CHAPTER 1

Section 1.1 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 x 1 x
1. Solve for x: = 2. Solve for x: =
2 360 4 360
360 = 2 x, so that x = 180 . 360 = 4 x, so that x = 90 .
1 x 2 x
3. Solve for x: − = 4. Solve for x: − =
3 360 3 360
360 = −3x, so that x = −120 . 720 = 2(360 ) = −3x, so that x = −240 .
(Note: The angle has a negative measure (Note: The angle has a negative measure
since it is a clockwise rotation.) since it is a clockwise rotation.)
5 x 7 x
5. Solve for x: = 6. Solve for x: =
6 360 12 360
1800 = 5(360 ) = 6 x, so that x = 300 . 2520 = 7(360 ) = 12 x, so that x = 210 .
4 x 5 x
7. Solve for x: − = 8. Solve for x: − =
5 360 9 360
1440 = 4(360 ) = −5 x, so that x = −288 . 1800 = 5(360 ) = −9 x, so that x = −200 .
(Note: The angle has a negative measure (Note: The angle has a negative measure
since it is a clockwise rotation.) since it is a clockwise rotation.)
9. 10.
a) complement: 90 − 18 = 72 a) complement: 90 − 39 = 51
b) supplement: 180 − 18 = 162 b) supplement: 180 − 39 = 141
11. 12.
a) complement: 90 − 42 = 48 a) complement: 90 − 57 = 33
b) supplement: 180 − 42 = 138 b) supplement: 180 − 57 = 123
13. 14.
a) complement: 90 − 89 = 1 a) complement: 90 − 75 = 15
b) supplement: 180 − 89 = 91 b) supplement: 180 − 75 = 105
15. Since the angles with measures ( 4x ) and ( 6x ) are assumed to be complementary,
we know that ( 4 x ) + ( 6 x ) = 90 . Simplifying this yields (10 x ) = 90 , so that x = 9 .
So, the two angles have measures 36 and 54 .

1
Chapter 1

16. Since the angles with measures ( 3x ) and (15x ) are assumed to be supplementary,
we know that ( 3x ) + (15 x ) = 180 . Simplifying this yields (18 x ) = 180 , so that
x = 10 . So, the two angles have measures 30 and 150 .
17. Since the angles with measures ( 8x ) and ( 4x ) are assumed to be supplementary, we
know that ( 8 x ) + ( 4 x ) = 180 . Simplifying this yields (12 x ) = 180 , so that x = 15 .
So, the two angles have measures 60 and 120 .
18. Since the angles with measures ( 3x + 15 ) and (10 x + 10 ) are assumed to be
complementary, we know that ( 3x + 15 ) + (10 x + 10 ) = 90 . Simplifying this yields
(13x + 25) = 90 , so that (13x ) = 65 and thus, x = 5 . So, the two angles have measures
30 and 60 .
19. Since α + β + γ = 180 , we know that 20. Since α + β + γ = 180 , we know that
117 + 33 + γ = 180 and so, γ = 30 . 110 + 45 + γ = 180 and so, γ = 25 .
= 150 = 155

21. Since α + β + γ = 180 , we know that 22. Since α + β + γ = 180 , we know that
( 4β ) + β + ( β ) = 180 and so, β = 30 . ( 3β ) + β + ( β ) = 180 and so, β = 36 .
= 6β = 5β

Thus, α = 4 β = 120 and γ = β = 30 . Thus, α = 3β = 108 and γ = β = 36 .

( )
23. α = 180 − 53.3 + 23.6 = 103.1 ( )
24. β = 180 − 105.6 + 13.2 = 61.2
25. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes 42 + 32 = c 2 , which simplifies to
c 2 = 25 , so we conclude that c = 5 .
26. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes 32 + 32 = c 2 , which simplifies to
c 2 = 18 , so we conclude that c = 18 = 3 2 .
27. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes 62 + b 2 = 102 , which simplifies
to 36 + b 2 = 100 and then to, b 2 = 64 , so we conclude that b = 8 .

2
 Section 1.1

28. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes a 2 + 7 2 = 122 , which simplifies
to a 2 = 95 , so we conclude that a = 95 .
29. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes 82 + 52 = c 2 , which simplifies to
c 2 = 89 , so we conclude that c = 89 .
30. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes 62 + 52 = c 2 , which simplifies to
c 2 = 61 , so we conclude that c = 61 .
31. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes 7 2 + b 2 = 112 , which simplifies
to b 2 = 72 , so we conclude that b = 72 = 6 2 .
32. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes a 2 + 52 = 92 , which simplifies to
a 2 = 56 , so we conclude that a = 56 = 2 14 .
33. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
( 7)
2
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes a 2 + = 52 , which

simplifies to a 2 = 18 , so we conclude that a = 18 = 3 2 .

34. Since this is a right triangle, we know from the Pythagorean Theorem that
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . Using the given information, this becomes 52 + b 2 = 102 , which simplifies
to b 2 = 75 , so we conclude that b = 75 = 5 3 .
35. If x = 10 in., then the hypotenuse of 36. If x = 8 m, then the hypotenuse of this
this triangle has length 10 2 ≈ 14.14 in. triangle has length 8 2 ≈ 11.31 m .
37. Let x be the length of a leg in the given 45 − 45 − 90 triangle. If the hypotenuse of
this triangle has length 2 2 cm, then 2 x = 2 2, so that x = 2 . Hence, the length of
each of the two legs is 2 cm .
38. Let x be the length of a leg in the given 45 − 45 − 90 triangle. If the hypotenuse
10 10
of this triangle has length 10 ft., then 2 x = 10, so that x = = = 5.
2 2
Hence, the length of each of the two legs is 5 ft.

