SINGAPORE STANDARD CP 1: 2001 (ICS 91.080.20) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR The use of timber in buildings All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from the Singapore Productivity and Standards Board at the address below: Director Centre for Standardisation ‘Singapore Productivity and Standards Board 4 Science Park Drive Singapore 118221 Telephone: 2786666 Telefax: 2786665 Email: cfs@psb.gov.sa ISBN 9971-67-862-4 Ge 2120}cP 4: 2001 This Singapore Standard was approved by the Construction Industry Practice Committee on behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 2 July 2001 First published, 1966 First revision, 1982 ‘Second revision, 2001 ‘The Construction Industry Practice Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following members: Name Organisation Chairman Mr Lam Siew Wah Standards Council Secretary: Mr Kenneth Lim See Khoon —_Singapore Productivity and Stendards Board Members: Assoc Prof Ang Chee Keong _Insfitution of Engineers Singapore Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Chvil Defence Force Mr Chee Keng Yarn Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore Mr Glam Siang Hal ‘Singapore Contractors Association Limited Mr Ho Siong Hin Cccupational Safety Department Er Hui Beng Hong Institution of Engineers Singapore Mr Paul Low Khoon Hock Singapore Institute of Architects Mr Neo Poh Kok Housing & Development Board ‘Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye National University of Singapore Mr Gilbert Tan Peng Cheng Singapore Confederation of Industries Mr Jimmy Tsen Chee Nam Building and Construction Authority ‘Assoc Prof Yip Weon Kwong ‘Nanyang Technological University Co-opted Members: Dr Jimmy Chen Wie Ying Individual Capacity Mr tan Lander Individual Capacity DrLau Yat Sun Individual Capacity ‘The Technical Committee on Architectural Practice appointed by the Construction Industry Practice Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following organisations: Name Organisation Chairman: Mrlan Lander Individual Capacity Deputy Chairman > Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Housing & Development Board Secretary: Mohamed Bin Awi Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Members © Mr Chng Peng Soon JTC Corporation Mr Allen Ang Aik Leng Building and Construction Authority (up to June 2000) Mr Fang Yea Sun PWD Corporation Pte Lid Mr John Kong ‘Singapore Confederation of Indusiries Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Housing & Development Board Ms Yvonne Sch Swee Leng Buling end Consiracton Authority (from July 2000)CP 4: 2001 The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in the preparation ofthis standard comprises the following members : i Name Organisation Convenor: Mr Chng Peng Soon JTC Corporation Members ‘Mr Chong Ah Lee Individual Capacity Mr Charles Ho Individual Capacity (Mr lan MeGunnigle Individual Capacity Mr Mok Yew Cheong Housing & Development Board | Mr Ng Ah Kong Individual Capacity r Mr Yap Sun Peng Individual CapacitycP 4: 2001 Hee nee ne ETEEEIEEEEIIEEEEEIEEEEEEEIEeest (blank page) 4cP 4: 2001, Contents Page Foreword 9 CODE OF PRACTICE 4 Scope 10 2 Purpose 40 3 Timber species 10 4 Timber grades and size tolerances 10 5 Natural durability of timber 8 6 Timber preservation 14 7 Requirements of timber preservatives or fire retardants _ 14 8 Types of preservatives 15 9 Methods of treatment with preservatives 6 10 Preservation, general requirements Peta, 11 Methods of impregnatic 8 42 Timber seasoning 24 13. Methods of seasoning 25 14 Determination of moisture content 28 18 Timber for specific uses 28 16 Standard timber dimensions 28 17 Profiles of mouldings and joinery 39 18 Doors and window leaves 6 49 Workmanship a4 20 Fire precaution for use of timber 85 ANNEX A. Methods for determining the moisture content of timber 86 TABLES 1 Timber species classification " 2 Natural durability ciassification 2 3 Preservatives, loading and uses w 4 Permeability of timbers to preservatives applied by pressure impregnation 23 5 Average air seasoning periods 26 6 Moisture content of timber for various positions in buildings 26CP 4: 2004 ES 10 " 2 3 4 18 16 7 8 19 20 21 2 23 24 25 26 a 28 29 20 a4 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 an Page Timbers for specific uses 30 ‘Standard timber sizes 34 Dimensions of structural members 32 Bearers for ground floor joists 33, Floor joists 33, T and G flooring strips 34 Ceiling joists 34 Hanging beams 35 Rafters for tiled roofs 35 Rafters for sheet roots 36 Purlins for sheet roofs 37 Roofing battens 38 Roof decking 38 Machining tolerances 39 Strip flooring 40 Parquetry flooring at ‘Wood block flooring 2 General purpose rectangular strips and boards for weatherboarding fascias, sill boards, stair risers and treads, etc 48 Weatherboards (bullnosed overlap) 44 Weatherboards (shiplap) 45 Weatherboards (rustic) 46 Tongued and grooved panelling, lining and weatherboarding 7 ‘Skirtings, band mouldings and architraves 48 Picture rails and finishing surrounds 50 Battens 52 Quarter and half rounds 55 Beads and nosings 56 Baluster handrails, 87 Louvres, 58 Jambs and transoms for doors and leaf windows 60 Fanlight transoms 2 General sills 63 ‘Mullions for doors and leaf windows 64 Jambs, transoms, mullions and sil for fixed and adjustable glass and wooden louvres, metal mesh and solid glazed sections _ ct _ 68 Grounds and keys __ eaecP 1: 2001 Page 42 Roof decking 68 43. Recommended moduler sizes of doors (including frames) and window leaves (including frame and sit) gg 44 Plywood flush doors 7 48 Solid flush doors n 48 Panel doors 73 47 Braced strip doors 75 48 Folding and sliding doors 75 49 Window leaves ss 7 50 Glazing bars _ 80 FIGURES 4 Strip flooring 40 2 Finger parquetry 4 3 Wood block flooring 42 4 General purposes rectangular strips and boards for weatherboarding, fascias, sil boards, stair risers and treads, etc a 5 Weatherboards (bullnosed 19 mm overiap) 44 6 — Weatheroards (shiplap) 45 7 Weatherboards (rustic) 46 8 —__Tongued and grooved panelling, lining and weatherboerding 47 8 ——Skitings, band mouldings and archiraves a8 10 Picture rails and finishing surrounds 50 11 Battens 52 42 Quarter and half rounds 55 13 Beads and nosings 56 14 Baluster handrails, 87 18 Louvres 59 16 Jambs end transoms for doors and leat 60 17 Fanlight transoms 62 18 General sils 63 19 Mulllons for doors and leaf windows ___ 64 20 Jambs, transoms, mullions and sills for fixed and adjustable glass and wooden louvres, metal mesh and solid glazed sections 65cP 4: 2001 Page 21 Grounds and keys 66 22 Roof decking __. 68 23 Door and window leaves 70 24 Plywood flush doors n 25 Solid flush doors n 26 Panel doors _ 74 27 Braced strip doors 76 28 Folding and sliding doors 7 29 Window leaves _. 8 30 Rebated meeting stiles Sera: 31 Leaf ints for sliding and folding doors and windows 20 32 Glazing bars 80 33 Rebetes for louvred, meshed and glazed doors and windows 81 34 Louvre positioning details for daors and windows Bee aa] 35 Alternative method for glazed panelled and meshed sections esestenenGP 4: 2001. Foreword This Singapore Standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee on Architectural Practice under the direction of the Construction Industry Practice Committee. itis a revision of GP 1 ; 1982 This code deals with the use of timber in the building industry _It is intended primarily to lay down requirements regarding design, quality of material and its appication. it represents a standard of good practice and therefore takes the form of recommendation Compliance with it does not exonerate user/specifer from relevant legal requirements including by-laws The recommendations are such as to enable the maximum economic use of available timber resources. Hence, recommending the standard sizes and profiles for the most commonly used items of construction together with details of timber species most suitable for various functions. A wide range of tropical timbers which are of commercial interest and generally available Is listed in this Code ‘Changes made to the 1982 editfon include the updating of data on timber species and classifications and the exclusion of strength requirements of various timber species, which can be referred to in SS CP 7. and omission of health hazard chemical as timber preservative Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from Malaysian Timber Council and Malaysian Timber Board NOTE 1 Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of fechnological changes end new technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of either amendment sips or revised editions 2 Compliance with e Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligationsCP 4: 2004 Code of practice for the use of timber in buildings 1 Scope ‘This code applies to dimensions and species of timber suitable for application in buildings NOTE - Tables 9 to 17, which give the dimensions for structural members, are for reference only These tables willbe included in SS CP 7 when itis revised in due course NOTE - The ties ofthe publications referred to in this Cade are listed at the end of the Code 2 Purpose ‘The purpose of this code is to prescribe dimensions which will be adequate for the satisfactory function of the various non-structural members and which will at the same time ensure efficient utiisation of timber resources, Reference to sizes of structural members is to be cbtained from SS CP 7 3 Timber species ‘The timber species recommended by this Code Is given in Table 1 4 Timber grades and size tolerances Unless otherwise specified, sawn timber for carpentry works shall be of Sound Grade for GMS (General Market Specifications) Grading shall be carried out in accordance with the Malaysian Grading Rules by timber graders registered with the Malaysian Timber Industry Board Timber for ‘carpentry shall be bare-sawn The sizes of sawn timber, unless otherwise specified, shall be within the margin of permissible variations stated below: + For widths, depths or thicknesses not exceeding 75 mm, within 5 mm of the specified size ‘+ Forwidths, depths or thicknesses exceeding 75 mm, within 10 mm of the specified size ‘The contractor shall provitle any necessary blocks, wedges or battens to compensate for irregular surfaces caused by any variations in size of timbers hereby permitted. Unless otherwise specified, sawn timber for joinery works shall be of Sound Grade (GMS end Strips) ‘Timber for joinery shell be bare-sawn. The finished sizes for joinery (including wrath timber), unless. otherwise specified, shall be within the margin of permissible variation stated below: «For widths, within 3 mm of the specified fished size + For thicknesses, within 2 mm of the specified finished sizecP 4: 2001 Table 1 - Timber species classification Group classification Trade name Mangrove Bakau Baleu /Selangan Batu (Shorea spp) Balzu RediSelangan Batu Metrah (Shorea spp ) Belian(Eusideroxylon zwageri) Bitis(Madhuca spp and Palaquium spp ) ‘Chengal (Neobalanocarous heim) Giam(Hopea spp ) Kekatong( Cynometra spp ) Keranji(Diaium spp.) Melagangai(Eusideroxylon matagangal) Merbaut(Intsia