Chapter18 PDF

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION AND BENDING - II

18
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, the basic theory governing the behaviour of beams subjected to
torsion was discussed. A member subjected to torsional moments would twist about a
longitudinal axis through the shear centre of the cross section. It was also pointed out
that when the resultant of applied forces passed through the longitudinal shear centre axis
no torsion would occur. In general, torsional moments would cause twisting and warping
of the cross sections.
When the torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large compared with its warping rigidity (EΓ),
the section would effectively be in uniform torsion and warping moment would unlikely
to be significant from the designer's perspective. Examples of this behaviour are closed
hot-rolled sections (e.g. rectangular or square hollow sections) and rolled angles and
Tees. Note that warping moment is developed only if warping deformation is restrained.
Warping deformation in angle and T-sections are not small, only warping moment would
be small. On the other hand, most thin walled open sections have much smaller torsional
rigidity (GJ) compared with warping rigidity (EΓ) values and these sections will be
exhibiting significant warping moment. Hot rolled I sections and H sections would
exhibit torsional behaviour in-between these two extremes and the applied loading is
resisted by a combination of uniform torsion and warping torsion.
2.0 DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE
Any structural arrangement in which the loads are transferred to an I beam by torsion is
not an efficient one for resisting loads. The message for the designers is "Avoid Torsion
- if you can ". In a very large number of practical designs, the loads are usually applied
in a such a manner that their resultant passes through the centroid. If the section is
doubly symmetric (such as I or H sections) this automatically eliminates torsion, as the
shear centre and centroid of the symmetric cross section coincide. Even otherwise load
transfer through connections may - in many cases - be regarded as ensuring that the loads
are effectively applied through the shear centre, thus eliminating the need for designing
for torsion. Furthermore, in situations where the floor slabs are supported on top flanges
of channel sections, the loads may effectively be regarded as being applied through the
shear centre since the flexural stiffness of the attached slab prevents torsion of the
channel.
Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would cause torsion) is unavoidable,

alternative methods of resisting torsion efficiently should be investigated. These include
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Version II 18 -1
design using box sections, tubular (hollow) sections or lattice box girders which are fully
triangulated on all faces. All these are more efficient means of resisting torsional
moments compared with I or H sections. Unless it is essential to utilise the torsional
resistance of an I section, it is not necessary to take account of it. The likely torsional
effects due to a particular structural arrangement chosen should be considered in the early
stages of design, rather than left to the final stages, when perhaps an inappropriate
member has already been chosen.
3.0 PURE TORSION AND WARPING
In the previous chapter, the concepts of uniform torsion and warping torsion were
explained and the relevant equations derived.
When a torque is applied only at the ends of a member such that the ends are free to
warp, then the member would develop only pure torsion.
The total angle of twist (φ ) over a length of z is given by
Tq ⋅ z
φ= (1)
GJ
where Tq = applied torque
GJ = Torsional Rigidity
When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate of change of angle of twist will vary
along the length of the member. The warping shear stress (τw) at a point is given by
E S wms φ ′′′
τw = − (2)
t
where E = Modulus of elasticity

Swms = Warping statical moment at a particular point S chosen.
The warping normal stress (σw) due to bending moment in-plane of flanges (bi-moment)
is given by
σw = - E .Wnwfs . φ''
where Wnwfs = Normalised warping function at the chosen point S.
4.0 COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION
There will be some interaction between the torsional and flexural effects, when a load
produces both bending and torsion. The angle of twist φ caused by torsion would be
amplified by bending moment, inducing additional warping moments and torsional
shears. The following analysis was proposed by Nethercot, Salter and Malik in reference
(2).
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4.1 Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"
The maximum stress at the most highly stressed cross section is limited to the design
strength (fy /γm). Assuming elastic behaviour and assuming that the loads produce bending
about the major axis in addition to torsion, the longitudinal direct stresses will be due to
three causes.
Mx ⎫
σ bx = ⎪
Zx
⎪
M yt ⎪
σ byt = ⎬ (3)
Zy ⎪
⎪
σ w = E.Wnwfs .φ '' ⎪
⎭
σbyt is dependent on Myt, which itself is dependent on the major axis moment Mx and the
twist φ.
Myt = φ Mx (4)
Thus the "capacity check" for major axis bending becomes:
σbx + σbyt +σw ≤ fy /γm. (5)
Methods of evaluating φ, φ′, φ′′ and φ′′′ for various conditions of loading and boundary
conditions are given in reference (2).
4.2 Buckling Check
Whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the design (i.e. when pb is less than fy) the
values of σw and σbyt will be amplified. Nethercot, Salter and Malik have suggested a
simple "buckling check" along lines similar to BS 5950, part 1
Mx (
σ byt + σ w ⎡ ) Mx⎤
+ ⎢1 + 0.5 ⎥ ≤1
Mb (
f y /γ m ⎣ ) Mb ⎦
(6)
where M x , equivalent uniform moment = mx Mx

