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Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI)

RCCI is a dual fuel engine combustion technology
that was developed at the University of Wisconsin-
Madison Engine Research Center laboratories. RCCI is a
variant of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI) that provides more control over the combustion
process and has the potential to dramatically lower fuel use and emissions.

RCCI uses in-cylinder fuel blending with at least two fuels of different reactivity
and multiple injections to control in-cylinder fuel reactivity to optimize
combustion phasing, duration and magnitude. The process involves introduction
of a low reactivity fuel into the cylinder to create a well-mixed charge of low
reactivity fuel, air and recirculated exhaust gases. The high reactivity fuel is
injected before ignition of the premixed fuel occurs using single or multiple
injections directly into the combustion chamber. Examples of fuel pairings for
RCCI are gasoline and diesel mixtures, ethanol and diesel, and gasoline and
gasoline with small additions of a cetane-number booster (di-tert-butyl peroxide
(DTBP)).

RCCI allows optimization of HCCI and Premixed Controlled Compression Ignition

(PCCI) type combustion in diesel engines, reducing emissions without the need
for after-treatment methods. By appropriately choosing the reactivities of the fuel
charges, their relative amounts, timing and combustion can be tailored to achieve
optimal power output (fuel efficiency), at controlled temperatures (controlling
NOx) with controlled equivalence ratios (controlling soot). Key benefits of the
RCCI strategy include:

Lowered NOx and PM emissions

Reduced heat transfer losses
Increased fuel efficiency
Eliminates need for costly after-treatment systems
Complies with EPA 2010 emissions guidelines without exhaust after
treatment

Example experimental engine results are shown in Figure 1. More details about
RCCI can be found at the following web sites:
 University of Wisconsin-Madison RCCI news release
Rolf Reitz on RCCI and Other Highly Efficient Engine Concepts - video by
Reaction Design
Green Car Congress
SAE - RCCI progress paces university's advanced-combustion and fuels
activities
SAE - Dual-fuel lab engines achieve high efficiencies, low emissions
International Journal of Engine Research: Kokjohn, S.L., Hanson, R.M., Splitter,
D.A., and Reitz, R.D., “Fuel Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI):
A Pathway to Controlled High-Efficiency Clean Combustion,” International
Journal of Engine Research, Special Issue on Fuel Efficiency, Vol. 12, pp. 209-
226, doi:10.1177/1468087411401548, 2011
UW-Madison Hybrid Vehicle application

Figure 1: RCCI engine-out NOx, Soot and thermal efficiency in the ERC Caterpillar
3401 heavy-duty research diesel engine operating on a variety of fuel stocks,
including gasoline/diesel. Indicted efficiencies as high as 59% achieved with
E85/diesel. Note that emissions targets are met in-cylinder, without need for
exhaust after-treatment.

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