spp.) Penaga(Mesu ferea) Penyau(Upuna borneensis) Resak(Vatc spp. And Cotylelobium spp ) an Tembusu (Fagraea spp.) jeep? ‘Alan Balu(Shorea albida) Bekak(Amoora spp ) Derum((Cratoxylum spp ) Entapuloh(Teijsmaniodendron spp ) Geriting Teruntum(Lumnizera spp ) Kandis(Garcinia spp.) Kapur(Dryobalanops spp ) Kasal(Pometia spp ) Kayu Melam(Diospytos spp ) Kedang Belum/Tulang Daing(Miletia spp ) Kelat((Eugenia spp ) for GMS Keledang (Artocarpus spp ) Malaysian Kempas(Koompassia malaccensis) ‘Timber for Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp ) Ibe within eruntum(Combretocerpus rotundatus) Kulim(Scorodocarpus borneensis) Mata Ulat(Kokoona spp ) ze Mempening(Lithocarpus spp. And Quercus spp ) ee aes MengkulengiKembang(Heriiera spp ) Meransi (Caralia spp ) These Heavy Hardwoods ‘or regular MerawaniGagilHopea spp ) Merbatu(Perinar spp. And Maranthes corymbosa) Merpeuh\Swintonia spp.) and Strips) Mertas(Ctenolophon parvifolus) ber}, unless | Nyatin(Xanthophyllum spp ) Pauh Kijang( Irvingia malayana) Perah(Elateriospermum tapos) Petaling(Ochanostachys amentacea) Punah{Tetramerista glabra) Ranggu(Koordersiodendran pinnatum) Rengas(Gluta spp. And Melanochyla spp ) ‘Semayur{Shorea inaequilateralis) ‘Senumput (Hydnocarpus spp ) ‘Simpoh(Dillenia spp } ‘Tampoi(Baccaurea spp ) Tuelang(Koompessia excelsa)cP 4: 2004 Table 4 ~ Timber species classification (cont'd) Group classification Trade name Tight Hardwoods ‘Alan Bunga (Shorea albida) ‘Ara(Ficus spp ) Bayur(Aerospermem spp ) Babat(Saraca spp.) Berangan(Castamopsis spp ) Bintangor(Calophyllum spp ) Binuang(Octomeles sumtrane) Dedali(Strimbosia javanica) Durian(Coelostegua spp Durio spp And Neesia spp.) Geronggeng/Serungun (Cratoxylum spp ) Gerutu(Parashorea spp.) sJelutong((Dyera spp ) | Jongkong((Dactyiocladus stenostachys) Kedondong(Speties of Burseraceae) Kelumpang(Sterculia spp ) Kembang Sernangkuk (Scephium spp ) kKetapang((Terminalia spp ) ‘Kungkur (Pithecellobium spp ) Laran(Anthocephlus chinensis) Machang(Mangifere spp ) Mahang(Mecareng spp.) Medang(Species of Lauraceae) MelantailKawang (Shores spp.) Melunak (Pentace spp) Mempisang/Karai (Spacies of Annoanaceae) Meranti Bakeu(Shorea uliginosa) IMerant, Dark RediOber Suluk (Shorea epp ) Merant, Light RediRed Sereya(Shores spp ) i Merant, White/Meiapi(Shorea spp ) Meranti YellowiYellow Serava(Shoree spp ) Merbulan(Biumeodendron spp ) Mersawa(Anisoptera spp.) Nyatoh(Species of Sapotaceae) Pelajau(Pentaspadon spp } Penarahan((Species of Myristicaceae) Perupok (Lophopetalum spp ) Petai(Parkia spp ) Pulai(Alstonia spp.) | Ramin(Gonystylus spp ) Rubberwood (Havea brasiliensis) Sengkuang{Dracontomelum dao) Sentang(Azadirachta excetsa) \ Sepetir(Sindora spp And Copaifera palustris) | ‘Sesendok (Endospermumn type) Teak (Tactona Grandi) TTerap(Ariocarpus spp Paratocarous spp And Antaris toxicaria) Terentang (Campnosperma spp.) | White Serava (Pareshorea spp.) Softwoods (Conifers) Damar Minyak (Agathis borneensis) odo (Podacarpus spp ) Sempilor (Dactydium spp. And Phylocladus spp.) 12CP 4: 2001 aris 5 Natural durability of timber ‘The sapwood of all timbers and the heartwood of many timbers are liable to attack by wood destroying fungi, boring insects and termites All untreated timber placed in salt water Is fable to attack by a variety of organisms collectively known as marine borers From tests conducted by the Timber Research Laboratory of the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia ‘and long term practical experience, commercial timbers may be placed into four main natural durablity ‘groups These groups refer only to the heartwood of the species (as the sapwood of all species is perishable) in its abilty to resist atack by fungi, termites and insects when exposed to severe attack from these sources end in contact with the ground. Timber not in the ground contact wil, of course, last considerably longer then the periods noted Teak has been added to Table 2 for comperigon Table 2 — Natural durability classification a 7 ree inal pean a oe ta com | ni Pern ea Se aoe ‘The recut in Table 2 ae forests using authenticated botarical specimens. Without microscope examination. is impossible ‘olden the Icvidual species whicn make up the commercial groups Kenna. Kopur and Ketedang marked"). Mary of the species which form these groups ae highly durable and have positon high in Group 3. bl because ofthe possi of non Uurable exarmoles ofthe species being found in commercial supplies cf Kenting. Kepur and Keledang, @ postion on te safe side in Group ¢ has been selectedcP 4: 2004 It should be noted that the timbers in the lower durability classes, if they are adequately protected with an ctficient preservative will ast indefinitely. So far as permanent construction is concemed they are therefore quite 1s suitable 2s Clase 7 timbers and in some cases, superior, because when extreme decay and/or insect attack is present, a naturally non-durablo, but very permeable timber such as Kempas which absorbs high loadings of preservative easily, wil prove more durable then untreated Group 1 timbers 6 Timber preservation ‘The present day tendency to use smaller and therefore more highly stressed members increases the importance of protection against wood destroying agencies if structural falure is to be aveided. The hardwood of graups 1 & 2 (Table 2) are highly resistant to decay and insect attack and do not require treatment if kept in dry and out of ground contact The sapwood of these spacies is not durable, and the presence of sapwood is in many cases the cause of the initiation of attack in these species 7 Requirements of timber preservatives or fire retardants ‘A wood preservative should have the following properties: (2) Toxicity ~ High toxicity to wad destroying organism is essential (2) Penetration - Abilty to penetrate deeply into the wood is essential (©) Permanency - Should retain permanency in the wood in service and should nat leach or diffuse out of the wood in the presence of water or high humidity (@ Chemical stabilty — Chemical used should not break down or lose their toxicity over a period of time (©) Safety - Should be safe to handle and use and non poisonous to animals and humans when in the timber (Interaction with other materials ~The preservative should not react with other materials placed in contact with it to cause corrosion, staining , ete (g) Cleanliness and odour ~ Preservative used in buildings should be free from objectionable ‘smells, clean to handle and use, and should not contaminate foodstuffs: (®) Painting - 1t must be possible fo paint, stain, varnish and polish treated timber in the same manner as untreated tmber () Fire hazard ~ No treatment should increase the flammability of tmber and should preferably impart fre retardant properties to the timber @) Moisture repellent ~ The treatment should preferably impart moisture repelling characteristics to wood In practice, itis not presently possible for single preservative or fire retardant to meet all the above requirements and a range of treatments is in use to meet specialised requirements Trealments fell into three basic groups:cP 4: 2001 with an re quite etatiack dings of ases the ed. The itrequire able, and ‘each oF sa period vans when ials placed Jectonable 1 the same 4 preferably aractristics Wi the above 7.1 General purpose wood preservative ‘These have very high toxicity to all wood destroying organisms and give protection to wood under the most severe conditions. These preservatives are applied by pressure impregnation 7.2 Organic solvent preservatives These normally use organic solvents as cerriers which do not cause dimensional changes or distortions to the timber during treatment unless when formulated as a water emulsified mixture. Water repellents are offen incorporated to alve @ degree of dimensional stability together with preservative properties where appearence and dimensional tolerance are prime raquirement of the treated ‘components duting service eg. joineries, flooring and etc. For best resulls these preservatives shall be applied in pre-treatments (as opposed to ‘n-situ’) either by double vacuum or vacuum pressure methods 7.3 Fire retardants ‘These are designed to insulate or impart resistance to the flaring and spread of flame on a treated wood surface. They may incorporate wood preservatives properties Generally there are two different fire retardant system (1) those applied by vacuum-oressute impreanation in pretreatment and (2) those by paint oF lacquerike coatings thet swell in fire (intrumescent) for in-situ treatment on timber surfaces are available. Fire retardants are normally not resistant fo rain cycle and are unsuitable for Use under exterior weathering conditions 8 Types of preservatives ‘Types of preservatives in general used and of proven efficiency in accordsnce with the thrae basic groups mentioned in Ciause 9 are as given below: 8.1 General purpose preservative 8.1.1 Creosote to British Standard (BS) 144 and Australian Standard (AS) 1143, 8.1.2 Copper-chrome-arsenate (CCA) water-based solutions used are to meet the requirements of BS 4072 or SS 72, 8.2 Organic solvent preservative 8.2.4 The preservatives normally contain organic fungicides and insecticides in proprietary formulations ‘The list of active components are constantly subject to revision as safer and cost efiective substitutes become availabie. Examples of the commonly used active constituents are of active components which are constantly subject to revision. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) * Naphthenates (Copper naphthenatt ar zine naphthenate) Organo-tin compounds (tr-n-butylin oxide or t-n-butyltin naphthenate) Azole compounds (ebuconazole , propiconazole and azaconazole) Insecticide often incorporate with the above in formulation are: Chorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (CH!) (Lindane", Dieldrin) Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (Permethrin, Cyparmethrin, Cyfiuthrin) (NOTE ~ although stil alowed for use in some developed countries for woed preservation , these chemicals have been elther banned or subject to strict contol for export and use in many countries including Singapore) 18cP 4: 2001 When water repellents are incorporated, the degree of water repellency may be required to conform to a specification such as U S A Federal Specification TT-W-572B For specification for the vacuum-pressure or double vacuum pressure treatment tropical wood species, reference may be made to MS 734 or British Wood Preserving Association Standard (BWPA) 112-116 8.3 Fire retardant Fire retardant applied using vacuum-pressure impregnation are water-soluble mixtures which may also contain efficient wood preservatives Performance against fre for the treated wood should conform to the requirements of BS 476 and jor ASTM E69 ‘Any ancillary properties imparted by the fire-retardant viz. Paintability and dimensionel stability may bbe requited to conform to USA Federal Specification TT-W-572 B 9 Methods of treatment with preservatives 9.1 Pressure method Pressure treatment that conforms to specification provides the most reliable treatment results as, regerdiess of how effective the preservative has formulated to be, it requires a barrier of sufficient thickness and concentration can ensure that the preservative enters the timber in depth Some timber ‘species can only be treated in the sapwood and has impermeable heartwood. The minimum guideline for pretreatment by pressure impregnation Is to achieve complete penetration of sapwood and significant penetration of the heartwood. 