif ðyvkyo f rl mS bk&m;ocifjzpfonf[k qufvufqjdk cif;a=umifh jzpf
ay:wd;k yGm;r_. a&aomufjrpfudk 0dZ…menf;rusaom &Si;f jycsuf rsm;ðyvkycf o Jh nf?
tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'onf obm0dZm… ynm/ vlra_ &;
0dZm… ynmESifh vk;H 0udu k n f I D tcsi;f t&mtm;vk;H . v_y&f mS ;r_ ESifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. a&aomufjrpfjzpfonf? obm0avmu
ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tcsi;f t&mrsm;. ud, k Yf yifwnf&Sd a=umif; ‚if;u,lqayonf?
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_widk ;f onf qef@usifbufrsm; (0g) a=uysuf aeaomt&mESifh ayguyf mG ;aeaomt&mrsm;. wdu k yf /GJ t&m
0wˆKopfEiS fh t&m0wˆKta[mif;. wdu k yf rGJ ‚S if;/ jzpfay:wd;k yGm; r_. a&aomufjrpfonf t&m0wˆKrsm;. twGi;f ydik ;f yÉdyuQrsm;
a=umifh jzpfygv#if obm0avmutwGi;f &Sd t&m[lor#onf obm0twdik ;f (tvdt k avsmuf) jzpfymG ;vsu&f o Sd nf? ewf
bk&m;udk tvdrk &S?d emrfuv dk nf; tvdrk &Sad cs? qdv k o dk nfrmS obm0avmu. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf udk,w f idk jzpf
fjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_
wrsK;d jzpfonf? ud, k w f idk v f y_ f&mS ;r_rS jzpfonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. a&aomufjrpfonf vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;. twGi;f Y jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeaom twGi;f ydik ;f wdu k f
yGrJ sm;jzpfygv#if aoG;pkwcf s,v f ,S af om vltzGJ@tpnf;wGif vkyo f m;jynforl sm;u qifEa$J eaom awmfveS af &;rSm w&m;ESifh
udu k n f aD eaom tcsi;f t&mjzpfavonf? uarmufur (odk@ r[kwf ) “aomif;use;f r_” vlra_ &;tema&m*g jzpfaeonf [l I
e,fcsŒJ orm;. ud, k fpm;vS,w f pk/ t&if;&Si0f g'udk umuG,f ay;oltm;vk;H u ,lqouJo h dk@ 0g'jzef@ae=uouJo h dk@ vk;H 0
r[kwaf y?
vus, f m*d% k ;f qd&k , S v f pfrsm;ESifh t*Fvyd f avbm*d% k ;f om;rsm;u vlwef;pm;wdu k yf o
GJ nf vltzGJ@tpnf;wd;k wufr_.
a&aomufjrpfjzpfonf[al om tcsuEf iS yfh wfoufI rmhupf f 0g'onf acwfuek jf yDjzpfI ,ckacwftajctae/ tcsuf
tvufrsm;u vufrcHawmh[k ajym=u.? ,ckacwf tajc tae/ tcsut f vufatmufwiG f vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u
GJ dk rvdt k yf
awmhbJ vlwef;pm;wdu k yf GJ toD;oD;=um;&Sd wOD;ESiw fh OD; em; vnfrE_ iS fh vlwef;pm;toD;oD;=um;wGif ylaygi;f aqmif±u G &f ef om
vdt k yfonf[k qd=k uayonf? ,cktcg qd&k , S v f pf0g' onf vkyo f m;jynfow l dk@. ta&;omr[kwaf wmhbJ vlwef;
pm;tm;vk;H . ta&;jzpfav[ef olwdk@u ajymqdak e=uonf? olwdk@onf vlwef;pm;tm;vk;H aoG;pkycf &H olEiS fh aoG;pkyo f lrsm;
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f pf0g'udyk if xlaxmifcjJh yD;a=umif; ajymae =uonf?
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vSeaf om ðyrlvy_ &f mS ;csurf sm; r&Sv d #if vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wd;k wuf r_rsm; &Sdvrd rfh nfr[kwaf cs?
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twGi;f ydik ;f yÉdyuQonf obm0avmuESifh vltzGJ@tpnf;.

wavmuvk;H qdik &f m trSew
f &m;jzpfonf?

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rsK;d &So d nf? ‚if;wGif qef@usib f ufrsm;. nD!w G rf y_ ifjzpfonf? tao;i,fq;kH jzpfonfh jrLr_ef (tumtajr‡;)twGi;f Y tjyif yrS
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awmifajrmufjy oHvu dk t f rd af jr‡mifudk =unf@=uygpdk@? ‚if;onf wbufwiG f ajrmufbufujdk yaejyD;/ tjcm;wbufu qef@usif jyD;
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t&Sm;qk;H qef@usib f ufwdk@. nD!Gwrf j_ zpfonf? ‚if;.ajrmuf zufjy oHvu dk uf dk awmifzufjyoHvdu k rf S cGJxwk &f efóud;pm;ygu
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wGif tjzwfrsm;Y rlv awmif - ajrmuf twdik ;f yif jyvsu&f aSd e ayvdrrfh nf? Tum; qef@usib f ufwdk@. nD!w G rf t
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!Gwrf j_ zpfonf? qd&k , S v f pf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;vnf; xdek nf;yif? ‚if;twGi;f Y qef@usib f ufjzpfaeaom &efbufvw l ef;pm;rsm;
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qef@usib f ufrsm;. nD!w G rf u_ dk =o*Jepft& nD!w G rf _ tjzpf em;vnf&rnf? ‚if;twGi;f Y qef@usib f ufrsm;onf
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tjcm;bufwbuf r&Syd gu wnf+rJEidk v f rd rfh nfr[kwaf y?
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 f ufrsm;. nD!w
qef@usib G rf E_ iS pfh yfvsO;f aom Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;vuQ%m

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qef@usib f ufrsm;. nD!Gwrf o _ nf ,m,Djzpfonf? tajc tae tcsut f vuf &So d nf? pyfu;l rwfu;l jzpfonf? E_id ;f ,SOf
jcif;t&jzpfonf?
tu,fI qef@usib f ufrsm;. nD!w G rf o
_ nf Edi_ ;f ,SOf csut f & r[kwb f /J tºuGi;f rJt h &‚if;/ vk;H 0tm;jzif‚h if;/
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csed cf iG v
f #mus nDr#vmvdrrfh nf/ ‚if;tajctaewGif qef@ usib f ufrsm;onf wdu k cf u dk af eaom tajctaersK;d wGif r&SEd idk f
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rnf?
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xyfwjl zpfjcif; &So d nfqydk gu ‚if;rSm ,m,Domjzpfonf? xdk@ a=umifh qef@usib f ufrsm;. nD!Gwrf o _ nf pyfurl wfu;l
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wlxyfr#jzpfjcif;/ tiftm;aygi;f pnf;jcif;/ tjyeftvSepf rd 0fh ifr/_ tjyeftvSe, f u S o f ef;r_/ tjyeftvSet f rSðD yr_/ odk@r[kwf
tjyeftvSerf I SD wnf&rSd )_ wdk@onf ,m,Djzpfonf? pyfu;l rwf ul;jzpfonf? Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;t&jzpfonf?
&JabmfveD ifu qef@usib f ufrsm;t=um; ,m,Dn! D w
G rf _ qdw k m &SEd idk wf ,f? Ttcsi;f t&mu wpkw H &maom jzpfay:wd;k
yGm;r_ jzpfpOftwGi;f wGif wbufbufu vGr;f rd;k roGm;Edik af o; onfh tcsed w f iG jf zpfonf? Oyrm - ±k&mS ;jynf (1905) ckEpS f
atmufwb dk mvwGif awmfveS af &;u atmifycGJ &H ef vkaH vmuf onfh tiftm;r&Sad o;rD/ Zmbk&ifpepfuvnf; ysuðf yef;&ef
tajcrpdu k rf D umvrsK;d jzpfonf?
tvm;wlyif ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f (1917) ckEpS f azaz:0g&ED iS fh ZGev f wdk@wiG f "e&SiEf iS fh ajrydik &f iS rf sm;uwbuf tjcm;wbuf wGif
tvkyo f rm;ESifh v,form;wdk@u wbuf/ wckEiS w fh ck t=um; tiftm;nDr#aeonfh umvwGijf zpfonf? Tjzpf&yf
ESpcf pk vk;H wdk@wiG f qef@usizf ufrsm;. xyfwjl zpfaejcif;um; ,m,Domjzpfonf?
(1915) ckEpS w f iG f azmufjyefa&; tiftm;pku atmify&GJ oGm;+yD;/ (1917) ckEpS w f iG rf l awmfveS fwJh ypPn;f rJhrsm;eJ@ ‚if;wdk@.
r[mrdwrf sm;u t+yD;wdik t f Edik &f oGm;awmhonf?
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‚if;tajctaeonf t+rJxm0& taetxm;jzpfaeygu urBm rSm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_qw dk mvJ vk;H 0&Sv d rd rfh nf r[kwaf oma=umifh
yifjzpfonf? qef@usib f ufrsm;. wdu k yf o
GJ nf tºuGi;f rJjh zpf onf? ‚if;onf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. a&aomufjrpf=uD;jzpfI tm;
ay;armif;wHvnf; jzpfonf?
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usib f ufrsm;. wdu k cf u dk rf u
_ dk jiif;y,f=ujcifjzif‚h if;/ awmfveS f onfh rmhupf 0f g' tEkyÉdavmr. tESpfom&udk ±kyfysuq f if;
ysujf zpfatmif ðyvky=f uonf?
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_EiS fh v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;onf tºuGi;f rJjh zpfouJh odk@ tjyeftvSew f eG ;f uefaeaom qef@usifbufwk@d . wdu k yf GJ
onfvnf; tºuGi;f rJjh zpfawmhonf? (TtrSmudk vDeif a&; rmhupf 0f g' tEkyÉdavmrusr;f wGif ajymcJo h nf? )
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ jzpfpOftwGi;f wGif tcsi;f t&mwrsK;d onf tjcm;tcsi;f t&m wrsK;d ( 0g ) t&nftcsi;f tm; opfviG af om
tcsi;f t&mtjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;onfrmS qef@usib f ufrsm; . nD!w G rf w _ rsK;d onf okwo f ifz,f&mS ;jcif;cH&I tjcm;qef@
usib f ufrsm;. nD!w G rf w _ rsK;d ay:aygurf r_ v S I GJ wjcm;rjzpf Edik af cs?
tu,fI qef@usizf ufrsm;. nD!w G rf o_ nf E_id ;f ,SOjf cif; t& r[kwaf wmhy/J xm0pOfjzpfygv#if tb,fodk@jzpfvrd rfh nf
enf;? odk@jzifh yÉdyuQrsm;udk rajz&Si;f Edik af wmhb/J t&nftcsi;f wrsK;d rS tjcm;t&nftcsi;f wrsK;d odk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;rsm; eJeJrS
&Sv
d rd rfh nfr[kwaf cs? odk@&mwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm; r_wiG f Tjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_&aSd =umif; qdv k dkonfrmS oufqidk &f m
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk zGJ@pnf;xm;aom qef@usizf ufrsm;. nD!w G f r_qidk &f m E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;vuQ%mrsm; &Sad =umif;udk
wu,ft h jzpfreS f u &Si;f jyonf?

yÉdyuQb,fEpS rf sK;d &So

d vJ?

yÉdyuQwiG f twGi;f ydik ;f yÉdyuQ/ tjyifyidk ;f yÉdyuQ ESprf sK;d &Sd onf? twGi;f ydik ;f yÉdyuQonf t"dujzpfonf? obm0avm
u. tcsi;f t&mrsm;onf tjyifydki;f yÉdyuQrsm;ESifh ay:ayguf jzpfymG ;I csKyf+idr;f aeonf? tjyifyidk ;f yÉdyuQonf tcsi;f t&m
wckv;kH . jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_wiG f qdv
k dkonfum; ‚if;.ay:ayguf jcif;/ a&S@wqifjh zpfay:wd;k yGm;jcif;ESifh tcsi;f t&m topftjzpf odk@
ul;ajymif;&mY t"du rjzpfEidk af cs? odk@aomfwpkw H &maom tajctae/ tcsut f vufatmufwiG f wpkw H ckaom tcsed f
umvwGif Ttjyifyidk ;f yÉdyuQonf oufqidk &f m tcsi;f t&m . jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_wiG f =uD;rm;aomtcef;u yg0ifEidk o f nf?
xdxk ufru wpkw H ckaom tcsed fumvwGif t"dutcef;u yg0ifEdkiaf omfvnf; TtajctaersK;d atmufwiG f twGi;f ydik ;f
yÉdyuQtm; acsmarmajyjypfpmG ajz&Si;f jcif;udk tjyifyidk ;f yÉdyuQ ajz&Si;f jcif;u qk;H jzwfavonf? OuUXarmf. yÉdyuQusr;f wGif
wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;&Sd jynforl sm;. e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; wdu k yf . GJ wpkHwckaom ordik ;f tajctae/ tcsut f vufatmufwiG f
t"duyÉdyuQjzpfaom jynfwiG ;f yÉdyuQonf jynfyyÉdyuQ a&SŒ arSmufwiG f ,m,Dtm;jzifh 'kw, d tqift h wef;odk@ av#mqif;
oGm;onf? twGi;f ydik ;f yÉdyuQEiS fh tjyifyidk ;f yÉdyuQ tjyeftvSef qufoG,rf o _ nf ±_yaf xG;qef;=u,faom ±kyyf u kH m;wcsyf tpOf
t+rJjzpfI puf,EW&m;enf;ESifh w&m;aoenf;t& b,fawmhrS r=unfh±o _ if/h oufqidk &f mEdik if &H Sd jynforl sm; oufqidk &f mEdik if &H Sd
tcdik t f rmb0 tajctaersm;ESifh =o*Jepft& qufo, G af y;I =unf±h _&rnf? t&mtm;vk;H onf tcsed f ae&mESifh ywf0ef;usif
tajctae ay:wGiw f nfonf?
‚if;tjyif tcsKŒd rSm u¾u yÉdyuQjzpf+yD;/ tcsKŒd rSm u¾u r[kwaf om yÉdyuQjzpfayonf?
u¾u yÉdyuQonf oufqidk &f mvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajc cHay:rS ajz&Si;f Edik o f nfr[kwaf cs? aoG;pkwcf s,v f ,S af om vl
wef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;udk a&SŒwd;k atmifweG ;f aqmfay;aom yÉdyuQ rsm;onf TyÉdyuQtrsK;d tpm;wGif yg0ifonf? t&if;&Si0f g'.
yÉdyuQtrsK;d tpm;wGif yg0ifonf? t&if;&Si0f g'. yÉdyuQonf/ t&if;&Si0f g' e,fy,ftwGi;f Y vk;H 0ajz&Si;f Edik v f rd rfh nf r[kwf
acs? TyÉdyuQonf ydrk jdk yif;xefvdrrhf nf odk@r[kwf tenf;i,f avsmyh g;oGm;Edik v f rd fhrnf? t&if;&Si0f g' wnf+rJaeor#umv
ywfv;kH ‚if;yÉdyuQwdk@onf wnf&Sdaevdrrfh nf/ TyÉdyuQrsK;d udk ajz&Sif;jcifrmS t&if;&Sipf epfudk okwo f ifz,f&mS ;jcif;jzpfonf?
TyÉdyuQudk ajz&Si;f &mY vlwef;pm;wdu k yf o GJ nf‚if;/ ayguu f rGJ _ o¿mef vdt k yfjcif;onf‚if;/ u¾u yÉdyuQ. t"duvuQ
%mjzpfawmhonf?
&efbufvw l ef;pm;r&Sad om qd&k , S fvpfvl@tzGJ@tpnf; pepf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_wiG f twGi;f ydik ;f yÉdyuQudk ajz&Si;f &mwGif
wnf&aSd eaom vlrp_ epfudk okwfoifz,f&mS ;&ef rvdak wmhb/J qufvufw;dk wufaumif;rGeaf tmif ðyjyifaom tajccHay:Y
ajz&Si;f jcif;jzpfonf? vlwef;pm;wdkuyf o GJ ¾mef usio fh ;kH jcif; vnf; r[kw?f vlwef;pm;wdu k yf GJ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;ygaomfvnf;
a0zefa&;ESifh rdru d ,dk uf adk 0zefa&;udk usio fh ;kH +yD;/ ðyjyifausmef if; &onf?

qef@usib
f ufrsm;. wdu
k yf o
GJ nf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ jzpfpOf.a&aomufjrpfEiS fh tESpo
f m&usaom twGi;f oabmjzpfonf?

vltzGJ@tpnf; xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkwdk@onf wpkw H ck aom tcsed fumvwckY wnfaqmuf+yD;cJah om xkwv f yk af &;
qufqrH x _ uf ausmv f eG of mG ;I ‚if;ESifh yÉdyuQjzpfvmonf? u¾uyÉdyuQudk ajz&Si;f jcif;rSm wnf&aSd eaompepftm;vk;H udk
v#ijf refpmG ESifh tuket f pif wGe;f vSeðf zdzsuf&ef vdt k yfonf? ayguu f GJro
_ ¾mefudk usiofh ;kH &rnf? ordik ;f u oufaojyvdu k f
onfrmS TyÉdyuQrsm;udk ajz&Si;f vdu k af om a'orsm;wGif vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;onf vsijf refpmG a&S@odk@jzpfay: wd;k wufomG ;av
onf? rajz&Si;f cJah om om"ursm;wGif TEdik if rH sm;ESifh jynfol rsm;onf a&SŒrwd;k bJ/ odk@r[kwf qkwf,w k yf sujf ym;aeonfh
tajctaersK;d wGif epfðrwfaevdrrfh nf?
OuUXarmf. yÉdyuQpmtkyw f iG f jzpfpOfopf. ay:aygujf cif; qdo k nfrmS bmvJ?
Tonfum; nD!w G rf t_ a[mif;ESifh nD!w G rf u
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k ! D wG rf u
_ dk zGJ@pnf;xm;aom qef@usib f uftpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; udk ae&mv$t J yfay;jcif;jzpfI jzpfpOftopfonf jzpfpOf
ta[mif;udk tpm;xd;k +yD; ay:ayguv f monf? jzpfpOfta[mif; tqk;H owfI jzpfpOftopf ay:ayguv f monf? jzpfpOftopfY
vnf; yÉdyuQrsm;yg&aSd eI ‚if;. ud, k w f idk yf ÉdyuQjzpfymG ;r_ ordik ;f pOfudk pwifavawmhonf [lI zGiq fh x dk m;.?

qef@usibf ufrsm;. nD!w G rf E_ iS fh wdu

k yf w
GJ &m;u
uGejf rLepfygwrs
Drsm;. vufawG@vy_ &f mS ;r_tay: t"dy`g,o f ufa&mufy?kH

wcsed wf nf;rSmyif Tw&m;onf wavmuvk;H ESifh ouf qdkiaf omfvnf; tcdik t f rmjzpfaom tajctae/
tcsut f vuf/tcsed Ef iS fh ae&mwGif usio
fh ;kH aomtcg Edik if t
H oD;oD;. azmfjy csufrsm;rSm jcm;em;onfqo dk nft
h csuu f dk
owdðy&rnf? odk@&m wGif wlnDonft h &mum; rnfonft h cdsef rnfonfah e &mwGif rqdk vlwef;pm;wdu k yf rGJ &Sv
d #if
vltzGJ@tpnf;. pepfopfonf vnf; qdu k af &mufvmvdrrfh nfr[kw?f ypPn;f rJhvw
l ef;pm;onf ae&m wumwGif
tqk;H tjzwfay;onfh tcef;uyg0ifI uGejf rL epfygwD onf ae&mwumwGif a&SŒaqmifvyf;jyaom tiftm; pkjzpfonf?
jzpfvnf;jzpf&ayrnf?

rmhupf 0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm±ky0f g'onf urBmavmu. w&m;vuQ%mt"dy`g,f azmfjyonfh

wckwnf;aom oabmw&m;jzpfonf?

±ky0f g'ESifh pdw0f g' tajccHqef@usirf l ? ?

rmhupf 0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm±ky0f g'. &nf±, G cf surf mS obm0avmu. tjcif;t&mrsm;udk t"dy`g,fazmfjy&ef/ &Si;f jy
&efjzpfonf?
tbd"rRmay:aygujf zpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. ESpaf xmifaygi;f tcsKŒd tawmtwGi;f jcm;em;aom =o0g' trsK;d rsK;d wnf&&Sd mwGif
wlncD suw f ck&o Sd nfrmS olwdk@onf awG;ac:r_EiS fh bm0/ tod ESifh ±ky/f emrfEiS fh ±kyf / pdwaW A'qdik &f mESifh ±lyaA'qdik &f m wdk@.
qufqrH j_ y\emudk tm;wufoa&m &Si;f jy=uonf? Tum; tbd"rRmynm&yfx&J Sd t"duESifh tajccHjy\em jzpfI tbd
"rRmqdik &f m =o0g'rSeo f r#. tpðycsuu f dk zGJ@pnf;xm;av onf? awG;ac:r_EiS fh bm0 qufqrH j_ y\emud, k w f idk w
f iG f
tvGew f &mºuG,0f vSaom twGif;oabmyg&aSd vonf? OD;pGm yxr rnfonft h &mu t&if;cHjzpfonf[o l nfh jy\em
jzpfonf? todonf bm0xuf rlvt&if;cHjzpfoavm odk@

r[kwf bm0onf todxuf rlvt&if;cHjzpfoavm?

