Solution Manual For Introduction To Quantum Mechanics 2nd Edition by Griffiths PDF

CHAPTER 1.
THE WAVE FUNCTION 3
Chapter 1
The Wave Function
Problem 1.1
(a)
hji2 = 212 = 441.
1 X 2 1 2
hj 2 i = (14 ) + (152 ) + 3(162 ) + 2(222 ) + 2(242 ) + 5(252 )

j N (j) =
N 14
1 6434
= (196 + 225 + 768 + 968 + 1152 + 3125) = = 459.571.
14 14
j ∆j = j − hji
14 14 − 21 = −7
15 15 − 21 = −6
(b) 16 16 − 21 = −5
22 22 − 21 = 1
24 24 − 21 = 3
25 25 − 21 = 4
1 X 1
σ2 = (∆j)2 N (j) = (−7)2 + (−6)2 + (−5)2 · 3 + (1)2 · 2 + (3)2 · 2 + (4)2 · 5

N 14
1 260
= (49 + 36 + 75 + 2 + 18 + 80) = = 18.571.
14 14
√
σ= 18.571 = 4.309.
(c)
hj 2 i − hji2 = 459.571 − 441 = 18.571. [Agrees with (b).]
2005
c Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they
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4 CHAPTER 1. THE WAVE FUNCTION
Problem 1.2
(a)
h h
h2
Z
2 2 1 1 2 5/2
hx i = x √ dx = √ x = .
0 2 hx 2 h 5
0 5
2
h2 h 4 2 2h
σ 2 = hx2 i − hxi2 = − = h ⇒ σ = √ = 0.2981h.
5 3 45 3 5
(b)
x+ √ x+

1 √ √
Z
1 1
P =1− √ dx = 1 − √ (2 x) = 1 − √ x+ − x− .
x− 2 hx 2 h x− h
x+ ≡ hxi + σ = 0.3333h + 0.2981h = 0.6315h; x− ≡ hxi − σ = 0.3333h − 0.2981h = 0.0352h.
√ √
P =1− 0.6315 + 0.0352 = 0.393.
Problem 1.3
(a)
Z ∞
2
1= Ae−λ(x−a) dx. Let u ≡ x − a, du = dx, u : −∞ → ∞.
−∞
∞
Z r r
−λu2 π λ
1=A e du = A ⇒ A= .
−∞ λ π
(b)
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 2
hxi = A xe−λ(x−a) dx = A (u + a)e−λu du
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
Z Z r
−λu2 −λu2 π
=A ue du + a e du = A 0 + a = a.
−∞ −∞ λ
Z ∞
2
hx2 i = A x2 e−λ(x−a) dx
−∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
2 2 2
=A u2 e−λu du + 2a ue−λu du + a2 e−λu du
−∞ −∞ −∞
r r
1 π π 1
=A + 0 + a2 = a2 + .
2λ λ λ 2λ
1 1 1
σ 2 = hx2 i − hxi2 = a2 + − a2 = ; σ=√ .
2λ 2λ 2λ
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CHAPTER 1. THE WAVE FUNCTION 5
(c)
l(x)
A
a x
Problem 1.4
(a)
( a b )
a b
|A|2 |A|2 x3 (b − x)3
Z Z
2 2 2 1 1
1= 2 (b − x) dx = |A|
x dx +
2 + −
a 0(b − a) a a2 3 0 (b − a)2 3
a
r
2 a b−a 2b 3
= |A| + = |A| ⇒ A= .
3 3 3 b
(b)
^
A
a b x
(c) At x = a.
(d)
a a
|A|2
Z Z
2 2 a 2a P = 1 if b = a, X
P = |Ψ| dx = 2 x dx = |A| = .
0 a 0 3 b P = 1/2 if b = 2a. X
(e)
Z Z a Z b
1 1
hxi = x|Ψ|2 dx = |A|2 2 x3 dx + x(b − x) 2
dx
a 0 (b − a)2 a
( 4 a b )
2
x3 x4