9.2 Non-pressure method Applications by dipping, brushing and spraying are relatively inexpensive and can be carried out on pre-installed or existing structures without the need of dismanting and replacement, as compare to cases of pre-treatment by pressure method The effectiveness of the treaiment depends on the proper coverage. Repeated application may be necessary especially when fresh machining has been Carried out on the treated timber These methods are often used for the organic solvent preservatives ‘as the solvent allows deeper penetration of the preservative in comparison to water-based preservatives The preservatives performance is further enhanced when these formulations contain, insecticides that are repellent to wood destroying insects such as termites, so that protection is still in force despite surface checks beyond the depth of preservative penetration. This repellent-insecticidal feature is not contained in the common pressure-Impregnated water-based preservatives However, where the situation Is such that only limited protection is considered necessary, application of preservatives by brushing, dipping or other non-pressure methods will be satisfactory. Such nion- pressure methods are very suitable for remedial maintenance treatment of untreated timber already installed in buildings Where such non-pressure methods of application are used, the timber initly treated by dipping, brushing or spraying should periadically receive a liberal coat of preservatives of the same type, well worked into all joints and cracks. The frequency of such maintenance applications depends upon conditions of service, but should normally correspond to that of periodic external painting in the locality 16nto food WPA) also rm to may ts 2s, ficient timber ideline dand cout on pare to ‘on the ts been vatives based contain s stil in scticidal plication Ich non- already dipping, ype, well tds upon ig in the CP 4: 2004 10 Preservation, general requirements ‘The preservatives and loading given in Table 3 will give protection to timber against all forms of decay, boring insects, drywood and subterranean termites, marine borers and where applicable, also against fire The retentions given are minimal and manufacturers should be consulted for details of individual loadings for different preservatives Due account has been taken of the nature of individual preservatives, thelr fixation and permanency land odour when recommending specific end uses and loadings As a further precaution, no foodstufs should be allowed to come into direct contact with unsealed preservative treated timber Normally the treated timber can be adeauetely sealed with a coat of paint or varnish Information on this point for any particular preservative may be obtained from the manufacturer For preservative treatment, timber must be seasoned below the fibre saturation point to about 25 per ssent moisture content, The importance of intial seasoning cannot be overemphasised because if the wood cells are full of moisture as they may be in green timber, itis impossible to force in any more liquid; timber must therefore be seasoned before treatment Where practicable, all necessary machining to cross-section should be carried out before impregnation. Where cutting to length only Is necessary on site the cross cut surface should be sealed with a liberal application of preservative or approved end sealing solution. Treatment in this way results in applicable penetration of preservative along the end grain but is only effective in dealing with cut ends, Table 3 ~ Preservatives, loading and uses “Average retention preservative kgim? Treatment | prescription Same taut cca | Creosote! | __ Fife penie | er retardants | SoWven! i. ——| ( Interior timbers e.g oy | Not less then A and joinery" 56 96 0! noo Refer to (1) Exterior timbers 8 | unpainted, NOT in 80 1280 wis® | Refer to (2) ground contact Exterior timbers in © | ground contact eg 120 160.0 NS NS fence posts, bridges ‘Timbers on fand or in Ba cor yaar 160 180.0 Nis. Nis 7 CESEAEEERSSES LCS Notless |Notiess than than 240 | 3200 Ns “ v7CP 1: 2004 NOTE 1 — This refers tothe loading of preservative cy, not tothe combined weight of preservative plussolvent, and in the case of organic solvent preservatives, to the loading of the preservatives active components, including the fungicides andlor insecticides. The recommended retention for these preservatives will depend on the type of active components and formulation As such producis ete offen propriety, specific retention, absorption or coverage are available only from the manufacturer. For the lst of commonly used active ‘components or organic solvent preservative please refer to Clause 821 NOTE 2 — Fire retardant and organic solvent preservatives may be used for exterior joinery, above ground, © g windows, doors weatherboards, provided that they are protected from leaching by a permanent cover of paint varnish, etc NOTE 3 ~ For interior use, creosote is only suitable for mers not in contact with plaster or other materiais. If these materials are placed In contact with creosolad timber. steining will ensue Creosote wil also “bleed” along alls usad to fix materials to creosoted timber NOTE 4 ~ Creosote retentions are expressed for liquid creosote in kg NOTE 5 - NIS = not suitable Impregnated timber should be ait seasoned or kiln dtled to enable watersalution to evaporate This is, especially important with the water-based treatment es the water absorbed causes expansion of the timber and the excess water must be removed in order to allow the timber to regain its original dimension Facilites should be given for inspecting all preservation treatment carried out and to examine the records of such treatment When analyses of treated timber are required, samples should be submitted to competent laboratories for examination 41 Methods of impregnation 41.4 General specification for the vacuum and pressure impregnation of timber with water based preservatives such as copper/chrome/arsenate preservative or fire retardant The following gives the recommended practice for impregnation of timber: 1144 Scope This specification covers the preservative andior fire retardant treatment of timber by the full-cell process for the use in bullding construction {t should be noted that this is 2 general specification for treatment of timber with copper Ichromefarsenate preservative and fire retardant For specific details for impregnation with copper! chromefarsenate, refer to SS 72. 14.4.2 Salt retention Timber shall be vacuurn/pressure impregnated in accordance with the standard process in order to obtain the average dry salt nett retention specified in Table 3. 11.4.3 Solution “The treating solution should be evenly mixed and of the strength necessary to obtain the required retention of preservative with the largest gross absorption possible The solution strength shail be etermined from its gravity by use of a hydrometer corrected for temperature 18CP 1: 2001 went, vents, don sation, active deg paint, fale ‘along This is of the original ine the wuld be r based + fullcell «copper 1 copper! 1 order 0 2 required 1 shall be 11.44. Standard process ‘The timber shall be loaded into 2 suitable pressure vessel and impregnated with the preservative andlor fire retardant using the following minimum schedules: (e) (0) iC) For Classes A and B, Table 3 Initial vacuum: An intial vacuum of not less than 635 mm Hg shall be drawn and held for @ petiod of not less than 30 minutes Flooding vessel: While stil holding the vacuum, the cylinder shall be flooded with preservative solution. Pressure period: Immediately after flooding the cylinder the pressure shall be raised to not less than 14.0 kg/cm? and held at this pressure for not less than 120 minutes Final vacuum: A final vacuum of not less than 635 mm Hg shall be drawn and immediately released. Minimum solution strength: No solution strength for this schedule shail be less than 2.5 per cent for CCA preservatives or less than 17 § per cent for fre retardant For classes C and D, Table 3 Initial vacuum: An inital vacuum of not less than 636 mm shell be drawn and held for a period of not less than 60 minutes Flooding vessel: While stil hoiding the vacuum, the vessel shall be flooded with preservative solution Pressure period: Immediately after flooding the cylinder, the pressure shall be raised to not less than 14 0 kg/cm? and held at this pressure for not less than 180 minutes Final vacuum: A final vacuum of not less than 635 mm Hg shall be drawn and immediately released ‘Minimum solution strength: No solution strenath for this schedule shall be less than § 0 per ccent for CCA preservatives. For Class E, Table 3 Initial vacuum: Aa initial vacuum of not less than 635 mm Hg shall be drawn and held for a petiod of not less than 60 minutes Flooding vess« While holding the vacuum, the vessel shall be flooded with preservative solution Pressure period: Immediataly after flooding the cylinder, the pressure shall be raised to not less than 14.0 kgicm? and held at this pressure for not less than 240 minutes Final vacuum: When required, a final vacuum of not less than 635 mm Hg shall be drawn. and immediately released Minimum solution strength: No solution strength for this schedule shall be less then 12 per cont.cP 4: 2001 14.4.5 Retention tolerances ‘The nett dry salt retention should not be fess than $0 per cent of the quantity specified in Table 2 in ‘any one charge and over 10 consecutive charges, shall not be less than 95 per cent of the quantity specified 14.4.6 Pumping to refusal ‘All charges shall be pumped to refusal Refusal point shall be considered to have been reached when further absorption of the treating solution being applied at 14.0 kgicm® in each of the two consecutive haif hour periods in less than 2% of the totel absorption up to the commencement of the first of these periods 41.4.7 Correction for leakage In the estimate of absorption of treating solution, correction shall be made for leakage from the cylinder during the pressure period Leakage shall be collected and measured 14.4.8. Standard accuracy ‘Thermometer 20 Pressure gauges 3 per cent Vacuum gauges £10 mm Mercury (Hg) 11.1.9 Conditions of timber before treatment (a) Decay and insect attack: All timber shail be free irom decay and active insect attack (b) Moisture content: All timber shall be air dried or kiln dred to an average moisture content of 25 per cent immediately before treatment No piece in any consignment shall exceed 30 per ‘cent moisture content. Moisture content shall be determined in accordance with Annex A (©) Machining and dressing: As far as is practicable, all adzing, boring, framing, chamfering, planing and cutting to length shall be done before treatment We AO Sorting of timber Whenever possible, timber in any charge shall consist of the same species, similar in form and size, moisture content and treatabity Where this is not practicable, the treeting procedure adopted shall ensure that the timber, which is most dificult to treat, is satistactorly treated in accordance with this Schedule 44.41.11 Timber quantities ‘Timber quantity for the calculation of absorption shall be based on the nominal size of the timbers 11. 