'kw, d rSm todonf bm0 odk@r[kwf ±kyu f rBmavmuudk odem;vnfEidk o f avm? a&mifjyef[yfjyEdik o f avm qdv k o dk nf
rSm vlrsm;. ywf0ef;usit f jzpfreS fudk todu a&mifjyefr[yf Edik o f avm/ rodEidk af om jy\emjzpfoavm?
pdw0f g'u wxpfcsowfrw S v f duk fonfrmS todEiS fh emrf onf yxrt&m/ rlvt&if;cHjzpfI ±kyEf iS fh bm0onf 'kw, d
t&m/ tqG,t f yGm; (rlvt&if;cHrS qif;oufaom) t&mjzpf onf?
‚if;ESiqfh ef@usipf mG yif ±ky0f g'u qkyfuidk x f m;onfh tpðy csurf mS ±ky0f wˆKonf yxrt&mjzpfI todonf 'kw, d t&m
jzpfa=umif;udk rSw, f al vonf? obm0avmu/ ±ky0f wˆK/ ±ly aA'qdki&f m tjcif;t&m/ jyifyavmuudk yxrt&mtjzpf em;
vnfI todemrf/ tm±kcH pH m;jcif;/ acwfpm;onfah 0g[m&qdkv#if tawG;tóuHEiS fh pdwyf idk ;f qdik &f m tjcif;t&mrsm;onf 'kw, d
t&mtjzpf ,lqonf? TonfrmS tbd"rRma&;&m *d% k ;f =uD; ESp*f %dk ;f tjzpf ydik ;f jcm;xm;onfh tajccHjy\emjzpfonf? (T
trSmudk &JabmfveD if u !$ejf ycJo h nf? )
pdw0f g'orm;rsm;u ±kyfonf xm0&r[kwb f J a'o/ uGuv f yf/ tuef@towf &So d nf? Oyrm - urBmavmu=uD; onf
tcsed u f mvt& wnf&I Sd uGufvyft& uef@owfrr_ sm;&Sd onf[k ,lqaom vlwa,mufonf ed*;kH csKyfajymrnfrmS
wcsed wf cgwek ;f u ±kyEf iS fh obm0avmur&Sb d J ‚if;wdk@onf ayguzf mG ;vmjcif; odk@r[kwf zefw;D vdu k jf cif;jzpfa=umif; ajym
ayvdrrfh nf? Ttjrifonf ±kyEf iS fh obm0avmuwdk@onf tqG,t f yGm;r#om jzpf.? 'kw, d t&momjzpf.? Ttjrifudk
pdw0f g' [kac:.?
urBmavmu=uD;onf tcsed u f mvt&‚if;/ a'o/ uGuf vyft&‚if; tptqk;H r&S[ d k ajymolonf ed*;kH csKyfIajymrnfrmS
urBmavmu=uD;. wnf&rSd o _ nf tqk;H r&SI d zefw;D &ef rjzpfEidk f a=umif; todtrSwðf yjcif;ESifh todonf ±kyrf S ay:ayguv f m
aomt&m[k ,lqolwdk@rmS ±ky0f g'orm;rsm;jzpfonf?
aemufq;kH owˆKcs=unfEh idk o f nfrmS ±ky0f g'ESifh pdw0f g'wdk@ onf jcm;em;aom urBm@tjrifudk ud, k pf m;ðyaeI/ wckEiS fh wck
tjyeftvSef &efbufjzpfaeaom Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ vlwef;pm; rsm;/ vlra_ &;tkypf rk sm;udk eD;uyfpmG qufo, G af eonf?
±ky0f g'orm;r[kwaf omf pdwf0g'orm;jzpf&rnf? =um; 0g' r&SdEidk yf g? rZÆrd yÉdyÉm tv,fA[d0k g'orm;wdk@um; pifppf
wGif pdw0f g'orm;rsm;jzpf=uonf? Oyrm - rqv ygwD OuUX OD;ae0if;u ol@ygwo D nf rmhupf 0f g'tay: tajcrcH/ ±ky0f g'
orm;r[kw[ f k qd.
k ? tnrn rZÆrd yÉdyÉmudk cH,o l nf[k ajym.? olu, dk o
f w l dk@ pdwf0g' [krajymbJ tnrn [lI ajym
jcif;rSm a&mausm0f g'jzpf+yD; trSepf ifppfrmS pdw0f g'*d% k ;f 0if jzpf.? Tum; a&ra&monfh pdw0f g'yifjzpfonf?
,ae@ Armjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m b,fvv dk l@tzGJ@ tpnf;vJ? t"dutm;jzifh ‚if;. xkwv f yk fa&;qufqrH [ _ m
(pD;yGm;a&;qufqrH )_ b,fv&dk o Sd vJ? olwdk@ rqv ygw/D wygwD tm%m&Sipf epfu xde;f odr;f umuG,fxm;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
wckv;kH &JΠtajccHtw k jf rpf[m topfvm;/ ta[mif;vm;/ vl@ tzGJ@tpnf; txuftaqmufttkjH zpfwJh bmoma&;/
tbd"rRm/ Edik if aH &;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ w&m;Oya' pwmawGaum b,fvadk wG@&ygovJ? tJ'gawGu=dk unf&h if udv k edk w
D ydik ;f / ya'
o&mZfwydik ;f vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfw,fvdk@ awG@&w,f? t*Fvyd f e,fcsJŒorm; vufatmufrmS t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm; wOD;wnf;
u vuf0g;=uD;tkyaf oG;pkyw f Jh udkvdkew D idk ;f jynfjzpfw,f? tJ'D aemuf 'kw, d urBmppft+yD;rSm zqyv xJu trsK;d om;t&if; &Sif
vufsm*d% k ;f udk t8Fvyd fe,fcsŒJ orm;u tm%may;+yD; aemufrmS Edik if aH &;t& vGwv f yfayr,fh pD;yGm;a&;t& rvGwf vyfwJh
e,fcsŒJ aygi;f pkt
H ay:rSm rScD v
dk m&wJh udv k edk w
D ydik ;f / ya' o&mZfwydik ;f Edkiif H jzpfvmw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfwdk@ qifE&$J r,fh
awmfveS af &;[m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiw f Jh/ ya'o&mZfqef@usif wJh AsL±kdu&uft&if;&Siq f ef@usiw
f Jh jynfol@'rD dkua&pDawmfveS f a&;
jzpfw,f? 'g[m Armjynf&ŒJ vuf&v Sd l@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ %mudk ±SmazG&mrSm abm*aA'e,fy,ft& &efo&l JŒ pD;yGm;a&;
tajccHtw k jf rpfay:rSm &SmazGjcif;jzpfw,f? zqyvjzpfap/ rqvyJjzpfap/ Edil if w H um qufqaH &;rSm oHwrefa&;t& tEdik Ef idk if H
e,fcsŒJ awG&J@ t&dyt f uJu=dk unf@jyD; v_y&f mS ;aejcif;yif jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;bufwiG rf l e,fcsŒJ aygi;f pkt H ay:wGif tm;
xm;ae&jcif;udk vuf&Sd Armjynf&Sd pufrv _ ,f,m/ opfawm/ owWK ponfh o,HZmw ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;rsm; xkwv f yk af &;/
ukeof , G af &;/ bÀma&; ponfh tcdik t f rm tajctaersm;u xif&mS ;apayonf?
rmhupf 0f g' rwdik rf SD ±ky0f g'qdik &f m ordik ;f o¿mefrsm;

acwftrsK;d rsK;d &Sd ±ky0f g'qdik &f m=o0g'rsm;onf todEiS fh bm0 qufqrH t _ m; ±ky0f g't& ajz&Si;f jcif;udk tpðycsut f jzpf
xm;&Sad omfvnf; tqk;H wGif wckeJ@ wck =uD;rm;aomuGv J rJG /_ jcm;em;csurf sm;vnf; &Sad vonf?
obm00dZm… ynm. opfviG af om =uD;jrwfaom &SmazG awG@&rSd w _ idk ;f ESiw
fh ygwnf; ±ky0f g'onf opfviG faom o¿mef
aqmifavonf? ta=umif;rlum; ±ky0f g'onf 0dZm… ynmvlrl a&;vufawG@. tcsut f vufrsm;ESifh =o*Jepft& qufo, G f
aeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
jcm;em;aom ordik ;f acwfumvrsm;. ±ky0f g'orm;wdk@ onf xdak cwfxt dk cg&Sd jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_a&csed ft& 0dZm… ynm
&SmazGawG@&rSd .
_ tcdik t f rmtajctaet& wd;k wufaomvl wef;pm;toD;oD;. tusK;d aus;Zl;udk ud, k pf m;ðy&mwGi‚f if;/
urBmavmu. a,bl,s ±kyyf u kH m;csyu
f ‚dk if;/ urBmavmu. w&m;vuQ%mud‚k if;/ vlra_ &;b0ESifh odjrifjcif;jy\emud‚k if;/
em;vnf&mwGif wOD;ESifh wOD; rwl=uacs? rmhupf 0f g'. &efol rsm;onf ±ky0f g'. ydrk jdk rifrh m;aomo¿mef rmhupf 0f g'. ±ky0f g'
qdik &f mo¿mefudk ±kyfysuq f if;ysujf zpfap&ef xdrk w S qifh ordik ;f acwfumvw&yfv;kH Y ±ky0f g'tjrifbufwiG f &&Sad eaom =uD;
rm;onfh wd;k wufrr_ sm;udk arS;rSed fomG ;ap&ef/ vspv f sL±_omG ; ap&ef ±ky0f g' =o0g'qdik &f mrSeo f r#udk a&maESm ar$aESmufxm;
=uonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifonf T&eforl sm;. t}uH,w k u f zdk iG cfh s &mY !$ejf yonfrmS jcm;em;aom ±ky0f g' *dk%;f trsK;d rsK;d t=um;
wGif tajccHt& jcm;em;csurf sm;wnf&o Sd nf? xdk@a=umifh ±ky0f g' toD;oD;wdk@. jcm;em;aomo¿mefrsm;tm; xyfwx l yfr#
t&mrsm;jzpfonf[k rSw, f al ejcif;rsm;udk vk;H 0cGirfh ðyEdik wf Jh t&m[k !$efjycJo h nf?

±ky0f g'. yxrydik ;f ordik ;f qdik &f mo¿mef

a&S;acwf aus;u|ev f l@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif w±kwjf ynf/ tdENd, jynf/ abbDveG f jynfrsm;wGif ±kyf0g'qdik &f m tbd"rRmrsm; t
apmqk;H ay:ayguv f mcJo h nf?
a&S;*&dvrl sK;d wdk@onf TEdik if rH sm;&Sd tbd"rRmqdik &f mawG; ac:r_. atmifjrifrr_ sm;udk trDðS yI yxrOD;qk;H ±k;d vGe;f aom
±ky0f g'qdik &f m urBm@tjrif. toGio f ¿mefudk owfrw S cf Jh onf?
‚if;wdk@u ,lqonfrmS - wnf&adS eaom t&m[lor# onf wpkHwckaom rlvcE<mud, k /f rlvyifr ±kyf0wˆK/ rlv ADZ
ud,k x f nfrS jzpfxGe;f cJo h nf? T rlvADZud, k xf nfrS - a&jzpf onf[k ao;vfu ,lqI/ avjzpfonf[k tef;eufqrD ef;'g; u
!$ejf yum - tcsi;f t&m[lor#rmS - rD;rS jzpfvm+yD;/ rD; tjzpfodk@ jyefa&mufomG ;onf[k [D&mu&Dwyfpu f ,lqav onf?
urBmavmu&Sd t&nftcsi;f [lor#. ajrmufrsm;vS aom vuQ%monf wpkw H ckaom xdawG@ (tm±kcH pH m;)jcif;jzifh
em;vnfaom t&m0wˆKjzpfonf[k ed*k;H csKyfaom vkyyf v kH kyf enf;rsm;udk wjcm;aom ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm q&mtcsKŒd u
pGef@y,fvu dk +f yD; / ±ky0f wˆKESifh ywfoufaom pkaygi;f xm;onfh t,ltqudk tpGr;f ukex f wk af zmfwifjy&ef óud;pm;=uonf? Oyrm
- tef;eufqD ref;'g; u wnf&aSd eaom t&m[lor#. tajccHonf - tylEiS fh tat;yg&aSd om qef@usizf ufrsm;.
wpkw H ckaom “twdtus r&So d nfh ±ky0f wˆK”jzpfI - Tqef@ usizf ufrsK;d onf ‚if;. e*dyk g&aSd om rloabmjzpfavonf?
tEkjrL (±ky0f g') oabmw&m;*d% k ;f om;rsm; (vD,w l yD pdk f@/ 'Dru
dk &D;wyfp/f tDyu
D sL;vyfp)f ESifh a&mrvlrdsK; (vl u&dw'd pf)
wdk@u urBmavmu=uD;wnf&rSd o _ nf xm0&jzpfI rnfonfh tajccH (t,fvrD if)h (rlvyifr±ky0f wˆK) r# r&Sd ay? olwdk@onf
±ky0f wˆK. t,fvrD ifhrsm; zGJ@pnf;onfh tpdwt f ydik ;f / zGJ@pnf;ykHEiS fh ywfoufonfh tpdwt f ydik ;f / zGJ@pnf;ykEH iS fh ywfoufaom
jy\emrsm;udk &SmazGavhvmonf? olwdk@. =o0g't& t&m cyford f;wdk@onf rcGcJ mG Edik af om/ xm0&jzpfaom wckEiS fh wck
xyfwx l yfr#avmufjzpfaom tEkjrLESifh v[mrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf; xm;jcif;jzpfonf? jcm;em;aom tEkjrLtrsK;d rsK;d wdk@. yl;aygi;f
jcif;onf ud, k x f nf. ajrmufrsm;vSaom o¿mefrsm;tjzpf ykzH GJ@vmonf? tEkjrL oabmw&m;qdik &f m =o0g'&mxm;csuf rSm
- a&S;±ky0f g'. xifay:aom 0dZm… ynmatmifjrifrj_ zpfI ewfb&k m;rJ0h g'. vuQ%mrsm; yg&aSd vonf?
urBmavmu=uD; wnf&rdS o _ nf xm0&jzpfonf? t+rJ wnfwaHh eonf? obm0avmu. tjcif;t&mrsm;onf t+rJ
ay:ayguv f mI ajymif;vJaeonf[o l nfh =o0g'jzifo h bm0 avmu. wnf&rSd u _ dk '¾m&DozG,f zefqif;xm;jcif;om
jzpfonf[al om bmoma&;tjrifudk tpm;xd;k jcif;onf a&S; *&d ±kyf0g'. ordik ;f 0ifatmifjrifrj_ zpfonf? tef;eufq;D ref;'g;
u ajymqdck o Jh nfrmS aeAdrmef/ vAdrmefEiS fh wjcm;rD;awmufae aom avrsm;onf urBmvk;H rSay:ayguv f mI/ urBmvk;H rS
tay:odk@wufomG ;aom a&cd;k a&aiG@rsm;onf jyef@}uJomG ;I rD; jzpfomG ;onf? tay:odk@wufaeaom rD;rSwqifh ò*dvef uQwf
rsm;jzpfaeonf[k odjrifjcif;wdk@onf ±k;d ±k;d jzpfapumr_ aemifod jrifr_qidk &f mtwGuf tvm;tvm&So d nfh tjrifjzpfavonf?
vD,w l yD dk@pu
f wxpfcsajymqdv k udk fonfrmS t&m0wˆK wdik ;f . ay:aygujf cif;onf ta=umif;t&if;rsm; r&So d nf r[kw/f
t&mcyford ;f wdk@. ay:aygujf cif;wkd@onf tusK;d ta=umif;ESifh vdt k yfrr_ sm;yg&Sdonf[k ajymcJo h nf?
ao;vf ajymqdck suu f m; ±ky0f wˆKwckv;kH onf touf&I Sd Tt"dy`g,frsK;d t& oHvdkuw f iG v
f nf; emrf&Sad =umif; olu,lq
avonf?
[D&muvdwyfpfurl emrfonfr;D jzpfonf? ‚if;rD;onf taumif;qk;H jzpf+yD; tajcmufaoG@q;kH vnf;jzpfI/ pGwpf jdk cif;ESifh
twlwuG rwnf&ESd idk [ f k ajymqdck o Jh nf?
'Dru dk &D;wyfpu f vnf; pdwu f dk yko H ¿meftjynfph q kH ;kH aom tEkjrLrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf[q k odk nf? Tum; ±k;d vGe;f
aomo¿mefjzifh oufaoxlvu dk fonfrmS jyifyurBmavmu . t&mrsm;. yko H ¿mefEiS fh (aumfy±D kduu f ;l xm;onfh ±kyfykH
um;) udk jyifyurBmavmuESifh cGjJ cm;xm;&rnf[k ajymvdu k f onf? tb,fa=umifq h adk omf igwdk@onf xdt k &mrsm;ESifh tvGef
a0;vHpmG uGmjcm;aeIvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;t&m0wˆKESifh wdu k ±f kduf rawG@&aomfvnf; xdkyo kH ¿mefEiS fh aumfyo D nf igwdk@tm±kH
t*Fg (rsuaf ph)ESifh xdawG@+yD; yom'tm±ku H dk jzpfaponf?
[D&muvdwyfpf ajymqdo k nfrmS tu,fI wnf&aSd e aom t&m[lor#onf rD;cd;k tjzpf toGiaf jymif;oGm;v#if -
ESmacgi;f onf odjrifjcif;.t*Fg jzpfomG ;ayvdrrfh nf[q k dk.?
[D&muvdwyfpf u ,lqonfrmS “t&mcyford ;f wdk@onf wdu k fyrGJ w
S qifh ay:ayguv f mI ra&Smifrv$o J may” ajr=uD;ao
I rD;&Sio f nf/ rD;aoI av&Sio f nf/ avaoI a&&Sio f nf/ a&aoI ajr=uD;&Sio f nf? Oyrm - a&onf a&cd;k a&aiG@jzpfI
avtjzpfodk@ toGiaf jymif;oGm;onf? tat;onf tyljzpf vmI - tylonf tat;jzpfvmonf? tpdo k nf tajcmuf
jzpfvmI tajcmufonf tpdjk zpfvmonf?
olwdk@onf urBmavmu=uD;tm; odEidk af =umif;udk rlt& todrw S ðf yjcif;ESi/fh odjrifjcif;ESifh odjrifjcif; jy\emtay:wGif -
oHo,0g'udk qef@usijf cif;/ Tonfwdk@um; ±ky0f g'*d% k ;f rsm;. t"du vuQ%mjzpfonf?
olwdk@onf v_y&f mS ;r_/ ajymif;vJr/_ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ wdk@. wavmuvk;H qdik &f m vuQ%mESifh ta&;ygt&ma&mufyu kH dk
todtrSwðf yaomfvnf;/ wcsed w f nf;Y TjzpfpOfrsm;ud/k tjcif; t&mrsm;. xm0&jzpfaom puf0idk ;f uJhodk@ vnfywfjcif;tjzpf
odk@ ed*;kH csKyf+yD;/ opfviG af om ,cifu rwnf&cSd aJh om t&m0wˆK wdk@. ajymif;vJvmr_jzpfpOfudk 0dZm… enf;usus razmfxw k fEidk cf Jh
acs?
±ky0f g' Tyxrydik ;f ordik ;f jzpfpOfo¿mef. uef@owfr_ twGi;f rSom &Sad ecJ@=uonf? a&S;acwf ±ky0f g'onf urBm
avmu=uD;udk ±ky0f g't& &Si;f jy+yD; vlra_ &;b0udk ±ky0f g't& em;vnfonfh jy\emrsm;udk rxkwaf zmfc=Jh uacs?
a&S;*&d ±ky0f g'onf aus;u|epf epftwGi;f ay:aygucf jJh cif;
jzpfonf? ya'o&mZfpepftwGi;f Y (18) &mpkEpS rf sm;ESifh (19) &mpkEpS ftxd "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. ±ky0f g' taejzifh urBmY xGuf
ay:vmcJo h nf?

±ky0f g'. 'kw,

d ydik ;f ordik ;f qdik &f mo¿mef

±ky0f g'. 'kw, d ydik ;f ordik ;f qdik &f mo¿mefonf xdak cwf umv&Sd xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_twGuf
wwftm;or# óud;pm;tm;xkwaf eaom "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;. urBmt h jrifjzpfonf? aeAdrmefudk A[dt k jzpfxm;aom =o0g' ESifh
ò*dvrf sm;. v_yf&mS ;aomw&m;ESifh ±ky0f wˆK ponfh puf u&d,mrsm; v_y&f mS ;onfh a,bl,sw&m;udk awG@jcif;rsm;/ tm;
oabmynmrsm;vnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmonf? tuQ&mocFsm/ *J=oar}w/D avmf*&pforf/ *%ef;ocFsm twdak umufwu G ef nf;/
ude;f cG/J ude;f jynfh wdk@udk &SmazGawG@&jSd cif; ponfwdk@onf ocFsm ynm&yf&Sd =uD;rm;aomwd;k wufrr_ sm;udk rSww f idk x
f cl o
Jh nf?
0dZm… ynmonf=uD;rm;aom atmifjrifrr_ sm;udk zefw;D ðypkvu dk f I - vlwdk@onfwae@wjcm; opfviG jf cm;em;aeonfh "rRwm
tavsmuf jzpfvmaeaom/ obm0tiftm;udk csKyfuidk rf +d yD;/ ±kyt f csi;f t&m. ajrmufjrm;vSaom t*Fg&yfrsm;udk &Si;f jyrnf/h
ºuG,0f aom vufawG@tcsut f vufrsm;udk pkaqmif;odrk ;SD cJh onf? opfviG af om urBmw h u
dk =f uD;rsm;ESifh emrnfausmf ±_cif; rsm;/
a&S;a[mif;ypPn;f rsm;udk &SmazGawG@&jSd cif;wdk@rmS vlrsm;. todtjrifudk =uD;rm;pGm wd;k csŒJ ypfvu dk o
f nf?
 t*Fvyd ±f yk 0f g'. bd;k ab; z&efppfabuGeu f - todynm onfcidk +f rJaom tajccHay:&Sd vlrsm;. tpGr;f wefc;dk udk wnf
aqmufEidk I f vlrsm;u obm0udk pDrcH ef@crGJ nft h m%mudk zGifh vSpx f kwaf zmfEidk af om tiftm;ESifh enf;emrsm;jzpfonf[k ajym
vdu k af yonf?
(18) &mpkEpS &f Sd jyifopf ±kyf0g'orm; aygv[ f ife&D [d&k f bmhcsu f “a,bl,stm;jzifh ±ky0f wˆKonf igwdk@. tm±kcH t H *Fg
rsm;udk tenf;enf;tzkzH kH tusK;d oufa&mufaeaom t&m tm;vk;H jzpfonf”[k qdo k nf? odk@&mwGif "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;.
±ky0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm. ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf azmfjycsuf o¿meft& =unf±h v _ #if ±kyfyidk ;f qdik &f m tbd"rRmt,ltqudk
xkwaf zmfwifjy=uaomfvnf; olwdk@onf ±ky0f wˆKudk wuUaA' enf;t& em;vnf=uonf? wuUaA' 0g'orm;rsm;onf ppf
rSeaf om tuef@towfr&Sb d J jzpfymG ;aeaom t&nftcsi;f t& ajymif;vJaeaom ±ky0f wˆKudk tpm;xd;k &ef puf,EW&m;
qefaom ±ky0f wˆKudk &SmazGae=uonf? xdak cwfumv&Sd obm00dZm… ynmrsm;ESit fh wl &nf±, G cf suf&Sd&ESd iS fh t&nftcsi;f .
jcm;em;r_udk wlnaD om tao;i,fq;kH jzpfonfh tpdwf tydik ;f rsm;tm; ta&twGuo f ufoufjzpfaom jcm;em;r_jzpf atmif
}uH±, G =f uonf? olwdk@u ±ky0f wˆKonf rnfonfh obm0xuf vGefuaJ om tiftm;r# rvdt k yfa=umif;udk ouf aojy+yD;
v_y&f mS ;r_onf ±ky0f wˆK. r&Srd jzpfaom t*Fg&yfjzpf a=umif; oufaojycJo h nf? odk@&mwGif v_y&f mS ;r_udk ajymif;vJr_ tjzpf
em;rvnfao;bJ/ ud, k x f nfrsm;u uGuv f yfrsm;wGi/f ae&mtvdu k f a&GŒvsm;aejcif;tjzpfodk@ ed*;kH csKyf=uonf? qdv k dk onfum;
puf,EW&m;v_yf&mS ;r_rsK;d tjzpfodk@om ed*;kH csKyf=u onf? jyifopfjynf ±ky0f g'orm; vmrwfu T±ky0f g'qdik &f m =o0g'.
t"dued*;kH udk vlom;rsm;. ud, k af y:Y usio fh ;kH &m
wGiaf &;om;onfrmS vlonf pufu&d , d mjzpfonf[q k odk nf?
(18) &mpkEpS w f iG af y:aygucf aJh om ±ky0f g'orm;rsm;onf/ tbd"rRm. tajccHjy\emrsm;tm; ajz&Si;f enf;udk ±kyEf iS fh pdwf
0g't& cGjJ cm;jyonf? jyifopf±yk f0g'orm; 'Dxa&mh onf wuU aA'ESifh 18 &mpkEpS f ewfb&k m;rJh oabmw&m;ud/k ±ky0f g't&
oufaoxljy&mwGif atmifjrifco Jh nf? olu oufaojyonf rSm - bmoma&;. a&aomufjrpfum; wzufu ^m%fr&Sd
xkx H idk ;f jcif;ESi/fh vlrsm;rodao;aom t&mrsm;udk a=umufvef@ aejcif;jzpfI - tjcm;wzufwiG f uvdrcf sKHrsm;ESifh ya'o&mZf
rif;qd;k trsK;d rsK;d wdk@. wud, k af umif;=uHjcif; jzpfonf? jyifopf ±ky0f g'orm;rsm;u ,lqonfrmS - vlvcl si;f zdEySd o f nfh a&
aomufjrpfrmS wpkw H ckaom ±ky0f wˆKqdik &f m qufqrH t _ ay: rwnfbJvsu/f bmoma&;ESifh a,bl,stm;jzifh arSmufrmS ; aom
todwnf&rSd _ tay:wnfavonf? (bmoma&;tay: pdw0f g'tjrifjzpfonf? )
"e&Si±f yk 0f g'onf rkcsrv$yJ if rjynfhrpkaH om vuQ%myg&Sd I ‚if;rSm obm0avmuudk em;vnfonfb h ufwiG f ±ky0f g'jzpf
jyD; (TbufwiG v f nf; tpOft+rJ jynfjh ynfhppkH kH em;vnfonf r[kw)f vlra_ &;b0udk em;vnfonfhbufwiG rf l pdw0f g't&
jzpfonf? tm±kcH pH m;jcif;jzifh od&ESd idk af om tawG@tñuHt& tpOfojzifh aocsmpGm owfrw S Ef idk o f nfh t&mrSvI GJ vlra_ &;
b0wGif rnfonfh wjcm;tiftm;ESifh tcsi;f t&mudrk # olwk@d u todtrSwrf ðyacs?
vlrsm;onf tjcm;tcsi;f t&mrsm;enf;wl obm0avm u. tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfonf?
jzL;0g;bwfu “u|Eykf o f nf obm0avmuwGif rScD adk ejcif;
jzifh &Supf &maumif;onf[k rxifrw S af y?” vltzGJ@tpnf;Y rnDr#jcif;rsm;udk obm0usonf[k &Si;f vif;azmfjyI -
wu,fpifppfrmS - vlrsm;. obm0yifu, dk v f uQ%mESifh a, bl,s obm0avmuonf ajymif;vJrr_ &Sd[I l rSw, f =l uonf?
"e&Si±f yk 0f g'onf "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;. awmfveS af &; vuQ%m yg&Sdonf? wdak wmif;aomacwfumvwGif "e&Siv f l
wef;pm;. awG;ac:r_qidk &f m vufeufu&d,mjzpfavonf? od@k aomf ‚if;onfbmoma&;ESifh ya'o&mZf. qd;k 0g;aom Edik if H
a&; tp&So d nfwdk@udk tbufbufrS xd;k ppfqifaomtcgY -wdu k ±f u
dk fojd cif;/ urBmt h jrifjzpfavonf?
vlrsm;onf obm0udk ðyjyifajymif;vJaom odk@r[kwf obm0udk ajymif;vJypfaom tiftm;pk r[kwaf =umif;/ vlrsm;
onf obm0avmurS ay:xGuv f maomt&mjzpfa=umif; T ±ky0f g'rsK;d u ,lqavonf?
Tt&mESifh qDavsmpf mG yif ‚if;wdk@u odjcif;ESifh vlrsm;. vufawG@b0 obm0avmu. ajymif;vJrw _ dk@. qufo, G af e
r_udk rod=uacs?