3 1 x 1 2x
= + b − 2b +
b a2 4 0 (b − a)2 2 3 4 a
3 2
a (b − a)2 + 2b4 − 8b4 /3 + b4 − 2a2 b2 + 8a3 b/3 − a4

= 2
4b(b − a)
4
3 b 2 2 2 3 1 2a + b
= 2
−a b + a b = 2
(b3 − 3a2 b + 2a3 ) = .
4b(b − a) 3 3 4(b − a) 4
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Problem 1.5
(a)
∞ ∞
e−2λx |A|2 √
Z Z
2 2 −2λx 2
1= |Ψ| dx = 2|A| e dx = 2|A| = ; A= λ.
0 −2λ 0 λ
(b)
Z Z ∞
hxi = 2
x|Ψ| dx = |A| 2
xe−2λ|x| dx = 0. [Odd integrand.]
−∞
Z ∞
2 2 2 −2λx 2 1
hx i = 2|A| x e dx = 2λ = .
0 (2λ)3 2λ2
(c)
1 1 √ √
σ 2 = hx2 i − hxi2 = ; σ=√ . |Ψ(±σ)|2 = |A|2 e−2λσ = λe−2λ/ 2λ
= λe− 2
= 0.2431λ.
2λ2 2λ
|^| 2
h
.24h
x
<m +m
Probability outside:
∞ ∞ ∞
e−2λx √
Z Z
2 |Ψ|2 dx = 2|A|2 e−2λx dx = 2λ = e−2λσ = e− 2 = 0.2431.
σ σ −2λ σ
Problem 1.6
For integration by parts, the differentiation has to be with respect to the integration variable – in this case the
differentiation is with respect to t, but the integration variable is x. It’s true that
∂ ∂x 2 ∂ ∂
(x|Ψ|2 ) = |Ψ| + x |Ψ|2 = x |Ψ|2 ,
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
but this does not allow us to perform the integration:
Z b Z b
∂ ∂ b
x |Ψ|2 dx = (x|Ψ|2 )dx 6= (x|Ψ|2 )a .
a ∂t a ∂t
2005
publisher.

Problem 1.7
dhpi ∂2Ψ ∂2Ψ
∂
Ψ∗ ∂Ψ
R
From Eq. 1.33, dt = −i~ ∂t ∂x dx. But, noting that ∂x∂t = ∂t∂x and using Eqs. 1.23-1.24:
∂Ψ∗ ∂Ψ i~ ∂ 2 Ψ∗ i~ ∂ 2 Ψ

∂ ∗ ∂Ψ ∗ ∂ ∂Ψ i ∗ ∂Ψ ∗ ∂ i
Ψ = +Ψ = − + VΨ +Ψ − VΨ
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂t 2m ∂x2 ~ ∂x ∂x 2m ∂x2 ~
3 2 ∗

i~ ∂ Ψ ∂ Ψ ∂Ψ i ∂Ψ ∂
= Ψ∗ 3 − 2
+ V Ψ∗ − Ψ∗ (V Ψ)
2m ∂x ∂x ∂x ~ ∂x ∂x
The first term integrates to zero, using integration by parts twice, and the second term can be simplified to
V Ψ∗ ∂Ψ ∗ ∂Ψ ∗ ∂V 2 ∂V
∂x − Ψ V ∂x − Ψ ∂x Ψ = −|Ψ| ∂x . So
Z
dhpi i ∂V ∂V
= −i~ −|Ψ|2 dx = h− i. QED
dt ~ ∂x ∂x
Problem 1.8
2 2
Suppose Ψ satisfies the Schrödinger equation without V0 : i~ ∂Ψ ~ ∂ Ψ
∂t = − 2m ∂x2 + V Ψ. We want to find the solution
2 2
Ψ0 with V0 : i~ ∂Ψ ~ ∂ Ψ0
∂t = − 2m ∂x2 + (V + V0 )Ψ0 .
0
Claim: Ψ0 = Ψe−iV0 t/~ .