42 Retreatment of unsatisfactorily treated charges Al charges not compiying with the requirements of this specification shall be re-dried to the specified moisture content, and re-eated to refusal using solution strength adequate to achieve specified retention, 2023in antity when cutive these ylinéer intent of 130 per A mifering, and size, ted shal fhthis vers. specified specified CP 1: 2001 444.413 Controt ‘A charge sheet (12 treatment record) shall be entered at each stage of the treatment cycle and shall bbe open to inspection by the Architect or Engineer for whom the timber is being tated Such charge sheets shall be signed by the plant operator as 2 true record of treatment carried out All plant operators shal be trained, skiled technicians 44.414 Certification A Treatment Certificate shall be produced for each consignment of timber delivered from the treatment plant On this Certicate shall appear the following information: (2) Name of buyer: (0) Name of treating company: ()__Preservaive of Fire Retardant name; (8) Specified average nett retention of preservative of fire retardant, (e) Charge sheet number or numbers and date of treatment; (9) Species of timber treated together with sizes and volume; (@) The Certificate shall be signed by a responsible officer of the treatment company, certifying that the timber had been so treated as described, in accordance with this specification 114.45 Analysis In case of dispute samples of timber shall be submitted to competent laboratories for analysis Such samples for analysis shall be of the full cross section of the piece, of 12 mm thickness and shall be taken from 450 mm from the end of the piece, 14.2 Pressure impregnation with creosote impregnation shall be carried out according to 8S 144 This is generally similar to the above specification for water-based preservative except that impregnation using creosote often requires heating of the treating liquid. Other requirements for moisture content, timber quality, control, certfcation, etc. are for the above specification Analysis of pressure creosoted timber shail also be made in accordence with BS 144, Qualiy of creosote shall be defined in BS 144 or AS 1143 Retentions of creosote are defined in Table 3 41.3 Vacuum and or pressure impregnation with organic solvent preservatives ‘There are a number of different formulae, which are designed to ajve both stabilty and preservation to Joinery, and flooring where low or negligible movement is required of the timber in service, together with preservation from decay and insect attack. ‘There are a number of different formulae, which are designed to give both stabilty and preservation to joinery, and flooring where low or negiigible movement is required of the limber in service, together with preservation from decay and insect altack Because of the very wide range of solvents employed, itis not possible to specify standard treatment cycles as widely varying combinations of air pressure, vacuum and hycraulic pressure are required in ‘order to achieve a clean, non-swelling, paintable and product aCP: 2004 Until a Singapore Standard is eveilable for organic solvent preservation, its tecommended thet BWPA 112-116 be used suitably and modified where necessary to allow for the timbers er density of tropical ‘The manufacturer's treatment recommendations should be followed for the product and solvent employed, but regardless of the system employed, the general requirements are: @ ©) © @ e 0 @ (ny Complete penetration of al sapwood and significant penetration into the heartwood Cleaniiness, paintabiity, stability and, if required, water-repellancy to USA Federal Specification TT-W-57228 Preservative loading to meet the requirement of Table 3, and if the preservative is not ppentachlorophenol, is to be applied at a sufficient retention to give equivalent protection against termites, borers and decay 23 4.80 kglm’ pentachlorophenol. Recommended preservative loading apply to the different proprietary as recommended by the manufacturers Guideline for the products classes according to the active components can be found in BWPA Manual Section 2 0 Specification for Biocides Apart from standard treatment process and type of preservative, timber to be impregnated with organic solvent preservatives shall conform to the requirements given for waterborne salts with regard to moisture content (MC), quality, soriing, et Moisture content requirements will depend on the dimensional tolerance allowed by the end user For example, furniture components may require io be treated at 9 - 11% MC, whereas windows and doors components may be treated at an MC slightly below fibre saturation point, eg. 18% Plant instrument shall conform to the requirements given for waterbome salt impregnation Retention tolerances shall conform to the requirements given for waterbome salts. Most manufacturers of organic solvent preservative specify absorption liquid in itres/m? instead of retention Plant control standards and samples for analysis shall also be carried out for waterborne salts ‘Treatment Certificates shall be issued as for waterborne salts. 2pical ‘vent 2deral is not ection ended turers, WPA gnated rome sments irniture doors on Most Head of ve salts CP 1: 2001 ‘Table 4 ~ Permeability of timbers to preservatives applied by pressure impregnation " Absorption, tires preservative per cubic metre of timber Group classification | Very easy Easy Average | Moderately dificult] Diffeult 315-475 | 200-3158 | 160-200 80-160 Up to 80 ites lites fires tives itres Bakau Balau Red Balau Heavy |Sapwood of | Sapwood of : - ‘Chengal hardwoods |some species |most species iam Keranii Merbau Resak Tembusu Kempas Kutim Keledang Medium | Sapwood ot | Keruing® | Mengkuiang Kepur Keruing® hardwoods | alispecies | Simpoh | Perupok Punah Rengas Tualang Sepwood of | Durian Yellow Meranti| Meranti Bintangor allspecies | Machang | Sepetir Bakau Mersawa Light Datk Red hardwoods | Geronggang | White Meranti Meranti Jelutong | Terentang Light Red Merani | Nyatoh Mempisang Merawan Pull Ramin Softwoods | Damar Minye NOTE 1 -Where timbers are listed by name, the absorptions refer only to the permeability ofthe heartwood as the sepwood of all species is completely permeable. NOTE 2 ~ Absorptions given are for timber seasoned to spproximately 25 per cent MC before treatment NOTE 3—Most species of Keruing NOTE 4A few species only. 23P41; 2004 12 Timber seasoning ‘Timber should be seasoned by naturel or kin-drying means to a moisture content appropriate to the position in which it is to be used, Some basic factors concerning the moisture content of the timber @ ) © (a) (C) 0 ‘The wood of 2 newly felled tree contains very large quantity of water, the greater part of which rust be removed before the timber is fit for use Most freshly sawn hardwood timber has @ moisture content between 40 per cent to 70 percent depending on the species. Properly seasoned timber will nave considerably lower moisture content than this, depending upon the humidity and temperature of the place in which itis used [As moisture is lost from wood, perceptible changes take place in its physical properties. The stage at which these take place is well defined and is known as the Fibre Saturation Point (FSP). In most timbers, this point lies between 25 per cent and 20 per cent moisture content When wood is dried below the FSP, as it must be for most uses, its mechanical strength increases, electrical conductivity decrease, but most important, shrinkage starts to occur. The usual dagree if shrinkage occurs is given Table 8. ‘Weed, being @ hygroscopic material, will continue to lose or absoro meisture until its moisture content is in equiforium with its surroundings. This stable condition is known as the Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) Unless wood is in constant contact with water or damp conditions, the EMC will le between 10 per cent and 19 per cent M.C depending upon whether the building is air-conditioned or the timber is exposed to normal atmospheric conditions, ‘Timber which is thoraughly air-seasoned will attain an EMC of between 15 per cent and 19 per cent M.C. The period needed to obtain this M.C. varies both with the thickness and species to be dried; this drying period can be as long as 1 year for 38 mm thick Balau or as short as 2 months for 28 min thick Ramin (Melawis) The average seasoning periods for diferent timber species are given in Table 5 Where moisture contents below 19 per cent are required, kiln drying methods must be employed Changing the M.C. of wood will often cause distortion as well as change of dimension. Such ffects are undesirable and timber, especially furniture and joinery timber should be properly seasoned to a MG equivalent to the average conditions in which it will be installed When delivered to site, such timber should be properly stacked and protected against the effects of inclement weather Wood above 20 per cent moisture content is prone to attack by decay, but below this moisture Content, is reasonably immune. Therefore any untreated timber installed in a building should normally be seasoned to about 20 per cent moisture content to avoid the risk of fungal infection during the construction and subsequent drying out pericd ‘Table 6 gives the recommended moisture contents for the various positions in the building, both for air-conditioned and non air-conditioned buildings and at the time of construction. 