3
Chapter 1

39. The hypotenuse has length 40. Since 2 x = 6m ⇒ x = 6 2

= 3 2m ,
( )
2
2 4 2 in. = 8in. each leg has length 3 2 m .
41. Since the lengths of the two legs of the given 30 − 60 − 90 triangle are x and 3 x ,
the shorter leg must have length x. Hence, using the given information, we know that
x = 5 m . Thus, the two legs have lengths 5 m and 5 3 ≈ 8.66 m, and the hypotenuse has
length 10 m.
42. Since the lengths of the two legs of the given 30 − 60 − 90 triangle are x and 3 x ,
the shorter leg must have length x. Hence, using the given information, we know that
x = 9 ft. Thus, the two legs have lengths 9 ft. and 9 3 ≈ 15.59 ft., and the hypotenuse
has length 18 ft.
43. The length of the longer leg of the given triangle is 3 x = 12 yards. So,
12 12 3
x= = = 4 3 . As such, the length of the shorter leg is 4 3 ≈ 6.93 yards, and
3 3
the hypotenuse has length 8 3 ≈ 13.9 yards.
44. The length of the longer leg of the given triangle is 3x = n units. So,
n n 3 n 3
x= = . As such, the length of the shorter leg is units, and the hypotenuse
3 3 3
2n 3
has length units.
3
45. The length of the hypotenuse is 2 x = 10 inches. So, x = 5 . Thus, the length of the
shorter leg is 5 inches, and the length of the longer leg is 5 3 ≈ 8.66 inches.
46. The length of the hypotenuse is 2 x = 8 cm. So, x = 4 . Thus, the length of the
shorter leg is 4 cm, and the length of the longer leg is 4 3 ≈ 6.93 cm.

4
 Section 1.1

47. For simplicity, we assume that the minute hand is on the 12.
Let α = measure of the desired angle, as indicated in the diagram below.
Since the measure of the angle formed using two rays emanating from the center of the
1
clock out toward consecutive hours is always
12
( 360 ) = 30 , it immediately follows that
α = 4 ⋅ ( −30 ) = −120 (Negative since measured clockwise.)

48. For simplicity, we assume that the minute hand is on the 9.

Let α = measure of the desired angle, as indicated in the diagram below.
Since the measure of the angle formed using two rays emanating from the center of the
1
clock out toward consecutive hours is always
12
( 360 ) = 30 , it immediately follows that
α = 5 ⋅ ( −30 ) = −150 . (Negative since measured clockwise.)

5
Chapter 1

49. The key to solving this problem is setting up the correct proportion.
Let x = the measure of the desired angle.
From the given information, we know that since 1 complete revolution corresponds
to 360 , we obtain the following proportion:
360 x
=
30 minutes 12 minutes
Solving for x then yields
⎛ ⎞
(
x = 12 minutes ⎜ )360
⎟ = 144 .
⎝ 30 minutes ⎠
50. The key to solving this problem is setting up the correct proportion.
Let x = the measure of the desired angle.
From the given information, we know that since 1 complete revolution corresponds
to 360 , we obtain the following proportion:
360 x
=
30 minutes 5 minutes
Solving for x then yields
⎛ ⎞
(
x = 5 minutes ⎜
30
)360
minutes
⎟ = 60 .
⎝ ⎠
51. We know that 1 complete revolution corresponds to 360 .
Let x = time (in minutes) it takes to make 1 complete revolution about the circle.
Then, we have the following proportion:
270 360
=
45 minutes x
Solving for x then yields
270 x = 360 ( 45 minutes )
360 ( 45 minutes )
x= = 60 minutes.
270
So, it takes one hour to make one complete revolution.
52. We know that 1 complete revolution corresponds to 360 .
Let x = time (in minutes) it takes to make 1 complete revolution about the circle.
Then, we have the following proportion:
72 360
=
9 minutes x
Solving for x then yields
72 x = 360 ( 9 minutes )
360 ( 9 minutes )
x= = 45 minutes.
72
So, it takes 45 minutes to make one complete revolution.

6
 Section 1.1

53. Let d = distance (in feet) the dog runs along the hypotenuse. Then, from the
Pythagorean Theorem, we know that
302 + 802 = d 2
7,300 = d 2
85 ≈ 7,300 = d
So, d ≈ 85 feet .
54. Let d = distance (in feet) the dog runs along the hypotenuse. Then, from the
Pythagorean Theorem, we know that
252 + 1002 = d 2
10, 625 = d 2
103 ≈ 10, 625 = d
So, d ≈ 103 feet .
55. Consider the following triangle T.

45 45

Since T is a 45 − 45 − 90 triangle, the two legs (i.e., the sides opposite the angles with
measure 45 ) have the same length. Call this length x. Since the hypotenuse of such a
100 100 2
triangle has measure 2x , we have that 2 x = 100 , so that x = = = 50 2 .
2 2
So, since lights are to be hung over both legs and the hypotenuse, the couple should buy
50 2 + 50 2 + 100 = 100 + 100 2 ≈ 241 feet of Christmas lights.

