Professional Documents
Culture Documents
USMLE Step I Boards Buzzwords
USMLE Step I Boards Buzzwords
Chemical
carcinogens
“TORCHES”
Infections
Aspergillus
Aflatoxins
Hepatocellualar
CA
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma
gondii.
Parasite.
In
cats.
Vinyl
Chloride
Angiosarcoma
of
liver
Tachyzoites
infect.
S/S:
hydrocephalic,
Nitrosamines
Gastric
CA
cerebral
calcificaitons,
jaundice,
Cigarette
smoke
Esophageal
SCC/Adenocarcinoma
hepatosplenomeg
SCC
of
larynx
&
lung
Other
Treponema
pallidum.
Hydrops,
thick
Small
cell
CA
of
lung
(syphilis)
placenta,
ascites.
If
stillbirth
>20wks,
send
Renal
cell
CA
for
syphilis
testing.
Tx:
PENICILLIN.
Transitional
bladder
CA
Rubella
Rubella.
RNA
togaviriade.
Vaccinate
before
Pancreatic
Adenocarcinoma
preg.
S/S:
radiolucent
bones,
deaf,
Cervical
carcinoma
“blueberry
muffin”
rash.
Asbestos
Bronchogenic
carcinoma
Herpes
(CMV)
CMV
DNA
herpesviriade.
Vertical
Mesothelioma
of
lung
transmission
in
first
½
preg.
PCR
at
>20wk.
Arsenic
Angiosarcoma
in
the
liver
Herpes
(HSV)
Herpes
DNA
herpesviriade.
ACYCLOVIR
to
rd
Lung
cancer
(+)mom
in
3
trimester
to
prevent
lesions.
If
SCC
of
skin
lesion,
then
do
C-‐section
prior
to
ROM!
Alkyating
agents
Leukemia/lymphoma
Herpes
(ZVZ)
Varicella
DNA
herpesviriade.
Congenital
Aromatic
amines
Transitional
cell
CA
of
bladder
malforms
if
exposed
first
½
preg.
If
contact
Carbon
tetrachloride
Centrilobular
necrosis,
fatty
change
5d
pre/post
delivery,
Tx
w/
VZIG
w/in
72h.
in
the
lung
Ethanol
SCC
of
the
esophagus
Hepatocellular
CA
Diseases
a/w
HIV(+)
Ionizing
radiation
Papillary
thyroid
carcinoma
CD4
Oral
thrush
→
Candida
albicans
nd <500
Radon
Lung
cancer
(2
MCC
after
cigs)
Oral
hairy
leukoplakia
→
EBV
Bacillary
angiomatosis
→
Bartonella
(Nø)
Kaposi
sarcoma
→
HHV8
(Lø)
Paraneoplastic
syndromes
Chronic
watery
poo
→
Cryptosporidium
ACTH
SmCCA
of
lung
SCC→
HPV
ADH
Small
Cell
CA
of
lung
CD4
Brain
abscesses
→
Toxoplasma
Intracranial
neoplasms
<200
HIV
dementia
PTHrP
SqCCA
of
lung
PML
→
JC
virus
Renal
CCA,
Breast
CA
PCP
pneumonia
→
Pneumocystis
jirovecii
1,25
OH
Vit
D3
Hodgkins
lymphoma
CD4
Fungal
pneumonia
→
Aspergillus
fumigatus
Erythropoitin
Renal
CCA,
Hemangioblastoma
<100
Meningitis
→
Cryptococcus
neoformans
HCCA,
Pheochromocytoma
Esophagitis
→
Candida
albicans
L-‐Eaton
Syndrome
Small
Cell
Lung
CA
Retinitis,
esophagitis,
pneumo,
encephal
→
CMV
B-‐cell/Non-‐hodgkin’s
lymphoma
→
EBV
Pneumonia/disseminated
→
Histoplasma
Rescue
drugs
Nonspecific
→
Mycobacterium
avium
intracellulare
Cisplatin
and
Carboplatin
Amifostine
and
↑hydration
Cyclophosphamide
Mesna
Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin
Dexrazoxane
Methotrexate
Leucovorin
(folinic
acid)
Antibiotics
to
avoid
in
pregnancy
“SAFe
Children
Take
Really
Good
Care”
Sulfonamides
Kernicterus
Aminoglycosides
Ototoxicity
Flurorquinolones
Cartilage
damage
Clarithromycin
Embryotoxic
Tetracyclines
Discolored
teeth,
poor
bone
growth
Ribavirin
Teratogenic
Griseofulvin
Teratogenic
Chloramphenicol
Gray
baby
syndrome
SHIT
TO
KNOW
FOR
BOARDS
First
Aid
2015
Toxins
&
Virulence
factors
Protein
A
Binds
Fc
region
of
IgG.
Prevents
opsonization
and
phagocytosis.
S.
aureus
IgA
protease
Cleaves
IgA.
S.
pneumo,
H.influ,
Virulence
Neisseria
factors
M
protein
Prevent
phagocytosis.
Involved
in
molecular
mimicry.