±ky0f g'. wwd,ydik ;f ordik ;f qdik &f mo¿mef

rmhupf 0f g' rwdik rf SD ±kyf0g'. wwd,ydik ;f ordik ;f qdik &f m o¿mefrmS - ±k&mS ;jynf awmfveS af om 'Dru
dk a&pD tiftm;pk.
tbd"rRmjzpfonf? (19) &mpkEpS rf sm;wGi/f ±k&mS ;pma&;q&m rsm;onf v,fu|epf epfEiS fh oufO;D qHyidk pf epfudk qef@usiaf om
aoG;pkycf H v,form;xk. tawG;tac:&Sirf sm;jzpf=uonf? oabmw&m;a&;&m jy\em. ta&;yg t&ma&mufro _ nf ‚if;ESifh
wu,ft h jzpfreS f. qufqrH t _ & ajymif;vJaeonf?
 [D*v J .f “wnf&aSd eaom t&m&mwdik ;f tay: xm;&Sd onfh =uifemr_EiS fh pdw&f n S af om oabmxm;”udk a0zef+yD;
[D*v J o f nf “vuf&t Sd ajctaeESifh vuf&v Sd rl a_ &; taqmuf ttk. H aus;u|ejf zpfa=umif; ” cs,&f ef &D Suzf pf uD; u a&;om;cJh
onf?
tbd"rRmESifh todynm. aemufq;kH &nf±, G cf sufrmS “a,bl,stm;jzifh iwfrw G jf cif;ESifh tat;'g%u f dk cH&olrsm;.
jy\emudk ajz&Si;f &efjzpfonf? Tjy\emrSvI GJ wjcm; *±kpu dk jf cif;/ pOf;pm;jcif;ESifh tm;xkwjf cif; rðyxdkuaf cs?” Ttwdik ;f
cs,&f ef &D u S fzpf uD. tarGqufco H rl sm;u ajymqd=k u onf?
jzL;0g;bufonf (19) &mpk/ tESpf (30)ydik ;f umv tqk;H ESifh tESpf (40)ydik ;f tpwGif *smrefpw d f0g'udk p+yD;a0zefco Jh nfrmS
wuUaA'enf;. ±ky0f g'&yfwnfrr_ SaeI jzpfco Jh nf? b,fvif puD;/ [mZif;/ cs,&f ef &D u S zf pf uD; wdk@EiS fh 'dAk ±kv
d al Amh tp&So d l
wdk@onf ±ky0f g'orm;jzpf±o kH mru tEkyÉdavmrorm;rsm; vnf; jzpf=uI uef@/ zdcsu f cD s,v f v f if; ESifh [D*v J f wdk@tay:
a0zefcsurf mS jzL;0g;bufEiS fh rlt& jcm;em;avonf? jzL;0g; bufonf [D*v J f. pdw0f g'qdik &f m tEkyÉdavmrenf;xJwiG f &Sd
usK;d a=umif;qDavsmaf om/ twGi;f om;tqHudk rawG@&cSd ?Jh ±k&mS ;tbd"rRmq&mrsm;onf TtwGi;f om; tqHudk wduspmG
wefz;dk jzwf+yD;/ ‚if;udk a0zefyidk ;f jcm;r_&pSd mG vufcv H u dk u
f m ±ky0f g'. &yfwnfrr_ S tEkyÉdavmrenf;udk avhvmch=J uonf?
“todonf obm0avmuESifh vk;H 0roufqidk af =umif; tvsi;f rqdEk idk ?f ‚if;onf obm0avmu jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_.
jrifrh m;aomtqifh jzpfonf?”[k [mZif; uqdo k nf?
“vuf&t Sd rSew f &m;onf qef@usib f ufrsm;. nD!w G rf _ tay:Y wnfonf”[k b,fvifpuD; u qdo k nf?
trSew f &m;onf/ xm0pOfrajymif;aom t&mwrsK;d jzpf onf[k em;vnfaeaom wuUaA't,ltqudk acsy&ef
[mZif;u - odjcif;jzpfpOftwGi;f &Sd trSew f &m;. xm0&v_yf &Sm;r_udk !$ejf yvdu k of nf? Todk@aom odjcif;jzpfpOfY “rl
oabm [lor#wdk@onf tqifyh rdk jdk rifrh m;aom rloabmtusKd ; iSg/ z,f&mS ;jcif;cH&vdrrfh nf? Trloabmrsm;udk qufcjH cif;Y
vnf;aumif;/ wdu k cf u dk jf cif;ESifh zsuo f rd ;f jcif;Yvnf;aumif;/ om I pGr;f tm;jynf0h (toufwvlv)l aom trSew f &m;onf
rdrtd wGuf vrf;a=umif;rsm;azgufvyk Ef idk v f rd fhrnf” [k [mZif; . aqmif;yg;rsm;wGiaf z:jyxm;onf?
±k&mS ;awmfveS af om 'Dru dk a&pD±yk 0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm. tajccHEiS fh t&nftcsi;f t& xl;jcm;csurf mS v,fu|epf epfudk
&efro l nfomru/ ("e&Si±f yk 0f g'orm;wdk@uv dk nf; Ttwdik ;f yif) "e&Sipf epfuv dk nf; &efral yonf? ,if;odk@jzifh ‚if; "e&Sif
*d%
k ;f wdk@. pdwu f ;l ,Of qdk&, S v f pf0g'rsm;/ ay:ayguv f monf? taemufOa&mywdu k 0f g'ESifh jcm;em;onfum; qd&k , S v f pf0g'
vrf;a=umif;wGif +idr;f csr;f pGmjzifh ðyjyifa&;0g'enf;jzifh csw D uf oGm;&ef jiif;y,f=uI aoG;pkycf s,v f S,rf u _ dk awmfveS af om
enf;vrf;jzifh okwo f ifz,f&mS ;jcif;enf;udk todtrSwðf y=u onf? odk@&mwGif ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;.tcef;udk rodjrif=uacs?
ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;udk vkyo f m;vlxEk iS fh vnf;aumif;/ qif;&J om;ESifh vnf;aumif;/ rcGjJ cm;bJ OD;pGmyxr v,form;rsm;.
awmfveS af om qd&k , S v f pf0g' enf;usaom OD;aqmifru _ dk ar#mf ud;k ae=uayonf?

rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmqdik &f m ±ky0f g'onf

±ky0f g'. tjrifq
h ;kH o¿mefjzpfonf?

rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmqdik &f m ±ky0f g'onf ,cifuwnf&cSd Jh aom ±ky0f g'qdik &f m =o0g'[lor#wdk@EiS fh t&nftcsi;f t& jcm;
em;avonf? rmhupf 0f g' tbd"f rRmonf ,cifwnf&cSd aJh om ±ky0f g'. wd;k wufaom tpOftvmrsm;udk awmfveS af omenf;/
a0zefaomenf;wdk@jzifh vufcv H udk I
f rlt&opfviG af om tjrifh rm;qk;H jzpfaom tbd"rRmqdik &f m awG;ac:r_ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;onfh
tqifjh zpfonf? T0g'onf urBmavmu=uD;udk ±ky0f g't& em;vnfonfh tjrifq h ;kH o¿mefjzpfI ‚if;u urBmavmu onf
‚if;.±kyv f uQ%mt& wnDw!Gww f nf;wnf&rSd u
_ dk oufaoxljycJhonf? todEiS fh ±ky0f wˆKwdk@. qufqrH u _ dk 0dZm… enf;us
&Si;f jy+yD; obm0avmuESifh vltzGJ@tpnf;udk odEidk rf _ ESifh ywfoufaom 0dZm… ynmESifh vufawG@usio fh ;kH r_jzifh vuf
eufwwfqifay;cJo h nf?
tEkyÉdavmrenf;emESifh ±ky0f g'oabmw&m; nD!w G rf _

rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmqdik &f m ±ky0f g'onf tjcif;t&mrsm; . tjyeftvSerf cSD t dk m;xm;r_EiS fh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_qidk &f m ±kyfyidk ;f
tajccHudk zGijfh yvdu
k If ±ky0f wˆKqdik &f m wnf&rSd o_ ¿mefEiS fh odjcif;twGuf tajccHaomhcsuu f dk &Si;f jyvduk fonf?
tEkyÉdavmrenf;. w&m;t& taumiftxnfjzpfay: aeaom v_y&f mS ;r_/ ajymif;vJr/_ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_wkd@onf ±kyf
urBmavmu ud, k wf idk .
f v_y&f mS ;r_/ ajymif;vJrE_ iS fh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_yif jzpfonf?
 rmhupf 0f g' tEkyÉdavmrenf;. tajccHx;l jcm;csuu f ±kyf 0wˆKud, k wf d k i.
f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ t"dy`g,u f dk azmfjyvduk o
f nf?
xd±k yk 0f wˆKonf twGi;f ydik ;f qufoG,rf &_ aSd om/ wnDwnf;jzpf aom ude;f jynfw h ckv;kH taejzifh wnf&I Sd tqufrjywf v_yf
&Sm;aeonfh tajctaersK;d wGif wnf&aSd vonf? ±ky0f wˆKonf t&nftcsi;f t& ajrmufjrm;vSaom o¿mefrsm;&Sad om a=umifh
±kyuf rBmavmuwGif jzpfay:vmaom/ rxif&mS ;aom ta&twGuaf jymif;vJro _ nf tajccHjzpfaom t&nftcsi;f
ajymif;vJro _ dk@ a&S@±_ oGm;vdrrfh nf? ±ky0f wˆKud, k w f idk w
f iG f yg&aSd e aom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;&m a&aomufjrpfudk zGijfh yonfq h ef@usif
bufrsm;. nD!w G rf E_ iS fh wdu
k yf GJw&m;rSm ±ky0f wˆKud, k w f dik Yf e*dyk gjrJjzpfavonf? ‚if;onft&m0wˆK jzpfpOf[o l r#. jzpf
ay:wd;k yGm;r_qidk &f m ppfreS af omtwGi;f oabmjzpfonf?
obm0tay: ±ky0f g'tjrifEiS fh
vlra_ &;tay: ±ky0f g'tjrifwdk@. nD!w G rf _

rmhupf 0f g'u zefw;D ðypkvu dk af om ±ky0f g'. tjrifq h ;kH o¿mefu pdw0f g'udk ‚if;. aemufq;kH cdu k ;dk &mt&yf (0g)
vlra_ &;ynm&yfrS armif;xkwv f u dk fonf?
rmhupf 0f g'. tbd"f rRmqdik &f m ±kyf0g'onf obm0tay: ±ky0f g'tjrifEiS v fh rl a_ &;tay: ±ky0f g'tjrifwdk@. eD;uyfaom/
rcGcJ mG Edik af om nD!w G rf u _ dk azmfjyonf? ‚if;onf obm0tay: wGif uef@owfrxm;bJ/ vlra_ &;b0tay: ±ky0f g't& em;vnf
jcif;udk tajcðyjcif;jzidv h nf; xdjk y\emudk ajz&Si;f avonf?
rmhupf 0f g'u igwdk@tm; oif=um;vdu k of nfrmS æ
vlwdk@. vlra_ &;todonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm; r_twGuf tvGew f &mvdt k yfI ‚if;omr&Sv d #i/f vlra_ &;b0
vk;H vk;H &SEd idk v f rd rfh nfr[kwaf cs? vlr_a&;todonf vlral &;b0. a&mifjyef[yfrj_ zpfonf[k ,lqjcif;rSm tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'ESifh
wuUaA' ±ky0f g'. tajccHjcm;em;csujf zpfonf? rmhufp0f g' qdik &f m±kyf0g'u !$ejf yonfrmS - tzdEySd cf EH iS fh aoG;pkycf H vlxk rsm;.
bmoma&;todonf aoG;pkyo f rl sm;u olwdk@udk u|ef b0oGwo f iG ;f I zdEySd af eonfjh ypfru _ dk ajymif;jyefveS af om o¿mefjzifh
a&mifjyef[yfavonf? twdu k t f cH&aSd om vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;wGif pD;yGm;a&;t&/ Edik if aH &;ESifh pdw"f gwt f & olwdk@ cHpm; ae&aom
zdEySd rf u
_ dk a&mifjyef[yfavonf? todonf b0. a&mifjyef[yfrj_ zpfonf[k tEkyÉdavmrenf;t& em;vnfjcif; onf
igwdk@tzdk@ tod. wufºuGaomtcef;udk em;vnfI tok;H cs&ef wwfEidk af ponf? vDeifEiS fh pwmvifwdk@onf T tcsuu f dk
tajcðyI wd;k wufaom tawG;tac:vrf;!$erf j_ zifh vltzGJ@tpnf;topfudk wnfaqmufomG ;&ef/ v_H@aqmfa&;ESifh
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tcef;ESifh ywfouf+yD;/ ypPn;f rJhvw l ef;pm;. b0vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf w GJ iG f qd&k S,fvpf0g'todudk jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;apaomtcef;ESifh ywfoufonfh =o0g'udk owfrw S cf Jh onf?
0dbm0 - wu,fb h m0 (±ky0f wˆK)onf vlom;wdk@. tod tm±kEH iS fh tawG@tóuH tp&So d nfwdk@tay: rrScD adk =umif; tEk
yÉdavmr±ky0f g'u wifjycJo h nf? vlra_ &;bm0onf vlom;wdk@ vlra_ &;todtay: rrScD adk =umif; ordik ;f ±ky0f g'u &Si;f jycJo h nf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ±kyyf idk ;f b0onf yxrt&mjzpf+yD; vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;. emrfydik ;f b0onf 'kw, d t&mESifh tqG,t f yGm;
rsm;omjzpfonf?
“vlra_ &;b0wGiv f nf; jyifytajctae tcsut f vuf rsm;/ ±kyyf idk ;f tajctae tcsut f vufrsm;onf a&S;OD;pGmajymif;
vJonf? xdak emuf ‚if;ESifh qDavsmpf mG vlrsm;. tawG;tac:/ vlrsm;. "avhx;kH pHEiS fh vlrsm;. urBmt h jrifrsm; ajymif;vJvm
onf?” (TtrSmudk - pwmvif u rif;rJ0h g'avm/ qd&k , S v f pf 0g'avm [lonfh a&;om;csuw f iG f azmfjycJoh nf?)
vlra_ &;bm0onf vlrsm;. qEN todEiS fh pdwo f abm ajymif;vJaejcif; r[kwb f /J ajymif;jyefyif vlrsm;. qEN/ todEiS fh
pdwo f abmudk ‚if;u jyXmef;onf[k rmhupf u f ,lqonf? T trSmudk vDeifu (jynfol@rw d af qGqo dk nfum; tb,fenf;?
olwdk@onf qd&k , S 'f rD u
dk a&pD *d% k ;f om;rsm;ud/k rnfodk@ rnfykH wdu k cf udk =f uoenf;) wGif a&;om;cJo h nf?
rmhupf rf wdik rf D ay:aygucf aJh om ±ky0f g'onf vlrsm;. vlr_
a&;yifu, dk v f uQ%mrS uif;uGmIvnf;aumif;/ vlrsm;. ordik ;f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rS uif;uGmIvnf;aumif;/ odjcif;jy\emudk
=unf@±=_ uonf?xdk@a=umifh vlra_ &;vufawG@ tay:odjcif;. rScD rdk u _ dk em;rvnfEidk af y? qdv k o dk nfum; xkwv f yk af &;ESifh vl
wef;pm;wdu k yf t GJ ay: odjcif;. rScD rdk u _ dk em;rvnfEidk af cs? (T trSmudk armfpw D ek ;f u vufa±G;pifusr;f wGif azmfjycJo h nf?)
obm0ESifh vl@tzGt J pnf;onf qef@usib f ufjzpfonf[l aom wuUaA'. tjrifudk rmhupf t f bd"rRmqdik &f m ±ky0f g'u
wGe;f vSeyf pfvu dk +f yD; vlrsm;u obm0udk ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif; onf vlra_ &;bm0. ±kyyf idk ;f tajccH/ odjcif;.tajccH/ a,bl,s
tm;jzifh vlom;ordik ;f . tajccHjzpfa=umif;udk !$ejf yvdu k o f nf? rmhupf 0f g' tbd"f rRmqdik &f m ±ky0f g'onf vlra_ &;b0tay:
wduk ±f u kd o f jd cif;tjrifudk okwo f ifz,f&mS ;vdu k If ‚if;. vlwef; pm;vuQ%m (0g) vlra_ &;b0udk awmfveS af jymif;vJa&;
ðyvkyf &ef vufvw $ jf cif;udk zGicfh svdkuaf yonf?
rmhupffp0f g' tbd"rRm
a[majymcsuf (4)
 urBmavmu. ±kyv f uQ%mtay:
±ky0f g'ESifh pdw0f g'wdk@t=um; tajccHqef@usirf _

rmhupf 0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm±ky0f g'u oif=um;onfrmS ±kyu f rBmavmuonf vlrsm;tod. tjyiftywGif vlrsm; todudk
rrScD b
dk J wnf&aSd eonf?
pdw0f g'url txl;xl;aom tcsi;f t&mrsm;udk “tºuGi;f rJh pdwu f ;l ”/ “wavmuvk;H qdik &f m emrf”/ “tod” tp&So d nfwk@d
u zefw;D aom t&mrsm;tjzpf ed*;kH csKyfum urBmavmu. nD!w $ rf _udk =unfjh rif=uonf?
a&S;acwf*&djynf tbd"rRmwGif TuJo h dk@ =unfjh rifonfh pdw0f g'orm;wdk@. ud, k pf m;vS,u f m; yavwdkyifjzpfonf? ol u
urBmavmuonf t&dyt f a&mif urBmavmuomjzpfav [efwal =umif; qdv k o dk nfrmS “emrfurBmavmu”ESifh “pdwu f ;l
urBmavmu” wdk@. tm;enf;aom a&mifjyef[yfr_ jzpfav onf[k qdo k nf?
yuwdbm0 pdw0f g'orm; *smreftbd"rRmq&m [D;*Jvf url urBmavmuudk “tºuGi;f rJph w d u
f ;l ”. ud, k wf idk jf zpfymG ;r_
tjzpf ,lqavonf? [D;*Jvf onf ±kyjf zpf&yftm; wu,f wef;a&mifjyef[yfjyaeonfh vlom;awG;ac:r_. wu,fh
twGi;f oabmudk wvGw J acsmðf yvky+f yD; vlrsm;ESifh trSt D cdu
k if; pGm wnf&aSd eonfh wu,fb h m0 (wu,fjzpfwnfaejcif;)udk
awG;ac:r_ (pdwu f ;l jcif;) tay:odk@ rSm;,Gi;f pGmpGyx f m;vdu k of nf? vDeifu ajymonfrmS vlom;wdk@. pdwfu;l um;bmvJ qdo k nf
udk trsm;u em;vnf=u.? odk@&mwGif vlom;wdk@EiS fh oD;jcm; uif;vGwI f vlom;rwdik rf &D aSd om pdwfu;l (tºuGi;f rJph w d u f ;l )
qdo
k nfrmS ewfb&k m;ocifudk &Sm=uHtm;ud;k jcif;omv#if jzpf onf[k qkv d udk o
f nf?
rmhupf 0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm±ky0f g'onf pdw0f g'. 0dZm… enf;rusaom twkjzpfaom ,lqcsuf owfrw S cf surf sm;udk
!$ejf yvdu k jf yD; urBmay: Y v_y&f mS ;aeaom ±ky0f wˆKrsm;ESifh ‚if;. (±ky0f wˆKv_y&f mS ;r_)ESifh ajymif;vJrw _ &m;rSvI GJ
tjcm;aomt&m r&Sad =umif; !$ejf yvdu k o f nf?
urBmavmu. ±ky0f wˆKwnf&jSd zpfay:aeonfh rloabm onf tbd"rRmqdik &f m tajccHjy\em (0g) ±kyf0wˆKonf yxr
t&m/ emrfonf 'kw, d t&m [laomjy\emudk ±ky0f g'enf; t& ajz&Si;f &rnfh yxrqk;H vdt k yfonfh tcsujf zpfonf?
urBmavmu. ±kyv f uQ%mESifh ywfoufaom rmhupf f 0g' rloabmonf rmhupf 0f g' rwdik rf D ±ky0f g'. tjrifrsm;ESifh
yifu, dk v f uQ%mt& jcm;em;avonf? rmhupf 0f g' rwdik rf SDu wnf&Sdco Jh nfh ±ky0f g'orm;wdk@onf urBmavmu. nD!w $ rf _ ESifh
ywfoufaom awG;ac:r_udk tcsi;f t&m[lor#tay:Y t+rJwapESifh tqk;H wdik af tmif razmfxw k Ef dki=f uay? xdak =umifh
olwdk@onf pdw0f g'udk tqk;H wdik af tmif rwdu k Ef idk =f uacs? tukef tpif zGirfh csEidk =f u? urBmavmu. ±kyf0wˆK nD!$wrf o _ abm
udk vlra_ &;b0. tcsi;f t&m tbufbufay:odk@ wd;k csŒJ tok;H rcsEidk =f uay? xdk@a=umifo h w
l dk@onf vlra_ &;b0udk em;vnf&mY
pdw0f g'orm;rsm; jzpf=uonf?
rmhupf 0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm±ky0f g'onf vlwdk@tod. tjyiftywGif vlwdk@todEiS fh trSt D cduk if;pGm wnf&aSd eonfh
yuwdbm0 ±kyt f csi;f t&mrsm;twGi;f rSvnf;aumif;/ xdk@jyif ‚if;wdk@. tvGew f &m ajrmufjrm;vSaom tcsi;f t&mrsm;/
wcsed w f nf;Y eD;uyfpmG qufo, G af eI tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJ aeaom o¿mefrsm;twGi;f rSvnf;aumif;/ urBmavmu. nD
!$wrf u _ dk &SmazG=uonf? teEW(tqk;H r&Sad om) ±kyu f rBmavm urSwyg; tjcm;urBmavmu rwnf&aSd cs?