7
Chapter 1

56. Consider the following triangle T.

45 45

Since T is a 45 − 45 − 90 triangle, the two legs (i.e., the sides opposite the angles with
measure 45 ) have the same length. Call this length x. Since the hypotenuse of such a
60 60 2
triangle has measure 2x , we have that 2 x = 60 , so that x = = = 30 2 .
2 2
So, since lights are to be hung over both legs and the hypotenuse, the couple should buy
30 2 + 30 2 + 60 = 60 + 60 2 ≈ 145 feet of Christmas lights.

8
 Section 1.1

57. Consider the following diagram:

30 30

60 60

The dashed line segment AD represents the TREE and the vertices of the triangle ABC
represent STAKES. Also, note that the two right triangles ADB and ADC are
congruent (using the Side-Angle-Side Postulate from Euclidean geometry).

Let x = distance between the base of the tree and one staked rope (measured in feet).
For definiteness, consider the right triangle ADC. Since it is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle,
the side opposite the 30 -angle (namely DC) is the shorter leg, which has length x feet.
Then, we know that the hypotenuse must have length 2x. Thus, by the Pythagorean
Theorem, it follows that:
x 2 + 17 2 = (2 x) 2
x 2 + 289 = 4 x 2
289 = 3x 2
289
= x2
3
289
9.8 ≈ =x
3
So, the ropes should be staked approximately 9.8 feet from the base of the tree.
58. Using the computations from Problem 57, we observe that since the length of the
289
hypotenuse is 2x, and x = , it follows that the length of each of the two ropes
3
289
should be 2 ≈ 19.6299 feet . Thus, one should have 2 × 19.6299 ≈ 39.3 feet of rope
3
in order to have such stakes support the tree.

9
Chapter 1

59. Consider the following diagram:

60 60

30 30

The dashed line segment AD represents the TREE and the vertices of the triangle ABC
represent STAKES. Also, note that the two right triangles ADB and ADC are
congruent (using the Side-Angle-Side Postulate from Euclidean geometry).

Let x = distance between the base of the tree and one staked rope (measured in feet).
For definiteness, consider the right triangle ADC. Since it is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle,
the side opposite the 30 -angle (namely AD) is the shorter leg, which has length 10 feet.
Then, we know that the hypotenuse must have length 2(10) = 20 feet. Thus, by the
Pythagorean Theorem, it follows that:
x 2 + 102 = 202
x 2 + 100 = 400
x 2 = 300
x = 300 ≈ 17.3 feet
So, the ropes should be staked approximately 17.3 feet from the base of the tree.
60. Using the computations from Problem 59, we observe that since the length of the
hypotenuse is 20 feet, it follows that the length of each of rope tied from tree to the stake
in this manner should be 20 feet in length. Hence, for four stakes, one should have
4 × 20 ≈ 80 feet of rope.

10
 Section 1.1

61. The following diagram is a view from

one of the four sides of the tented area –
note that the actual length of the side of the
tent which we are viewing (be it 40 ft. or
20 ft.) does not affect the actual calculation
since we simply need to determine the
value of x, which is the amount beyond the
length or width of the tent base that the 60 60
ropes will need to extend in order to adhere
the tent to the ground.

Now, solving this problem is very similar to solving Problem 57. The two right triangles
labeled in the diagram are congruent. So, we can focus on the leftmost one, for
definiteness. The side opposite the angle with measure 30 is the shorter leg, the length
of which is x. So, the hypotenuse has length 2x. From the Pythagorean Theorem, it then
follows that
x 2 + 7 2 = (2 x) 2
49 = 3x 2
4.0 ≈ 7
3
≈ 49
3 =x
Hence, along any of the four edges of the tent, the staked rope on either side extends
approximately 4 feet beyond the actual dimensions of the tent. As such, the actual
footprint of the tent is approximately ( 40 + 2(4) ) ft. × ( 20 + 2(4) ) ft. , which is
48ft. × 28ft.

11
Chapter 1

62. The following diagram is a view from

one of the four sides of the tented area –
note that the actual length of the side of the
tent which we are viewing (be it 80 ft. or
40 ft.) does not affect the actual calculation
since we simply need to determine the
value of x, which is the amount beyond the
length or width of the tent base that the 45 45
ropes will need to extend in order to adhere
the tent to the ground.

Now, solving this problem is very similar to solving Problem 53. The two right triangles
labeled in the diagram are congruent. So, we can focus on the leftmost one, for
definiteness. Since this is a 45 − 45 − 90 triangle, the lengths of the two legs must be
equal. So, x = 7 . Hence, along any of the four edges of the tent, the staked rope on
either side must extend 7 feet beyond the actual dimensions of the tent. As such, the
actual footprint of the tent is approximately ( 40 + 2(7) ) ft. × ( 80 + 2(7) ) ft. , which is
54 ft. × 94 ft. .
63. The corner is not 90 because 102 + 152 ≠ 202 .
64. x 2 + 82 = 17 2 ⇒ x 2 = 225 ⇒ x = 15ft.
60 = 6 revolutions per second. Since each revolution corresponds to
65. The speed is 1700 170

360 , the engine turns ( 1706 ) ( 360 ) = 10, 200 each second.
66. The speed is 300,000
15 = 20, 000 per second. Since each revolution corresponds to
360 , this amounts to 500
9 revolutions per second. Since 1 minute = 60 seconds, the speed
is 500
9 × 60 = 10,000
3 ≈ 3,333.3 RPMs.
67. In a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle, the length opposite the 60 -angle has length
3 × ( shorter leg ) , not 2 × ( shorter leg ) . So, the side opposite the 60 -angle has length
10 3 ≈ 17.3 inches .
68. The length of the hypotenuse must be positive. Hence, the length must be 5 2 cm .
69. False. Each of the three angles of an equilateral triangle has measure 60 . But, in
order to apply the Pythagorean theorem, one of the three angles must have measure 90 .
70. False. Since the Pythagorean theorem doesn’t apply to equilateral triangles, and
equilateral triangles are also isosceles (since at least two sides are congruent), we
conclude that the given statement is false.