4CP 1: 2004 Table 5 — Average ait seasoning periods he “Average air diying periods to achiove 19 per cant MG, 7 ‘38mm thick timber ae Group | Group i Group tl imbet openly a onthe Sonia pe 4-6 months 2-4 months ee Baiau Kapur Bintangor 1 Point Red Balau Keledang Darnar Minyak a Bits Datk Red Merant Durian a The Chengal Light Red Meranti Geronggang iam White Meranti Jelutong cisture Kerani Yellow Meranti Kempas rane Merawan Nyatoh Kering 3 upon Mersawa Puna Kulm erie me Merbau Rengas Machang Resak Teak Mempisang ae Tembusu Mengkuleng attas2 Meranti Bakau ae Perupok (Mata Ulat) Pulal wn, Such Ramin Melawis) properly Sepetr 4. When pect fects of ee Terentang moisture ieee g should 3¢ fungal 43. Methods of seasoning building, ie The following gives the recommended practice for air seasoning and kin drying of timber 13.4 _ Kiln drying of timber 13.4.4 Scope This specification establishes requirements in relation to: (2) Methods for kin drying of timber and (b) Kiln dried timber 25CP 4; 2004 43.4.2. Sound trade practice In this specification, sound trade practice means established trade practice of sound repute, competently executed with installatens, materials, methods, practices and processes that are adequate for the efficent and satisfactory kiln drying of timber ‘Table 6 ~ Moisture content of timber for various positions in buildings Non-airconditioned buildings Position of timber Average MC. percent ina | Maximus MC. per cent ‘tied out building at time of installation Framing, joists, bearers, 45-19 25 beams, weatherboarding All roofing timbers rafters, 18-19 25 Puriins, battens, ete All joinery, panelling 18-19 20 trims, ete Strip and parquetry flooring 14-15 6 ‘on joists or concrete slabs Airconditioned buildings All timbers exposed to air-conditioning e.g. parquet flooring 40-14 45 board, panelling, doors, frames, and other joinery, furniture 43.4.3 Kitn dried timber Timber purporting to be ‘kiln dried’ shall be deemed to conform to this specification if at the time of elivery the moisture content is within the limits indicated hereunder 13.1.4 Moisture content fimits Not less than 90 per cent of the charge shall have an average moisture content detailed under the “dried out" heading of Table 6. The remainder of the charge shall have @ moisture content not exceeding that shown under the “installation” colurnn of Table 6 Moisture content shall be determined in accordance with the methods as given in Annex A 43.4.5 Dry storage All kiln dried timber shall be held in dry storage, fully protected from weather 2Aeo + the rot cP 4: 2001 13.4.6 Certification A certificate shall be produced for all consignments of timber delivered from the dry kiln plant The certificate shall contain the following information: (2) Name of buyer, (b) Name of kiln drying company; (c) Species of timber dried, together with sizes and volume; (@) Change number or numbers and dates of drying (©) Details of maximum, minimum and average moisture contents at time of delivery: () The Certificate shall be signed by a responsible officer of the kiln drying company certifying that the timber has been kiln dried as described in accordance with specifications, 132 Air seasoning of timber 13.2.4 Scope This specification establishes requirements in relation to: (2) Methods of air seasoning; and (b)Airseasoned timber 13.2.2 Sound trade practices Jn this specification, sound trade practice means established trade practice of sound repute competently executed with materials, methods, practices and processes that are adequate for the efficient and satisfactory air drying of timber 13.2.3 Air seasoned timber Timber purporting to be “Air Seasoned” shall be deemed to conformed to this specification, if at the time of delivery, the moisture content is with the limits indicated hereunder 13.2.4 Moisture content limits (2) Timber under 50 mm thickness. The consignment shall have a average moisture content of 19 per cent. {b) Timber under 50 mm and above thickness The consignment shall have a average moisture content of 26 per cent Moisture content shall be determined in accordance with the method given in Annex A. 13.2.8 Dry storage All kiln dried timber shall be held in dry storage, fully protected from weather arcP 4: 2001 13.2.6 Certification A certificate shall be produced for all consignments of timber delivered from the dry kiln plant. The certificate shall contain the following information: (@) Name of buyer, (b) Name of supply company; (©) Species of timber together with sizes and volume; (2) Period of drying undertaken in weeks or months together with starting and finishing dates; () Maximum, minimum and average moisture contents 2t date of delivery; () The Certificate shall be signed by 2 responsible officer of the supplying company certifying that the timber has been air dried as described in accordance with this specification 43.3 Recourse to standard method ‘Any digpute conceming the moisture content of timber shall be decided by recourse tothe oven-drying method described in A 1 14 Determination of moisture content Moisture content shall be established by the oven-drying method or by the use of electrical moisture meter in accordance to Annex A 15 Timber for specific uses In Table 7 recommendations are made for specific uses of varous timber species For non-stuctural uses and decorative purposes, working properties, stabiliy and appearance are the cilteria against which recommendations have been made tis by no means implied the scope of timber is limited exclusively to the usage suggested. The main emphasis of Table 7 is on economy ‘and sound utilisation of the resources available 46 Standard timber dimensions ‘Table 8 prescribes nominal, seasoned and dressed dimensions of standard timber cross sections Experience shows that these ere adequate for all normal joinery work By defining cutting sizes, shrinkage allowance and dressed sizes, the anomalies inherent in multiple sized cuttings will be reduced, thus leading to more efficient and therefore more economic production by limiting the number of sizes to be cut, 16.1 Cutting size ‘The nominal sizes shail be "Bere Sawn’ es defined in the Malayan Grading Rules “Bare Sawn’ timber Is sawn to full nominal dimension off the saw, ie. s nominal 100 mm x 50 mm scantling is sawn from the log to the full dimension of 100 mm wide by 50 mm thick at time of sawing 2818 es, be ber rom CP 4: 2001 16.2 Seasor ig shrinkage ‘The nominal sizes wil be cut from green unseasoned timber Shrinkage will therefore occur when timber is seasoned to the moisture contents given in Table 6 and due allowance must be made for this fact Research demonstrates that the increase in strength which occurs due to the reduction in moisture content is greater than the loss of effective cross section, and no correction need to be made {or shrinkage design calculations Maximum shrinkage occurs in the tangential plane, the highest figure for the timbers listed in Table 1 ‘being 59 per cent for one species of Keruing (0. grandifforus). A more reasonable figure for normal purposes covering all timbers is about 5 per cent and this is the figure used in Table 8. The 6 per cent shrinkage allowance had been applied to both width and thickness as either of these dimensions will lie In the tangential plane in clfferent pieces of timber 16.3 Dressing Approximately 1 § mm is removed from each dressed face. This allowance Is made In Table 8 16.4 Length ‘Standard timber lengths are 4m, 5 m and 6 m Wherever possible, the length of individual pieces of sawn timber should be kept to 6 m and below. Lengths over 6 m are diffcul to obtain and expensive Where @ member is definitely required to be more than 6 m long for architectural or engineering reasons, itis desirable to show a splice on the drawing, with a proviso to the effect that the contractor ‘may omit the splice and substitute a full length should he so desire 16.5 Method of specifying sizes Sizes shall always be expressed in terms of the Nominal Size, and in the case where dressed timber of joinery is required, the word "Ex’ shall be placed before the size nominated, ie. final size is bel : 29CP 1: 2001 Table 7 — Timbers for specific uses. Usage Timbers recommended Doors and windows, jambs, sils, general Joinery Bolau, Chengal, Duran, Kapur, Keledang, Keruing, Kum, Mengkulang, Merbau, Dark Red Merant, Light Red Meranti, White Merant, Yellow taeranti,Nyatoh, Perunok (Meta Ula), Punah, Ramin Melawis), Sepetir, Simpoh Stair stringers and treads Kapur, Keledang, Kerving, Mengkulang, Ramin ((ielanis), Simpoh, Heavy duty flooring including parquetry Salau, Red Balau, Chengal, Giam, Kapur, Kempas, Keranii, Keruing, Merbau, Resak, Tembusu. General purpose flooring including parquetry Kapur, Keledang, Kempas, Keruing, Mempiseng, Mengkulang, Dark Red Meranti, Light Red Meranti, White Meranti, Yellow Meranti, Mersawa, Nyatoh, Ramin, Sepetir ‘Weatherboarding, fascia and roof boarding Bintangor, Durian, Kapur, Keledang, Machang, Mempisang, Mengkulang, Merawan, Mersawa, Ramin (Metawis), Dark Red Meranti, Light Red Meranti, White Merant, Sepetir, ‘Simpoh Penelting Bintangor, Damar Minyak, Duran, Keledang, Keranj, Mengkulang, Derk Red Meranf, Light Red Merent, Yellow Meranti, Merewan, Mersawe, Merbau, Nyatoh, Perupok (Mata Ula), Sepetr, Simpoh, Terentang, Ramin (Melawis), Cabinet making and furniture Bintangor, Damar Minyak, Keiedang, Mengkulang, Dark Reed Meranti, Light Red Meranti, Yellow Meranti, Merawan, Merbau, Nyatoh, Rengas, Sepetir, Simpoh, Ramin (Metawis)cP 4: 2001, Table 8 ~ Standard timber sizes Nominal size, mm @ 19 per cent MC. will Will dress all round shrink 10 (DAR) ‘Thickness Wath Thickness Wiath Thickness width 12 "1 8 25 23 20 2 38 "1 36 8 33 50 a7 44 100 95 92 100 95 92 19 150 18 142 15 139 25 23 20 50 a7 44 75 71 68 25 100 23 95 20 92 150 142 139 200 180 187 250 237 234 300 285 282 38 36 2 50 a7 44 75 71 68 38 100 36 95 32 92 160 142 139 200 480 187 2500 | 237 234 300 285 282 50 a7 44 75 n 68 100 , 95 92 50 125 47 118 46 115 150 142 139 200 190 187 250 237 234 300 285 282 75 1 68 100 95 92 150 142 139 le 200 al 180 A 187 250 237 234 300 285 282 100 95 92 eo 150 7 142 hia 139 125 125 118 118 115 115 150 180 142 142 139 139 NOTE | - Shrinkage is assumed to be 5 per cent NOTE 2 - The tolerance on all dimensions shall be & 3 mmCP 1: 2001 Table 9 ~ Dimensions of structural members Maximum height, span, Member spacing (centre to centre), Dimensions, mn or length House posts (braced as 1.80 m height above ground 400 X 100 required) 3.00 m height above ground 425 x 125 oF 150 x 160 (060 m centres eee kanihe, 3.00 m unsupported height soon ‘Stud frame noggings : 400 x50 Wall braces > (checked into studs) a Wall braces: > (cut between studs) 75x60 Wall plates . 100 x 75 Purine supporting rafters 2.0m span 40075 Roof struts 2.40 m length 400 x50 Ridges, hips and valleys 200 x 38 ; 4.00 m span 75x50 ae cover 4 00 m span 400x160 Verandah plates for tiled bide . 