±ky0f wˆKESiyfh wfoufI rmhupf f vDeif0g'. t,ltq

±ky0f wˆKqdo k nfrmS yuwdbm0jzpf&yfudk azmfjyaom tbd"rRm trsK;d tpm;jzpfI ‚if;udk vlrsm;. tm±kHcpH m;r_tm; jzifh
vlrsm;xH tyfEv SH u dk +f yD;/ tm±kcH pH m;r_tm;jzifh a&mifjyef[yf jyjcif; ("gwyf ±kH ukd jf cif;)ESifh rdwLW ul;jcif;yif jzpfonf? igwdk@. tm
±kcH pH m;r_EiS hf trScD u dk if;pGm wnf&aSd eonf? ±ky0f wWKrSm igwdk@. tm±Ht k *Fgrsm;tay: oufa&mufvmum tm±Hck pH m;r_udk jzpfap
onft h &m jzpfonf? ±ky0f wWKonf tm±Hck pH m;r_ tp&So d nfwdk@ jzifh igwdk@xH tyfEv SH monfh yuwdbm0 jzpf&yfjzpfonf?
rmhupf v f eD if0g'qkid &f m tbd"rRmu ±ky0f wWKonf todEiS hf trScD u dk if;pGm wnf&aSd eaom yuwdbm0 jzpf&yfjzpfonf[k
aocsmpGm owfrw S &f mY oif=um;vdu k o
f nfrmS ±ky0f wWKonf teEWjzpfymG ;r_twGi;f Y tcdik t f rmo¾mef trsK;d rsK;d tjzpfjzifh
jzpfay:vmonf? wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif ‚if;onf ruG,af ysmufEidk /f rzefw;D Edik fay? ±ky0f wWKudk rzefw;D Edik I f rzsuq f ;D Edik af =umif;udk
todtrSwjf yKjcif;ESifh ±kyo f ¿mefrsm;t& ajymif;vJru _ dk yxr qH;k vdktyfonft h csut f jzpf xm;jcif;jzpfonf? ±ky0f wWK xdr;f
odr;f a&;w&m;onf obm0avmu. tºuGi;f rJEh iS fh xm0& jzpfonf?
 tar&duefrS azmufjyefaom tbd"rRmq&m 'Da0;u ±kyf 0wWKqdo k nfrmS AvmeHrnfomjzpfa=umif; ajymqdck o Jh nf? bm
x&ef&yfqu J rl y&rmtEkjrL/ y±dkweG /f EsLx&Get f EkjrLESifh 0dZm… ynmu avhvmaom tjcm;ynm&yfrsm;onf “qifjcifwHk
taqmufttH”k omjzpfI ±ky0f wWKr[kwaf om t&mjzpf a=umif; ajymqdak vonf?
0dZm… ynmjzpfay: wd;k yGm;r_. ajcvSr;f wdik ;f onf yuwd bm0jzpf&yf. wae@wjcm; opfviG af om tcsi;f t*Fg&yfrsm;udk
zGiv
fh pS jf yovmI tbd"rRmynm&yf&Sd ±kyf0wWKESifh ywfouf aom t,ltq. twGi;f oabmudk ydrk jdk ynfhpºHk uG,0f apav onf?
tb,fah =umifq h adk omf rodonfht&mrS odvmjcif;/ rjynfph jHk cif;rS jynfph v Hk mjcif;odk@ a&muf&v Sd m+yD;/ ±ky0f wWKonf igwdk@.
todtay: rrScD b dk J wnf&aSd ea=umif;udk igwdk@tm; ydrk w
dk d uspmG ,H=k unfvmaponf?
rmhupf 0f g'onf obm00dZm… ynm. cdik +f rJaomtajccHjzpf onf? 0dZm… ynmonf igwdk@tod tjyiftyY igwdk@ todtay:
trSt D cdu k if;pGm wnf&aSd eaom yuwdbm0jzpf&yfrsm;udk ‚if;. oabmw&m; tajccHtjzpf rxm;v#if jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmrnf
r[kwaf cs? wcsed w f nf;Y obm00dZm… ynmu avhvmaom ±ky0f wˆK. tcdik t f rm tcsi;f t&mrsm;ESifh ±ky0f wˆKqdo k nfh tbd
"rRm trsK;d tpm;jzpfaom t,ltqESifh xyfwx l yfr# t&m tjzpf vH;k 0Edi_ ;f ,SOEf idk jf cif; rjyKacs?

urBmavmu&Sd txl;xl;aom tcsi;f t&mrsm;onf

v_y&f mS ;aeaom ±ky0f wˆK. o¿meftrsK;d rsK;d jzpfonf?

tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g'u oifjyonfrSm ±ky0f wˆKESifh v_yf&mS ; r_onf wckESiw fh ck rcGcJ mG Edik af =umif;/ urBmavmu&Sd txl;xl;
aom o¿mefwdk@onf v_y&f mS ;aeaom ±ky0f wˆK.o¿mef trsK;d rsK;d omjzpfa=umif;ESifh ±kyf0wˆKrygaom v_y&f mS ;r_udkvnf;
aumif;/ v_y&f mS ;r_r&Sad om ±ky0f wˆKudv k nf;aumif; rpOf;pm; tyfa=umif;udk !$ejf yayonf?
pdw0f g'orm; uef@xu f rl e,lwef. tm;oabmynm . ordik ;f uef@owfru _ dk toH;k jyK+yD; ac:qdak vh&Sdaom wpHw k ck
aom ±ky0f wˆKr[kwo f nft h iftm;onf v_y&f mS ;r_. ta=umif; &if;jzpfonf[al om t,ltqudk azmfxw k cf o
Jh nf? xdrk w S zef
v_y&f mS ;r_. a&aomufjrpfudk ±ky0f wˆK.tjyiftyodk@ wGe;f xkwv f udk +f yD; ±ky0f wˆKrygaom tiftm;udk todtrSwjf yKav onf?
wenf;tm;jzifh ±ky0f wˆKrygaom v_y&f mS ;r_wnf&jSd cif;udk todtrSwjf yKjcif;yifjzpfonf?
vDeifu v_y&f mS ;r_udk ±ky0f wˆKrS uif;uGmapvku d jf cif;onf awG;ac:r_udk yuwdbm0jzpf&yfrS uif;uGmapvdu k jf cif;ESifh wl
ayonf? odk@r[kwf ig.tm±Hu k dk jyifyurBmavmurS uif;uGm apvdu k jf cif;yif jzpfonf? twdck sKyfajym&aomf pdw0f g'bufodk@
ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf[k (±ky0f g'ESifh tawG@tóuHa0zef a&;)wGif qdkco Jh nf?
acwfraD zmufjyefaom tbd"rRmq&mrsm;ESifh ±lyaA' pdwf 0g'orm;rsm;u pGr;f tm;onf xl;jcm;aom ±ky0f wˆKudk zefw;D
Edik af om ±kyrf [kwo f nfh j'yf[k ,lq=uonf? tar&duef pdwf 0g'tbd"rRm (ud, k &f nfaoG;0g'orm; personalist) b±du k rf if;
u pGr;f tm;onf jyKrlvy_ &f mS ;aeaom “ewfb&k m;ocifwdk@. qEN” rSvI GJ wjcm;rjzpfEidk [ f k ajymqdo k nf?
tde*f v
J u f (obm0 tEkyËdavmr [laomusr;f wGif a&; om;cJo h nfrmS ) tESH@tjym;qH;k jzpfaom t"dy`g,t f & qdak omf
v_y&f mS ;r_onf ±ky0f wˆKwnf+rJ&m o¿mefjzpfonf? ±ky0f wˆK twGi;f Y yifu, dk yf g&aSd om tcsi;f t*FgjzpfI p}uFm0Vm twGi;f Y
ay:ayguaf eaom ae&majymif;vJr_ ±d;k ±d;k rS awG;ac:r_txd&Sd aom ajymif;vJrj_ zpfpOf[lor# yg0ifavonf[k !$ejf ycJah v onf?
toGiw f cktjzpf oD;jcm;uif;uGm+yD; wnf&aSd eaom ±kyf 0wˆKv_y&f mS ;r_ o¿mefrsK;d wpfcrk S r&Sad cs? v_y&f mS ;r_ o¿mef
[lor#onf wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qufo, G af eI tjyeftvSef a&m,Suaf eavonf?
txufygusr;f rSmyif tde*f v J u f xyfr! H e$ jf yonfrmS - ydkrjdk rifrh m;onfh v_y&f mS ;r_o¿mefwidk ;f onf wu,fh puf
,EW&m;v_y&f mS ;r_EiS fh tpOft+rJ qufo, G &f rnf? wcsdew f nf;Y ydrk jdk rifrh m;onfh v_y&f mS ;r_o¿mefu wjcm;v_y&f mS ;r_o¿mef
rsm;udk jzpfxGe;f ouJo h dk@/ tyl"mwfEiS fh v#ypf pfajymif;vJrr_ sm; r&Sv d #if "mwkaA'bufwiG f jyKrloufa&mufrr_ sm; rjzpfxeG ;f Edik /f
puf,EW&m; (0g) jrLrHt k wGi;f tzdEk Sit fh r v#ypf pf"gwaf jymif;vJ r_ tp&Sad om ajymif;vJrr_ sm;r&Sv d #if =o*Jepf ouf&Sd (b0)onf
rjzpfvmEdik af cs? odk@aomf T'kw, d (omrn) o¿mefrsm;. wnf&rSd o _ nf t}udrw f idk ;f wGif t"duo¿mef. tESpo f m&
yg&+Sd rJjzpfonf[k !$ejf ycJo h nf?
±ky0f wˆKonf yxrt&m (rlvt&if;cH)ESifh tod onf 'kw, d t&m (rlvt&if;cHrS qif;ouf&m) jzpf onf?

tbd
tb"d rRm. tajccHjy\ y\emudk ajz&Si;f &mY
±ky0f g'ESifh pdw0f g'. tajccHqef@usirf _
 pdw0f g'tjrift& todonf ay:ayguv f mjcif; r[kwb f J xm0&wnf+rJv#u&f Sdonf? toduom yxrt&mjzpfa=umif;
udk pdw0f g'u wxpfcs todtrSwjf yKxm;jcif;a=umifh tod. ay:ayguv f mjcif;ESifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmjcif; jy\emudk zsuf
odr;f vku d jf cif;jzpfonf? pdw0f g' tjrift& awG;ac:r_wnf&Sd vmjcif;rSm OD;aESmufrvdak y? OD;aESmufrJh tbd"rRmq&m wd;k vf
rif;u “vlrsm;onf OD;aESmufudk toH;k rjyKyJ ud, k af y:&Sd uvmyfpnf;rsm;jzifh awG;awmae[efwal =umif;” ,lqcJo h nf?
tar&duefrS a[mfuifuvnf; Ttwdik ;f yif qdck o Jh nf?
±ky0f wˆKESihf pdwu f ;l wdk@rmS t&ifusjcif;odk@r[kwf aemufus jcif; r&S=d ubJ ESpcf pk vH;k onf ab;csi;f ,SOv f #uf jzpfwnfae=u
onf[k ,lq=uolrsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? ‚if;wdk@onf (ta=umif;&if;ESpyf g; oabmw&m;) (Dualist) 'dk@Zf ('Gew f )GJ 0g'
orm;rsm;[k rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'u zGicfh svu dk af yonf?
±ky0f wˆKonf tod.tjyifywGif todEiS hf trScD u dk if;pGm wnf&aSd eaom yuwdbm0jzpf&yf jzpfavonf? ±ky0f wˆKonf
yxrt&mjzpfI tm±HEk iS fh tod. a&aomufjrpfjzpfonf? todonf 'kw, d t&mjzpfI ±ky0f wˆKrS qif;ouf&mjzpf+yD; ±kyf
0wˆK. a&mifjyef[yfrj_ zpfonf?
,kwn f aHh om ±ky0f g'orm;rsm;url onf;ajcrS onf;ajc &nf xGuv f movkd OD;aESmufrv S nf; awG;ac:r_ xGuv f m a=umif;/
Todk@yif olwdk@onf ±ky0f wˆKESifh todt=um;&Sd rnf onfh jcm;em;csuu f rdk qdk jiif;y,fxm;=uonf? olwdk@u tod udk
toGiaf jymif;xm;aom ±ky0f wˆKtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ xl;jcm; aom ±ky0f wˆKtjzpfvnf;aumif; OD;aESmufrS xGuv f maom
todtjzpfvnf;aumif; ,lq=uonf? ,kwn f aHh om ±ky0f g' onf awG;ac:r_udk bm0tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ todudk ±ky0f wˆK
tjzpfvnf;aumif; ed*;Hk csKyfI ‚if;wdk@udk xyfwx l yfr#t&m tjzpf E_id ;f ,SO=f uonf? Todk@jzifh ±ky0f g'ESifh pdw0f g'udk a&m
axG;ypfI ‚if;wkd@t=um; tajccHqef@usirf u _ dk azsmufzsuu f m aemufq;Hk wGif pdw0f g'bufodk@ OD;wnfomG ;jcif; jzpf=uonf?
tod ‚if;onf jrifrh m;pGmzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh ±ky0f wˆK . txl;ay:xGuv f mcJo
h nfth &m (owW)d igwdk@. jyify wGif
wnf&aSd eaom yuwdbm0 urBmavmuudk a&mif jyef[yfonfh igwdk@O;D aESmuf. xl;jcm;aom tpGr;fowWd jzpfonf?
awG;ac:r_EiS fh ±ky0f wˆKudk vH;k 0cGrJ ypf&? qdv k o dk nfum; awG; ac:r_t*Fgjzpfaom vl.OD;aESmufEiS hf cGrJ ypf&? odk@aomf T
tcsuu f dk tajcjyK+yD; awG;ac:r_EiS fh vl.OD;aESmufudk a&maxG; em;vnfaev#if vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f ayonf? awG;ac:r_onf ±kyu f rBm
avmuudk vl.OD;aESmufwiG f a&mifjyef[yfaom jzpfpOfjzpf onf?
igwkd@. jyifyY&Sad om ±ky0f wˆKv_yf&mS ;r_onf ,lqjcif;/ csicfh sed o f wfrw S jf cif; (qifjcifq;Hk jzwfjcif;)ponfh tawG;tac:
v_y&f mS ;r_xuf tpOfojzifh t&ifusavonf? ±ky0f wˆKv_y&f mS ;r_ r&Sb d J tawG;tac:v_y&f mS ;r_ r&SEd idk ?f ±ky0f wˆKonf awG;ac:r_rS
trScD udk if;+yD; v_y&f mS ;v#u&f Sdonf?
±kyt f csi;f t&monf pdwu f ;l tcsi;f t&mr&Sb d J wnf&ESd idk I f pdwuf ;l tcsi;f t&monf ±kyt f csi;f t&mr&Sv d #if rwnf&ESd idk af cs?
todEiS fh bm0/ pdwu f ;l ESihf ±kyf0wˆKwdk@onf wckEiS fh wck y,fcsae onfr[kwb f J ‚if;wdk@onf wlnaD om tcsi;f t&mwckvnf;
r[kwaf y? jy\emum; obm0ESihf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. jzpfay: wd;k yGm;r_wiG f qDavsmaf om ±ky0f wˆKajymif;vJr&_ o Sd nf? qdv k dk
onfrmS igwdk@.jyifywGif jzpfysuaf eaom t&mrsm;onf tod (0g) igwdk@. acgi;f xJY jzpfysuaf eaom t&mrsm;xuf t&ifus
onf? taES;ESit fh jrefyif wpHw k ckaom ±ky0f wˆKajymif;vJjyD; onfah emuf ‚if;ESifh avsmn f aD om pdwu f l;ajymif;vJrr_ sm; rvGJ
raoG wygwnf; ygvmvdrrfh nf? (TtrSmonf pwmvif. rif;rJ0h g'avm/ qd&k , S vf pf0g'avmwGif yg&Sdonf?)
today:ayguv f mjcif;ESifh ywfoufI
rmhupf 0f g'qdik &f m tbd"rRm±ky0f g'. &Si;f vif;azmfjycsu/f