12
 Section 1.1

71. True. Since the angles of a right triangle are α , β , and 90 , and also we know that
α + β + 90 = 180 , it follows that α + β = 90 .
72. False. The length of the side opposite the 60 -angle is 3 times the length of the
side opposite the 30 -angle.
73. True. The sum of the angles α , β ,90 must be 180 . Hence, α + β = 90 , so that α
and β are complementary.
74. False. The legs have the same length x, but the hypotenuse has length 2 x .
75. True. Angles swept out counterclockwise have a positive measure, while those
swept out clockwise have negative measure.
76. True. Since the sum of the angles α , β ,90 must be 180 , α + β = 90 . So, neither
angle can be obtuse.
77. First, note that at 12:00 exactly, both the minute and the hour hands are identically
on the 12. Then, for each minute that passes, the minute hand moves 601 the way around
the clock face (i.e., 6 ). Similarly, for each minute that passes, the hour hand moves
60 the way between the 12 and the 1; since there are 12 (360 ) = 30 between consecutive
1 1

integers on the clock face, such movement corresponds to 601 (30 ) = 0.5 .
Now, when the time is 12:20, we know that the minute hand is on the 4, but the hour
hand has moved 20 × 0.5 = 10 clockwise from the 12 towards the 1.
The picture is as follows:

β
α1
α2
α3

The angle we seek is β + α1 + α 2 + α 3 . From the above discussion, we know that

α1 = α 2 = α 3 = 30 and β = 20 . Thus, the angle at time 12:20 is 110 .

13
Chapter 1

78. First, note that at 9:00 exactly, the minute is identically on the 12 and the hour hand
is identically on the 9. Then, for each minute that passes, the minute hand moves 601 the
way around the clock face (i.e., 6 ). Similarly, for each minute that passes, the hour
hand moves 601 the way between the 9 and the 10; since there are 121 (360 ) = 30 between
consecutive integers on the clock face, such movement corresponds to 601 (30 ) = 0.5 .
Now, when the time is 9:10, we know that the minute hand is on the 2, but the hour hand
has moved 10 × 0.5 = 5 clockwise from the 9 towards the 10, thereby leaving an angle of
25 between the hour hand and the 10. The picture is as follows:

α
α1 α 2 3 α 4
β

The angle we seek is β + α1 + α 2 + α 3 + α 4 . From the above discussion, we know that

α1 = α 2 = α 3 = α 4 = 30 and β = 25 . Thus, the angle at time 9:10 is 145 .

14
 Section 1.1

79. Consider the following diagram:

58

Let x = length of DC and y = length of BD .

Ultimately, we need to determine x. We proceed as follows.
First, we find y. Using the Pythagorean Theorem on ABD yields 32 + y 2 = 52 , so that
y = 4 . Next, using the Pythagorean Theorem on ABC yields

( )
2
( y + x) 2 + 32 = 58
(4 + x) 2 + 9 = 58
(4 + x) 2 = 49
4 + x = ±7 so that x = −11 or 3
So, the length of DC is 3.

15
Chapter 1

80. Consider the following diagram:

41

Since we seek the length of DC (which we shall denote as DC), we first need only to
apply the Pythagorean Theorem to ABD to find the length of BD . Indeed, observe that
42 + ( BD) 2 = 52 , so that BD = 3 . Next, we apply the Pythagorean Theorem to ABC to
find DC:
( )
2
42 + ( 3 + DC ) =
2
41
16 + 9 + 6 ( DC ) + ( DC ) = 41
2

( DC ) + 6 ( DC ) − 16 = 0
2

( DC + 8)( DC − 2) = 0
DC = −8 , 2
So, the length of DC is 2 .

16
 Section 1.1

81. Consider the following diagram:

Let x = length of AD and y = length of BD .

Ultimately, we need to determine x. We proceed as follows.
First, we find y. Using the Pythagorean Theorem on ABC yields
242 + ( y + 11) 2 = 302
( y + 11) 2 = 324
y + 11 = ± 324
=18

y = −11 ± 18
y = 7 or −29
so that y = 7 . Next, using the Pythagorean Theorem on ABD yields
242 + y 2 = x 2
242 + 7 2 = x 2
625 = x 2
25 = x
So, the length of AD is 25.

17
Chapter 1

82. Consider the following diagram:

Let x = length of BD and y = length of AC .

Ultimately, we need to determine y We proceed as follows.
First, we find x. Using the Pythagorean Theorem on ABD yields
x 2 + 602 = 612
x 2 = 121
x = 11
so that x = 11 . Next, using the Pythagorean Theorem on ABC yields
602 + ( x + 36) 2 = y 2
602 + 47 2 = y 2
5,809 = y 2
76.2 ≈ y
So, the length of AC is approximately 76.2.
83. Consider the following diagram:

Observe that BD = AC (in fact, by the Pythagorean Theorem, both = x 2 ). Furthermore,

since the diagonals of a square bisect each other in a 90 − angle, the measure of each of
x 2
the angles AEB, BEC, DEC, and AED is 90 . Further, AE = EC = BE = ED = .
2
Hence, by the Side-Side-Side postulate from Euclidean geometry, all four triangles in the
above picture are congruent. Regarding their angle measures, since the diagonals bisect
the angles at their endpoints, each of these triangles is a 45 − 45 − 90 triangle.