ME M p
and Mb , the buckling resistance moment =
(
φB + φB 2 − M E M p )1
2
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M p + (η LT + 1) M E
in which φB =
2
MP , the plastic moment capacity = fy . Zp / γm
Zp = the plastic section modulus

Mp π2 E
ME , the elastic critical moment =
fy
λ LT 2 ⋅ γm
where λLT is the equivalent slenderness.
4.3 Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor axis moments
When the applied loading produces both major axis and minor axis moments, the
"capacity checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified as follows:
Capacity check:
σbx + σbyt +σw + σby ≤ fy/γm (7)
Buckling check:
Mx
+
My
+
(
σ byt + σ w ⎡ ) Mx⎤
⎢1 + 0.5 ⎥ ≤1
Mb fy Zy /γ m (
fy /γ m ⎣ ) Mb ⎦
(8)
where M y = m y M y
σ byt = M y / Z y
4.4 Torsional Shear Stress
Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses should also be amplified in a similar
manner:
⎛ Mx⎞
τ vt = (τ t + τ w ) ⎜⎜ 1 + 0.5 ⎟
⎟ (9)
⎝ M b ⎠
This shear stress should be added to the shear stresses due to bending in checking the
adequacy of the section.
5.0 DESIGN METHOD FOR LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
The analysis for the lateral torsional buckling is very complex because of the different
types of structural actions involved. Also the basic theory of elastic lateral stability
cannot be directly used for the design purpose because
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• the formulae for elastic critical moment ME are too complex for routine use and
• there are limitations to their extension in the ultimate range
A simple method of computing the buckling resistance of beams is given below. In a
manner analogous to the Perry-Robertson Method for columns, the buckling resistance
moment, Mb, is obtained as the smaller root of the equation
(ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = ηLT. ME Mb (10)
As explained in page 3, Mb is given by,

ME M p
Mb =
(
φB + φB2 − M E M p ) 1
2
M p + (η LT + 1) M E
where φB =
2
[ As defined above, ME = Elastic critcal moment
Mp = fy . Zp / γm
ηLT = Perry coefficient, similar to column buckling coefficient
Zp = Plastic section modulus]
In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1 uses a curve based on the above
concept (Fig. 1 ) (similar to column curves) in which the bending strength of the beam is
expressed as a function of its slenderness (λLT ). The design method is explained below.
The buckling resistance moment Mb is given by
Mb= pb .Zp (11)
where pb = bending strength allowing for susceptibility to lateral -torsional buckling.
Zp = plastic section modulus.
It should be noted that pb = fy for low values of slenderness of beams and the value of pb
drops, as the beam becomes longer and the beam slenderness, calculated as given below,
increases. This behaviour is analogous to columns.
The beam slenderness (λLT) is given by,
E
λ LT = π 2 ⋅ λ LT (12)
fy
Mp
where λ LT =
ME
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Beam fails by yield

300
200
Beam buckling
pb
N/mm2
100
0
50 100 150 200 250
λLT
Fig.1 Bending strength for rolled sections of design strength

275 N/mm2 according to BS 5950
Fig. 2 is plotted in a non-dimensional form comparing the observed test data with the two
theoretical values of upper bounds, viz. Mp and ME. The test data were obtained from a
typical set of lateral torsional buckling data, using hot-rolled sections. In Fig. 2 three
distinct regions of behaviour can be observed:-
• stocky beams which are able to attain the plastic moment Mp, for values ofλ LT below
about 0.4.
• Slender beams which fail at moments close to ME, for values of λ LT above about 1.2
• beams of intermediate slenderness which fail to reach either Mp or ME . In this case

0.4 < λ LT < 1.2
Beams having short spans usually fail by yielding. So lateral stability does not influence
their design. Beams having long spans would fail by lateral buckling and these are
termed "slender". For the practical beams which are in the intermediate range without
lateral restraint, design must be based on considerations of inelastic buckling.
In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 permits that the value of fy can be adopted for the
full plastic moment capacity pb for λLT < 0.4 . This corresponds to λLT values of around
37 (for steels having fy= 275 N/mm2) below which the lateral instability is NOT of
concern.
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Plastic yield
1.0
ME / MP
0.8
0.6
M / Mp
0.4
stocky intermediate slender

0.2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
MP
λ LT =
ME
Fig.2 Comparison of test data (mostly I sections) with theoretical elastic critical moments
For more slender beams, pb is a function of λLT which is given by ,

λ
λLT = uv (13)
ry
u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional index.
For flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis,