480x75 Bearers See Table 10 Floor joists = See Table 11 Flooring strips = See Table 12 Ceiling joists = See Table 13 Hanging Beams = See Table 14 Flat roofs with access See Tables 11 and 12, (joists and flooring strips) or Table 19 (decking) Rafters for ted roots 5 ‘See Table 15 Rafters for sheet roofs F ‘See Table 16 Purlins for sheet roofs f See Tobe 17 Roofing battens f See Table 18CP 4: 2001. Table 10 ~ Bearers for ground floor joists fan Cross sectional dimension, mm span of bebe Strength groups A and B only bearers, bearers, sl pan oft) Distributed live load in kn m 20 30 50 78 120 75x50 00x50 00x75 TB0x75 1.80 75x50 100 x 75 180x75 180x75 pee ae 240 4100 x 60 10x75 | 10x75 180x 75 3.00 100 x50 160x75 150x 75 150x100 720 100x758 50x75} 180x75 150 x 100 180 180 400 x 75 180x75 | 150x100 240 180x 75 480x75 3.00 190x75 | 180x100 i 720 00x75 | 150 100 | 180 180 x 75 - : = | eo 2.40 180x75 7 Hs : 3.00 480 x 100 : : ie 720 180 x75 : = 180 180x 100 : Z : 3.00 2.40 3.00 Table 11 ~ Floor joists Floor joists ~ Supported at ends only Joist Cross sectional dimension, mm spacing Strength groups A and B only ‘centre Span, -—— to ™ Distributed live load in knim? centre ae _| mm 20 30 50 78 Up to 2.40 125 x 50 150 x 50 150 x 50 200 x 60 3.00 180 x 50 200 x 50 200 x 50 250 x 50 360 200 x 50 200 x 50 250 x 50 300 x 60 Upto 420 250x50 250x50 300 x 50 300 x 75 a 4.80 250 x 60 300 x 50 300 x75 : 540 300 x 60 300x 75 6.00 300 x 75 7 : Upto 2.40 180x50 150.x50 200 x 50 y 3.00 200 x 60 200 x 50 250 x 50 7 aa 3.60 200 x 60 250 x 50 300 x 50 : Hee 430 | as0xs0 | 2soxso | S00n78 : 4.80 300 x50 300 x 50 - 5.40 300 x75 300 x75 6.00 7 | NOTE ~ Where necessary the jists should be supported against twisting by struts oF noggings at approximately 1 80 m centiesCP 4: 2001 Table 12~T and G flooring strips Finished thickness of flooring Joist spacing Seok centre to strength aha Distributed lve load kn/mn? group mm 20 30 50 75 460 20 20 32 32 panne 600 20 32 32 - ie 460 20 20 7 7 600 2 32 Z $ Table 13 — Ceiling joists Joist spacing aaa Gross sectional dimension, conte centre ia =n mm ‘Strength groups A and B only Upto 240 40x60 Up to 450 3.00 125 x 60 3.60 160 x50 35 Ze Upto 2.40 125 x50 600 300 150 x50 3.60 10x80 3 gg ‘Span across hanging Egoe Up to 900 beams or walls 100 x50 53° Up to 3.00 6° 2 | PRERSHESEEESCP 4: 2001. Table 14 — Hanging beams Beam spacing oa cross sectional dimension, centet carte a mm m Strength groups A and B only Up to 3.00 200 x 50 360 200 x 50 420 250 x 50 “pi 240 480 250 x 50 5.40, 300 x 50 6.00 300.x 80 Table 18 Ratters for tiles roots Pees Span Grose eeconal dimension, Seas s ‘Strength groups A and B only a 1.20 75x60 180 100 x50 450 2.40 125 x 50 | 3.00 150 x 50 | = 360 200 x 50 6 3 120 75x80 s 1.80 100 x 50 % 600 2.40 125 x50 3 3.00 200 x 50 zg 380 200 x80 a 120 75x50 180 100 x50 730 240 150 x50 3.00 200 x 50 3.60 250 x50 120 75x60 180 75x60 7 Up to 600 2.40 100 x50 :, 300 128 x80 gee __360 150 x 50 Eot 120 75x 50 52 180 75x50 2 750 240 125 x 50 3.00 150 x 50 | 360 200 x 50 35cP 1: 2001 Table 16 — Rafters for sheet roofs. Ratter spacing Gross sectional dimension, ‘centre to centre eee min ‘mim t Strength groups A and B only 120 75x50 180 75x50 Upto 750 2.40 400% 60 3.00 125% 50 360 15050 a 1.20 75x50 5 +60 75050 z 900 240 100%50 2 3.00 150x50 3 3.60 450%50 120 78x50 180 0060 +200 240 125% 50 3.00 150.x50 360 200 x 50 420 75x50 420 75x 50 Up 750 2.40 75x 50 é 3.00 100 x 50 g 3.80 400x50 . 4.20 78x 60 3 480 78x50 é 00 2.40 75x 50 3 3.00 100 x 50 38 3.60 12550, 2 s 120 75x50 8 180 75x 50 +200 240 400% 50 3.00, 128% 50 360 450% 50 36Table 17 ~ Purlins for sheet roofs CP 1: 2001. Purlin spacing Gross sectional dimension, centre to centre Span mm mm Strength groups A and B only 300 125% 50 360 10x50 Upto 750 420 10x75 = 480 200 x75 8 640 200 x 75 3 600 250 x75 = 3.00 125 x 50 3 360 150 x 50 750 - 1200 420 200 x75 480 200 x75 540 250 x 75 600 250 x75 300 100 x 50 een 360 100 x 50 8 4.20 125 x 60 a i scoxe0 3g freee: 360 125 x50 ec 420 15050 8 300 125 x 60 360 180 x50 420 150 x50 a7cP 4: 2004 Table 18 Roofing battens ‘Span across rafters, Gross sectionel dimension, contre to centre, mm mm Strength groups A and B only 480 50x25 g 600 50x38 3 50x25 750 50 x 60 83 Upto 1200 75x50 58 Table 18 ~ Roof decking Maximum span, mm Deck thickness mm Strength groups Strength group ‘Aand B c Be 75 240 180 bee Bes 100 360 300 a go 2 75 3.00 240 ge ig E55 100 420 3.60 g2 8 NOTE 1 ~ See Figure 22 far standard finished dimensions NOTE 2 ~ Spans are for flat roofs and roofs up to load not exceeding 3.0 kn/m* 4114 maximum pitch having a total equally distibuted roof NOTE 3 ~ Decking is to be spiked horizontally at 300 mm centres Spikes shall penetrate adjoining members to half their depth NOTE 4 All joints are to be fully staggered 38CP 4: 2001- 17 Profiles of mouldings and joinery The recommendations given in Clauses 17 and 18 established uniform profiles for mouldings and jinery, including doors, windows, jambs, transoms, sills strip and parquetry flooring, battens, architraves, skirtings, fascias, louvres, picture rails, weatherboards, panelling, quarter and half rounds and band mouldings Profiles of mouldings and joinery recommended are shown in Figures 1 to 22 ‘The actual finished dimensions have been specified in each case, and the general adoption of these standard profiles will lead to substantial economies in production cost by reduction of the number of cutterhead settings required to produce an unduly diversified range of profiles The consumer benefits from the corresponding increase in productivity and quality 47.4 Moisture content ‘The moisture content at time of machining shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 6 Timber shall be seasoned to these moisture contents by air-drying or kiln drying. (See Clause 13). Moisture content shall be determined in accordance with Annex A 47.2 Machining tolerances Machining tolerances for mouldings and joinery produced to the recommended profiles and shapes ate given in Table 20. Table 20 - Machining tolerances : Dimension tem Thickness | Width mm mm All joinery and mouldings except * Flooring strips and parquetry ante ate Parquetry and flooring strips £04 £075 17.3. Grade All timber for joinery and mouldings shall comply with the requirements of Clause 4 17.4 Rebates Where rebates are shown, planted stops may be substituted at manufecturers’ option subject to the user s/specifier’s approval provided that the specified dimensions and profiles are attained 39CP 14: 2004 Table 21 ~ Strip flooring Finished size mm om a b 75x25 62 20 25 x38 62 33 100 x 25 88 20 100 x 38 56 33 er 1 Figure 1 - Strip flooring 40cP 1: 2001 ena Table 22 ~ Parquetry flooring Finished size mm Length a b rE 50 12 150 50 19 200 NOTE ~The fingers shall be made up into 300 x 200 mm or 400 x 400 mm squate for laying Figure 2 - Finger parquetry atcP 1: 2001 Table 23 - Wood block flo Finished size Nominal mm mm a b length 50 x 25 x 225 38 20 225 78 x 25 x 225 86 20 228 T i b | .—| Le NOTE The end grooves shall be 7 mn wide by 8 mm deep. The standard length is 225 mm, Figure 3- Wood block flooring 42,CP 4: 2001. Table 24 ~ General purpose rectangular strips and boards for weatherboarding, fast 5, sill boards, stair risers and treads, etc. Nominal size Thickness Width mm mm a b 19 100 92 15 150 139 50 44 76 68 100 92 25 150 139 20 200 187 250 234 300 282 50 44 75 68 100 92 38 150 139 32 200 187 250 234 300 282 aoe Figure 4 ~ General purpose rectangular strips and boards for weatherboaring, fascias, sill boards, stair risers and treads, etc. 43cP 4: 2001 Table 25 ~ Weatherboards (bullnosed overlap) Nominal size Finished size Radius, mm mm R mm a b 460x418 ase | 15 16 450x25 439 | 20 20 200 x 25 te | 20 20 R b PEER Figure 5 — Weatherboards (bullnosed 19 mm overtap) a4‘Table 26 — Weatherboards (shiplap) CP 4: 2001, Finished size Nominal size m mm a B x 150 x 19 120 15 15 150 x25 120 20 15 200 x 25 168 12 12 tt }»-+—___.. ___1 Figure 6 - Weatherboards (shiplap) oJ ee + 45 becP 4: 2001 Table 27 - Weatherboards (rustic) Finished size Nominal size mm mm a b x 150x 19 120 15 8 150 x25 120 20 2 200 x 25 168 24 2 a {sh ied ace \ Fs Figure 7 - Weatherboards (rustic) 46 EacP 1: 2001 , ‘Table 28 ~ Tongued and grooved panelling, lining and weatherboarding Nominal size Finished size mm mm Width Thickness a D 100 86 150 oe 133 . 75 62 100 86 20 150 26 133 200 181 250 _ 228 3 Feeer oper eeereere eee = it shall be 6 mm wide by 3 mm deep Centre "vee" is optional. if require Figure 8 - Tongued and grooved panelling, lining and weatherboarding 47cP 1: 2001 ‘Table 29 ~ Skirtings, band mouldings and architraves Nominal size Finished size mm mam Readius | Radius 1 R 8 Width — | Thickness a | b eee ae 50 44 | 75 68 Son. 26 Bs 24 a |B 160 138 (i) Bullnosed Figure 9 — Skirtings, band mouldings and architraves 48cP 1: 2001 , (i) Short tapered (il) Long tapered Figure 9 — Skirtings, band mouldings and architraves 49cP 4: 2001 Table 30 -- Picture rails and finishing surrounds Fined size i Nomina see ‘a Radios | Radius ‘mm mm | mm = [2 50 x 25 a4 20 20 8 7x28 ce | x | x | 3 50 x 38 44 32 32 8 75 x 38 68 32 32, 8 4 ob He 12 Piet L a ST rete (i) Bullnosed Figure 10 — Picture rails and finishing surrounds 50CP 4: 2001 , ima fa f- (i) Short tapered (ill Long tapored and nosed Figure 10 — Picture rails and finishing surrounds 51cP 1: 2001 Table 31 - Battens Nominal size Finished size mm | mn Radius i R Thickness wath : : sa 12 8 5 20 2 Ey 8 Es 8 50 44 25 20 20 8 - ae 20 ae ee () Square and rectangular Figure 11 ~ BattensCP 4: 2004 | a4 a (ii) Tapered | jp (iii) Bullnosed (iv) Double tapered Figure 11 ~ Batons 53cP 4: 2001 : (v) Double bultnosed eee (vi) Triangular Figure 11 ~ Battens 54,CP 4: 2001, en aienanaal Table 32 ~ Quarter and half rounds. Fished sze Nominal size mm Ratus | Radius mm 8 mm | mm a[efe 12x 12 8 8 4 8 4 axa | wo | | | wo | io exe | 2 | 2 |e] 2 | i L co 6) (ii) Half rounds | Figure 12 - Quarter and half rounds 55cP 4: 2001 Table 33 ~ Beads and nosings Nominal size Finished size mm min Radius — R Thickness Wath tt i: mim mm mm 25 20 2 38 32 8 4 50 44 60 “4 25 75 68 20 10 100 92 50 44 38 75 6 | 16 100 92 HEE ete tetetitt Figure 13 ~ Beads and nosings 56cP 1: 2004 , Table 34 ~ Baluster handrails Nominal size Finished size mm mm Radus R Thickness Width mm b a a8 75 8 3 2 ss 100 75 68 50 100 44 92 100 1 100 68 92 100 [SERS eee eden] R b 2 Lal Figure 14 ~ Baluster handrails 87cP 4: 2001 Pe Table 36 - Louvres Finished size Nominal size mm Radius mm mm | a | 100x 12 92 | 8 A 400 x 18 92 6 a 180x19 139 16 75 NOTE — When nominal 12 mm x 100 mm louvres are required for door and windows leaves (see Figure 24) the ‘above dimension must be reduced to the following: Finished size Nominal size mm Faces | mm mm a b 400.x 12 at 8 - NOTE - This reduction in size applies only to nominal 100 mm x 12 mm louvres. 