18
 Section 1.1

84. Consider the following diagram:

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we find that

x 2 + (3x − 2) 2 = (2 x + 2) 2
x 2 + 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4 = 4 x 2 + 8 x + 4
6 x 2 − 20 x = 0
2 x(3 x − 10) = 0
x = 0 or 103
So, x = 103 (since if x = 0, then there would be no triangle to speak of).
85. Since the lengths of the two legs of the given 30 − 60 − 90 triangle are x and 3 x ,
the shorter leg must have length x. Hence, using the given information, we know that
x = 16.68ft. Thus, the two legs have lengths 16.68 ft. and 16.68 3 ≈ 28.89 ft., and the
hypotenuse has length 33.36 ft.
86. Since the lengths of the two legs of the given 30 − 60 − 90 triangle are x and 3 x ,
the shorter leg must have length x. Hence, using the given information, we know that
x 3 = 134.75 cm Thus, the two legs have lengths 134.75 cm and 134.753
≈ 77.80 cm, and
the hypotenuse has length155.60 cm.

Section 1.2 Solutions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. B = 80 (vertical angles) 2. 80 + E = 180 (interior angles), so that
E = 100
3. F = 80 (alternate interior angles) 4. G = 80 (corresponding angles)
5. B = 75 (corresponding angles)
6. Since F = 75 and D + F = 180 (interior angles), we know that D = 105 . Hence,
A = 105 (vertical angles).

19
Chapter 1

7. Since G = 65 , it follows that F = 65 since vertical angles are congruent. Hence,

B = 65 since corresponding angles are congruent.
8. Since G = 65 , it follows that F = 65 since vertical angles are congruent. Since A and
B are supplementary angles, A = 115 .
9. 8 x = 9 x − 15 (vertical angles), so that x = 15 . Thus, A = 8(15 ) = 120 = D .
10. 9 x + 7 = 11x − 7 (corresponding angles), so that solving for x yields x = 7 . Thus,
B = (9(7) + 7) = 70 = F .
11. Since A + C = 180 and C = G, it follows that A + G = 180 . As such, observe that
(12 x + 14) + (9 x − 2) = 180
21x + 12 = 180
21x = 168
x =8
Thus, A = (12(8) + 14 ) = 110 and G = ( 9(8) − 2 ) = 70 .
12. We know that (22 x + 3) + (30 x − 5) = 180 (interior angles). Solving for x yields
(22 x + 3) + (30 x − 5) = 180
52 x − 2 = 180
52 x = 182
x = 182
52 = 3.5

Thus, C = ( 22(3.5) + 3) = 80 and E = ( 30(3.5) − 5 ) = 100 .

13. b 14. c 15. a 16. f 17. d 18. e
a c 4 6
19. By similarity, = , so that = . Solving for f yields f = 3 .
d f 2 f
a b 12 9
20. By similarity, = , so that = . Solving for d yields d = 4 .
d e d 3
b a 7.5 a
21. By similarity, = , so that = . Solving for a yields a = 15 .
e d 2.5 5
=3

b c b 3.9
22. By similarity, = , so that = . Solving for b yields b = 2.1.
e f 1.4 2.6
d a
23. First, note that 26.25km = 26, 250m . Now, observe that by similarity, = , so that
f c
1.1m a
= . Solving for a yields
2.5m 26, 250m
(2.5m)a = 28,875m 2
28,875 m 2
a= 2.5 m = 11,550m = 11.55km

20
 Section 1.2

c b
24. First, note that 35m = 3,500cm . Now, observe that by similarity, = , so that
f e
3,500cm b
= . Solving for b yields
14cm 10cm
(14cm)b = 35, 000cm 2
35,000 c m 2
b= 14 cm = 2,500cm = 25m
b e 4 in. e
25. By similarity, = , so that 5
= . Solving for e yields
c f 5 in. 3 in.
2 2

( 5 2 in.) e = ( 4 5 in.)( 3 2 in.)

( 4 5 in.)( 3 2 in.)
e= ( 5 2 in.)
= 12
25 in.
d a 7 mm a
26. By similarity, = , so that 16
= . Solving for a yields
e b 1
4 mm 5
4 mm
( 1
4 mm ) a = ( 7
16 mm )( 5 4 mm )
( 716 mm )( 5 4 mm )
e= ( 1 4 mm ) = 35
16 mm
27. Note that 14 14 = 14.25 . Now, consider the following two diagrams.

Let y = height of the tree (in feet). Then, using similarity (which applies since sunlight
rays act like parallel lines – see Text Example 3), we obtain
y 14.25 ft.
=
4 ft. 1.5 ft.
(1.5 ft.) y = 57 ft.2
57 ft.2
y= = 38 ft.
1.5 ft.
So, the tree is 38 feet tall.

21
Chapter 1

28. Note that 3

4 = 0.75 . Now, consider the following two diagrams.