1
⎛ 4 Z p2 γ ⎞ 4
u = ⎜ 2 2 ⎟
⎜ A h ⎟
and x = 0.566 hs A
J
( ) 1
2
⎝ s ⎠
For flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis
1 1
⎛ I y ⋅ Z p 2γ ⎞ 4 ⎛ AΓ ⎞ 2
u = ⎜ ⎟ and x = 1.132 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ A2 Γ ⎟ ⎜ Iy J ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
In the above Zp = plastic modulus about the major axis

⎛ Iy ⎞
γ = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
⎟
⎝ I x ⎠
A = cross sectional area of the member
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2 3 3
hs t1 t2 b1 b2
Γ torsional warping constant ≅
( )
=
12 t1 b13 + t2 b23
J = the torsion constant
hs = the distance between the shear centres of the flanges
t1, t2 = flange thicknesses
b1, b2 = flange widths
We can assume
u = 0.9 for rolled UBs, UCs, RSJs and channels

= 1.0 for all other sections.
⎛ λ ⎞
v = a function of ⎜ , x ⎟ is given in Table 14 of BS5950: Part I
⎜ ry ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(for a preliminary assessment v = 1)
x = D/T providing the above values of u are used.
5.1 Unequal flanged sections
For unequal flanged sections, eqn. 11 is used for finding the buckling moment of
resistance. The value of λLT is determined by eqn.13 using the appropriate section
properties. In that equation u may be taken as 1.0 and v includes an allowance for the
degree of monosymmetry through the parameter N = Ic / (Ic + It ) . Table 14 of BS5950:
Part 1 must now be entered with (λE /ry )/x and N .
5.2 Evaluation of differential equations
For a member subjected to concentrated torque with torsion fixed and warping free
condition at the ends ( torque applied at varying values of αL), the values of φ and
its differentials are given by
Tq
α λ (1-
⎧ ⎡ αλ ⎤ ⎫
Tq .a ⎪⎪ sinh
z ⎢ a − cosh α λ ⎥ z ⎪⎪
For 0 ≤ z ≤ α λ, φ = ⎨(1 − α ) + ⎢ ⎥ sinh ⎬
GJ ⎪ a ⎢ tanh λ a ⎥ a⎪
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ a ⎥
⎦ ⎪⎭
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⎧ ⎡ αλ ⎤ ⎫
Tq ⎪⎪ ⎢ sinh a α λ⎥ z ⎪⎪
φ′ = ⎨(1 − α ) + ⎢ − cosh ⎥ cosh ⎬
GJ ⎪ ⎢ tanh λ a ⎥ a⎪
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ a ⎥
⎦ ⎪⎭
⎡ αλ ⎤
Tq ⎢ sinh a αλ⎥ z
φ ′′ = ⎢ − cosh ⎥ sinh
GJa ⎢ λ a⎥ a
tanh
⎢⎣ a ⎥
⎦
⎡ αλ ⎤
Tq ⎢ sinh a αλ⎥ z
φ ′′′ = ⎢ − cosh ⎥ cosh
G J a2 λ a⎥ a
⎢ tanh
⎣ a ⎦
Similar equations are available for different loading cases and for different values of αλ.
Readers may wish to refer Ref. (2) for more details. We are unable to reproduce these on
account of copyright restrictions.
6.0 SUMMARY
This chapter is aimed at explaining a simple method of evaluating torsional effects and to
verify the adequacy of a chosen cross section when subjected to torsional moments. The
method recommended is consistent with BS 5950: Part 1.
7.0 REFERENCES
(1) British Standards Institution, BS 5950: Part 1: 1985. Structural use of steelwork in
Building part 1: Code of Practice for design in simple and continuous
construction: hot rolled sections. BSI, 1985.
(2) Nethercot, D. A., Salter, P. R., and Malik, A. S. Design of Members Subject to
Combined Bending and Torsion , The Steel construction Institute , 1989.
(3) Steelwork design guide to BS 5950: Part 1 1985, Volume 1 Section properties and
member capacities. The Steel Construction Institute, 1985.
(4) Introduction to Steelwork Design to BS 5950: Part 1,
The Steel Construction Institute, 1988.
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Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 1 of 14 Rev.