h 2 2 i
Proof: i~ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ −iV0 t/~
+ i~Ψ − iV~0 e−iV0 t/~ = − 2m
~ ∂ Ψ −iV0 t/~
+ V0 Ψe−iV0 t/~

∂t = i~ ∂t e ∂x2 + V Ψ e
0
2 2
~ ∂ Ψ0
= − 2m ∂x2 + (V + V0 )Ψ0 . QED
This has no effect on the expectation value of a dynamical variable, since the extra phase factor, being inde-
pendent of x, cancels out in Eq. 1.36.
Problem 1.9
(a)
Z ∞ r r 1/4
2 −2amx2 /~ 21 π π~ 2am
1 = 2|A| e dx = 2|A| = |A|2 ; A= .
0 2 (2am/~) 2am π~
(b)
∂2Ψ 2amx2

∂Ψ ∂Ψ 2amx 2am ∂Ψ 2am
= −iaΨ; =− Ψ; =− Ψ+x =− 1− Ψ.
∂t ∂x ~ ∂x2 ~ ∂x ~ ~
2 2
Plug these into the Schrödinger equation, i~ ∂Ψ ~ ∂ Ψ
∂t = − 2m ∂x2 + V Ψ:
~2 2amx2

2am
V Ψ = i~(−ia)Ψ + − 1− Ψ
2m ~ ~
2amx2

= ~a − ~a 1 − Ψ = 2a2 mx2 Ψ, so V (x) = 2ma2 x2 .
~
2005
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(c)
Z ∞
hxi = x|Ψ|2 dx = 0. [Odd integrand.]
−∞
∞
Z r
2 2 2 −2amx2 /~ 2 1 π~ ~
hx i = 2|A| x e dx = 2|A| 2 = .
0 2 (2am/~) 2am 4am
dhxi
hpi = m = 0.
dt
2
∂2Ψ
Z Z
~ ∂ ∗
2
hp i = Ψ Ψdx = −~2 Ψ∗ 2 dx
i ∂x ∂x
2
Z Z Z
2 ∗ 2am 2amx 2 2am 2 2
= −~ Ψ − 1− Ψ dx = 2am~ |Ψ| dx − x |Ψ| dx
~ ~ ~

2am 2 2am ~ 1
= 2am~ 1 − hx i = 2am~ 1 − = 2am~ = am~.
~ ~ 4am 2
(d)
r
~ ~ √
σx2 2
= hx i − hxi = 2
=⇒ σx = ; σp2 = hp2 i − hpi2 = am~ =⇒ σp = am~.
4am 4am
q
~
√
σx σ p = 4am am~ = ~2 . This is (just barely) consistent with the uncertainty principle.
Problem 1.10
From Math Tables: π = 3.141592653589793238462643 · · ·
P (0) = 0 P (1) = 2/25 P (2) = 3/25 P (3) = 5/25 P (4) = 3/25

(a)
P (5) = 3/25 P (6) = 3/25 P (7) = 1/25 P (8) = 2/25 P (9) = 3/25
N (j)
In general, P (j) = N .
(b) Most probable: 3. Median: 13 are ≤ 4, 12 are ≥ 5, so median is 4.

1
Average: hji = 25 [0 · 0 + 1 · 2 + 2 · 3 + 3 · 5 + 4 · 3 + 5 · 3 + 6 · 3 + 7 · 1 + 8 · 2 + 9 · 3]
1 118
= 25 [0 + 2 + 6 + 15 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 7 + 16 + 27] = 25 = 4.72.
1
(c) hj 2 i = 25 [0 + 12 · 2 + 22 · 3 + 32 · 5 + 42 · 3 + 52 · 3 + 62 · 3 + 72 · 1 + 82 · 2 + 92 · 3]
1 710
= 25 [0 + 2 + 12 + 45 + 48 + 75 + 108 + 49 + 128 + 243] = 25 = 28.4.
√
σ 2 = hj 2 i − hji2 = 28.4 − 4.722 = 28.4 − 22.2784 = 6.1216; σ = 6.1216 = 2.474.
2005
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Problem 1.11
(a) Constant for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, otherwise zero. In view of Eq. 1.16, the constant is 1/π.