Let y = height of the flag pole (in feet). Then, using similarity (which applies since
sunlight rays act like parallel lines – see Text Example 3), we obtain
y 15 ft.
=
2 ft. 0.75 ft.
(0.75 ft.) y = 30 ft.2
30 ft.2
y= = 40 ft.
0.75 ft.
So, the flag pole is 40 feet tall.
29. Consider the following two diagrams.

48 ft.

Let y = height of the lighthouse (in feet). Then, using similarity (which applies since
sunlight rays act like parallel lines – see Text Example 3), we obtain
5 ft. 1.2 ft.
=
y 48 ft.
(1.2 ft.) y = 240 ft.2
240 ft.2
y= = 200 ft.
1.2 ft.
So, the lighthouse is 200 feet tall.

22
 Section 1.2

30. Consider the following two diagrams.

Let y = length of the son’s shadow (in feet). Then, using similarity (which applies since
sunlight rays act like parallel lines – see Text Example 3), we obtain
6 ft. 1 ft. 4 ft.2 2
= so that (6 ft.) y = 4 ft.2 and hence, y = = ft.
4 ft. y 6 ft. 3
So, the son’s shadow is 23 ft. long. Since 1 ft. = 12 in. , this is equivalent to 8 in.
31. First, make certain to convert all quantities involved to a common unit. In order to
avoid using decimals, use the smallest unit – in this particular problem, use cm. Now,
consider the following two diagrams:

Let y = height of the lighthouse (in cm). Then, using similarity (which applies since
sunlight rays act like parallel lines – see Text Example 3), we obtain
200cm 5cm
=
y 300cm
(5cm) y = 60, 000 cm2
60, 000 cm2
y= = 12, 000cm = 120m
5cm
So, the lighthouse is 120 m tall.

23
Chapter 1

32. Let H = the height of the pyramid (in meters). (Important! Don’t confuse this with
the slant height.) Using the fact that the height is the length of the segment that extends
from the apex of the pyramid down to the center of the square base, we have the
following diagram. Also, we have

Then, using similarity (which applies since sunlight rays act like parallel lines – see Text
Example 3), we obtain
H (115 + 16)m
=
1m 0.9m
( 0.9 m ) H = 131 m
H = 131
0.9 m = 145.56m ≈ 146m
m

So, the pyramid is approximately 146 m tall.

33. Let x = length of the planned island (in inches). (Note that 2′4′′ = 28in. ) Using
similarity, we obtain
28 in. x
= 11
4 in. 16 in.
1

28 ( 16 ) in. = ( 14 in.) x
11 2

28 ( 16
11
) in.2
x= = 77 in. = 6 ft. 5 in.
1
4 in.
So, the planned island is 6ft. 5in. long.

24
 Section 1.2

34. Let x = width of the pantry (in inches). Using similarity, we obtain
28 in. x
= 7
4 in. 16 in.
1

28 ( 16 ) in. = ( 14 in.) x
7 2

28 ( 167 ) in.2
x= = 49 in. = 4 ft. 1 in.
1
4 in.
So, the pantry is 4ft. 1in. long.
35. Consider the following two triangles:

The triangles are similar by AAA, so that 5

4 = 3.5
x . Solving for x yields x = 2.8ft.
36. Consider the following diagram: Since this is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle and x
is the longer side (being opposite the larger
of the two acute angles), we know that
x = 15 3 ≈ 26 ft.

60

37. The two triangles are similar by AAA. So, we have

1.6 in. x
= ⇒ ( 2.2 in.) x = (1.6 in.)(1.2 in.) ⇒ x ≈ 0.87 in.
2.2 in. 1.2 in.

38. If a right triangle is isosceles, then it must be a 45 − 45 − 90 triangle.

Let x = length of a leg. Then, the hypotenuse is 2 x = 2 , so that x = 2 in.

25
Chapter 1

39. The information provided is:

2 f d = 8 cm, dt = 2.5cm, d s = 80cm .
We must determine the value of 2 f s . Using similar triangles, we have the following
proportion:
d s d s + dt 80 2.5 + 80
= ⇒ = .
fs fd fs 4
320
Solving for f s yields: 82.5 f s = 320 ⇒ f s = ≈ 3.87878
82.5
Thus, 2 f s ≈ 7.8cm .
40. The information provided is:
2 f d = 4 cm, so that f d = 2 cm
dt = 3.5cm
2 f s = 3.8cm, so that f s = 1.9cm
We must determine the value of d s . Using similar triangles, we have the following
proportion:
d s d s + dt d s d s + 3.5
= ⇒ = .
fs fd 1.9 2
Solving for d s yields: 2d s = 1.9d s + 6.65 ⇒ 0.1d s = 6.65 ⇒ d s = 66.5cm .
41. The information provided is:
2 f d = 4 cm, so that f d = 2 cm
d s = 60cm
2 f s = 3.75cm, so that f s = 1.875cm
We must determine the value of dt . Using similar triangles, we have the following
proportion:
d s d s + dt 60 60 + dt
= ⇒ = .
fs fd 1.875 2
Solving for dt yields: 120 = 112.5 + 1.875dt ⇒ 7.5 = 1.875dt ⇒ dt = 4cm .