OD;aESmufonf awG;ac:r_. t*Fgtpdwt f ydik ;f jzpf onf? awG;ac:r_onf OD;aESmuf. pGr;f &nfjzpfonf?
todonf jrifrh m;pGm zGJ@pnf;xm;aom ouf&±Sd yk 0f wˆK. txl;pGr;f &nft*Fgjzpfonf? todonf ±ky0f wˆK jzpfay:wd;k yGm; r_.
tjrifq h ;kH aomtqifYh om azmfjyEdik o f nf? vlra_ &;tod onf vlYom e*dyk g&o Sd nf? tqifjh rifhrm;aomowW0grsm;
(txl;ojzifh tdrw f iG ;f wd&p>mefrsm;ESifh vl0rH sm;) Yvnf; t±k;d qk;H aom ADZo¿mefjzpfaom todyg&o Sd nf?
vl.tod ay:aygu&f efEiS fh o¿mefzJG@wnf&ef tajccH ta=umif;tcsurf mS tvkyEf iS fh tvkyf.ðyrlv_y&f mS ;r_yif jzpf onf?
tvky. f tusK;d oufa&mufra_ =umifo h m vlwdk@onf wd&p>mefavmurS vl@avmuuJo h dk@ =uD;rm;pGm ckefu;l ajymif;vJ a&;udk
jzpfajrmufvmapEdik af yonf? tvkyðf yrl v_y&f mS ;r_onf vljzpfrnfh vl0. H =o*Jepf taqmufttkt H wGi;f eufeaJ om
ajymif;vJrr_ sm;udk rkcsyifjzpfay:vmapI/ ‚if;. t*Fg&yfrsm;. tvkyw f m0efrsm;udk uGjJ ym;vmaponf? a&SŒajcaxmufEpS f
acsmif;onf oGm;vmjcif;ESifh opfyifwufjcif; ud&, d mtjzpfrS tvkyfvyk o
f nfh t*Fg&yfjzpfvmonf? tvkyjf zpfpOf twGi;f &Sd
ajcaxmufEpS af csmif;onf wpkw H ckaom twwfynmESifh enf; em &&SdvmjyD;/ zswv f wfvsijf refvmjyD; rSefuefwu d spmG ðyrlvy_ f
&Sm; vmEdik of nf? Ttcsurf sm;onf om;pOfajr;quf rsK;d ±k;d vdu k f
vmawmhonf?
 a&SŒjcaxmufEpS af csmif;onf tvkyf.t*Fgjzpfvmojzifh vljzpfvmrnf@ vl0. H oGm;vmenf;udk tajccHtm;jzifh ajymif;vJ
ypfvu dk af yonf? rwfwwf&yf+yD; vrf;av#mufvmwwfjcif; onf vnfacsmif;±k;d (toHxu G w f )H ESifh &iftkH (tqkw)f udk =uD;
rm;pGm =oZmt&Sed o f ufa&mufvmonf? Todk@jzifh vljzpfrnfh vl0u H ‚if;wkd@ (vnfw±H ;dk ESifh &ift)kH udk vGwv f yfpmG tok;H cs&ef
jzpfvmcJo h nf? vljzpfrnfh vl0o H nf rwfwyfr&yfEidk cf v Jh #if ‚if; . tquftEG,jf zpfonfh vlonf rv$o J mbJ wGm;Iav#muf&
rnf? oGm;&if; =unf±h &_ mrSmvnf; acgi;f atmufodk@ =unf@+yD; oGm;&vdrrfh nf? xdrk w S qifh rdr. d xifjrifrr_ sm; &vmvdrrfh nf?
igwdk@. bd;k pOfabmifqufrsm;onf rwfwwf&yfvm+yD;aemuf ywf0ef;usiu f dk cGjJ cm;odjrif&ef =uD;rm;aom omvGecf suu f dk &&Sd
vmonf? xdt k cg olwdk@. jrifuGi;f onf rE_id ;f ,SOEf idk af vmuf atmif us,jf yef@vm+yD; tbufbufrS ae@pOfxifjrifrr_ sm;udk
&&SEd idk af vonf?
xdt k cgrpS I tm±kcH t H *Fgrsm;onf vljzpfrnfh vl0H. OD; aESmuftwGi;f odk@ ,cifuxuf ydI k rsm;jym;aom xifjrifrr_ sm;
,laqmifvmcJo h nf? jyifyxd;k qGr_rsm;onf tm±kcH t H *Fgrsm; twGi;f odk@ 0ifvm+yD;/ Tae&mwGif emAfa=um v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
jzpfvmonf? ‚if;wdk@. OD;aESmuf=uD; vk;H jcrf;ESpcf . k ta&cGrH sm; odk@ a&mufvmonfEiS fh wòydief uf todðyr_csurf sm;tjzpf odk@
ajymif;vJvmonf?
tvkyðf yr_vy_ &f mS ;r_EiS fh wcsed w f nf;Y tvkyðf yrlvy_ f&mS ;r_ tajccHay:Y a&S;vlrsm;onf wa,mufEiS fh wa,muf wpkw H ck
aom ta=umif;udprP sm; aqG;aEG;vdak omw&m;ESifh udu k nf aD om vdt k yfr_ ay:ayguv f monf? qdv k o
dk nfum;
toHay:ayguv f m onf? qdv k o dk nfum; toHyo D aom pum;vdt k yfr_ ay:ayguf vmonf? a&S;vlrsm;onf tvkyjf zpfpOfwiG f
t&m0wˆKESifh tjcif;t&m trsK;d rsK;d xJrS wpkw H ckaom vdt k yfru_ dk wif;wdraf p Edik af om (t&m0wˆKESifh tjcif;t&mrsm;)
t&mrsm;udk &SmazGawG@ &Scd o Jh nf? ab;ywf0ef;usif. qd;k 0g;aom tajctaersm;u jyif;xefI odEidk cf aJ om
obm0tiftm;rsm;ESifh wdu k fy0GJ if&mY a&S;vlrsm;tm; twlwuG vkyu f idk af qmif&u G =f u&ef wGe;f aqmf ay;cJo h nf?
pkaygi;f vkyu f idk f óud;pm;=urSomv#if vlrsm;onf ab;ywf0efusi. f jyif;xefaom tiftm;pkrsm;udk ckcEH idk rf nf[k
ae&mwumwGif vufawG@b0u vlrsm;udk ynmay;cJo h nf? ay:aygucf gp a&S;bkt H zGJ@wiG f wlnaD om tvkyðf yrlvy_ &f mS ;r_udk
aqmif±u G v f v dk #if toHxu G af om pum;tay: tajcpdu k rf oS m v#if jzpfEidk af yonf? vltzGJ@tpnf; ay:ayguv f monfEiS t fh r#
toHxu G af om pum;vnf; ay:ayguv f mavonf? ‚if;onf vlrsm; wOD;ESifh wOD; qufq&H ef vdt k yfaom enf;vrf;jzpf+yD;
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_wiG f tiftm;=uD;rm;aom wdu k f yGu
J &d d,mjzpfayonf?
tvkyðf yrlvy_ &f mS ;r_wiG f toHxu G af om pum;onf igwdk@ . a&S;acwfb;dk pOfabmifqufrsm;. =o*Jepf udk,x f nfwckv;kH
udk tiftm;=uD;rm;pGm =oZmt&Sed foufa&mufaponfomru OD;pGmyxr OD;aESmufudk =oZmt&Sed f oufa&mufvmjcif;yifjzpf
onf? OD;aESmuf=uD;vk;H jcrf; ESpcf . k ta&cGw H iG f vkyif ef;cGt J opf ay:ayguv f m.? ta&cGH tjcm;vkyif ef;cGt J m;vk;H onfvnf;
tajccHtm;jzifh ðyjyifajymif;vJvmavonf?
OD;pGmyxr tvkyaf y:vmonf? xdk@aemuf tvkyEf iS fh 'Gew f GJ
ygvmaomt&mrSm toH&aSd om pum;jzpfonf? TESpcf rk mS t"dutjzpfq;kH aom wGe;f tm;jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. =oZmt&Sed f
oufa&mufr_ atmufYomv#if vl0. H OD;aESmufonf vl. OD;aESmuftjzpfodk@ wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfavonf?
(TtrSmpum;onf tde*f ,fvaf &;onfh vl0rH S vltjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJvmaom jzpfpOfwiG f tvky. f yg0if&mtcef; - wGif
yg&aSd vonf?)
xdk@a=umifh vl0t H jzpfrS vltjzpfodk@ a&muf&v Sd monfjh zpf pOf (bk;d pOfabmifqufrsm;. b0jzpfpOf)onf tvkyaf =umifh
vnf;aumif;/ toHxu G af om pum;a=umifah omfvnf;aumif; cE<mud, k f OD;aESmuftpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; wjznf;jznf;
ajymif;vJvm +yD; vljzpfvmjcif;ESifh ywfoufI rmhupf v f eD if0g' tbd"rRmrl oabmrsm; rSeu f efa=umif;udk 0dZm… ynm
taxmuftxm;rsm; u oufaoxlvsu&f aSd yonf?
Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;udk t*Fvdyv f rl sK;d yg&*l=uD; csm;vfp'f g0if (1809 - 1882)u bdik t f vdk *dk sD (owWaA')wGif
azmfxw k cf o Jh nf?
'g0ifu vlEiS fh vljzpfvmrnfh vl0H. taqmufttku H dk avhvm&mY ‚if;wdk@onf wlnaD om bd;k pOfabmifqufrsm;rS
qif;oufvm=uonf[k ed*;kH csKyfajymqdck o Jh nf?
vlonf wd&p>mefrS qif;oufvmonf[k uvvaA' [l onfh 0dZm… ynm&yfu ed*;kH csKyfco Jh nf? okw&f nfy;dk aumifrsm;udk
vufcv H u dk af om vl. om;Ouav;rsm; oaE<wnf&mY ‚if;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_u jzwfoef;cJah om tqift h m;vk;H onf Edk@wu dk f
owW0g. uGx J u G v
f maom om;Orsm;tm;vk;H jzwfoef;cJ&h onfh tajctaeESifh wlayonf?
odk@jzifh vl. oaE<om;onf t±k;d qk;H aom o¿mefrS vl o¿mefjzpfvmonftxd vl.wufvrS ;f aeaom jzpfay:wd;k
yGm;r_. t"dutqift h m;vk;H udk tusO;f csKyftm;jzifh xyfwvJ vJ jyefjzpfaeonf?
umvva&=unf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onfh awmfawmfaemuf ydik ;f usonfh tqifYh omv#if uvva&=unfY vl. =o*Jepf
ud,k x f nf. erlemxm;avmufaom xl;jcm;onfv h uQ%m rsm; xif&mS ;vmavonf? uvva&=unf. OD;aESmufonf
vnf; ±_yaf xG;aom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_vrf;a=umif;udk jzwfoef; +yD; aemufyidk ;f tqifah ygi;f rsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;cJo h nf? ok;H v
t±G,f oaE<om;. OD;aESmufonf tqifeh rd afh om vl0. H OD; aESmufEiS fh tqifw h al yonf?
xdk@a=umifh vluvva&=unfonf ‚if;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ jzpfpOfwiG f yxrqk;H tm;jzifh ‚if;ESifh ta0;=uD;uGmvSr;f aom
owW0gwdk@. o¿mefrsm;ESifh qifwo l nfth csurf sm; uG,f aysmufomG ;+yD;/ ‚if;ESifh ydrk edk ;D pyfaom owW0g (0g) Edk@wu dk of wW0g -
‚if;teuf vljzpfrnhf vl0. H uvva&=unfvnf; tusK;H 0ifonf ESiq fh ifwo l nfh tcsurf sm;udk ydkr=dk um&Snpf mG xde;f odr;f
xm;avonf? todonf A[dek mAfa=umpepf umv&Sn=f um pGm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;&mrS ay:xGuv f maomt&mjzpfonf [laom
tcsuu f dk &Si;f jy&ef ±k&mS ;jynf&Sd (yg;Aavmh)u &SmazGwifjycJh onf?
yg;Aavmhonf emAfa=umv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;. tjrifq h ;kH azmfjy csurf sm;ESifh OD;aESmuf=uD; a&mifjyef[yfrl. qufo, G rf r_ sm;udk
±ky0f g't& 0dZm… enfus oufaojycJhonf?
rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±kyf0g'uomv#if 0dZm… ynmudk vuf
eufwyfqifc+Jh yD;/ today:ayguv f mjcif;ESifh o¿mefzGJ@wnfjcif; jzpfpOfEiS fh igwdk@. a&S;bd;k pOfabmifqufrsm;u wjznf;jznf;
ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmum wd&p>mefb0rS vlb0odk@ =uD;rm;pGmckef ul;ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOfEiS fh ‚if;ESifh qufpyfaeaom jy\emrsm;
. tESpo f m&udk rSeu f efpmG em;vnfvmapayonf?

awG;ac:r_EiS b
fh mompum;wdk@EiS yfh wfoufI
tEkyÉdavmr ±ky0f g'. &Si;f jycsu?f
‚if;.nD!w $ rf E_ iS t
fh jyeftvSeo
f ufa&mufrl

awG;ac:r_EiS b fh mompum;onf umv&Sn=f umaom vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rS xGuaf y:vmaomt&m jzpfonf?
‚if;wdk@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_t& ay:ayguf vmI jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmayonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jyifywGif bm
ompum;[lI b,fawmhrS r&Scd /Jh &Sv d J r&SEd idk af cs? Tae&mwGif igwdk@onf awG;ac:r_uadk zmfjyaom ud&, d mjzpfonfh bmom
pum; (toHxu G f ajymqdak ombmompum;/ ‚if;aemuf a&; om;azmfjyaom bmompum;) wdk@udk ay:ayguaf ponfh
ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk r&Si;f jyvdak y? TtcsuEf iS yfh wfoufI txufwiG t f ao;pdw&f iS ;f jycJ+h yD? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ay:aygurf /_
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_EiS fh eD;uyfpmG qufpyfaeaom bmompum;ESifh ‚if;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. obm0w&m;rsm;udk avhvmok;H oyfv#if
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordik ;f avhvma&;udk tajcðyI avhvmok;H oyf& rnf? vltzGJ@tpnf;onf vlwef;pm;r&Sad om/ xdk@jyif vlwef;
pm;&Sad om jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_tqifrh sm;udk jzwfoef;cJo h nf[k vnf;aumif;/ xdk@aemuf vlwef;pm; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf ydrk I dk
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmaom pepfopfjzpfonfh uGejf rLepfvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;udk ae&mv$aJ y;&rnf[v k nf;aumif; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
ordik ;f pOfu azmfjyaeayonf?
rwlaomTtqift h m;vk;H wGif bmompum;onf vlvl csi;f qufqHa&;ud&, d mjzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_EiS fh 0dZm… ynm jzpf
ay:wd;k yGm;r_. wefqmyvmjzpfonfh bmompum;onf vl wef;pm;tay: wef;wloabmxm;onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vl
wef;pm;tm;vk;H udk wlnpD mG tvkyt f au|;ðyonf? Oyrmqdk v#if - aus;u|epf epfacwfumvu rnfonft h rsK;d om;wdk@.
bmompum;rqdk aus;u|eyf idk &f iS Ef Sifh aus;u|erf sm;udk tvkyf tau|;ðyavonf? qdv k o dk nfu ESpOf ;D pvk;H udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf; &Sd
vlwef;pm; ESpcf pk vk;H udk wcsed w f nf; tvkyt f au|; ðyav onf? bmompum;tjyifywGif vlra_ &;b0 r&SEd idk yf g? xkwv f yk f
a&;ESifh zvS,rf . _ pnf;±k;H jcif;ESifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;jcif; r&SEd idk ?f vl wef;pm;rsm;ESifh vlral &;tpkrsm;. Edik if aH &;qdik &f m/ ,Ofaus;r_
qdik &f mESifh 0dZm… ynmqdik &f m b0wdk@onf r&SEd idk af y?
Oyrm - pepfa[mif;udk pepfopfESifh tpm;xd;k cJah om ±k&mS ; jynfwiG f ajru|epf epfudk t&if;&Sipf epfu tpm;xd;k cJah omf
vnf; ±k&mS ;bmompum;rSm tajccHtm;jzifh ya'o&mZfacwf umv&Sd bmompum;ESifh wykpH w H nf;&Sad eao;.? tajccHtw k f
jrpfa[mif;ESifh ‚if;. txuftaqmufttku H dk tajccHtw k f jrpfopfEiS fh ‚if;ESiu fh u dk n
f aD om txuftaqmufttku H
tpm;xd;k vdu k af omtcg bmompum;a[mif;udk wpkHwckaom bmompum;opfu tpm;xd;k jcif; jzpfay:rvmonfudk igwdk@
awG@=u&onf? vlwdk@onf bmompum;a[mif;udk zsuq f ;D ypf &ef rpOf;pm;=uay? tb,fah =umifq h adk omf ‚if;onf acwfum
vwckrS ay:xGuv f maom t&mr[kwb f J vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ordik ;f w&yfv;kH rS ay:xGuv f maomt&mjzpf+yD; wcsed w f nf; wGif
bmompum;a[mif;zsuq f ;D jcif;wGif bmompum;opf zefw;D &efvnf; rpOf;pm;aoma=umifjh zpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
ordik ;f acwfumvwckudk wjcm;acwfumvwcku tpm;xd;k aomtcg bmompum;onf use&f pfaeao;I vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
opf/ vlwef;pm;opfrsm;ESifh vlra_ &; tkypf o k pfrsm;udk tvGef aumif;rGefpmG tvkyt f au|;ðyvsuyf if&o Sd nf?
vDeif/ pwmvifwdk@acwfu ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f t&if;&Si0f g'ukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; qd&k ,
S v f pf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfudk wnfaqmuf&m
Y tajctaerSmvnf; Ttwdik ;f yifjzpfonf? qdv k o
dk nfrmS vl@tzGJ@tpnf; pepfajymif;vJomG ;aomfvnf; ±k&mS ;bmom
pum;onf tajccHtm;jzifh t&if;&Sipf epfatmuf&Sd bmom pum;ESifh wykpH w H nf;&Sad eao;.? "rRmwmyif tjcm;aom
tjcif;t&mrsm;tm;vk;H xJY uJo h dk@yif bmompum;xJYvnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_um; &Sad eayonf? ‚if;. pum;vk;H rsm;wGif
tcsKŒd pum;vk;H rsm;onf a[mif;EGr;f vmojzifh bmompum; ZmwfcakH y:rS wjznf;jznf;xGucf mG ay;&um ‚if;wdk@tpm; tjcif;
t&mopfrsm;ESifh udu k nf aD om pum;vk;H opfwcsKdΠay:ayguf vmonf? Todk@jzifh bmompum;rsm;onf wjznf;jznf; ydrk dk
jynf@pv kH mjcif;yif jzpfonf? bmompum;. tajccHpum;vk;H ESifh o'NgzGJ@pnf;yko H nf bmompum;. wqifw h ufvrS ;f ae aom
jzpfpOftwGi;f Y wd;k yGm;&m tajccHtjzpfyif use&f pfaeao; onf?
odk@aomf tajccHtw k jf rpfEiS fh txuftaqmufttkH tpm; xd;k cH&aomtcgY bmompum;onf ‚if;. taqmufttkH
t&qdv k #if (tajccHtm;jzifh ,cifuESifh wykpH w H nf;&Sv d #i)f bm ompum;onf tajccHtw k jf rpfvuQ%mESifh txuf
taqmufttkv H uQ%mygaom tjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh roufqidk f ay? bmompum;onf wpkw H ckaom vlwef;pm;udk tvkyf
tau|;ðyonfr[kw?f vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wckv;kH udk tvkyf tau|;ðyonf? tajccHtw k jf rpfwckudk tvkyftau|;ðyonf r[kwf
tajccHtw k jf rpftm;vk;H udk tvkyt f au|;ðyonf? xdk@ a=umifh bmompum;wGif vlwef;pm;vuQ%m r&Sdacs?
vlvcl si;f qufqaH &;ud&, d mjzpfaom bmompum;onf txuftaqmufttkEH iS v fh nf; rwlonft h csurf mS -
‚if;. t0ef;t0dik ;f onf txuftaqmufttk. H t0ef; t0dik ;f xuf twdik ;f rod us,jf yef@jcif;yifjzpfonf? bmom
pum;onf xkwv f kyaf &;rS tajccHtw k jf rpf/ tajccHtw k jf rpfrS txuftaqmufttkt H xd vkyif ef;t0ef;t0dik ;f tm;vk;H &Sd vl
rsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_w&yfvk;H ESifh wdku±f u kd q f ufo, G af eonf? txuftaqmufttko H nf tajccHtw k jf rpfEiS o
fh mv#if wdu k f
±ku
d q f ufo, G af eonf?
bmompum;ESifh vlrsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_o¿meftm;vk;H onf wdku±f u dk fqufo, G af eaoma=umifh bmompum;udk rkcsyif
tqufrjywf ºuG,0f vmapayvdrfhr,f? pufrv _ yk if ef;ESifh v,f ,mvkyif ef;/ 0dZm… ynmESifh twwfynm/ a&mif;0,fa&;/ o,f
,lydk@aqmifa&; ponfwdk@. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_uvnf; bmom pum;ukd pum;vk;H opfrsm;/ pum;opfrsm;jzifh rdru d ,dk u f dk jznfh
pGu&f ef awmif;qdv k maeayonf? Todk@jzifh bmompum;. o'NgtaqmufttkH aumif;rGev f monfh jzpfpOfudk vG,fuv l m
aponf?
bmompum;. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%mrsm;udk zGijfh yvdu k f jcif;onf bmompum;. twGi;f ydik ;f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;
ESifh tvGet f a&;=uD;onfh rloabmrsm;udk csrw S &f ef 0dZm… ynm tm; taxmuftulðycJo h nf?
bmompum;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf wnf&aSd eaom bm ompum;udk zsuo f rd ;f ypf+yD;/ bmompum; topfudk zefw;D
aomenf;jzifh jzpfajrmufvmonf r[kwb f /J wnf&aSd eaom pum;. tajccHay:wGif bmompum;. tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk
wd;k csŒJ I ydrk adk umif;rGev f mapaomenf;jzifh jzpfajrmufvmapay onf? bmompum;onf t&nftcsi;f o¾mefwrsK;d rS
t&nftcsi;f o¿mefopfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mY ayguu f aGJ omenf; jzifh jzpfajrmufvmonfr[kwb f /J ta[mif;udk csucf si;f zsuf
odr;f ypf+yD; topfudkwnfaqmufvu dk o f nfeh nf;jzifh jzpf ajrmufvmonfr[kwb f J t&nftcsi;f opf tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;
wjznf;jznf;pkyv kH mI t&nftcsi;f ta[mif;rsm;/ tpdwf tydik ;f rsm;/ wjznf;jznf;aysmufu, G foGm;onfh enf;jzifo h m
jzpfajrmufvmayonf?
bmompum;ESifh awG;ac:r_onf wckEiS fh wck rcGcJ mG Edik f avmufatmif qufo, G af eonfh wpkw H ckaom t,ltq/ csifh
csed rf E_ iS fh qifjcifru _ dk razmfjyaom bmompum;[lI b,fawmh rS r&Scd ?Jh bmompum;tcsut f vuf vk;H 0rygaom/ obm0
±ky0f wˆKrygaom Avm[if;vif; awG;ac:r_[I l b,fawmhrS r&Scd ?Jh &Sdvnf; r&SEd idk af cs?
bmompum;onf awG;ac:r_. wdu k ±f ukd jf zpf&yfjzpfonf? (Tum; rmhupf . f ajymqdck sujf zpfonf)?
awG;ac:r_onf bmompum;udk tm;ud;k rSomv#if
wu,fjh zpf&yf jzpfvmEdik o f nf? bmompum; (0g) toHxu G f ajymqdak om bmompum;ESifh a&;om;azmfjyaom pum;onf
wpkw H ckaom awG;ac:r_uv dk nf;aumif;/ yuwdbm0 urBm avmu&Sd tjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom t,ltqudk
vnf;aumif;/ urBmavmu jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. yuwdbm0 w&m;rsm;udv k nf; azmfjyaomenf; (o¿mef) jzpfonf? awG;
ac:r_udk bmompum;ESiv fh nf;aumif;/ bmompum;udk awG; ac:r_EiS v fh nf;aumif; cGyJ pfvu dk v f #if pdwf0g' pGJvrf;aeolrsm;.
EGx
H o J dk@ usa&mufomG ;vdrfhrnf? awG;ac:r_ay:vmonfEiS fh wòydif euf csucf si;f yif bmompum; ta&cGyH g&aSd yonf? TjzpfpOf
onf wcsed w f nf;jzpfay:vmr_yif jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@udk wckEiS fh wck cGyJ pfjcif;udk rðyoifo h nfomru/ ‚if;wdk@udk tcsed u f mvydik ;f
pnf;a=umif;t& cGyJ pfjcif;vnf; rðy&ay?
awG;ac:r_ t,ltqwdk@EiS fh udu k n f pD mG awG;ac:r_. tESpf om&ESifh ‚if;. us,jf yef@eufeaJ om twdik ;f twmudk tenf;
ESit fh rsm; rSeu f efpmG azmfjyEdik rf nfh wpkw H ckaom pum;vk;H rsm; &Sv d monf?
pum;vk;H rsm;onfvnf; awG;ac:r_/ rSeu f efrE_ iS fh wdusru _ dk azmfjyaom twdik ;f twm 'D*&Dt&=unfhv#if av;eufr_
twdik ;f twm&Sad yonf? TtcsuEf iS fh ywfoufI pum;vk;H ESifh awG;ac:r_qufpyfr&_ Sdv#if twGi;f oabmESifh o¿mef. a,bl
,squfpyfrv l nf; Todk@&aSd yvdrrfh nf? Tonfum; wckudk wck =oZmt&Sed o f ufa&mufjcif;jzifh tcsi;f tcsi;f t=um; wd;k
wufaom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmr_ jzpfpOfjzpfonf?
awG;ac:r_onf pum;vk;H tcsut f vufrsm;udk t+rJwrf; =oZmoufa&muf+yD;/ bmompum;uvnf; o'NgzGJ@pnf;yku H dk
=oZmoufa&mufayonf? bmom pum;uvnf; awG;ac:r_udk jyefvnf =oZmoufa&mufum awG;ac:r_. wu,ft h ESpf
om&udk yko H iG ;f ay;+yD; azmfjyayonf? bmompum; jynfph kH aumif;rGev f mavav/ vlom;awG;ac:r_. ºuG,0f r_EiS fh =uD;rm;aom
atmifjrifrr_ sm;udk ydrk adk &mifjyef[yfEidk af v jzpfayonf? ‚if;ESifh ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh ajym&v#if awG;ac:r_yI dk xif&mS ;vmav/
ydrk I
dk jynfph kH aumif;rGev f mav/ ydrk dk wdusvm av b0ifusrr_ sm; ydIk jynfEh uS v f mavyif jzpfonf?
txufyg wdk@rmS bmompum;ESifh awG;ac:r_/ pum;vk;H ESifh t,ltqwdk@ tjyeftvSef ðyr_oufa&mufjcif;ESifh ywfoufI
toufygonfh tEkyÉdavmrw&m;yif jzpfayonf?
Tjy\emtm; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjcif;ukd tqk;H owf&mY igwdk@onf atmufyg ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm;udk csKyf,lEidk af yonf?
awG;ac:r_onf igwdk@.todwiG f yuwdbm0 jzpf&yfudk a&mifjyef[yfjcif; jzpfonf? bmompum;onf vlrsm;t=um; Y
wa,mufEiS w fh a,muf awG;ac:r_udk azmfjy&ef owfrSw&f ef ESifh wqifw h ufvrS ;f &ef enf;emjzpfonf? qdv k o dk nfum; bm
ompum;onf vlvcl si;f qufqaH &;ud&, d m jzpfonf? awG;ac: r_EiS fh bmompum;onf wckEiS w fh ck rcGcJ GgEidk af vmufatmif
qufo, G af eayonf?f ‚if;wdk@onf wckEiS w fh ck tjrJwrf; tjyef tvSeðf yrl oufa&mufayonf? tEkyÉdavmrenf; usaom
TtjyeftvSef ðyr_oufa&mufr_onf awG;ac:r_EiS fh bmom pum; ºuG,0f vma&;ESifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf ta=umif;
tcsuf wckjzpfayonf?
Ta[majymcsu. f twGi;f oabmudk cGjJ crf;pdwf jzm&mrS atmufyge*d ;kH rsm;udk &&Sad yonf?