68CP 4: 2001 | Tt 30° a pacer ee eee eee eee STP IEP ILELAELEH=HEL| {i) Tapered ——) (i) Bullnosed Figure 15 — Louvres 59cP 1: 2001 ‘Table 36 ~ Jambs and transoms for doors and leaf windows Nominal size | Finished size mm Mm Doors | Doors and windows ‘ 44mm 32 mm - finished finished thickness thickness 400 x 60 92 425 x 50 15 44 48 34 180 x 50 139 NOTE ~ Figure 16 (i) cannot be produced from 60 mm x 100 mm for doors of 44 mm finished thickness. a. (i) Single rebate Figure 16 - Jambs and transoms for doors and leaf windows 60a CP 4: 2004 ee fe b a. (i) Double rebate b a. =e x b (iv) Semi-splayed Figure 16 - Jambs and transoms for doors and leaf windows 61CP 41: 2004 Table 37 ~ Fantight transoms Nominal size mm Fixed touvres | Adjustable and mesh louvres mm mm 100 x 50 44 125 x50 19 87 160 x 60 70 For fixed and adjustable glass and wooden louvres and metal mesh End rebate for adjustable rc louvees frame a Profile as per Figure 16 NOTE ~(1) Rebate depth is to suit rebate on other members of the assembly Figure 17 ~ Fanlight transoms 62 Extemal faceTable 38 - General sills cP 4 : 2001 - Finished size mm Nominal belie FF sill jamb size size Fixed louvres | Adjustable im mm and mesh louvres i 7 mm mm 100 x 50 13 44 50 x 100 92 125 x 50 98 87 50 x 125 115 44 150 x60 124 70 50 x 150 139 20 x 200, 187 NOTE - This profile can also be used as a weatherproof fanlight transom by rebating the bottom face to suit the door, window, louvre or mesh required. See Tables 36 and 37 for details of rebate dimensions For fixed and adjustable glass and ‘Wooden louvres and metal mesh 12 Figure 18 - General sillsCP 1: 2001 ‘Table 39 ~ Mullions for doors and leaf windows Finished size mm Nominal size mm Doors Doors and windows ‘ 4 44mm 32mm, finished finished thickness thickness, 100 x 50 92 125 x 60 115 44 46 34 150 x 50 139 ce a 12 + = 5 n Profile as per { ! ; | | Figure 16 | { \ 12 | ---~~ r Figure 19 ~ Mullions for doors and leaf windows: 64CP 4: 2001 Table 40 - Jambs, transoms, mullions and sills for fixed and adjustable glass and wooden louvres, metal mesh and solid glazed sections. Finished size xe Nominal size mm mm Louvres | Glazed or mesh a b mm mm 100.x 50 92 8 16 125 x50 115 a4 8 16 150 x 50 138 8 16 All these items are normally rectangular in section with the exception of transoms and sills for which Tables 37 and 38 should be used. For fixed louvres a 8 mm x 8 mm rebate is made for the security bead. For solid glazed and meshed sections the rebate is 8 mm x 16 mm. Sizes and profiles of the beads can be found in Tables 31, 32 and 33 Security bead C 1 8 Double rebate for mulfion NOTE — (1) Double rebating may be supplied at manufacturer's option Figure 20 - Jambs, transoms, mullions and sills for fixed and adjustable glass and ‘wooden louvres, metal mesh and solid glazed sections 65cP 4: 2001 Table 44 - Grounds and keys Nominal jamb TransomISill size mm 400 x 50 25x75 125x50 25x 100 15050 25x 100 200% 50 25x 180 Ifjambs, transoms or sills are required to have grounds, these should not be machined from the solid, but should be formed by naling, screwing and/or gluing dressed strips to the required moulding thus: () Grounds not keyed Figure 21 ~ Grounds and keys 6sCP 1: 2001 | All jambs, transoms and sills may also be keyed as required, thus: (i Double key {Efe § uisiiaieeeaiieei "x" varies depending upon wall thickness and construction (iii) Single key Figure 21 ~ Grounds and keys. 67CP 4: 2004 Table 42 ~ Roof decking hed size Nominal size mm mm I joa b 100x75 | 86 68 150 x75 133 68 100 x 100 86 92 160x100 | 133 2 le eo yo psy l jo Figure 22 ~ Roof decking 6GP 1: 2001 | 18 Doors and windows Doors and window leaves sizes laid down in this Code are adopted from the Singapore Metrication Board's recommended modular sizes. Jambs and transoms sizes are as given in Tables 36 to 41 ‘The dimensions and profiles are also applicable to glazed louvred, panelled, strip and flush doors end windows Table 43 - Recommended modular sizes of doors (including frames) and window leaves (including frame and sill) Finished Height width Door type pid an thickness mm 00 32 Single leat 200 a 1200 44 3 Double leat 2200 1500 32 1800 44 600 7 800 ane s 1200 a 1800 9cP 1: 2001 2200 1000 NOTE: Tosltow fora 3 mmwesther chamfer cn tha bottom ei 19mm flooring allowance Figure 23 ~ Door and window leaves 70CP 4: 2001, Table 44 — Plywood flush doors Nominal size to give , mm an 44mm finished | 32mmfinished | thickness thickness 50x38 50x25 75 x 38 or 78x25 or Stiles and rails jonaze 10x 38 100 x 25 Lock blocks 100 x38 38x 19 Edge lipping 50X19 38x19 Plywood (both faces) 6 6 ry A i Bk sie SECTION AA NOTE: Diet er apyeaed ikon ‘toy nophed st mhcnras option Beam dandtnnthe Nae ‘hicknoses a0 32mm and 8 em Glazed panels may be incorporated as required Figure 24 — Plywood flush doors ncP 1: 2001 ‘Table 45 — Solid flush doors Nominal size required to give : mmm fe 44mm finished | 321mm finished thickness thickness 78x50 78x38 cau iba 100 x 50 400 x 38 ia 150 x 50 or 180 x 38 or 200 x 50 200 x38 i o [ 1 owes 1 Tah tore canet sue ore A A ‘Die fintned Serie Pere te fale ie I Rh | ' er —16}-— SECTION A~A (EXPLODED) Figure 25 — Solid flush doors 72CP 4: 2001 | Table 46 ~ Panel doors Nominal sizes required to give: mm Item 44 mm finished 32 mm fished thickness thickness 75x50 75x38 Stiles, top and intermediate rails Neo een iene 100 x 38 i 1003 se | 160 x 38 or Bottom rail 150x500r | vee 200 x 60 Plywood panels ° 8 50x38 36x38 Glazing bars (if required) (Figure 32) (Figure 32) Solid timber infill shall have the panel edges dressed down to 9 mm thick to suit the stile and rail groove 73CP 1: 2001 “There sre many standard types of panel door which may have from 1 to 5 panels per caer arangad horizontally or ‘erly or with combinations ef both Homever they all have the same design features, A herzontal 4 panel door i mee qn A Hot: Sable woo Feo L r 32 BOG 2 | a Lt SECTION A—A (EXPLODED) Figure 26 - Panel doors 14CP 4: 2001, Table 47 ~ Braced strip doors | Nominal sizes required to give: | mm item 44 mm finished | 32 mm finished thickness thickness : 100%800r | 10038 or Stiles and top rail 100% 60 1038 10x25 0r | 100x 190r T and G strip inf 180x 25 150x 19 (Figures) | (Figure 8) 2sxio0er | 100% 190r Bracing 25 x 180 150x19 Table 48 - Folding and sliding doors Nominal sizes required to give: mm item 44 mm finished 32 mm finished | thickness thickness | 75x50 75x38 Stiles, top and 100 x 50 100x338 bottom rails 150 x 50 150 x 38 200 x 50 200 x 38 100 x 50 10038 Lock rails 150 x 60 or 150 x 38 or 200 x 50 20x38 Glazing bars 50 x 38 38 x 38 i (Figure 32) (Figure 32) 100 x 12 or 100 x 12 or Wooden louvres 100 x 19 100 x 19 (Figure 15) (Figure 15) Details of rebates for glazing and louvres, leaf joints, meeting Stiles and glazing bers are given in Figures 20 to 34 If panel infil are used, refer to Figure 26 for panel rebate details 75cP 4: 2001 cy) yn ee A AL A |e 4 ve “4 NOTE ~ (1) The two outside strips may vary in width from the centre stips in order to suit finished size required Section A-A (Exploded 32 mm thick door) ~ 3 K ty EEL se Figure 27 — Braced strip doors 76cP 41: 2001 , ‘These may be panelled glazed, Iouvred or a combination of two or more different infills. The lock rail may be omitted if solid panelled, glazed or louvred doors are required. Figure 28 — Folding and slidi Table 49 — Window leaves i: Nominal sizes required to give oe 32 mm finished thickness 38x50 Stiles and rails 38x75 or 38x 100 38x38 eee ee (Figure 32) 12x 100 or | Wooden louvres 19x 100 (Figure 15) | Details of rebates for glazing and louvres, leaf joints, meeting stiles and glazing bars are given in Figures 29 and 30,cP 1: 2001 External face (Recommanded height) Top Ral Bottom Rail ae SECTION A~A Widow leaves ar sli gina azo ‘and bared, louvted or a combination ‘of plated ang louwed sections. Al, Frowever tise the same sizes and havea weather proof bottom el Intergal fee (0 Figure 29 - Window leaves2 2 2 2 46 t a 2 (i) For doors 44 mm finished thickness 2 12 | 16 5 15 16 (ii) For doors 32 mm finished thickness Figure 30 - Rebated meeting stiles 79 cP 4: 2001cP 4: 2001 + at 8 IMustration: 32mm thick 6 Re door/window a NOTE — (1) The tongue and grove radii shown above are also to be used for doors of 44 mm finished thickness NOTE - (2) To achieve uniform stile width, the planted and sunk tongue, as illustrated is recammended Figure 31 — Leaf joints for sliding and folding doors and windows Table 60 ~ Glazing bars Nominal size Finished size mm mm, 38x38 32x32 50x38 44 x 32 32 & Gb- NOTE ~ (1) See Figure 11, 12 and 13 for details of beads Figure 32 - Glazing bars 80CP 1: 2001 | 7 32 & bh {i) Rebates for glass and wooden louvres — 8 ie eae 1 tay J a he i (ii) Rebates for glazed and metal meshed sections — L NOTE ~ (1) See Figures 11, 12 and 13 for details of beads Figure 33 — Rebates for louvred, meshed and glazed doors and windows 8tcP 4: 2001 hk Fe TOP OR INTERMEDIATE RAIL by Nee BOTTOM OF INTERMEDIATE RAIL, 2mm over 2 ds Figure 34 - Louvre positioning details for doors and windows e2CP 1: 2001, NOTE — In certain case It may be desirable to avoid the use of rebate for fitting glazed panelled or metal meshed sections to doors, windows, jambs transoms. mullions, etc. When this is $0, the infil shall be based by beads or battens both sides of the infil desired, thus: eee ———-1]_ Jomb, tronsom, Ci doe la te poy see Figures 11, 12 ond 13 for detoils of beads Figure 35 — Alternative method for glazed panelled and meshed sections €3cP 4: 2001 49 Workmanship 19.1 General Workmanship shall be in accordance with the following specifications 191.1 Surfaces ‘The quality of the surface, as finished, should be appropriate to the position and use of the timber, an in accordance with the instructions given in the specification Surfaces at any joint in an assembly should be such that the parts may be brought into contact over the whole area ‘of the joint before connectors are inserted or any pressure or restraint from the fastening is applied. These surfaces should have a good sawn or planed finish. Bearing surfaces of notches and other cuttings should be true and smooth and in appropriate relation to the other surfaces of the piece 19.1.2 Notchings Notches other than at the ends of beams should be U-shaped formed by parallel cuts to previously drilled holes. The diameter of the hole should be equal to the width of the required notch 49.1.3 End sealings Where spliting is likely to have a deleterious effect, end sealing is recommended. For timbers known to split and check especially after installation, the ends of the boards and scantlings shall be protected with a coating designed to minimise end checking end spiiting In severe cases where the ends and sides of heavy joists of timber are liable to excessive split and check due to exposure to windward slanting sunlight, appropriate skirting or cover with a timber board shall be necessary 19.2. Joints 19.2.1. Nailed joints Where specified or where necessary to avoid spliting, nails should be driven into pre-bored holes of diameter not greater than four-fifths of the diameter of the nails. Care should be taken to avoid placing nails in any end split 49.2.2 Screwed joints Lead holes should be used to ensure good workmanship in making screwed joints; the diameter of the hole for the shank should be equal to the diameter of the shank, and for the threaded portion the diameter of the hole should not be greater than seven eighths of the diameter of the root of the screw thread adjacent to the shank. Care should be taken to avoid placing screws in any end split 18.2.3. Bolted joints Bolt holes should be drilled to diameters as close as possible to the nominal diameter of the bolt and in no case more than 1,6 mm larger than the bolt diameter Care should be taken to avoid placing a bolt in any end split. A minimum of one complete thread should protrude from the nut A washer should be fitted under the head of each bolt and under each nut The minimum sizes of washers are as given in SS CP 7 4cP 4: 2001 | ts 19.2.4. Split-ring connected j To prepare a joint using splittings, the number of the joints should be fitted together in their appropriate positions and ciamped or spiked together before driling, Alternatively, driling jigs or multiple head boring machines may be used, or individual members may be marked out from the setting-out or by use of prepared templates. If either of the latter methods is employed, sample members (usually the frst ones produced) should be carefully checked against the setting-out In all instances bolt hole positions should be accurately determined by reference to the point of intersection of the centre lines of the member. Great care is necessary for the first set