1/π, if 0 ≤ θ ≤ π,
ρ(θ) =
0, otherwise.
l(e)
1//
e
<//2 0 / 3//2
(b)
π π
θ2
Z Z
1 1 π
hθi = θρ(θ) dθ = θdθ = = [of course].
π 0 π 2 0 2
π π
θ3 π2
Z
2 1 2 1
hθ i = θ dθ = = .
π 0 π 3 0 3
π2 π2 π2 π
σ 2 = hθ2 i − hθi2 = − = ; σ= √ .
3 4 12 2 3
(c)
Z π
1 1 π 1 2
hsin θi = sin θ dθ = (− cos θ)|0 = (1 − (−1)) = .
π 0 π π π
Z π
1 1 π
hcos θi = (sin θ)|0 = 0.
cos θ dθ =
π
0 π
Z π
1 π
Z
1 1
hcos2 θi = cos2 θ dθ = (1/2)dθ = .
π 0 π 0 2
[Because sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, and the integrals of sin2 and cos2 are equal (over suitable intervals), one can
replace them by 1/2 in such cases.]
Problem 1.12
1
(a) x = r cos θ ⇒ dx = −r sin θ dθ. The probability that the needle lies in range dθ is ρ(θ)dθ = π dθ, so the
probability that it’s in the range dx is
1 dx 1 dx dx
ρ(x)dx = = p = √ .
π r sin θ π r 1 − (x/r)2 π r2 − x2
2005
publisher.

l(x)
-2r -r r 2r x
√ 1

π r 2 −x2
, if − r < x < r,
∴ ρ(x) = [Note: We want the magnitude of dx here.]
0, otherwise.
x r
Rr Rr
sin−1 sin−1 (1) =

Total: √ 1 dx = 2 √ 1 dx = 2
= 2 2
· π
= 1.X
−r π r 2 −x2 π 0 r 2 −x2 π r 0 π π 2
(b)
Z r
1 1
hxi = x√ dx = 0 [odd integrand, even interval].
π −r r2 − x2
2
Z r
x2 2

xp 2 r2 x r 2 2
hx2 i = √ dx = − r − x2 + sin−1 = 2 r sin−1 (1) = r .
π 0
2
r −x2 π 2 2 r
0 π 2 2
√
σ 2 = hx2 i − hxi2 = r2 /2 =⇒ σ = r/ 2.
To get hxi and hx2 i from Problem 1.11(c), use x = r cos θ, so hxi = rhcos θi = 0, hx2 i = r2 hcos2 θi = r2 /2.
Problem 1.13
Suppose the eye end lands a distance y up from a line (0 ≤ y < l), and let x be the projection along that same
direction (−l ≤ x < l). The needle crosses the line above if y + x ≥ l (i.e. x ≥ l − y), and it crosses the line
below if y + x < 0 (i.e. x < −y). So for a given value of y, the probability of crossing (using Problem 1.12) is
(Z )
Z −y Z −y
l Z l
1 1 1
P (y) = ρ(x)dx + ρ(x)dx = √ dx + √ dx
−l l−y π −l l2 − x2 l−y l2 − x2
−y l
1 −1 x −1 x 1
− sin−1 (y/l) + 2 sin−1 (1) − sin−1 (1 − y/l)

= sin + sin =
π l −l l l−y π

sin−1 (y/l) sin−1 (1 − y/l)

=1− − .
π π
Now, all values of y are equally likely, so ρ(y) = 1/l, and hence the probability of crossing is
1 l 1 l
Z
l−y
y Z
π − sin−1 − sin−1 π − 2 sin−1 (y/l) dy

P = dy =
πl 0 l l πl 0
l
1 2 2 2
πl − 2 y sin−1 (y/l) + l 1 − (y/l)2 = 1 − [l sin−1 (1) − l] = 1 − 1 + = .
p
=

πl 0 πl π π
2005
publisher.