S.
pyogenes
(GAS)
Listerolysin
(LLO)
Cholesterol
dependent,
rupture
endosomem
release
bacti
Listeria
ActA
Actin
polymerization
to
make
tail
to
move
INTERcellular
Listeria
Diptheria
toxin
Inactivate
elongation
factor
2
Corynebacti
diphtheria
≠
protein
Exotoxin
A
Inactivate
elongation
factor
2
Pseudomonas
auerginosa
synthesis
Shiga
toxin
Inactivate
60s
ribosome
by
removing
adenine
from
rRNA
Shigella
spp.
Shiga-‐like
toxin
Inactivate
60s
ribosome
by
removing
adenine
from
rRNA
E.
coli
(EHEC)
Heat
labile
toxin
↑↑adenylate
cyclase,
↑cAMP,
↑Cl,
↑H2O
secretion
into
GI
E.
coli
(ETEC)
Increase
Heat
stable
toxin
↑↑guanylate
cyclase,
↑cGMP,
↓resorb
of
NaCl
&
H2O
in
GI
E.
coli
(ETEC)
fluid
Edema
toxin
Mimics
acetylate
cyclase
to
↑cAMP
Bacillus
anthracis
secretion
Cholera
toxin
↑↑adenylate
cyclase
(↑cAMP)
by
permanently
activates
Gs
to
↑Cl
&
Vibrio
cholera
H2O
secretion
into
GI
≠
Pertussis
toxin
↑↑adenylate
cyclase
(↑cAMP)
by
disabling
Gi,
impairing
Bordetella
pertussis
phagocytosis
phagocytosis
to
permit
survival
of
microbe.
Tetanospasmin
Cleave
SNARE
to
prevent
release
of
inhibitory
(GABA
&
Glycine)
NT
Clostridium
tetani
from
Renshaw
cells
in
spinal
cord
(acts
in
CNS)
≠
NT
release
Botulinum
toxin
Cleave
SNARE
to
prevent
release
of
stimulatory
(ACh)
NT
at
Clostridium
botulinum
neuromuscular
junction
(acts
in
PNS).
Alpha
toxin
Phospholipase
(lecithinase)
that
degrades
tissue/memb.
Clostridium
perfringens
Lyse
cell
Streptolysin
O
Protein
that
degrades
cell
membranes
to
lyse
RBCs
Strep
pyogenes
(Group
A)
membranes
Enterotoxin
A
&
B
Disrupt
enterocyte
cytoskeleton,
kill
cell,
pseudomembrane
Clostridium
difficile
Shock
TSST-‐1
Binds
MHC-‐II
&
TCR
=↑↑IL1,
IL2,
IFNγ,
and
TNFα
=
shock.
Staph
aureus
Superantigen
Exotoxin
A
Binds
MHC-‐II
&
TCR
=↑↑IL1,
IL2,
IFNγ,
and
TNFα
=
shock.
Strep
pyogenes
(Group
A)
Endotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide
Activates
Mø
=
IL1,
TNFα,
NO;
activates
complement
=
C3a,
C5a;
Outer
memb
all
Gram
(-‐)
(LPS)
activates
tissue
factor
=
DIC.
and
Listeria
monocytogenes
Specific
genetics/enzymes
Fredrich
Ataxia
AR.
GAA
repeat
on
Chromo
9.
Frataxin
gene
(mitochondrial
iron
regulatory
protein)
Sturge
Weber
syndrome
Somatic.
GNAQ
gene.
Port
wine,
tram
track
calcifications.
Tuberous
sclerosis
AD.
TSC1
-‐
harmatin
&
TSC2
-‐
tuberin
(tumor
suppressor
genes).
Ash
leaf
spots,
Shagreen
patches.
Neurofibromatosis
I
AD.
Mutated
NF1
gene
on
Chromo
17.
(RAS
GTPase
activating
protein).
Lisch
nodules.
Café
au
Lait.
Neurofibromatosis
II
AD.
Mutated
NF2
gene
on
Chromo
22.
(Merlin
protein).
Von
Hipple
Lindaeu
AD.
Mutation
in
VHL
gene
on
Chromo
3.
(≠hypoxia
inducible
factor
1).
Hemangioblastoma,
RCC.
+3
Methemoglobemia
≠NADH
cytochrome
reductase,
oxidized
to
Fe
cannot
bind
O2.
Pulmonary
HTN
Inactivating
mutation
BMPR2.
Young
female
w/
Exertional
dysnea.
Plexiform
lesions.
Huntington’s
AD.
CAG
repeat
on
chromo
4.
Huntin
gene.
↓ACH,
↓GABA,
↑Dopa.
Parkinson’s
↓Dopa,
↑ACH.
Loss
of
Dopa
neurons
in
substantia
nigra
pars
compacta.
Lewy
bodies
of
α -‐synuclein.
Alzheimer’s
↓ACH,
↓Glutamate.
Aβ-‐amyloid
plaques
&
tau
protein
tangles.
Risk:
↓ApoE2,
↑ApoE4,
presenilin.
Rett
syndrome
XR.
mutation
in
MECP2
gene
(methyl
CpG
binding
protein
2).