members so marked out are to be used subsequently as driling templates Greater accuracy can usually be obtained by the use of special marking or driling templates located by a pin at the intersection of the centre lines Bolt holes should be drilled at right angles to the surface of the joint. The contact surfaces of the members should be grooved to the appropriate dimensions as given in SS CP 7. Driling and grooving may be done in a single operation; alternatively, if the hole is predrilled the pilot of the grooving tool should fit in the bolt hole, thus centering the groove about the hole. Care should be taken to ensure that all chips and shavings ate removed, and rings should be expanded before being placed in the grooves ‘The joint should be finally assembied and bolts inserted. Washers of the correct dimension should be placed under the head of the bolt and the nut, and the nut tightened to hold the members together 19.25 Shear-plate connected joints Recess for shear-plate connectors should be accurately cut by means of a suitable tool to the appropriate dimensions as given in SS CP 7 20 Fire precaution for use of timber Timber used in building construction for decorative purpose is to be treated with fire retardant Treated timber will be able to achieve Class 1 (8S 476 : Pt 7) surface spread of flame and BS 476 : Pt ~ Fire Hour Rating. For use of timber in building the local Fire Precaution in Building, 1991 is to be referred to wherever required For sizes and thickness of timber floor boars, joists and roof beams reference is to be made with the Fire Precaution in Building, 1991 ‘Timber Fire doors are also required under the Code to be tested For timber staircase the underside of the staircase is to be fire rated 86cP 4: 2001 Annex A Methods for determining the moisture content of timber Ad Standard method - Oven-drying test A.1.1 General In special cases, where circumstances arise that call for determination of moisture content more accurately than is possible with a moisture meter, and where destructive testing is possible, the oven- dying method should be used AA1.2 Selection of test specimens. A test specimen should be cut to include the full cross-section of the sample. The specimens shoul be 19 mm to 25 mm long in the direction of the grain and free from all defects and imperfections and should be cut from the sample as follows: (2) If weighing can be made immediately the test pieces shall be cut from a point at least 600 mm. from the end of the sample; (b) If weighing cannot be made immediately, sample at least 300 mm long shall be cut from a point at least 600 mm from the end of the sample The semple shell be placed in an air tight container of wrpped in air tht cover. Within 24 hours the test specimen shall be cut from the centre of the 300 mm sarnple AA.3 Method of test The test specimen obtained as above, and free from saw dust and splinters, shall be weighed immediately after cutting on a balance with a capacity of about 200 grammes and capable of showing weight differences of 0.008 grammes The section shall be dried In a well ventileted oven thermostatically controlled to maintain a steady temperature between the limits of 100°C to 108°C until the weight is constant, and shail be reweighed immediately after removal from the oven ‘The percentage moisture content shall be calculated from the formula: Percentage moisture content Initial weight of test specimen ‘Oven-dry weight of test specimen A2 Electrical methods A.2.1 Owing to the necessity for cutting to obtain samples and the time involved in determining moisture content by the oven drying method, electrical methods are in common use. They constitute a rapid and convenient means of testing every piece of timber without destroying or wasting material Provided that the electrical moisture testing instrument has been checked against an instrument calibrated by comparison with oven drying moisture determinations and the instrument is used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, the moisture content indicated by such instrument shall be considered sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. 86CP 4: 2004 Provided also that due regard is paid to the fact under certain circumstances when the timber is: @) Hot, (be) Surface wet; (©) Treated with high retentions of preservatives or fire retardants; (@) Primed or painted the readings may be grossly inaccurate, the meter shall be considered sufficiently accurate for practical purposescP. 4: 2001 EE Publications referred to: AS 1143 - 1973, High temperature creosote for the preservation of timber ASTM £69 - 80 Standard test method for combustible properties of treated wood by the fire-tube apparatus BS 144: 1997 ‘Specification for coal tar creosote for wood preservation BS 476 :- Fire tests on building materials and structures Part3: 1975 —_Extemal fire exposure roof test, Part4:1870 —_Non-combustibilty test for materials, Part6: 1889 Method of test for fre propagation for products Part7:1997 Method of test to determine the classification of the surface spread of flame of products Part 10: 1983 Guide to the principles and application of fire testing Part 11: 1982 Method for assessing the heat emission from building materials Part 12: 1991 Method of test for ignitabilty of products by direct flame impingement Part 13: 1987 Method of measuring the ignitabiity of products subjected to thermal irradiance Part 15: 1993 Method for measuring the rate of heat release of products Part 20: 1987 Method for determination of the fite resistance of elements of construction (general principles) Part 22: 1987 Methods for determination of the fire resistance of non-loadbearing elements of construction Part 23: 1987 Methods for determination of the contribution of components to the fre resistance of a structure BS 4072: 1999 Copperichromiumiarsenic preparations for wood preservation Ms 734: 1984 Specification for wood preservation by means of pressure creosoting SS 72: 1988 Specification for treatment of timber and plywood with copper/chrome/arsenic wood preservatives SSCP7: 1997 Code of practice for the structural use of timber British Wood Preserving Association Standards BWPA 112-116 88CP 4: 2001 a ABOUT THE SINGAPORE PRODUCTIVITY AND STANDARDS BOARD ‘The Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (PSB) was established in April 1995 | its mission is to raise productivity so as to enhance Singapore's competiiveness and economic growth for a better quality of life for our people To achieve this mission, two broad thrusts are adopted — developing world-ciess industries and creating @ favourable environment for productiviy improversent and innovation. The specific areas of focus are: small and ‘medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), preductivity and innovation, and standardisation and metrology, SMEs. ‘As the lead agency spearheading the upgreding of SMEs, PSB adopts a total appteach to develop SMEs into vibrant and resient enterprises. At the enterprise level, I develops promising SMES by enhancing thet capebiiies, Al the ‘sector level, it improves the productivity of domestic indusivies through industy-wide programmes The broad-based programmes include accelerating the edeption of e-commerce amongst SMEs, developing Singapore as an SME hub and providing SMEs with sccess to finance PSB also serves as the fist point of contact for SMES that need information and assistance Productivity and Innovation PSB spearheads the national Productivity and Innovation Movement to cullvate a sttang commitment to productivity and innovation and to foster a creative and thinking workforce that is abla to translate Ideas into action As the lead agency in charge of workforce davelopment, it works closely with employers, unions and other government agencies to build up the capabilities of the workforce and the training infrastucture in Singapore Financial incentives are provided to help employers defray the cost of tzining their employees Organisations are also encouraged to establish systerns that drive continuous improvement and attain business excellence through the Singapore Quality Award and Singapore (Quality Ciass. ‘Standardisation and Metrology ‘As the national standards body ané national metrology institute, PSB improves market access for Singapore's exports through its work on standardieation and metrology Stancordisation is also used as a major srategy to raise the productivity of industries, PSB enforces the Weights & Measures Act and Regulations to protect both consumers and traders by ensuring that market transactions based on weights and measurement are accurate, fair and consistent with the relevant standards As the Safely Authority, it administers the Singapore Consumer Protection (Safety Requirements) Registration Scheme to ensure compliance by industry on the registration of controlled goods. ABOUT THE NATIONAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME Under the netional standardisetion pregremme, PSB helps companios and industry to meet international standards and conformity requirements by creating awereness of the importance of standardisation to enhance competitiveness and improve productiviy, co-ordinating the clevelopment and use of Singapore Standards and setting up an information infrastructure to educate companies and industry on the latest cevelopments PSB is vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to advise on the preparation, publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards end Technical References and their implementation. Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for materials end products, codes of practice, methods of test, omerclature, services, etc The respective standards committee will draw up the Standards before seaking final approval from the Standards Counell To ensure adequate representation of ail viewooints in the prepgration of Singepore Standards, all committees apoointed concist of representatives from various interest groups which include ‘government agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade end Manufacturing orgenisations, Technical References are transition documents developed to help meet urgent industy S&mand for specifications or requitements on a particular product, process of eervice in an area where there is an @88¢Nce of reference standards Unlike Singapore Standards, they are issued for comments over 2 period of two y22"s belore assessment on their suitabilty for approval as Singapore Standards. All comments are considered when a l@chical reference is reviewed at the end of two years to determina the feasibity of its transition to a Singapore Stand Technical References can therefore become Singapore Standards afer two years, continue 2s Technical Refere%°2S fr futher comments or be withdrawn In the internatonsl arena, PSB represents Singapore in the Intemational Organisaio’ Of Standardisation (ISO), the Intemational Eleirtechnical Commission (IEC), the Ase-Pacifc Economic Co-ops (APEC) Sub.corsmites for Standards and Conformance (SCS) and inthe ASEAN Consuliatve Committe fr S¥N@2"s end Quality (ACCSQ) 89