Job title:
Design Project Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
CALCULATION SHEET
Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000
Example 1
The beam shown below is unrestrained along its length. An eccentric load is applied
to the bottom flange at the centre of the span in such a way that it does not provide
any lateral restraint to the member.
The end conditions are assumed to be simply supported for bending and fixed against
torsion but free for warping. For the factored loads shown, check the adequacy of the
trial section.
A B Stiffener to
prevent flange
and web
buckling
e = 75 mm
W = 100 kN
W = 100 kN
2000mm
λ = 4000 mm
Replace the actual loading by an equivalent arrangement, comprising a vertical load

applied through the shear centre and a torsional moment as shown below.
Tq = W.e
=
e negative angle of
twist due to Tq
W W
Version II 18 -10

Job title:
CALCULATION SHEET Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000
Loadings due to plane bending and
torsion are shown below. z
W
α
Tq
+
λ
λ
(i) Plane
(ii) Torsional
Loading (Note: These are factored loads and are not to be multiplied by γf)
Point load, W = 100 kN

Distributed load (self weight), w = 1 kN/m (say)
Eccentricity, e = 75 mm
Bending effects ( at U.L.S)
Moment at B, MxB = 102 kNm

Shear at A, FvA = 52 kN
Shear at B, FvB = 50 kN
Torsional effects ( at U.L.S)
Torsional moment, Tq = W.e

Tq = 100 × 75 × 10-3 = 7.5 kNm
This acts in a negative sense, ∴ Tq = -7.5 kNm
Generally wide flange sections are preferable to deal with significant torsion. In this
example, however, an ISWB section will be tried.
Try ISWB 500 × 250 @ 95.2 kg/m

Section properties from steel tables.
Depth of section D = 500 mm

Width of section B = 250 mm
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Job title:
CALCULATION SHEET Made by RSP Date Jan. 2000
Checked by RN Date Jan. 2000
B = 250 mm
Web thickness t = 9.9 mm

Flange thickness T = 14.7 mm
Moment of inertia Ixx = 52291 cm4
Moment of inertia Iyy = 2988 cm4 9.9 mm
Radius of gyration ry = 49.6 mm D = 500 mm
Elastic modulus Zx = 2092 cm3
Elastic modulus Zy = 239 cm3
Cross sectional area A = 121.2 cm2
14 7 mm
Additional properties
Torsional constant, J =
1
3
[
2BT 3 + (D − 2T ) t 3 ]
=
1
3
[
2 × 250 × 14.7 3 + (500 − 2 × 14.7 ) 9.9 3 ] = 682 × 103 mm4
I y ⋅ h2
Warping constant, Γ =
4
2988 × 10 4 × (500 − 14.7 )
2
= = 1.76 × 1012 mm6
4
E
Shear modulus, G =
2 (1 + υ )
2 × 10 5
= 2 (1 + 0.3) = 76.9 kN / mm
2
1
⎛ EΓ ⎞ 2
Torsional bending constant, a = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ G J ⎠
1
⎛ 2 × 10 5 × 1.76 × 1012 ⎞ 2
= ⎜ ⎟ = 2591 mm
⎜ 76.9 × 10 3 × 682 × 10 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
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Job title:
hB
Normalized warping function, Wnwfs =
4
=
(500 − 14.7 ) × 250
4
= 30331 mm2
h B2 T
Warping statical moment, S wms =
16
485.3 × 250 2 × 14.7
=
16
= 2787 × 104 mm4
Statical moment for flange, Qf = Af . yf
= ( 120.05 × 14.7) × 242.7
= 428.2 × 103 mm3
Statical moment for web, Qw = (A/2) × yw
⎡ 235.3 ⎤
⎢14.7 × 250 × 242.7 + 9.9 × 235.3 × 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
yw = = 194.2 mm
14.7 × 250 + 9.9 × 235.3
∴ Qw = 6061 × 194.2
= 1166 × 103 mm3
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Job title:
250 ⎡ 250 × 500 2 240.1 × 470.6 2 ⎤
Material Properties × ⎢ − ⎥ = 507 kNm
1.15 ⎣⎢ 4 4 ⎦⎥
Shear modulus, G = 76.9 kN/mm2
Design strength, py = 250 / γm = 250 / 1.15 = 217 N/mm2
Check for Combined bending and torsion
(i) Buckling check ( at Ultimate Limit State)
Mx
+
(
σ byt + σ w ⎡ ) M ⎤
1 + 0.5 x ⎥ ≤ 1
fy ⎢
Mb ⎣ Mb ⎦
γm
Mx = m × M xB
m = 1.0
∴ M x = 1.0 × M xB = 102 kNm
Effective length λE = 1.0 L λE = 4000 mm
ME M p
The buckling resistance moment, Mb =
(
φB + φB 2 − M E M p )1
2
M p + (η LT + 1) M E
φB = BS 5950:
2
Part I
where App.B.2
ME = elastic critical moment
Mp = plastic moment capacity
= fy.Zp / γm =
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Job title:
Mp π2 E
Elastic critical moment, ME = BS 5950:
λ LT 2 ⋅ p y Part I
λLT = the equivalent slenderness = nuv λ App.B.2.2
λ = the minor axis slenderness = λE / ry = 4000 / 49.6 = 80.7
n = 0.86, u = 0.9 BS 5950:

Part I
v = slenderness factor (according to N and λ/x) Table 14
I cf
N = = 0.5 ( for equal flanged sections)
I cf + I tf
1
⎛ AΓ ⎞ 2
x = 1.132 ⎜ ⎟ BS 5950:
⎜ I y .J ⎟ Part 1
⎝ ⎠
1 App.B.2.5
⎛ 12122 × 1.76 × 1012 ⎞ 2
= 1.132 ⎜⎜ 4
⎟
3 ⎟
= 36.63
⎝ 2988 × 10 × 681.6 × 10 ⎠
λ/x = 80.7 / 36.6 = 2.2
v = 0.948
λLT = nuvλ
= 0.86 × 0.9 × 0.948 × 80.7 = 59.2

583 × 10 6 × π 2 × 2 × 10 5
ME =
59.2 2 × 217
= 1143 kNm
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Job title:
M p + (η LT + 1) M E BS 5950:
φB = Part 1
2 App.B.2.3
The Perry coefficient, ηLT = αb ( λLT - λLO )

1
⎛π2 E ⎞ 2
Limiting equivalent slenderness, λ LO = 0.4 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ py ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1
⎛ π 2 × 2 × 10 5 ⎞ 2
= 0.4 ⎜ ⎟ = 3 8 .2
⎜ 217 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ηLT = 0.007 ( 59.2 – 38.2 ) = 0.15
507 + (0.15 + 1) × 1143

∴ φB = = 911 kNm
2
ME M p
∴ Mb =
(
φB + φB2 − M E M p )1 2
1143 × 507
= = 411 kNm
(
911 + 911 2
− 1143 × 507 2 ) 1
Myt = Mx . φ
To calculate φ
λ / a = 4000 / 2591 = 1.54

z = αλ, α = 0.5
= 0.5 × 4000 = 2000
α λ / a = 0.77
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Job title:
⎧ ⎡ αλ ⎤ ⎫ Ref. 2.0
Tq .a ⎪⎪ ⎢ sinh ⎥ ⎪
z a − cosh α λ sinh z ⎪ App. B
φ = ⎨(1 − α ) + ⎢ ⎥ ⎬
GJ ⎪ a ⎢ tanh λ a ⎥ a⎪
⎪⎩ ⎣⎢ a ⎦⎥ ⎪⎭
− 7.5 × 10 6 × 2591 ⎧ ⎡ sinh0.77 ⎤ ⎫
=
3 ⎨ (1 − 0.5 ) 0.77 + ⎢ − cosh0.77 ⎥ sinh0.77 ⎬
76.9 × 10 × 681.6 × 10 3 ⎩ ⎣ tanh1.54 ⎦ ⎭
= − 0.023 rads
Myt = 102 × 0.023 = 2.36 kNm

M yt 2.36 × 10 6
σ byt = = = 9.89 N / mm 2
Zy 239 × 10 3
σw = E . Wnwfs .φ′′
To calculate φ′′
⎡ αλ ⎤
Tq ⎢ sinh ⎥
a − cosh α λ z
φ ′′ = ⎢ ⎥ sinh Ref. 2.0
GJa ⎢ λ a ⎥ a App. B
tanh
⎢⎣ a ⎥
⎦
− 7.5 × 10 6 ⎡ sinh0.77 ⎤
= ⎢ tanh1.54 − cosh 0.77 ⎥ sinh0.77
3 3
76.9 × 10 × 681.6 × 10 × 2591 ⎣ ⎦
= 1.8 × 10 −8
σw = 2 × 105 × 30331 × 1.8 × 10-8 = 109 N / mm2
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Job title:
Mx
+
(
σ byt + σ w ⎡ )
M ⎤
1 + 0.5 x ⎥ ≤ 1
fy ⎢
Mb ⎣ Mb ⎦
γm
102 × 10 6 (9.9+ 109.2 ) ⎡ 102 × 10 6 ⎤
+ ⎢1 + 0.5 × ⎥ = <
( )
0.86 1
411 × 10 6 250 ⎢⎣ 411 × 10 6 ⎥⎦
1.15
∴ Buckling is O. K
(i) Local "capacity" check
σbx + σbyt + σw ≤ fy / γm
σbx = Mx / Zx = 102 × 106 / 2092 × 103 = 48.8 N / mm2
∴ 48.8 + 9.9 + 109.2 = 168 N / mm2 < 217 N / mm2
∴ O. K
Strictly the shear stresses due to combined bending and torsion should be checked,
although these will seldom be critical.
Shear stresses due to bending (at Ultimate Limit state)
At support:-
FVA . Qw 52 × 10 3 × 1166 × 10 3
In web, τ bw = =
I x .t 52291 × 10 4 × 9.9
= 11.7 N / mm 2
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Job title:
FVA . Q f 52 × 10 3 × 428.2 × 10 3
In flange, τ bf = =
I x .T 52291 × 10 4 × 14.7
= 2.9 N / mm 2
At midspan :-
In web, τbw = 11.3 N / mm2
In flange, τbf = 2.8 N / mm2
Shear stresses due to torsion ( at Ultimate Limit state )
Stress due to pure torsion, τt = G.t.φ′