yxr ed*;kH
tbd"rRm. tajccHjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &mY ±ky0f g' *dk%;f ESifh pdwf0g'*d% k ;f [lI tajccHjzpfaom/ wckEiS fh wck qef@
usiaf om &efbuf*% dk ;f ESp*f dk%;f onf tpOfojzifh wnf&aSd y onf?
tbd"rRm. tajccHjy\emrsm;udk ±ky0f g'tjrift& &Si;f jyjcif;onf/ pdw0f g't& &Si;f jyjcif;ESifh ajzmifah jzmif=h uD; qef@usif
um ±ky0f wˆKonf yxrt&mjzpfI todonf 'kw, d t&m jzpfonf[k ±ky0f g'u ,lqayonf? pdw0f g'url ‚if; t,ltq ESifh
ajzmifah jzmif=h uD;qef@usi+f yD; todonf yxrt&m/ ±ky0f wˆK onf 'kw, d t&m[lI ,lqonf? vlra_ &; ordik ;f vufawG@EiS fh
0dZm… ynm. atmifjrifrr_ sm;u rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'. 0dZm… ynmenf;usrE_ iS fh awmfveS rf u _ dk oufaoxljy&ef/ tbd "rRm
pdw0f g'. 0dZm… enf; rusr/_ azmufjyefrw _ dk@udk oufaojy aeayonf? rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±kyf0g'onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd
wd;k wufaom tiftm;pkrsm;/ oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom vkyo f m; jynforl sm;. awG;ac:r_tvHawmf jzpfonf? tbd"rRmpdw0f g'
url urBma[mif;. azmufjyefysuq f ;D aeaom tiftm;pkrsm; twGuf tvkyt f au|;ðyaeayonf? tbd"rRme,fy,fwiG f *d% k ;f
ESp*f %dk ;f . wdu k yf o
GJ nf vlwef;pm;wku d yf u
GJ dk a&mifjyef[yfjcif; jzpfI wd;k wufrE_ iS fh azmufjyefrt _ =um; 0dZm… ynmESifh tarSmif
tiftm;pk t=um;&Sd wdu k yf uGJ dk a&mifjyef[yfjcif; jzpfonf?
'kw, d ed*;kH
rmhupf 0f g'. tbd"rRm±ky0f g'onf 0dZm… ynmESifh vlral &; vufawG@. =uD;rm;aomatmifjrifrr_ sm;udk trSðD yv#uf t
oufonf oufrt Jh &mrsm;udk umv&Sn=f umpGm jzpfay:wd;k yGm; r_rS ay:xu G fvmaomt&mjzpfonf[lonfh oabmw&m;t&/ vufawG@t&
=uD;rm;aomt"dy`g,&f o Sd nfh ed*k;H udk &&Scd aJh yonf?
urBmay:wGif toufonf vdt k yfaom ta=umif;tcsuf tm;vk;H jzpfay:vmaomtcgY ay:ayguv f mayonf? xdk@
a=umifh ouf&t Sd &monf oufrJht&m jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rS w&m; ESifhuu dk n f pD mG ay:xGuv f maomt&mjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
p=uFm0Vmudk zefqif;aom wefc;dk t=uD;qk;H ocifta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI pdw0f g'u wefqmqif+yD; ajymqdck sut f m;vk;H onf
0dZm… ynm tajctjrpf vk;H 0r&daS y? ‚if;wdk@onf vlvcl si;f aoG; pkyrf _ tay:tajcpdu k o
f nfh aovkqq J J òyduvGJ mjcif;ESifh ykwf
od;k aqG;ajrŒvmjcif;wdk@. tusK;d qufjzpf+yD; pepfa[mif; urBm a[mif;rS ay:xGuv f monft h &mjzpfonf?

wwd,ed*;kH
igwdk@tm±kcH pH m;r_tm;vk;H . a&aomufjrpfonf igwdk@. todrS trSDtcdu k if;pGm wnf&aSd eonfh ±ky0f wˆKjzpfonf? qdv
k kd
onfum; pdw"f gwt f jcif;t&monf ±ky0f wˆKu cE<mud, k f tm±ktH *Fgrsm;udk *,uf±u dk o
f nfh tusK;d oufa&mufrj_ zpf onf?
t"dy`g,rf mS pdw0f g'ajymqdck sutf m;vk;H rSm vk;H 0yif 0dZm… ynm tajctjrpfr&Sad y?
pwk
pwwk eˆ *d ;kH
todonf xl;jcm;pGm pnf;±k;H xm;aom ouf&±Sd yk f0wˆK. *k%t f *Fg&yfjzpfonf? todonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; umv&Snf
=umpGm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rS ay:xGufvmaomt&mjzpfonf? &nf ±G,cf su&f aSd om tvkyðf yrlvy_ f&mS ;r_EiS fh toHxu G af om bmom
pum;wdk@onf vljzpfrnfh vl0u H dk vltjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJ&mY tqk;H tjzwfay;aom tajccHtcsuf ESpfcsujf zpfonf? tvkyf
onf vlom;udk zefw;D cJo h nf? OD;aESmufonf awG;ac:r_. t*Fg jzpfonf? awG;ac:r_onf OD;aESmuf. pGr;f &nfjzpfonf? xdk@
a=umifh awG;ac:r_EiS fh OD;aESmuft=um; rnfonfq h ufpyfrr_ # r&dS [laom pdw0f g'orm;rsm;. ajymqdkcsurf sm;onf obm0
rusaom r[kwrf [wf ajymqdck surf sm;jzpfonf? ‚if;onf wu,fh 0dZm… ynmESifh eJerJ #rwlacs?
yOPred*;kH
bmompum;ESifh awG;ac:r_onf wckEiS fh wck rcGcJ mG Edik f avmufatmif qufo, G af e+yD; wckuw
dk ck t+rJwrf; tjyef
tvSef ðyrloufa&mufayonf? bmompum;onf awG;ac:r_ udk azmfjyaom u&d,mjzpf+yD; vlrsm;t=um;Y awG;ac:r_udk
owfrw S &f efEiS fh azmfjy&efenf;emjzpfonf? bmompum; tcsut f vufrygaom Avm[if;vif; awG;ac:r_onf b,f awmhrS
r&Sad y/ &Svd nf; r&SEd idk af cs? xdk@a=umifh awG;ac:r_EiS fh bm ompum;udk cGyJ pfonfh pdw0f g'orm;wdk@ ajymqdck surf sm;onf
"e&Sivf wl ef;pm;udk tvkyt f au|;ðy+y;D 0dZm… ynmESifh enf;enf;rS rwlay?
rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm
a[majymcsuf (5)

(1) urBmavmuESifh
‚if;.w&m;rsm;udk odEidk jf cif;ESiyfh wfoufI
rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'. ,lqcsu?f

rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'. 'kwd,xl;jcm;csuf vuQ %mudk avhvm&mY tbd"rRmtajccHjy\em tESpo f m&udk
&Si;f jycJ+h yD;jzpfonf? ‚if;rSm awG;ac:r_EiS fh bm0/ emrfEiS fh obm0 . qufqrH j_ y\emjzpfonf?
awG;ac:r_EiS fh bm0. qufqrH j_ y\emwGif tjcm;bufw buf &Sdao;onf? ‚if;rSm igwdk@udk 0dik ;f &Hvsu&f aSd om urBm
avmuESifh ywfowfonfh igwkd@. pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_rsm;onf TurBmavmuESifh rnfodk@aom qufqrH &_ o Sd enf;? igwdk@.
pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_onf wu,fu h rBmavmuudk odEidk o f avm? wu,fh urBmavmuESifh ywfoufaom igwdk@. pdwu f ;l rsm;ESifh
xifjrifcsurf sm;wGif wu,fjh zpf&yf. ppfreS af oma&mifjyef[yfr_ udk jzpfay:apEdik o f avm[k tde*f ,fvu f *smref a&S;pHtbd"rRm
tqk;H owfjcif;ESifh vk'0f 'f jzL;0g;bwfcsf qdo k nfh usr;f wGif azmfjycJo h nf?
urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. yuwdbm0 jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m; rsm;udv k nf; vk;H 0odEdik of nf[k rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'u
wxpfcsajymqdak yonf? urBmay:wGif rodEidk af omt&mrsm;ESifh tcsi;f t&mrsm; r&S?d rodao;aom t&mrsm;ESifh t&m0wˆKrsm;
om&So d nf? Ttcsi;f t&mrsm;ESifh t&m0wˆKrsm;udk vlra_ &; vufawG@EiS fh 0dZm… ynm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmaom tusKd ;ouf
a&mufra_ =umifh wjznf;jznf; odjrifvm=uayonf?
urBmavmuESifh ‚if;.w&m;rsm;udk odEidk o f nf[kvnf; aumif;/ igwdk@. odjrifro _ nf rjynfhpakH om odjrifrr_ S ydrk jdk ynfph kH
aom odjcif;odk@ wufvrS ;f vmonf[v k nf;aumif;/ 0dZm… ynm . atmifjrifrr_ sm;u oufaojyae. ? vlral &;vufawG@EiS fh
vlom;ordik ;f . wd;k wufrw _ dk@u c|i;f csurf &Sb
d J oHo,uif;rJph mG oufaojyvdu k o
f nf? urBmavmuwGif
rodEidk af omt&mrsm; r&S?d rodao;aom t&mrsm;om &So d nf? ‚if;wdk@udk 0dZm… ynm ESifh vufawG@. a&S@wqifh
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_u zGijfh yodjrifvmay vdrrfh nf?
urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. yuwdbm0 jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m; rsm;tm; odEidk jf cif;udk taumif;qk;H oufaojycsurf mS vlra_ &;
vufawG@twGi;f rS yxrqk;H vlrsm;. xkwv f yk af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ jzpfonf? vlrsm;onf urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_
w&m;rsm;udk odjrif&ef wu,frjrifEidk v f #if vltzGJ@tpnf;. ordik ;f jzpfpOf wd;k wufr_EiS w fh uG vltzGJ@tpnf; xkwv f yk af &;
tiftm;pkrsm;udk 0dZm… ynmESifh ,Ofaus;r_. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rsm; onf &&SEd idk af wmhrnfr[kwaf cs?
vlonf obm0avmu. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;udk od jrifEidk ±f rkH u/ vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;udv k nf; od
jrifEidk af yonf? rmhupf f vDeif0g' ay:ayguv f mr_onf vlom; rsm;. t=uD;rm;qk;H aom atmifjrifrw _ &yfjzpfonf? rmhupf f
vDeif0g'. tiftm;onf ‚if;.0dZ…menf;usrt _ ay: wnfae ayonf?
urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;udk vk;H 0
odEidk o f nf? rmhupf f vDeif0g'. tbd"rRm±ky0f g'onf vkyo f m; jynfovl xl =k u;D udk vlom;tod^m%f. zefw;D r_tiftm;tay:
,k=H unfaom pdw"f gwjf zifv h nf;aumif;/ p=umF0Vm. teuf teJq;kH ESifh xl;qef;vSaom v#KŒd 0Sucf surf sm;udk zGijfh yEdik o f nfh
wu,fh 0dZm… ynm. ðyjyifajymif;vJaom tiftm;tay: ,kH =unfaom pdw"f gwjf zifv h nf;aumif;/ vufeufwwfqifay;
cJo
h nf?

(2) rmhupf 0f g'vDeif0g'. odjcif;oabmw&m;

rmhupf v
f eD if0g'onf urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. yuwdbm0 jzpfay:wd;k r_w&m;rsm;tm; odjrifem;vnf&ef 0dZm… enf;usaom
w&m;udk ay;tyfco Jh nf? odjcif;onf ±_yaf xG;I yÉdyuQ jzpfae aom jzpfpOfjzpfonf[k rmhupf 0f g'u oif=um;ay;vdu k o
f nf?
odjcif;onf wu,fjh zpf&yf twGi;f &Sd tcsi;f t&mrsm;udk a&mif jyef[yfjy&mwGif ±d;k ±k;d jzpfI wdak wmif;aomðyrlcsuf r[kwaf y?
‚if;onf vlrsm;. todtwGi;f Y obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@ tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfjyaom
ordik ;f jzpfpOfjzpfonf? ab;ywf0ef;usi&f Sd wu,fjh zpf&yfrsm; tay: vlrsm;. odjrifro _ nf tvkyv f y_ &f Sm;r_udk olwdk@ &nf±, G f
csu&f pSd mG pwifaqmif±u G vf monfh tcsed Ef iS fh wòydief ufwnf; pwifayonf? tvkyo f nf odjcif;. a&aomufjrpfEiS fh tajccH
jzpfonf? vlrsm;onf wd&pd m> efb0rS vlb0odk@ ul;ajymif;vm aom acwfuwnf;u tvkyjf zpfpOfwiG f t&m0wˆKrsm;ESihf
tcsi;f t&mrsm;. xljcm;csurf sm;. *k%t f *Fgrsm;udk wpwp ESifh wjznf;wjznf; &SmazGawG@&cSd o Jh nf? obm0avmu&Sd
tcsi;f t&mrsm;. qufo, G rf E_ iS fh tpDtpOfudk odjrifvm+y;D vl rsm;onf tcsi;f t&mrsm;. twGi;f tESpo f m&rsm;udk wpwp
xd;k azguaf wG@jrifcJ@onf?
rD;˜&atmifðyvkyo f nfeh nf;udk &SmazGawG@&jSd cif;onf igwdk@ . a&S;ya0o%D bd;k ab;rsm;. a&SŒodk@w;dk aeaom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;
r_wiG f =uD;rm;aomordik ;f qdik &f m t"dy`g,&f o Sd nf[k tde*f v J u
f !$ejf ycJhonf?
vlrsm;onf TuJo h dk@yif umv&Sn=f umaom ordik ;f jzpf pOfc&D;wGif t&m0wˆKrsm;ESifh tcsi;f t&mrsm;. tESpo f m&udk
wjznf;jznf; euf±i_d ;f oxuf euf±i_d ;f pGm xd;k azguo f jd rifvm onf? odjcif;jzpfpOfonf wdrf&mrS euf&modk@ ordik ;f t&/ avm
*spt f & udu k n f pD mG jzpfay:aeayonf? odk@r[kwf vDeifajymcJh onft h wdik ;f edr&fh mrS jrif&h modk@ pojzifh jzpfay:aeayonf?
vlom;wdk@. odjrifro _ nf rsO;f ajzmifrh [kwb f /J rsO;f aumufjzpfI ‚if;onf woG,w f wef;=uD;&Sad om puf0idk ;f 0uf tl
(Spiral)eJ@ wlonf? rsO;f aumuf. twdt k p/ puf0idk ;f ydik ;f ESifh tpdwt f ydik ;f wdik ;f onf trSt D cdu
k if;I jynfph akH om rsO;f ajzmifh
tjzpf qGq J ef@vu dk yf gu wzufowf toGiaf jymif;oGm;Edik f onf? TrsO;f ajzmifo h nf (opfawmrsm;udk jrif&rnft h pm;/
opfyifrsm;udo k m jrifv#i)f vlrsm;udk EGjH yiftwGi;f odk@vnf; aumif;/ bmoma&; tarSmif0g'bufodk@vnf;aumif; a&Sα_ap
vdrrfh nf? (Tae&mwGif tkypf ;dk ol vlwef;pm;rsm;. tusK;d aus; Zl;u ‚if;udk cdik rf mawmifw h if;atmif ðyvkyv f u dk of nf) ajzmifh
wefjcif;ESifh wzufowfjzpfjcif;/ ykaH oum;csyjf zpfjcif;ESifh pkcaJh e jcif; twWbm0ESifh twWbm0 rsuu f ef;jzpfjcif; (Blindness)
Tonfum; pdw0f g'. odjcif;oabmw&m; Zpfjrpfjzpfay onf? Tazmfjycsurf mS vDeifa&; tEkyÉdavmr wGiyf g&o Sd nf?
rmhupf o f nf t&if;usr;f xJwiG f t±d;k qk;H jzpfaom/ omref tusq;kH aom/ tajccHtjzpfq;kH aom/ t+rJwrf; awG@jrif&qk;H
aom/ ae@pOfae@widk ;f yif awG@&qk;H aom/ "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; (ukef pnf) vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.qufqrH _ - ukefpnfzvS,af &;udk yxr
OD;pGm cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmcJo h nf? Tt±k;d qk;H jzpfaom ukepf nfwnf; [laom tcsi;f t&mxJwiG f ("e&Siv f l@tzGJ@tpnf;/ Tuvyf
pnf;xJwiG )f acwfrv SD l@tzGJ@tpnf;. yÉdyuQtm;vk;H udk Todk@ cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmr_u zGijfh yvdkuaf vonf? wqifw h ;dk I &Si;f jyjcif;u
TyÉdyuQrsm;ESifh tprS tqk;H wdik f Tvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf tpdwt f ydik ;f toD;oD;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ (=uD;xGm;r_EiS fh v_y&f mS ; r_)udk
zGijfh yvdu k jf yefonf? a,bl,s tEkyÉdavmr. &Si;f jyenf; rSmvnf; Ttwdik ;f yifjzpfonf?
vDeifuvnf; obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay: wd;k yGm;r_. yuwdbm0w&m;rsm;tm; odjrifonfjh zpfpOf.
tajccHtqifrh sm;udk oabmw&m;t& &Si;f jycJo h nf? urBm avmuudk odjrifonfh yxrqk;H tqifrh mS toufygaom ±kwf
csO;f odjrifro _ mjzpfonf? ‚if;rSm tm±kx H ifaom odjcif;jzpfonf? tm±kx H ifaom odjcif;wGif wckcsi;f *Gi;f qufrsm;taejzifh
tm±kcH H pm;r_/ tm±kx H ifr/_ tm±kx H if,cl suf (pdwu f ;l )wdk@ yg0if=u.?
“tm±k
tm±kcH pH m;r_rw S qifh vkyaf qmifonfrv S I GJ rnf onfh ±ky0f wˆKo¿mefEiS fh rnfonfh v_y&f mS ;r_o¿mefudk rqdk
igwdk@oEd idk rf nf r[kwaf cs?” TtrSmpum;rSm vDeif a&;onfh ±ky0f g'ESifh tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;xJwiG &f o Sd nf?
tm±kx H ifaom odjcif;onf qifjcifaomodjcif;xuf
ordik ;f t& avm*spt f &udu k n f +D yD; tvsiw f nf&cSd aJh yonf?
tm±kcH pH m;aom tm±kx H ifro _ nf yuwdbm0avmuESifh
wdu k ±f u
kd q f ufo, G af e.? toufygaom ±kwcf sn;f odjrifrE_ iS fh wu,fjh zpf&yft=um;wGif rnfonfh tv,ftvwftqifrh # r&Sad cs?
tm±kcH pH m;r_onf todEiS jfh yifyavmu. wu,fq h uf oG,frj_ zpf+yD; jyifyxd;k qGru _ todjzpf&yftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJ
oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? todtwGi;f Y wu,fjh zpf&yfudk a&mifjyef [yfjcif;onf tm±kcH pH m;r_rw S qifh rðyvkyfv#if jzpfEidk rf nf r[kw?f
urBmavmuudk igwdk@. tm±kcH t H *Fgrsm;wGif tvsif a&mifjyef[yfjy+yD; todwiG f aemufrS a&mifjyef[yfjyonf? tm
±kcH pH m;Edik pf rG ;f rsm;ESifh tm±kx H ifEidk pf rG f;rsm; vk;H 0csKŒd wJah eaom odk@ r[kwf vk;H 0aysmufq;kH oGm;aom vlwa,mufonf odjrifEidk f
rnf r[kwaf cs? odjrifjcif;onf jyifyurBmavmu&Sd tcsi;f t&m rsm;ESifh t&m0wˆKrsm;tm; tm±kcH t H *Fgrsm;rSwqifh tm±kx H if
vmjcif;rS pwifayonf? txufygaom ±kycf sn;f odjrifrj_ zpfpOf wGif igwdk@onf t&m0wˆKrsm;. jyifyxl;jcm;aom vuQ%m
rsm;/ o¿mef/ ta&mif/ ‚if;wdk@ t=um;&Sd tuGmta0;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. jyifyqufo, G frr_ sm; ponfwdk@udk tm±kx H ifco hJ nf?
igwdk@ tm±kcH pH m;r_. twGi;f oabmonf yuwdbm0 usay onf?
vDeif. t"dy`g,o f wfrw S cf sut f & qdv k #if tm±kcH pH m;r_ onf yuwdbm0avmu. twWbm0 ykw H &l yd jf zpfonf? igwdk@
tm±kcH pH m;r_. a&aomufjrpfEiS fh twGi;f oabmrSm vlrsm;. todEiS fh trSt D cdu k if;pGm wnf&aSd eaom yuwdbm0jzpf&yf
jzpfonf?
tm±kx H ifro _ nf wu,fjh zpf&yfudk a&mifjyef[yfjyaom jzpfpOfwck jzpfonf? TjzpfpOfwiG f a&mifjyef[yfojl zpfaom
twWbm0ESifh a&mifjyef[yf cH&oljzpfaom yuwdbm0 ESpcf k pvk;H wcsed w f nf; wnf&aSd yonf?
 tm±kx H ifro _ nf tm±kt H *Fgrsm;tay: wdu k ±f u kd ðf yr_vm aom t&m0wˆKrsm;/ tcsi;f t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI toufyg
aom ±kwcf si;f odjrifru _ dk azmfjyonf? xifjrifro _ nf wu,fh jzpf&yftm; tm±kx H ifI odjcif;. ydrk jdk rifrh m;aom o¿mefjzpf
onf? ‚if;onf igwdk@tm; avm*spaf wG;ac:r_qo D dk@ qGaJ qmif oGm;ayonf?
tm±kcH pH m;r_EiS fh tm±kx H ifr. _ a&aomufjrpfuo Jh dk@yif xif ,lcsu(f pdwu f ;l ). a&aomufjrpfrmS vnf; yuwdbm0 jzpf&yf
jzpfonf? tm±kx H ifaom odjcif;. To¿mefrsm;t=um;&Sd rwlaomjcm;em;r_rmS ‚if;wdk@twGi;f Y ab;ywf0ef;usif wu,fh
jzpf&yfudk a&mifjyef[yfjyonfh o¿mef/ ta&mif/ teH@/ t±G,f tpm; ponfwdk@t& t&m0wˆKwckv;kH (0g) t&m0wˆK. jyif
yxl;jcm;aom vuQ%mrsm;. pkpak ygi;f ESiyfh wfoufI ykH o¿mefwckudk &&Sad ponf? t&m0wˆKwckudk igwdk@tm±kx H if aomtcg
igwdk@onf tm±kx H if&mYvnf;aumif;/ igwdk@tm;ay; aom yko H ¿meftwdik ;f ‚if;udk rdwLW ul;,lEidk o f nf?
xif,cl suf (pdwu f ;l )onf t&m0wˆKrsm;ESifh tcsi;f t&m . ±kyyf kHwckv;kH udk igwdk@tm; tyfEiS ;f vdu k ±f rkH u ‚if;wdk@. tcsed f
qdik &f mESifh uGuv f yfqdik &f m qufoG,rf r_ sm;ESifh qufqrH r_ sm;udk yg tyfEiS ;f ayonf? igwdk@onf rsuaf rSmuf&adS eaom t&mrsm;
udk pOf;pm;Edik ±f rkH u wpkw H ckaomumvY &Scd zJh ;l aom odk@r[kwf tem*gww f iG f &Srd nfjzpfaom t&mrsm;udv k nf; pOf;pm;Edik af y
onf? igwdk@. tm±kx H ifrE_ iS fh xif,cl suo f nf igwdk@. jyifywGif wnf&aSd eaom t&m0wˆKESifh tcsi;f t&mrsm;. yko H ±kyrf sm;jzpf
ayonf?
txufygwdk@rmS odjcif;jzpfpOf. yxrtajccHjzpfaom tqif. h tESpo f m&jzpfonf? Ttqifo h nf igwdk@tm; tcsi;f
t&mrsm;ESifh urBmavmu yuwdbm0 jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ w&m; rsm;. twGi;f ydik ;f tESpo f m&udk em;vnfap&ef tmrcHEidk af o;
onfr[kw?f Ttcsuu f dk jzpfajrmufap&ef ydrk jdk rifrh m;ap aomtqif/h avm*spaf wG;ac:r_ tqifYh om jzpfEidk af yonf?
avm*spaf wG;ac:r_onf obm0ESifh vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;udk odjrif&ef r&Srd jzpfaom tvGet f a&;
t=uD;aom *Gi;f qufjzpfonf?
avm*spaf wG;ac:r_r&Sv d #if t&m0wˆKrsm;ESifh tcsi;f t&m; rsm;. twGi;f ydik ;f qufo, G rf u_ dk em;vnfEidk o f nfr[kw?f
yuwdbm0 urBmavmu jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmaom tusK;d ouf a&mufra_ =umifh jzpfay:vmaom qufpyfrr_ sm;. ±_yaf xG;r_
w&yfv;kH udk em;vnfEidk rf nf r[kwaf cs? avm*spaf wG;ac:r_. ulnrD j_ zifo h mv#if igwdk@onf±y_ af xG;aom tcsi;f t&mrsm;ESifh
wu,fah vmu yuwdbm0jzpfpOfrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfjyonfh tvGefus,jf yef@aom t,ltqrsm;. tESpo f m&udk em;vnf
Edik &f ef &Si;f jyEdik af yonf?
wu,fjh zpf&yfudk odjrifaomvrf;a=umif;wdk@onf ±_yaf xG; aom tEkyÉdavmr jzpfpOfjzpfonf? avm*spft& odjrifonfh
tqifw h iG f tcsi;f t&mrsm;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmI aygi;f csKyfonf? ‚if;wdk@. pHerlem txm;avmufq;kH aombufEiS fh *k%t f *Fg&yf
rsm;udk trsK;d tpm;cGaJ yonf?
avm*spo f jd rifro _ nf wu,fjh zpf&yfEiS fh cGcJ mG jcif;jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh wu,fjh zpfpOfEiS fh ydrk dke;D pyfI ‚if;. yuwdbm0 jzpf
ay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;udk ydrk I dk eufeJpmG em;vnfEidk af yonf? awG;ac:r_onf rSeu f efonf&aSd omf ‚if;onf tcsi;f t&mrsm;.
twGi;f ydik ;f jzpfpOfrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ ‚if;wdk@. ta=umif; tusK;d qufo, G rf r_ sm;ESifh qufqrH r_ sm;udv k nf;aumif;/ o¿mefEiS fh
twGi;f oabm/ tESpo f m&ESifh tcsi;f t&m/ vGwf vyfrE_ iS hf rkcsoabm jzpfEidk b f ,G &f mESifh wu,fhtjzpf ponfwdk@ .
tjyeftvSef ðyrljcif;qdik &f m/ tEkyÉdavmrudv k nf;aumif;/ ydrk jdk ynfhppkH mG ESifh ydkredk ufeJpmG a&mifjyef[yfayvdrf@rnf? pOf;pm;
awG;ac:r_. avm*spo f ¿mef rsm;jzpfonfh ,lqjcif;/ csicfh sed jf cif; ESifh qifjcifjcif;wdk@onf tcsi;f t&mrsm;twGi;f &Sd ta&;=uD;qk;H
aom pHerlem txm;avmufq;kH aom/ twnf+rJq;kH aom/ wpkH wckaom/ owfrw S xf m;onfh ta=umif;tcsurf sm;atmuf
wGif tEkyÉdavmrw&m;ESifh udu k fnpD mG xyfcgxyfcg jyefjzpfae aomt&mrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfjyayonf? 0dZm… enf;us t,l
tqrsm;onf tcsi;f t&mrsm;. b0u tESpo f m&ESifh ‚if;wdk@ wdk@. yuwdbm0 jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;udk tvGex f if&mS ;
pGmESifh tusO;f csKyfaz:jyayonf? pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_onf tcdik f trmrS a,bl,s t,ltqodk@ wufvrS ;f vmjcif;rSm tu,f I
‚if;onf rSeu f efonfqadk omf trSew f &m;rS uif;uGmvm rnfr[kwb f J trSew f &m;ESifh eD;pyfvmjcif;jzpfonf? ±ky0f wˆK.
a,bl,st,ltq oabmw&m;/ a,bl,st,ltq wefz;kd . a,bl,st,ltqESifh tjcm;ponfwdk@onf pum;wcGe;f
wnf;ajym&v#if 0dZm… enf;usaom/ rSeu f efaom/ aocsmaom/ t&rf;ajymjcif; r[kwaf om/ a,bl,s t,ltqtm;vk;H wdk@
onf obm0udk ydrk edk ufe/J ydkrrdk eS fuef/ ydrk jdk ynfph kpH mG a&mifjyef [yfjyvsu&f o Sd nf? toufygaom wdku±f u kd of jd rifr_rS a,bl
,st,ltqoabmjzpfaom awG;ac:r_/ a,bl,st,l tqjzpfaom awG;ac:r_rS vufawG@ Tum;trSew f &m; ESifh
yuwdbm0jzpf&yfudk odjrif&ef tEkyÉdavmr vrf;a=umif; jzpfonf?
avm*spaf wG;ac:r_r&Sv d #if owW0gESifh tyif =o*Jepfu, dk f xnfrsm;. twGi;f ydik ;f w&m; vuQ%mESifhwuG/ ‚if;wdk@EiS fh
jyifyywf0ef;usif ta=umif;tcsurf sm; nD!w $ rf E_ iS fh yÉdyuQjzpf aeaom tjyeftvSeðf yrloufa&mufr_wdk@udk em;vnfEidk rf nf
r[kwaf cs/ vlra_ &;b0tcsi;f t&mrsm;ESifh xl;jcm;csurf mS ‚if;wdk@Y xl;jcm;aom ±_yaf xG;r_&jSd cif;yifjzpfonf? avm*spf awG;
ac:r_r&Sb d J vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. yuwdbm0 w&m; rsm;udk &Si;f jy&ef jzpfEidk rf nfr[kwaf cs? vlr_a&;b0 tcsi;f t&m
rsm;. xl;jcm;csuEf iS fh ±_yaf xG;r_rmS um; ‚if;wdk@udk Oyrmtm;jzifh teD;=unfrh eS b f vD ;l / "gwak A' wkef@jyefaq;/ ocsmF wGucf surf _
rsm; odk@r[kwf azmfjrLvmrsm; ponfwdk@jzifh avhvm&ef rjzpf Edik af omtcsuyf if jzpfonf? ordik ;f . twGi;f ydik ;f yuwdbm0
avm*spu f dk em;vnfvv dk #if eufeaJ om 0dZm… enf;us aumufEw _ f csurf sm;ESifh pkaygi;f csKyfrr_ sm;udk tok;H ðyrS jzpfEidk af yonf? w
u,fjh zpf&yf. tcdik t f rm ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm I pkaygi;f csKyfrSomvsif xkwv f yk af &;ESifh cGaJ 0a&;
jzpfay:wd;k yGm; r_onf yuwdw&m;rsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ tajccHtw k jf rpfEiS fh taqmufttkH jzpfay:w;dk yGm;onfh
w&m;rsm;udv k nf;aumif; ordik ;f wGif vlra_ &;o¿mefrsm;udk tjcm;vlra_ &;o¿mef rsm;u tpm;xd;k vdkujf cif; ponfwdk@udk
em;vnfEikd af yonf?
odjcif;jzpfpOf&Sd avm*spt f qif.
h xl;jcm;aom t"dy`g,u f dk igwdk@ tav;xm;!Gejf y&mY Ttqifo h nf txufyg ±kwjf cif;
odjrifre_ J@ rcGcJ GgEidk af vmufatmif qufpyfaeI t+rJwef; tjyef tvSef ðyrloufa&mufaeonfudk rarhoifah y? tm±kx H ifaom
odjrifr_ r&Sv d #if avm*spaf wG;ac:r_ r&SEd idk ?f tvm;wl avm*spf awG;ac:r_r&Sv d #iv f nf; tm±kx H ifaom odjrifr_ r&SEd idk af y? tm
±kx
H ifaomodjrifrE_ iS fh avm*spaf wG;ac:r_wdk@onf vlom;wdk@. odjrifrE_ iS fh wnDw!Gww f nf;&Sad om oHóud;uGi;f wGif rcGcJ mG Edik f
avmufatmif qufo, G af eaom tjyeftvSef ðyr_ouf a&mufaeaom uGi;f qufEpS cf jk zpfonf? ‚if;wdk@onf edrf@&mrS
jrif&h modk@ wufvrS ;f aeaom odjcif;jzpfpOfudk a&mifjyef[yfjy&m Y ESpcf pk vk;H yif vdt k yfI ta&;=uD;ayonf? vufawG@r&Sv d #if
vlwdk@onf urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. w&m;vuQ%mrsm;udk odjrif&ef rjzpfEikd af y?
vufawG@onf odjrifjcif;jzpfpOf. oD;jcm;uGi;f quf r[kw?f ‚if;onf odjrifr. _ yXrtqifYh jzpfap/ 'kw, d tqifh
Yjzpfap wnf&aSd eayonf? odjcif;jzpfpOfwiG f vlrx _ w
k v
f kyaf &; vufawG@. tcef;ESiyfh wfoufaom jy\emonf tvGe=f uD;
rm;aom t"dy`g,&f aSd yonf?
(3) odjcif;jzpfpOfwGif vufawGŒ.yg0if&mtcef;