Problem 1.14
Rb dPab
Rb∂
(a) Pab (t) = a
|Ψ(x, t)|2 dx, so dt = a ∂t
|Ψ|2 dx. But (Eq. 1.25):
∂|Ψ|2 ∂Ψ∗

∂ i~ ∗ ∂Ψ ∂
= Ψ − Ψ = − J(x, t).
∂t ∂x 2m ∂x ∂x ∂x
Z b
dPab ∂ b
∴ =− J(x, t)dx = − [J(x, t)]|a = J(a, t) − J(b, t). QED
dt a ∂x
Probability is dimensionless, so J has the dimensions 1/time, and units seconds−1 .

2 ∗
−iat df iat df
(b) Here Ψ(x, t) = f (x)e−iat , where f (x) ≡ Ae−amx /~
, so Ψ ∂Ψ
∂x = f e dx e = f dx ,
df
and Ψ∗ ∂Ψ
∂x = f dx too, so J(x, t) = 0.
Problem 1.15
∂Ψ∗ i~ ∂ Ψ2 ∗
i ∗ ∗
(a) Eq. 1.24 now reads ∂t = − 2m ∂x2 + ~ V Ψ , and Eq. 1.25 picks up an extra term:
∂ i i 2Γ 2
|Ψ|2 = · · · + |Ψ|2 (V ∗ − V ) = · · · + |Ψ|2 (V0 + iΓ − V0 + iΓ) = · · · − |Ψ| ,
∂t ~ ~ ~
2Γ ∞
and Eq. 1.27 becomes dP 2 2Γ
R
dt = − ~ −∞ |Ψ| dx = − ~ P . QED
(b)
dP 2Γ 2Γ ~
= − dt =⇒ ln P = − t + constant =⇒ P (t) = P (0)e−2Γt/~ , so τ = .
P ~ ~ 2Γ
Problem 1.16
Use Eqs. [1.23] and [1.24], and integration by parts:
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ ∗
d ∂ ∂Ψ1 ∗ ∂Ψ2
Ψ∗1 Ψ2 dx = ∗
(Ψ1 Ψ2 ) dx = Ψ2 + Ψ1 dx
dt −∞ −∞ ∂t −∞ ∂t ∂t
Z ∞
−i~ ∂ 2 Ψ∗1 i~ ∂ 2 Ψ2

i ∗ ∗ i
= + V Ψ1 Ψ2 + Ψ1 − V Ψ2 dx
−∞ 2m ∂x2 ~ 2m ∂x2 ~
Z ∞
∂ 2 Ψ∗1 2

i~ ∗ ∂ Ψ2
= − Ψ2 − Ψ1 dx
2m −∞ ∂x2 ∂x2
" ∞ Z ∞ ∞ Z ∞ #
i~ ∂Ψ∗1 ∂Ψ∗1 ∂Ψ2 ∗ ∂Ψ2
∂Ψ∗1 ∂Ψ2
= − Ψ2 − dx − Ψ1 + dx = 0. QED
2m ∂x −∞ −∞ ∂x ∂x ∂x −∞ −∞ ∂x ∂x
2005
publisher.

Problem 1.17
(a)
a a 3
a
x5
Z Z
2 2 2 2 2 4 2x 4 2 2 4 2

1 = |A| a − x dx = 2|A| a − 2a x + x dx = 2|A| a x − 2a +
−a 0 3 5 0
r
2 1 16 5 2 15
= 2|A|2 a5 1 − + = a |A| , so A = .
3 5 15 16a5
(b)
Z a
hxi = x|Ψ|2 dx = 0. (Odd integrand.)
−a
(c)
Z a d 2
~ 2
a2 − x2 a − x2 dx = 0.

hpi = A (Odd integrand.)
i −a |dx {z }
−2x
Since we only know hxi at t = 0 we cannot calculate dhxi/dt directly.