− E . S wms .φ ′′′
Stress due to warping, τw =
t
To calculate φ′ and φ′′′
⎧ ⎡ αλ ⎤ ⎫
Tq ⎪⎪ ⎢ sinh a α λ⎥ z ⎪⎪
φ′ = ⎨(1 − α ) + ⎢ − cosh ⎥ cosh ⎬ Ref. 2.0
GJ ⎪ ⎢ tanh λ a ⎥ a⎪ App.B
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ a ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
⎡ αλ ⎤
Tq ⎢ sinh a α λ⎥ z
φ ′′′ = ⎢ − cosh ⎥ cosh
G J a 2 ⎢ tanh λ a ⎥ a
⎣⎢ a ⎦⎥
At α = 0.5,
αλ 0.5 × 4000
= = 0.77
a 2591
αλ αλ λ
sinh = 0.851, cosh = 1.313, tanh = 0.913
a a a
Version II 18 -19

Job title:
At support, z = 0
z
cosh = cosh(0) = 1.0
a
At midspan, z = 2000
z
cosh = cosh(0.77) = 1.313
a
At support
−7.5 × 106 ⎡ 0.851 ⎤

φ ′′′ = ⎢ 0.913 − 1.313⎥ × 1
76.9 × 10 3 × 681.6 × 10 3 × 25912 ⎣ ⎦
∴ φ ′′′ = 0.812 × 10 −11
− 7.5 × 106 ⎡ ⎡ 0.851 ⎤ ⎤
φ′ = ⎢(1 − 0.5 ) + ⎢ 0.913 − 1.313⎥ × 1⎥
76.9 × 10 3 × 681.6 × 10 3 ⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
= − 1.7 × 10 − 5
Stresses due to pure torsion.
In web, τtw = G.t.φ′
τtw = 76.9 × 103× 9.9 × (-1.7 × 10-5 )
= - 12.95 N / mm2
In flange, τtf = G. T . φ′
τtf = 76.9 × 103 × 14.7 × (-1.7 × 10-5)
= - 19.22 N / mm2
Version II 18 -20

Job title:
Stresses due to warping in flange,

− E. S wms .φ ′′′
τ wf =
T
− 2 × 10 5 × 2787 × 10 4 × 0.812 × 10 −11
τ wf = = − 3.1 N / mm 2
14.7
At midspan
φ′ = 0
−7.5 × 10 6 ⎡ 0.851 ⎤
φ ′′′ = 3 3 2 ⎢
− 1.313⎥ × 1.313
76.9 × 10 × 681.6 × 10 × 2591 ⎣ 0.913 ⎦
= 1.06 × 10 −11
Stresses due to pure torsion,
In web, τtw = G.t.φ′ = 0
In flange, τtf = G.T.φ′ = 0
Stresses due to warping in flange,

− E. S wms .φ ′′′
τ wf =
T
− 2 × 10 5 × 2787 × 10 4 × 1.06 × 10 −11
τ wf = = − 4.02 N / mm 2
14.7
By inspection the maximum combined shear stresses occur at the support.
Version II 18 -21

Job title:
0 1 2
At support
⎛ Mx ⎞
τ vt = ( τt + τ w ) ⎜ 1 + 0.5
⎜
⎟
⎟
⎝ Mb ⎠
In web at 3, τ tw = − 12.95 N / mm 2
⎛ 102 ⎞
∴ τ vt = − 12.95 ⎜ 1 + 0.5 × ⎟ = − 14.6 N /mm 2
⎝ 411 ⎠
This must be added to the shear stresses due to plane bending.
τ = τbw + τvt
τ = ± 11.7 - 14.6 = - 26.3 N / mm2( acting downwards)
In the top flange at 1, τtf = - 19.2 N / mm2
τ wf = - 3.1 N / mm2
⎛ 102 ⎞
∴ τ vt = (− 19.2 − 3.1)⎜ 1 + 0.5 ⎟ = − 25.1 N / mm 2
⎝ 411 ⎠
τ = τbf + τvt = - 27.9 N / mm2 ( acting left to right)
Version II 18 -22