26
 Section 1.2

42. The information provided is:

2 f s = 4.15 cm, dt = 4.5cm, d s = 60cm .
We must determine the value of 2 f d . Using similar triangles, we have the following
proportion:
d s d s + dt 60 60 + 4.5
= ⇒ = .
fs fd 2.075 fd
133.8375
Solving for f d yields: 60 f d = 133.8375 ⇒ f d = ≈ 2.2306
60
Thus, 2 f d ≈ 4.5cm .
43. The ratio is set up incorrectly. It should be A = B .
D E
44. In order to find F, one needs C instead of B. In such case, A = C .
D F
45. True. Two similar triangles must have equal corresponding angles, by definition.
46. True. If two triangles are congruent, then the ratio of corresponding sides equals 1,
for all three pairs of sides, and all corresponding angles are equal. Hence, they must be
similar. (Conversely, two similar triangles need not be congruent – see Problem 36.)
47. False. The third angle in such case would have measure 180 − ( 82 + 67 ) = 31 .
48. True. Consider two equilateral triangles, one whose sides have length x and a second
whose sides have length y. Observe then that the ratio of corresponding sides is always xy
y
(or x , depending on which you refer to as Triangle 1 and Triangle 2). Since all angles of
an equilateral triangle have measure 60 , we conclude that they must be similar.
However, if x = 1 and y = 2 , then the triangles are NOT congruent.
49. False. Such angles are congruent, and hence unless they are both 90 , they need not
be supplementary.
50. True.
51. False. You need the corresponding angles to be the same to ensure similarity of two
isosceles triangles.
52. False. All we can say here is that corresponding sides of similar triangles are in
proportion.

27
Chapter 1

53. We label the given diagram as follows:

Observe that ACB = DCE (vertical angles). Since we are given that CBA = CDE ,
the third pair of angles must have the same measures. Hence, ABC is similar to CDE .
The corresponding sides between these two triangles are identified as follows:
AB corresponds to ED, AC corresponds to EC, BC corresponds to DC
Using the ratio for similar triangles, we have AB = AC , so that 3 = 6 , so that x = 2 .
ED EC x 4
54. Consider the following diagram:

18

Observe that ABE and ACD are similar triangles (since we are given that
ABE = ACD and the triangles share A . Corresponding sides of these triangles are
identified as follows:
AB corresponds to AC, AE corresponds to AD, BE corresponds to CD

AB AE BE
Using the ratio for similar triangles, we know that = = , so that
AC AD CD
4 y 5 1
= = = (1) .
4 + x y + 18 20 4
We now use different equalities from (1) to find x and y.
4 1
Find x: = so that 16 = 4 + x and hence, x = 12 .
4+ x 4
y 1
Find y: = so that 4 y = y + 18 and hence, y = 6 .
y + 18 4

28
 Section 1.2

55. Triangles 1 and 2 are similar because they both have a 90 angle, and the angles
formed at the horizontal have the same measure since they are vertical angles. Similarly,
Triangles 3 and 4 are similar.
56. a) Consider the following diagram:

H0
f
D0 − f
Hi

The two right triangles above are similar since they both have a 90 , and the measures of
the angles opposite the sides with lengths H 0 and H i are equal because they are vertical
H D −f
angles. Hence, using the similar triangles ratio yields 0 = 0 .
Hi f
b) Consider the following diagram:

H0
Di − f

f
Hi

H0 f
Again, from similarity if follows that = .
H i Di − f

29
Chapter 1

1 1 1
57. Claim (Lens Law): + = .
D0 Di f
Proof. Observe that from Problem 56, we obtain the following identities:
⎡H ⎤ ⎛H ⎞
f ⎢ 0 + 1⎥ = f ⎜ 0 ⎟ + f = D0 (from (a))
⎣ Hi ⎦ ⎝ Hi ⎠
⎡H ⎤ ⎛H ⎞
f ⎢ i + 1⎥ = f ⎜ i ⎟ + f = Di (from (b))
⎣ H0 ⎦ ⎝ H0 ⎠

Hence, observe that

1 1 Di + D0
+ =
D0 Di D0 Di
⎡H ⎤ ⎡H ⎤
f ⎢ 0 + 1⎥ + f ⎢ i + 1⎥
= ⎣ Hi ⎦ ⎣ H0 ⎦
⎧⎪ ⎡ H 0 ⎤ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ ⎡ H i ⎤ ⎫⎪
⎨f ⎢ + 1⎥ ⎬ ⋅ ⎨ f ⎢ + 1⎥ ⎬
⎩⎪ ⎣ H i ⎦ ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ ⎣ H 0 ⎦ ⎭⎪
⎡H H ⎤
f ⎢ i + 0 + 2⎥
= ⎣ H0 Hi ⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ H H H H ⎥
f 2 ⎢ 0 ⋅ i + 0 + i + 1⎥
⎢ Hi H0 Hi H0 ⎥
⎢⎣ =1 ⎥⎦
⎡ Hi H0 ⎤
⎢ H + H + 2⎥
1 ⎣ 0 i ⎦
=
f ⎡ H0 Hi ⎤
⎢2 + H + H ⎥
⎣ i 0⎦

1
= ,
f
as desired. ☻

30
 Section 1.2

58. We begin with several observations:

1.) m ( ∠ABE ) = 90 since BF is parallel to CG, and ∠ABE ≈ ∠GCD since they are
corresponding angles.
2.) m ( ∠AEB ) = m ( ∠CGA ) = m ( ∠FEG ) = 60
3.) m ( ∠CGD ) = m ( ∠CDG ) = 45 since ΔCDG is an isosceles right triangle.
4.) BC and FG have the same length.

Hence, ΔABE ∼ ΔACG ∼ ΔGFE .