(d)
Z a 2
Z a
hx2 i = A2 x2 a2 − x2 dx = 2A2 a4 x2 − 2a2 x4 + x6 dx

−a 0
3 5
a
x7

15 4x 2x 15 7 1 2 1
=2 a − 2a + = a − +
16a5 3 5 7 0 8a5 3 5 7
2 35 − 42 + 15 a2 8 a2

15a
· =

= = .
8 3·
5·7 8 7 7
(e)
Z a d2 2
Z a
hp2 i = −A2 ~2 a2 − x2 a − x2 dx = 2A2 ~2 2 a2 − x2 dx

2
−a |dx {z } 0
−2
a
x3 15~2 3 a3 15~2 2 5 ~2

15 2
=4· ~ a2 x − = a − = · = .
16a5 3 0 4a5 3 4a2 3 2 a2
(f )
r
p 1 2 a
σx = hx2 i − hxi2 = a = √ .
7 7
(g)
r r
p 5 ~2 5~
σp = hp2 i − hpi2 = = .
2 a2 2a
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(h)
r r r
a 5~ 5 10 ~ ~
σx σp = √ · = ~= > .X
7 2a 14 7 2 2
Problem 1.18
h h2
√ >d ⇒ T < .
3mkB T 3mkB d2
(a) Electrons (m = 9.1 × 10−31 kg):
(6.6 × 10−34 )2
T < = 1.3 × 105 K.
3(9.1 × 10−31 )(1.4 × 10−23 )(3 × 10−10 )2
Sodium nuclei (m = 23mp = 23(1.7 × 10−27 ) = 3.9 × 10−26 kg):
(6.6 × 10−34 )2
T < = 3.0 K.
3(3.9 × 10−26 )(1.4 × 10−23 )(3 × 10−10 )2
(b) P V = N kB T ; volume occupied by one molecule (N = 1, V = d3 ) ⇒ d = (kB T /P )1/3 .

2/3 3/5
h2 h2 P 2/3 h2

P 1
T < ⇒ T 5/3 < 5/3
⇒T < P 2/5 .
3mkB kB T 3m k kB 3m
B
For helium (m = 4mp = 6.8 × 10−27 kg) at 1 atm = 1.0 × 105 N/m2 :
3/5
(6.6 × 10−34 )2

1
T < (1.0 × 105 )2/5 = 2.8 K.
(1.4 × 10−23 ) 3(6.8 × 10−27 )
For atomic hydrogen (m = mp = 1.7 × 10−27 kg) with d = 0.01 m:
(6.6 × 10−34 )2
T < = 6.2 × 10−14 K.
3(1.7 × 10−27 )(1.4× 10−23 )(10−2 )2
At 3 K it is definitely in the classical regime.
2005
publisher.

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CHAPTER 1.

THE WAVE FUNCTION 3

The Wave Function

hji2 = 212 = 441.

hj 2 i − hji2 = 459.571 − 441 = 18.571. [Agrees with (b).]

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x+ ≡ hxi + σ = 0.3333h + 0.2981h = 0.6315h; x− ≡ hxi − σ = 0.3333h − 0.2981h = 0.0352h.

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Claim: Ψ0 = Ψe−iV0 t/~ .

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P (0) = 0 P (1) = 2/25 P (2) = 3/25 P (3) = 5/25 P (4) = 3/25

(b) Most probable: 3. Median: 13 are ≤ 4, 12 are ≥ 5, so median is 4.

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sin−1 (y/l) sin−1 (1 − y/l)

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Probability is dimensionless, so J has the dimensions 1/time, and units seconds−1 .

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Since we only know hxi at t = 0 we cannot calculate dhxi/dt directly.

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(a) Electrons (m = 9.1 × 10−31 kg):

Sodium nuclei (m = 23mp = 23(1.7 × 10−27 ) = 3.9 × 10−26 kg):

(b) P V = N kB T ; volume occupied by one molecule (N = 1, V = d3 ) ⇒ d = (kB T /P )1/3 .

For atomic hydrogen (m = mp = 1.7 × 10−27 kg) with d = 0.01 m:

At 3 K it is definitely in the classical regime.

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Introduction-to-Quantum-Mechanics-2nd-Edition-by-Griffiths

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