vufawG@r&Sb d J vufawG@. ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm;udk pkaygi;f csKyf jcif;r&Sb d J odjcif;ESiyfh wfoufI 0dZm… enf;usaom odjrifro _ nf
&SEd idk v
f rd rfh nf r[kwaf cs?
tm±kx H ifaomodjrifrE_ iS fh avm*spfojd rifrw _ dk@onf vl om;wdk@. odjrifjcif;qkid &f m o¾mef(2)rsK;d yifjzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@ onf
vufawG@udk tajcjyKI jzpfajrmufvmonf? tb,fh a=umifq h adk omf vufawG@onf odjcif;. tpcscD sujf zpfI trSef w&m;.
pHxm;csujf zpfaoma=umifyh if?
vufawG@onf *&dbmomtac:ta0:t& (Pragma) jyKrljcif;rS qif;oufvmaom pum;vH;k t& v_y&f mS ;r_[o l nfh
t"dy`g,yf ifjzpfonf?
tu,fI vlrsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_udk pdw0f g'u jiif;y,fonf [k ,lqv#if rSm;,Gi;f apvdrrfh nf? vlrsm;v_y&f mS ;aeonfh
wu,fjh zpf&yfonf Tr#xif&mS ;aeI ‚if;udk wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh todtrSwrf jyKbJae&ef jzpfurdk jzpfEidk af cs? wck
wnf;aom jy\emrSmum; vufawG@. twGi;f oabmuJo h dk@ b,fvt dk ,ltqrsK;d xnho f iG ;f vdu k fonfh tcsut f ay: wnf
ayonf? yuwdbm0 pdw0f g'orm;rsm;onf yxrqH;k vuf awG@udk bk&m;ocifEiS fh tºuGi;f rJph w d u f ;l . zefw;D aom v_y&f mS ;
r_tjzpf em;vnf=uonf? ‚if;aemuf vlrsm;. emrfvy_ &f mS ;r_ tjzpf em;vnf=uonf? ta=umif;rlum; ‚if;twGi;f Y tjrifh qH;k
qifjcifjcif;. v_y&f mS ;r_udk az:jyaeaoma=umifh jzpfay onf?
rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmrSomv#if vufawG@tESpo f m&ESifh
ywfoufI wckwnf;rSeu f efI 0dZ…menf;usaom t,ltqudk wifjycJo h nf? vlra_ &;vufawG@[al om t,ltqonf us,f
jyef@aom t,ltqwckjzpfonf? ‚if;wGif vlom;v_y&f mS ;r_. t"duESifh tqH;k tjzwfay;Edik af om o¾mefonf xkwv f yk af &;
v_y&f mS ;r_tvkyjf zpfonf[k rmhupf 0f g'u ,lqayonf? ±kyf 0wˆKtoH;k taqmifrsm; xkwv f yk rf _ r&Syd gu vlra_ &;b0 r&SEd idk f acs?
xdk@a=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±ky0f wˆK tok;H taqmifrsm;udk xkwfvyk o f rl sm;onf ordik ;f wGif tqHk;tjzwfay;aom tif
tm;pkjzpfonf? vlrsm;onf ywf0ef;usi&f Sd obm0avmuudk =oZmt&Sed f oufa&mufayonf? wcsed w f nf;wGif rdrvd y_ &f mS ;r_
. tusK;d oufa&mufra_ =umifh obm0avmuudk ajymif;vJI ðyjyifypfonf?
xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;. jzpfay:wd;k yGg;r_onf wpHk wckaomtqifo h dk@ a&mufaomtcg xkwfvyk af &;qufqrH _
a[mif;rsm;. ae&mwGif xkwv f yk fa&;qufqrH _ topfrsm;u 0ifI tpm;xk;d jcif;udk jzpfay:apvdrrfh nf[v k nf;aumif;/ xkwf
vkyaf &;qufqrH _ ta[mif;rsm;ae&mwGif xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH _ topfrsm;u 0ifItpm;xd;k jcif;rSwqifh a[mif;EGr;f aom vlr_
a&;pepfae&mwGif vlra_ &;pepfopfu 0ifItpm;xd;k jcif;udk jzpfay:apvdrrfh nf[v k nf;aumif;/ ordik ;f ±ky0f g'u igwdk@udk oif
=um;ayonf?
jyif;xefaom vlwef;pm;wdu k yf rGJ &Sdv#if a&SŒwef;usaom/ awmfveS af om pdwu f ;l ^m%fomr&Sv d #if oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom
vlx. k od&aSd om v_y&f mS ;r_omr&Sdv#if vlra_ &;o¾mefwrsK;d udk tjcm;vlra_ &;o¾mefwrsK;d u tpm;xd;k 0if&ef rjzpfEdik af cs?
qdv k o dk nfum; vlra_ &;vufawG@[al om t,ltqwGif vlrsm;. xkwv f yk af &;v_y&f mS ;r_tjyif rwlaom o¾meftrsK;d
rsK;d &Sad om vlwef;pm;wku d yf /GJ 0dZm… ynmESifh tEkynme,fy,f&Sd vlrsm;.v_y&f mS ;r_ (0g) vlrsm;yg0if=uaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
vufawG@b0. o¾meftm;vH;k yg0if=uayonf?
 vl. vlra_ &;vufawG@onf xkwfvyk af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ o¾mefwckjzifh uef@owfaeonf r[kwaf cs? vlwef;pm; wdu k f yG/J
Edik if aH &;b0/ 0dZm… ynm/ tEkynm v_y&f mS ;r_wdk@ jzpfonfh tjcm;o¾meftajrmuftrsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? twdck sKyf tm;jzifh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wu,fb h 0. e,fy,ftm;vH;k wGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlrsm;yg0if=uonf?
vufawG@wiG f ywf0ef;usi&f Sd wu,fjh zpf&yfEiS fh ‚if;. yuwdbm0 jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;udk vlrsm; odEikd &f ef twGuf
tajccHjzpfayonf? vufawG@. jyifywGif 0dZm… ynm onf ºuG,0f Edik o f nfr[kw?f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;Edik rf nf r[kwaf cs?
vufawG@onf 0dZm… ynma&SŒarSmufwiG f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. &ifh rSnfah eaom vdt k yfrr_ sm;udk tqufrjywf wifjyvdu k jf cif;tm;
jzifh 0dZm… ynmudk a&SŒodk@w;dk yGm;atmif wGe;f aqmfay;vdu k o f nf? wu,fjh zpf&yf. ±_yaf xG;qef;us,af om tjcif;t&mrsm;.
tESpo f m&udk vlrsm;odjrif&mY vlra_ &;vufawG@onf xl;jcm; aom/ tqH;k tjzwfay;aom tcef;rS yg0ifonf[k vDeifu
tpOfojzifh tav;xm;ajymqdck aJh yonf?
b0ESifh vufawG@[al om tjrifonf odjcif;oabm w&m;. yxrESifh tajccHjzpfaom tjrifjzpf&rnf[k vDeifu
!$ejf yajymqdck aJh yonf?
vufawG@onf oabmw&m;xuf tvsiu f sonf[‚k if;/ vufawG@onf oabmw&m;qdik &f m odjrifrx _ uf jrifrh m;onf
tb,fah =umifq h adk om vufawG@onf wavmuvH;k qdik &f m *k%o f ud Qmaqmif±rHk #ru wdu k ±f dkujf zpf&yf. *k%v f uQ%m vnf;
aqmifaeaoma=umifjh zpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh vufawG@udk oD;jcm;uGi;f quftjzpfvnf; aumif;/ odjcif; oabmw&m;. wwd,tqift h jzpfvnf; aumif;
r,lqEkid af y? ‚if;onf tm±Hx k ifaom odjrifrE_ iS fh qifjcifaom tm±Hx k ifaom odjrifr_ ESifh qifjcifaom odjrifr. _
tajccHjzpfonf? tm±Hx k ifaom odjrifjcif;ESifh jzpfpOfwiG f vufawG@onf wdu k ±f ku
d af z:jyayonf? ta=umif;rSm igwdk@ onf
0dik ;f &Hv#u&f aSd om ywf0ef;usiu f igwdk@tay: wdu k ±f u
kd ðf y rl oufa&mufaeaom jzpfpOfwiG f tm±Hck pH m;r_udk &&Sad yonf?
oabmw&m;onf awmfveS af &;vufawG@EiS fh eD;uyfpmG qufo, G &f m jzpfay:vmv#if ‚if;onf tvkyo f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_ .
=uD;rm;aomtiftm; jzpfEidk af yonf[k &Jabmfpwmvifu ajymqdck aJh yonf?
qifjcifaom odjcif;jzpfpOfwiG f vufawG@onf oG,0f u dk I f az:jyayonf? ta=umif;rSm avmh*spaf wG;ac:r_onf tm±Hx k if
aomcHpm;r_rS wqifo h mv#if wu,fjh zpf&yfEiS fh qufo, G Ef idk f
aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
avmh*spo f jd rifro _ nf vufawG@tcsut f vufrsm;tm; pkaygi;f csKyfjcif;tay: tajcpdu k rf o S mv#if 0dZ…menf;us t,l
tqrsm;udk &&SEd idk af yonf? 0dZm… ynmtzdk@ tcsut f vufrsm; onf 0dZm… ynmq&m. ±_±u _d af omavESifh wlonf[v k nf;
aumif;/ tcsut f vufrsm;om r&Sv d #if 0dZm… ynmonfvnf; b,fawmhrS rwd;k wufEidk yf g[v k nf;aumif; ygAabmhzu f
vli,frsm;tm; rdef@=um;cJo h nf? tcsut f vufrsm;r&Sv d #if oifwdk@. oabmw&m;onf tv[\ ±ke;f uefro _ m jzpf
onf[v k nf; olu a&;om;cJo h nf? "rRwmyif 0dZm… ynmonf tcsut f vufrsm;pGm tay:,Ha=umwGif &yfem;rae&? ‚if;
onf tcsut f vuf ay:ayguv f mjcif;. v#KŒd 0Sucf surf sm; twGi;f odk@ xd;k azmuf0ifa&muf+yD; tcsut f vufrsm;udk pDrcH sKyf
udik w f wf&rnf? Tonfwkd@um; tm±kx H ifrq _ idk &f mESifh avm*spf odjrifrq _ ikd &f m o¾mefrsm;ESifh vufawG@. eD;uyfpmG cGrJ &Edik f
aom qufo, G rf w_ dk@. &_yaf xG;aom yËdyuQjzpfaeaom tjyef tvSef oufa&mufrj_ zpfonf?
vufawG@onf odjcif;. tajccHjzpf&rkH u trSew f &m;. tjrifq h ;kH pHxm;csuv f nf; jzpfayonf?
oabmw&m;rlrsm;onf b,favmufreS u f efonf qdk onfudk vufawG@uom tqk;H tjzwfay;ayonf? oabm
w&m;qdik &f m ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm;onf wu,fjh zpf&yf. wif;=uyf pGm ppfaq;r_udk cHEidk &f rnf? Todk@ wif;=uyfpmG ppfaq;r_udk rcHEidk f
aom oabmw&m;ed*;kH csKyfcsurf Sefor#onf atmufajcvGwf aom t&mrsm;om jzpfayonf?
b0.ppfaq;r_udk cHEdik af om t&mtm;vk;H onf 0dZm… ynm ESifh ,Ofaus;r_. tqDtESpf jzpfvmayonf? vufawG@onf
trSew f &m;. tjrifq h ;kH pHxm;csujf zpfonfqadk om Oyrmrsm;udk 0dZm… ynmESifh ,Ofaus;r_jzpfpOfrsm;twGi;f wGif
&SmazGawG@&ESd idk af y onf? rmhupf f vDeif0g' 0dZm… ynm. =uD;rm;aom tiftm;/ r±_;H Edik af om/ touf&iS o f efaeaom
tiftm;tjzpf ay:xGuf vmjcif;wkd@rmS ‚if;onf obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;. tESpo f m&udk
rSeu f efpmG a&mifjyef[yf jyEdik jf cif;/ xkd@a=umifh ‚if;onf uGejf rLepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepf twGuf qifE$Jaom =uD;jrwfonfh
wdu k yf w GJ iG f jynfov l x l krsm; . awmfveS af om tvHawmfjzpfEidk jf cif;[lonfh tcsuw f iG w
f nf ayonf?
vufawG@onf trSew f &m;. tjrifq h ;kH pHxm;csujf zpf onf[k qdk&mY TtrSew f &m;pHxm;csu. f vuQ%monf
tºuGi;f rJh r[kwaf =umif;/ rajymif;vJonft h &m r[kwaf =umif; udk wcsed w f nf;wGif !$ejf y&efvt dk yfayonf? vufawG@u, dk f
wdik . f t0ef;t0dik ;f onf xkwfvkyaf &;tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;onfh a&csed Ef iS fh 0dZm… ynm ,Ofaus;r_jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_.
ordik ;f qdik &f m uef@owfjcif;udk cH&onf?
xkwv f yk af &;twwfynm/ 0dZm… ynmESifh ,Ofaus;r_wkd@ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmonfEiS t fh r# vufawG@. t0ef;t0dik ;f onf
vnf; us,jf yef@vm/ wd;k csŒJ vmayonf?
 odk@jzifh vufawG@tvm;tvmrSmvnf; wd;k rsm;vmonf? xkd@a=umifh trSew f &m;. pHxm;csujf zpfaom vufawG@onf
odjrifr._ wpkw H ckudk +yD;jynfph krH &_ atmif aqmif&u G v
f u
dk af om tcg ‚if;onf oabmw&m;. wpkw H ckaom tpdwtf ydik ;f udk
om +yD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&u G v f dkujf cif;yif jzpfonf? wcsed f wnf;Y ‚if;onf xdo
k abmw&m;udk wdusatmif jyKvky&f efEiS fh
jyifqif&ef a&muf&aSd eaom a&csed fY b,fawmhrS &yfraebJ odjrifr_udk qufvufI jzpfay:wd;k yGm;ap&eftwGuf wGe;f tm; ESifh
tpjyKcsuf jzpfayonf?
vufawG@ojd cif;/ wzefxyfI vufawG@&jSd cif; To¾mef rsm;onf tqk;H r&Sd puf0idk ;f ozG,f xyfcgxyfcg jzpfaeayonf?
vufawG@EiS fh odjrifrp_ uf0idk ;f udk vnfywfwidk ;f twGi;f oabm onf ydrk jdk rifrh m;aom tqifo h dk@ wufvSr;f vmayonf? (T
twkid ;f &JabmfarmfpwD ek ;f u azmfjyvdu k o f nf?)