Job title:
Shear strength, fv = 0.6 fy / γm = 0.6 × 250 /1.15 = 130 N / mm2
Since τ < fv 27.9 < 130 N / mm2
Section is adequate for shear
Referring back to the determination of the maximum angle of twist φ, in order to

obtain the value at working load it is sufficient to replace the value of torque Tq
with the working load value as φ is linearly dependent on Tq. Since Tq is due to solely
the imposed point load W, dividing by the appropriate value of γf will give :-
7.5
∴ Working load value of Tq is = 4.7 kNm
1.6
0.026
the corresponding value of φ = = 0.016 rads = 0.93°
1.6
On the assumption that a maximum twist of 2° is acceptable at working load, in this
instance the beam is satisfactory.
Version II 18 -23

Job title:
Worked Example.Flexural member
Made by RSP Date Jan 2000
CALCULATION SHEET Checked by RN Date Jan 2000
Example 2
Redesign the member shown in example 1, using a rectangular hollow section.
Try 300 × 200 × 8 @ 60.5 kg / m R. H. S

Section properties.
Depth of section D = 300 mm

Width of section B = 200 mm
Web thickness t = 8 mm 8 mm
Flange thickness T = 8 mm
Area of section A = 77.1 cm2 D = 300
Moment of inertia Ix = 9798 cm4 8 mm
Radius of gyration ry = 8.23 cm
Elastic modulus Zx = 653 cm3
Elastic modulus Zy = 522 cm3
Plastic modulus Zp = 785 cm3 200
Additional properties
t3 h
Torsional constant J = + 2 K ⋅ Ah
3
Area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the section, Ah = (B - t ) (D - T)
(neglecting the corner radii)
= ( 200 - 8 )(300 - 8)
= 56064 mm2
The mean perimeter, h = 2[(B - t) + ( D - T)]
= 2[( 200 - 8) + ( 300 - 8)] = 968 mm
Version II 18 -24

Job title:
2 Ah ⋅ t 2 × 56064 × 8
K = = = 927 mm 2
h 968
8 3 × 968
∴ Torsional constant, J = + 2 × 927 × 56064
3
= 104 × 106 mm 4
J
Torsional modulus constant, C =
t + K
t
104 × 106
= = 840 × 10 3 mm3
8 + 927 8
Material properties
Shear modulus, G E 2 × 10 5
= = = 76.9 kN / mm 2
2 (1 +υ ) 2 (1 + 0.3)
Design strength, py = 250 / γm = 250 / 1.15 = 217 N / mm2
Check for combined bending and torsion
(i) Buckling check
Mx
+
(σ byt + σ w ) ⎡ 1 + 0.5 M x ⎤ ≤ 1
fy ⎢ ⎥
Mb ⎣ Mb ⎦
γm
Since slenderness ratio (λE / ry = 4000 / 82.3 = 48.6) is less than the limiting value
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 350 × 275 × 250 = 385 ⎟
⎜ 250 f y ⎟ given in BS 5950 Part 1, table 38, lateral torsional
⎝ ⎠
buckling need not be considered..
Version II 18 -25

Job title:
Hence Mb = Mcx
Shear capacity Pv = 0.6 fy / γm . Av

⎛ D ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
Shear area Av = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 77.1 = 46.3 cm 2
⎝D + B⎠ ⎝ 300 + 200 ⎠
∴ Pv = 0.6 × (250 /1.15) × 46.3 × 102 × 10-3 = 604.3 kN
Since FVB < 0.6 Pv 50 < 363
Mcx = fy. Zp / γm ≤ 1.2 fy / γm. Zx ( for plastic sections)
∴ Mcx = 1.2 × (250 /1.15) × 653× 10-3 = 170 kNm BS 5950:

Part 1
M = m ⋅ M xB 4.2.5
m = 1.0
M = 1.0 × 102 = 102 kNm BS 5950:
Part 1
To calculate φ 4.3.7.2
table 13
The 100 kN eccentric load gives a value of Tq = 100 × 0.75 = 7.5 kNm
100 kN
100 kN
75 mm
T0 = Tq / 2
T0 = Tq / 2
Version II 18 -26

Job title:
T0
φ = ⋅z
GJ
Tq 7.5
T0 = = = 3.75 kNm
2 2
At centre of span, z = λ / 2 = 2000 mm
3.75 × 106 × 2000

φ = = 0.001 radians
76.9 × 10 3 × 104 × 106
Myt = φ . MxB = 0.001 × 102 = 0.102 kNm
M yt 0.102 × 10 6
σ byt = = = 0.195 N / mm 2
Zy 522 × 10 3
Warping stresses ( σw ) are insignificant due to the type of section employed.
Check becomes
Mx σ byt ⎡ Mx ⎤
+ ⎢ 1 + 0.5 ⎥ ≤ 1
Mb fy ⎢⎣ M b ⎥⎦
γm
102 0.195 ⎡ 102 ⎤
+ ⎢ 1 + 0.5 × = 0.6 <1
170 250 ⎣ 170 ⎥⎦
1.15
∴ O. K
(ii ) Local capacity check
σbx + σbyt + σw ≤ fy /γm
σbx = MxB / Zy
Version II 18 -27

Job title:
102 × 106
σ bx = = 196 N / mm 2
522 × 10 3
196 + 0.195 + 0 = 196.2 < 217 N / mm2
∴ O. K
Shear stresses due to bending ( at Ultimate Limit state)
Maximum value occurs in the web at the support.