59. We begin with several observations:
1.) m ( ∠ABE ) = 90 since BF is parallel to CG, and ∠ABE ≈ ∠GCD since they are
corresponding angles.
2.) m ( ∠AEB ) = m ( ∠CGA ) = m ( ∠FEG ) = 60
3.) m ( ∠CGD ) = m ( ∠CDG ) = 45 since ΔCDG is an isosceles right triangle.
4.) BC and FG have the same length.
Hence, ΔABE ∼ ΔACG ∼ ΔGFE .

Now, using this information, consider the following triangles:

Since ΔACG is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle, we know that m( AC ) = 3 ⋅ m(CG ), and so

m(CG ) = 5 3
3 . Hence, m( AG ) = 2 ⋅ m(CG ) = 103 3 . Next, since ΔACG ∼ ΔGFE , we know
that
5 103 3 5 5 33
= ⇒ y = 2 3 and = ⇒ x= 3.
3 y 3 x
So, m( EF ) = 3 cm, m( EG ) = 2 3 cm .
60. Since m(CG ) = 5 3
3 cm and ΔDCG is 45 − 45 − 90 , we know that
m( DG ) = 2 ( ) cm =
5 3
3
5 6
3 cm .

31
Chapter 1

Section 1.3 Solutions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 4 6 3
1. sin θ = = 2. cos θ = =
10 5 10 5
1 1 5 1 1 5
3. csc θ = = = 4. sec θ = = =
sin θ 4 4 cos θ 3 3
5 5
8 4 1 1 3
5. tan θ = = 6. cot θ = = =
6 3 tan θ 4 4
3
7. Note that by the Pythagorean Theorem, 8. Note that by the Pythagorean Theorem,
the hypotenuse has length 5 . So, the hypotenuse has length 5 . So,
1 5 2 2 5
cos θ = = . sin θ = = .
5 5 5 5
9. Note that by the Pythagorean Theorem, 10. Note that by the Pythagorean Theorem,
the hypotenuse has length 5 . So, the hypotenuse has length 5 . So,
1 1 1 1 5
sec θ = = = 5 . csc θ = = = .
cos θ 1
sin θ 2 2
5 5
2 1 1
11. tan θ = = 2 12. cot θ = =
1 tan θ 2
5 5 34 14. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we
13. sin θ = = know that the leg adjacent to angle θ has
34 34
3 3 34
length 3. So, cos θ = = .
34 34
15. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we 1 34
know that the leg adjacent to angle θ has 16. csc θ = =
sin θ 5
5
length 3. So, tan θ = .
3
17. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we 18. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we
know that the leg adjacent to angle θ has know that the leg adjacent to angle θ has
1 34 1 3
length 3. So, sec θ = = . length 3. So, cot θ = = .
cos θ 3 tan θ 5

19. sin ( 60 ) = cos ( 90 − 60 ) = cos 30 ( ) 20. sin ( 45 ) = cos ( 90 − 45 ) = cos 45 ( )

32
 Section 1.3

(
21. cos ( x ) = sin 90 − x ) (
22. cot ( A ) = tan 90 − A )
23. csc ( 30 ) = sec ( 90 − 30 ) = sec 60 ( ) 24. sec ( B ) = csc ( 90 − B )
25. 26.
sin ( x + y ) = cos ( 90 − ( x + y ) ) (
sin ( 60 − x ) = cos 90 − ( 60 − x ) )
(
= cos 90 − x − y ) (
= cos 30 + x )
27. 28.
(
cos ( 20 + A ) = sin 90 − ( 20 + A ) ) cos ( A + B ) = sin ( 90 − ( A + B ) )

(
= sin 70 − A ) (
= sin 90 − A − B )
29. 30.
(
cot ( 45 − x ) = tan 90 − ( 45 − x ) ) (
sec ( 30 − θ ) = csc 90 − ( 30 − θ ) )
(
= tan 45 + x ) (
= csc 60 + θ )
31. From the given information, we obtain 32. Consider the following triangle:
the following triangle:

θ opp y
Hence, a round trip on the ATV
corresponds to twice the length of the
hypotenuse, which is
2 × ( 5 miles ) = 10 miles .
Observe that tan θ = = = 1 , so y = x.
adj x
Since we are given that 2 ( x + y ) = 200
(since a round trip is 200 yards), we see that
x + y = 100 and hence, x = y = 50. As such,
by the Pythagorean Theorem, the
hypotenuse has length 50 2 . So, the
round trip of the ATV is
100 2 yards ≈ 141 yards .

33
Chapter 1

33. Consider the triangle: Applying the Pythagorean theorem yields

52 + 122 = z 2 ⇒ z = 13 .
Thus,
sin θ = 135 .

34. The scenario can be described by the following two triangles:

Bob
Neighbor

θ θ

Applying the Pythagorean theorem yields z = 13 and w = 193 . Hence, we have:

Bob: cos θ = 12
13 Neighbor: cos θ = 12193
The value of cos θ is larger for Bob’s roof. The steeper the roof for the same horizontal
distance, the longer the hypotenuse and hence denominator used in computing cos θ .

34
 Section 1.3

35. If tan θ = 3 , we have the following Since the hypotenuse has length 2 by the
diagram: Pythagorean theorem, this is a
30 − 60 − 90 triangle. Hence, since θ is
opposite the longer leg, it must be 60 .

36. Since θ = 60 we have the following Observe that

triangle: cos 30 = 3 ft.
W ⇒ W= 3
cos30
≈ 3.46 ft.

37. Consider the following triangle: Observe that

sin B = 53 .

35