(4) yuwdbm0trSew
f &m;/ tºuGi;f rJt f &m;/ E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;trSew
h rSew f &m;ESiyfh wfoufI
rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'. &Si;f jycsu?f

rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmonf urBmavmu. yuwdbm0 vuQ%mESifh ‚if;tm; odEidk jf cif;udk todrw S fjyKonf/ wcsed f
wnf;Y yuwdbm0trSew f &m; wnf&jSd cif;udv k nf; tod trSwðf yonf? ±ky0f g'orm; wpfa,mufjzpfv#if yuwdbm0
trSew f &m;udk todtrSwðf yonfudk qdv k adk yonf?
yuwdbm0trSew f &m; qdo k nfrmS vlrsm;.todwiG f wu,fjh zpf&yfudk rSeu f efwu d spmG vufawG@u ppfaq;I ouf
aojy+yD;om;udk a&mifjyef[yfjcif; jzpfayonf?
oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tawG@t}uHKESifh vuf awG@jzifh ppfaq;xm;aom igwkd@. todynmrsm;onf yuwd
bm0trSew f &m; t"dy`g,u f dk aqmifonf? wdusreS u f efaom todynmrsm; jzpfayonf?
&JabmfveD ifonf ynmwwfrsm; ajymqdak e=uaom yuwdbm0trSew f &m;udk igwkd@. oif,cl surf sm;ESifh t,l
tqrsm;. twGi;f oabmwrsK;d jzpfonf? TtwGi;f oabm onf twWbm0ESifh trSt D cduk if;I vlom;rsm;.todEiS fh trSD
tcdu k if;ayonf? qdv k &dk if;rSm vlrsm;. t,ltqrsm; csicfh sed rf _ rsm;ESifh qifjcifrr_ sm;wGif yuwdbm0jzpf&yfEiS fh ‚if;. v_y&f mS ;r_
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfjyayonf? wu,fh jzpf&yfonf igwkd@todwiG f a&mifjyef[yfjyavonf? odk@aomf
‚if;onf todEiS fh trSt D cdu k if;pGm wnf&aSd e.? avm*spt f rsK;d tpm; (---trsK;d trnfrsm;). twGi;f oabmrSm yuwdbm0
avm*spt f rsK;d tpm;rsm;udk tenf;ESit fh rsm; rSeu f efpmG jynfph kH pGm a&mifjyef[yfjcif;jzpfonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh ±ky0f wWKwnf&&Sd mo¾mefrmS v_yf&mS ;r_/ tcsed Ef iS fh uGufvyfjzpfonf? obm0avmuonf yxrqk;H aom
vly*k K~ v
d rf ay:cif tvGe=f umjrifah om umvuvDu ay: aygufco Jh nf? urBmajr=uD;onf (24)em&DtwGi;f 0if±;dk udk
r¾Kdit f jzpfxm;+yD; vnfywfonf? =o*Jepft&monf tif =o*Jepft&mrS ay:xGuv f mjcif;jzpfonf? todonf umv
&Sn=f umaom vl@ordik ;f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rS ay:xGuv f maom t&m jzpfonf? tvkyo f nf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&S&d ef vdt k yfaom
ta=umif;tcsujf zpfonf? Tt&mtm;vk;H rSm obm0avm uESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ±kyyf idk ;f jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh tcsi;f t&mrsm;udk
a&mifjyef[yfjyaom vlrsm;.qENESifh todrS trSt D cdik uf if;pGm wnf&aSd eaom yuwdbm0trSew f &m; jzpfonf?
vlra_ &;vufawG@EiS fh 0dZm… ynm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. jzpfpOf wGif euf±i_d ;f oxuf euf±i_d ;f pGm odjrifc&Jh aom/ urBmavmu.
yuwdbm0 wnf&rSd u _ dk todtrSwrf jyKygv#if yuwdbm0 trSew f &m;wnf&jSd cif;ESifh ywfoufaom jy\emonf
t"dy`g,v f ;kH 0 aysmufq;kH oGm;vdrrfh nfrmS xif&mS ;ayonf? ±kyf 0wWKonf todEiS fh trSt D cduk if;pGm yuwdbm0t& wnf&aSd e
jcif;udk pdw0f g'tbd"rRmu jiif;y,fv#if ‚if;onf yuwdbm0 trSew f &m; wnf&aSd ejcif;udv k nf; jiif;y,fjcif;rnf./ odk@
r[kwf todtrSwjf yKjcif;yif jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifq h adk omf yuwdbm0trSew f &m;wnf&&Sd ef yxrOD;qk;H vdt k yfcsurf mS
±ky0f wWK. yuwdbm0t& wnf&Sdaejcif;tm; todtrSwjf yK jcif;yifjzpfonf? yuwdbm0 trSew f &m;qdo k nfrmS vlrsm;.
todwiG f yuwdbm0avmuudk a&mifjyef[yfjcif;yifjzpfonf? Todk@jzpfygu trSew f &m;. twGi;f ydik ;f tESpo f m&udk azmf
xkw&f eftcsuo f nf vlom;rsm;. odjcif;jzpfpOfudk wdu k ±f dkuf trSjD yK&rnfjzpfonf? vlom;rsm;. odjrifr_ &nf&, G cf surf sm;
onf trSew f &m;udok jd rifI obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;udk odjrif&efyif jzpfayonf?
yuwdbm0trSew f &m;udk wae@csi;f ESifh tuket f pif od jrif&ef rjzpfEidk af y? yuwdbm0trSew f &m;udk odjrif&efum;
ordik ;f jzpfpOfwckudk jzwfoef;&rnfjzpfI ‚if;jzpfpOf. t}udrf ydik ;f Y trSew f &m;tm; tuket f pif odjrifvma&;ESifh eD;pyfr&_ Sd
vmaomfvnf; trSew f &m;udk tqk;H wdik o f jd rif&efum; b,f awmhrS rjzpfEidk [ f k rmhupf f0g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'u 0dZm… enf;us
oufaojycJo h nf?
yuwdbm0trSew f &m;udk azmfjyaom vlom;pdwu f ;l rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@udk wc%jcif; jynfph pkH mG c|i;f csurf &Sb d J tºuGi;f rJh
azmfjyEdik yf goavm/ odk@r[kwf ‚if;udk rSev f ek ;D pGmESifh E_id ;f ,SOjf cif; t& azmfjyEdik yf govm;? Tjy\emonf tºuGi;f rJh trSef
w&m;ESifh E_id ;f ,SOjf cif; trSew f &m;. tjyeftvSef qufpyfr_ jy\emjzpfonf[k vDeifu !$ejf ycJo h nf?
 vlonf obm0wckv;kH udk vk;H 0qkwu f idk Ef idk +f yD; ‚if;udk a&mifjyef[yf a&;cs,jf y&ef rjzpfEdik yf g? olonf TtcsuEf iS fh
xm0pOfe;D pyfvmatmifum; ðyvkyfEidk af yonf[k vDeifu
[D;*Jv. f avm*spyf nmpmwrf;wGif azmfjycJo h nf?
tºuGi;f rJt h rSew f &m;/ E_id ;f ,SOcf suft& trSew f &m;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom =o0g'onf odjcif;jzpfpOf. tqk;H r&S[ d /k ‚if;.
tuef@towfr&Sad om wd;k wufaom vuQ%mESifh ywfouf aom jy\emudk oabmw&m;a&;&mt& oufaoxljcif;jzpf
onf? odjcif;jzpfpOf. tqk;H r&Srd _udk odjrifr. _ OD;wnfcsujf zpf aom obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. jzpfay:wd;k wufr_
tqk;H r&Sjd cif;udk jyXge;f ayonf?
odjcif;onf E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& odjcif;ESifh tºuGi;f rJo h jd cif;[l onfh bufESpzf ufwkd@. nD!w $ rf j_ zpfonf?
E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& trSew f &m;onf wu,fjh zpf&yfudk tajccHtm;jzifh rSeu f efpmG a&mifjyef[yfjyayonf? odk@aomf ‚if;onf
0dZm… ynm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_t& eufew J u d sI jynfhpkH ºuG,f0vmayonf? E_id ;f ,SOcf sut f & trSew f &m;wdik ;f onf
tºuGi;f rJt h rSew f &m;udk qkwu f idk o f nfh avSum;xpfrsm;wGif avSum;xpf wckr#om jzpfonf? E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& trSew f &m; .
tEkyËdavmrt& aygi;f csKyfjcif;rSwqifh tºuGi;f rJt h rSew f &m; jzpfvmum tºuGi;f rJt h rSew f &m;rSm 0dZm… ynm qufvufw;dk
yGm;r_EiS fh &SmazGawG@&rSd r_ sm;jzifh oufaoxlum rwGe;f vSeyf pf Edik af om trSew f &m;yif jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh igwkd@. odjrifro _ nf wcsed w f nf;wGif E_id ;f ,SOf jcif;t& trSew f &m;jzpf+yD;/ tºuGi;f rJt h & trSew f &m;vnf;
jzpfayonf? 0dZm… ynmonf tqufrjywfw;dk yGm;aejcif;t& ajym&aomf igwkd@todonf E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& trSew f &m;om
jzpfonf? wu,fjh zpf&yf. twGi;f ydki;f jzpfpOfrsm;udk ydkredk uf±_id ;f pGm xd;k azmufojd rifvmI urBmavmuESifh ywfoufonfh igwkd@
. t,ltqonf vufawG@EiS fh oabmw&m; aygi;f pyfr_ jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;vmr_EiS fh udu k n f pD mG tpOfojzifh wd;k csŒJ vmI ºuG,0f
vmayonf? tºuGi;f rJh trSew f &m;udk odjrifaom vrf;a=umif; odk@vnf;aumif; odk@r[kwf tºuGi;f rJt h rSew f &m;ESifh eD;pyfvm
atmif igwkd@vyk af qmif&onfh enf;vrf;onf E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& trSew f &m;tajrmuftrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmcJ&h ayonf?
0dZm… enf;us trSefw&m;wdik ;f onf ordik ;f a=umif;tcsuf rsm;. uef@owfjcif;udk cH&onf[al om tcsut f &qdak omf
E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;trSew f &m;jzpfonf[k &JabmfveD ifu qdak yonf?
vl.awG;ac:r_onf ‚if;.yifu, dk fobm0t&qdak omf igwkd@tm; tºuiG ;f rJt h rSew f &m;udk ay;tyfEikd jf yD;/ ay;vnf; ay;
tyfv#u&f aSd yonf? ‚if; tºuGi;f rJhtrSew f &m;udk E_id ;f ,SOjf cif; t& trSew f &m;rsm;udk pkaygi;f zGJ@pnf;csKyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
0dZm… ynm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. tqifw h idk ;f onf tºuGi;f rJt h rSef w&m;tjzpf pkaygi;f csKyf&mqDodk@ topftopf wDxiG o f mG ;jcif;
jzpfayonf? odk@aomf 0dZm… enf;usrr_ sm;. trSew f &m;pnf; a=umif;rsm;onf E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t&omjzpf+yD;/ todynm wqifh
wd;k I jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmonfEiS t fh r#/ wcgw&HwiG f csŒJ xGiv f mjyD; wcgw&HwiG rf l ao;usKo H mG ;r_vnf; &So d nf? (Ttwdik ;f &Jabmf
vDeifu oif=um;cJo h nf?)
wu,fjh zpf&yfonf tqufrjywfjzpfay:wd;k yGm;I topf topf ajymif;vJaeayonf? odjrifjcif;qdo k nfrmS wu,fjh zpf
&yf. Ttqufrjywfjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_udk a&mifjyef[yfaeaom jzpfpOfwckjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh xm0pOfjzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeaom
±ky0f wWKud, k w
f idk o
f nf tqk;H r&So d uJo h dk@ wu,fjh zpf&yfudk a&mifjyefxifjyjcif;jzpfaom odjcif;vnf; tqk;H r&Sad cs?
0dZm… ynm/ twwfynmjzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmonfEiS t fh r# vlom;rsm;onf obm0avmuudk pDrt H yk cf sKyfEidk &f ef ydI k ydI k
=uD;rm;aomtiftm;udk &&Sv d rd frh nfjzpf+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf obm0avmuudk twif;tvkyt f aºuG;
ðyayvdrrfh nfjzpfonf? obm0avmutay: twkta,mif vGr;f rd;k onf r[kwb f J ‚if;tay: wu,fwef;v$r;f rd;k vdv k #if
qd&k , S v f pfacwfEiS fh uGejf rLepfacwfYomv#if jzpfEidk af yonf? uGejf rLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;omv#if obm0avmu. tvdk
tav#muf jzpfaeaom rsuu f ef;tiftm;pkrsm;udk Edik ef if;&efEiS fh ‚if;wdk@udk vlrsm;tvd&k aSd om vlrsm;.qENtwdik ;f
vdu k ef map&ef vdt k yfaomt&mtm;vk;H jzifh vlrsm;udk vufeufwyfqifay; avonf? qd&k , S vf pf0g'rwdik rf D vlra_ &;o¾mef
tm;vk;H onf ab;ywf0ef;usi&f Sd obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vlrsm;u wu,fwef; pDrt H yk cf sKyfvmEdik af tmif rvkyfEidk =f uay?
Todk@ jzpf&onfh ta=umif;rSm xkwv f yk af &;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;onfh a& csed rf vkaH vmufaoma=umifh jzpfonf[k qdjk cif;xuf
u¾u jzpfaom vlwef;pm;opfrsm; (vlra_ &;o¾mefrsm;)Y e*dkuyg aom yuwdbm0w&m;rsm;a=umifh jzpf&onf[k
qd&k rnfjzpf onf? &Jabmfarmfpw D ek ;f onf odjcif;jzpfpOf. tESpfom&ESifh tqk;H r&Srd u _ dk euf±i_d ;f pGm/ 0dZm… enf;uspmG /
armfpw D ek ;f vufa&G;pif usr;f wGif azmfxw k w f ifjycJah yonf? trSew f &m;onf tpOf ojzifh tcdik t f rmjzpfI umvydik ;f tm;vk;H /
acwftm;vk;H ESifh udu k nf aD om taumiftxnfro Jh nfh trSew f &m;r&S?d &Sv d nf; r&SEd idk [f k rmhupf 0f g'u oif=um;ajymqdck o Jh nf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;onf wpkw H ckaom wdik ;f jynfwiG f ratmifjrifEidk ?f ‚if;onf ,Ofaus;aom
wdik ;f jynf tm;vk;H odk@r[kwf trsm;pkwiG f wlnpD mG xd;k ESufwu dk f cdu
k fvm aomtcgrmS om atmifjrifEdkirf nf[k rmhupf Ef iS fh
tde*f v J f wdk@u ed*;kH csKyfjycJo h nf?
Ted*;kH onf vk;H 0rSeu f efayonf? odk@aomf tºuGi;f rJrh eS f uefonfr[kw?f tcsed u f mvt&qdv k #if vuf0g;=uD;tkyf
t&if;&Sit f qifh rwdik rf u D mv ordki;f twGuf rSeu f efayonf? vuf0g;=uD;tkyf t&if;&Si0f g'umvydik ;f tqifo h dk@ a&muf&v Sd m
onft h cgwiG f &JabmfveD ifu t&if;&Sipf epf. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh Edik if H a&;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ rnDnmjcif;[lonfh yuwdbm0w&m;rS
tpcsI D ed*;kH opfwck csrw S cf oJh nf? ‚if;rSm qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS f a&;onf wdik ;f jynfwjynfwiG f atmifycGJ EH dkio
f nf? ‚if;rSm e,fcsJŒ
uGi;f quf tiftm;tenf;qk;H wdik ;f jynfrS tpjyKvdrfhrnfqo dk nfh owWKcscsuf &cJ. h ? Ttwdik ;f vnf; ±k&mS ;jynf qd&k ,
S v f pfawmf
vSeaf &; vufawG@ rSeu f efcaJh =umif; jyocJ. h ?
txufyg ed*;kH jyKcsuf ESpcf pk vk;H rSefuefayonf? odk@aomf tºuGi;f rJrh Seu f efonfum; r[kw/f ed*;kH wdik ;f onf rdrw d kd@acwf
tvdu k f rSeu f efjcif;jzpfonf? &JabmfveD ifu rmhupf f tde*f v J f wdk@. oabmw&m;b¾mwdu k u f dk wqifhw;dk jzpfay:wd;k yGm;apcJh
ayonf?

T a[majymcsut
f wGuf ed*;kH wdrk sm;

(1) urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. yuwdobmjzpfay: wd;k yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;udk vk;H 0odEidk o f nf? urBmavmuwGif rodEidk af om
t&m0wWKrsm;ESifh tcsi;f t&mrsm; r&Sad y? odjrif+yD;om;ESifh rodao;aom t&m0wWKrsm;om &Sad yonf?
wd;k wufaeaom vlra_ &;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ ordik ;f wckv;kH vlrx _ w k vf kyaf &;vufawG@. tvGe=f u,f0aomordik ;f / 0dZm…
ynmESifh ,Ofaus;r_. wd;k wufr_wkd@u urBmavmuESifh ‚if;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;rsm;/ odEidk jf cif;ESifhywfoufaom rmhupf f
0g' tbd"rRm/ ±kyf0g'. rlrsm; rSefuefa=umif;udk vk;H 0oufao jycJ+h yD? obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_w&m;
rsm;udk rodEidk [ f al om pdw0f g' tbd"rRm. ajymqdck surf sm;rSm vk;H 0tajctjrpfr&Sad y? ‚if;wdk@onf ordki;f jzpfpOfwiG f rkcsusq;kH
&rnfom jzpfonf?
(2) rmhupf 0f g' ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm. t"dy`g,o f wfrw
S cf suf t& odjcif;oabmw&m;onf vlrsm;.todwiG f yuwdbm0
avmuESifh ‚if;. w&m;rsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfjyayonf? ‚if;rSm tvGe&f y_ af xG;aom jzpfpOfjzpfonf? vlrsm;. odjrifro _ nf
a&SŒodk@ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeaom vlra_ &;ordik ;f . jzpfpOfjzpfonf?
odjcif;jzpfpOfudk tm±kx H ifaom odjcif;ESifh avm*spt f & odjcif; [lonfh tqifEh pS q f ifjh zifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf/ odjcif;.
wnDw!$ww f nf;&Sad om oH}udK;uGi;f qufEpS cf o k nf wckEiS hf wck eD;uyfpmG qufo, G af eI wckuw dk ck jyKrloufa&mufaeay
onf? odjcif;. tjrifq h ;kH tqifh avm*spt
f qifYh omvsif vlrsm;onf obm0tcsi;f t&mrsm;ESifh vlra_ &; tcsi;f t&m rsm;.
eufeaJ omjzpfpOfudk xd;k azmufojd rifEidk +f yD;/ ‚if;wkd@ yuwd bm0 jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeonfw h &m;rsm;. tESpo f m&udk em;
vnfEidk af yonf?
(3) vlra_ &;vufawG@onf odjcif;jzpfpOf. tajccHjzpf onf? vufawG@onf tm±kx H ifaom odjrifrE_ iS fh avm*spf odjrifr. _
tajccHjzpfonf? vufawG@onf obm0w&m; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf tajccHtjzpfq;kH tqH;k tjzwfay; aom
ta=umif;tcsujf zpfonf? vufawG@rygaom oabm w&m;onf tòrHjzpfonf? oabmw&m;onf vlra_ &;vuf
awG@rsm;xJr/S pkaygi;f csKyf&mrS ay:xGuv f monfh t&mjzpfonf? vufawG@onf odjcif;. tajccHjzpf±rHk u trSew f &m;. tjrifh
qH;k pHxm;csuv f nf; jzpfayonf? awG;ac:r_ rSe˜f rrSef qdo k nfudk vufawG@jzifh jyI ajz&Si;f Edik o f nf? oabmw&m;ESifh vufawG@
wdk@. nD!w $ rf o_ nf ypPn;f rJyh gwD. vrf;jy=u,fwm&myif jzpf onf? ypPn;f rJyh gwD. tvHawmfrS vrf;!$e=f u,fwm&mum;
Toabmyg&aSd vonf?
(4) rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'onf yuwdbm0trSef w&m;/ tºuGi;f rJt h rSew
f &m;/ E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;trSew f &m; wkd@tm;
jynfph I Hk 0dZm… enf;usaom tjrifpepfudk ay;tyfonf? trSef w&m;ESifh ywfoufaom rmhupf . f =o0g'onf odjcif;. tqH;k
r&Srd E_ iS /fh zefw;D r_EiS yfh wfoufaom oabmw&m;tajccHjzpf onf? odjrifro _ nf tqufrjywf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeaom/
topftopfajymif;vJaeaom/ yuwdbm0jzpf&yfudk a&mifjyef [yfjyaejcif;jzpfonf? qdv k o dk nfum; odjrifro _ nf tqH;k r&S/d
tuef@towfr&Sad cs? ta=umif;um; odjrifr. _ OD;wnfcsuf jzpfaom obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@. jzpfay:wd;k
yGm;r_onf tqH;k r&S/d tuef@towfr&Sjd cif;wdk@a=umifyh if jzpf onf?
urBmavmuESifh ‚if;.w&m;rsm;udk odEidk jf cif;ESifh ywfouf aom rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm±kyf0g'rlrsm;onf azmufjyefaom
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wdu k yf qGJ if&mY wdk;wuf=uD;xGm;aeaom qd&k , S v
f pfpepftwGuf =uD;rm;aomt"dy`g,f &Sdayonf?
obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. yuwdbm0w&m;rsm;udk odjrif&ef jzpfEidk o f nf[k rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRmu
oufaojy±Hrk u xdw k &m;rsm;tay: em;vnf xm;jcif;udk vH;k 0tajcpdu k vf suf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tvkyf tau|;ðy&mY
xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;/ 0dZm… ynmESifh ,Of aus;r_wk@d . jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&; aumif;usK;d rsm;twGuf ‚if; w&m;rsm;udk
rnfodk@rnfyHk toH;k csomG ;&rnf[lonfudk vkyf om;jynforl sm;tm; oif=um;ay;ayonf? ?