200
FVA . Qw
τ bw =
I x .t1
Qw = A1 ⋅ y 150
8 y
A
A1 =
2
150
150 × 8 × × 2 + 184 × 8 × 146
2 395
y = × 10 − 3 = cm
A1 A1
395
∴ Qw = A1 × = 395 cm3
A1
52 × 10 3 × 395 × 10 3
τ bw = = 13.1 N / mm 2
9798 × 10 4 × 2 × 8
Shear stresses due to torsion ( at Ultimate limit State)
T0 Tq 7.5 × 106
τt = = = = 4.5 N / mm 2
C 2C 2 × 837 × 10 3
Version II 18 -28

Job title:
Total shear stress ( at Ultimate Limit State )
τ = τ bw + τ vt
⎛ Mx ⎞
τ vt = (τ t
+ τ w ) ⎜ 1 + 0.5
⎜
⎟
⎟
⎝ M b⎠
= ( 4.5 + 0 ) ⎛⎜ 1 + 0.5 × 102 ⎞⎟ = 5.9 N / mm 2

⎝ 170 ⎠
τ = 13.1 + 5.9 = 19 N / mm2
Shear strength pv = 0.6 fy / γm = 0.6 × 250 /1.15 = 130 N /mm2 BS 5950:

Part 1
Since τ < pv 19 < 130 N / mm2 4. 2. 3
∴ the section is adequate for shear.
Version II 18 -29

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BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION AND BENDING - II

2.0 DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE

Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would cause torsion) is unavoidable,

3.0 PURE TORSION AND WARPING

where E = Modulus of elasticity

where Wnwfs = Normalised warping function at the chosen point S.

4.0 COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION

4.1 Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"

Thus the "capacity check" for major axis bending becomes:

σbx + σbyt +σw ≤ fy /γm. (5)

4.2 Buckling Check

where M x , equivalent uniform moment = mx Mx

Zp = the plastic section modulus

σbx + σbyt +σw + σby ≤ fy/γm (7)

4.4 Torsional Shear Stress

5.0 DESIGN METHOD FOR LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

(ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = ηLT. ME Mb (10)

As explained in page 3, Mb is given by,

The buckling resistance moment Mb is given by

Mb= pb .Zp (11)

where pb = bending strength allowing for susceptibility to lateral -torsional buckling.

Zp = plastic section modulus.

The beam slenderness (λLT) is given by,

Beam fails by yield

Fig.1 Bending strength for rolled sections of design strength

• beams of intermediate slenderness which fail to reach either Mp or ME . In this case

stocky intermediate slender

For more slender beams, pb is a function of λLT which is given by ,

For flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis,

In the above Zp = plastic modulus about the major axis

u = 0.9 for rolled UBs, UCs, RSJs and channels

x = D/T providing the above values of u are used.

5.1 Unequal flanged sections

5.2 Evaluation of differential equations

Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 1 of 14 Rev.

Replace the actual loading by an equivalent arrangement, comprising a vertical load

Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 2 of 14 Rev.

Point load, W = 100 kN

Moment at B, MxB = 102 kNm

Torsional effects ( at U.L.S)

Torsional moment, Tq = W.e

Try ISWB 500 × 250 @ 95.2 kg/m

Depth of section D = 500 mm

Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 3 of 14 Rev.

Web thickness t = 9.9 mm

Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 4 of 14 Rev.

Statical moment for flange, Qf = Af . yf

= ( 120.05 × 14.7) × 242.7

= 428.2 × 103 mm3

Statical moment for web, Qw = (A/2) × yw

= 1166 × 103 mm3

Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 5 of 14 Rev.

Design strength, py = 250 / γm = 250 / 1.15 = 217 N/mm2

Check for Combined bending and torsion

(i) Buckling check ( at Ultimate Limit State)

Effective length λE = 1.0 L λE = 4000 mm

Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 6 of 14 Rev.

λ = the minor axis slenderness = λE / ry = 4000 / 49.6 = 80.7

n = 0.86, u = 0.9 BS 5950:

λ/x = 80.7 / 36.6 = 2.2

= 0.86 × 0.9 × 0.948 × 80.7 = 59.2

Structural Steel Job No. Sheet 7 of 14 Rev.