Stereotyped
hand
wringing
α
thalassemia
Chromo
16.
Deletion
of
α.
1
or
2
delete
-‐asyx.
3
deletions
HbH
β 4.
4
deletions
Barts
γ 4.
β
thalassemia
Chromo
11.
Point
mutation
of
β.
Major
↑ HbF,
≠HbA.
Minor
↑ HbA2,
↓ HbA.
Sickle
cell
anemia
Chromo
11.
Glutamic
acid
(hydrophilic)
replaced
with
Valine
(hydrophobic).
HbC
defect
Chromo
11.
Glutamic
acid
replaced
with
Lysine
(“lycine
=
C
for
HbC”)
Sideroblastic
anemia
≠∂-‐ALA
synthase
w/
cofactor
B6.
SHIT
TO
KNOW
FOR
BOARDS
First
Aid
2015
Hirschsprung
disease
Loss
of
fx
RET
oncogene.
Must
dz
w/
rectal
suction
bx.
Wilson’s
disease
AR.
ATP7B
gene
chromo
13.
(Canalicular
copper
transport
membrane
ATPase).
↑ceruloplasmin.
Hemochromotosis
AR.
C282Y
or
H63D
mutation
HFE
gene
chromo
6.
Build
up
of
Iron.
A/w
HLA-‐A3.
Hepatocellular
carcinoma
HBV>HCV,
alcohol,
aspergilllus
alfatoxin,
genetic
(αA1AT,
Wilsons,
Hemochromtosis).
↑ AFP
marker.
α1-‐Antitrypsin
deficiency
**Codominant**
≠SERPINA1
(protease
inhibitor)
via
Pi
gene
on
chromo
14.
Misfold
+PAS
globules.
Primary
biliary
cirrhosis
+anti-‐mitochondrial
antibody.
↑↑HDL.
Xanthelasma.
1˚
Sclerosing
cholangitis
+p-‐ANCA(MPO).
↑IgM.
+HLA-‐DR52.
Romano-‐ward
syndrome
AD.
Congenital
↑QT
.
Jervell-‐Lange-‐Neilsen
Syn
AR.
Congenital
↑QT
+
senioneural
deafness.
Brugada
syndrome
AD.
Asian
male
w/
Pseudo-‐RBBB
(“M”)
and
ST
elevation
in
V1-‐V3.
Hartnup
disease
AR.
No
neutral
AA
transporters
in
PCT.
Deficient
of
tryptophan.
Pellagra
like
symptoms.
Lesch-‐Nyhan
syndrome
XR.
Deficiency
of
HGPRT
so
no
purine
salvage.
“HGPRT”
hyperuric,
gout,
pissed,
retard,
dysTonia.
McCune-‐Albright
Synd.
**Mosaicism**
Mutation
G-‐protein
signaling.
“4P”
Precocious
Puberty,
Pigment,
Polyost.
Dysplasia
Prader-‐Willi
syndrome
**Imprinting**
Hyperphagia,
hypotonia,
obese.
PATERNAL
deletion
chromo
15.
Angleman
syndrome
**Imprinting**
MR
w/
inappropriate
laughter.
MATERNAL
deletion
chromo
15.
Kartageners
syndrome
AR.
Defect
dynein
arm
cause
immotile
cilia.
Ehlers-‐Danlos
syndrome
AD/AR.
Defect
collagen
crosslinking.
If
marfan-‐like
≠type
V
coll.
If
vascular
dz,
≠type
III
coll.
Marfan
syndrome
AD.
Defect
in
fibrillin
(scaffold
for
elastin).
FBN1
mutation
chromo
15.
Archnodactyl.
Sublux
lens.
Menke
disease
XR.
Defect
in
ATP7A
copper
transport
≠crosslink
collagen.
↓lysyl
oxidase.
Kinky
brittle
hair.
Cystic
fibrosis
AR.
Defect
CFTR
gene
on
Chromo
7.
≠ATP-‐gated
Cl-‐
channel.
Dx
w/
Cl-‐sweat
test
>60.
Duchenne
MD
XR.
Defect
dystophin
gene
**Frameshift**
Cannot
connect
cytoskeleton,
necrosis.
Seen
before
5yo
Becker
MD
XR.
Defect
dystophin
gene
**NONframeshift**
Seen
in
adolescence.
Myotonic
MD
AD.
Defect
myotonin
protein
kinase
via
CTG
repeat
in
DMPK
gene.
Frontal
balding,
Hatchet
faced.
Fragile
X
syndrome
XR.
Defect
methylation/expression
of
FMR1
gene
via
CGG
repeat.
Xtra
large
testis,
jaw,
ears.
Cri-‐du-‐chat
Microdeletion
of
short
arm
chromo
5.
Cry
like
a
cat,
epicanthal
folds.
Williams
syndrome
Microdeletion
of
long
arm
chromo
7
(includes
elastin
gene).
Elfin
faces,
very
friendly.
Essential
fructosuria
AR.
Defect
fructokinase.
↑fructose
blood
&
urine.
Asyx.
Fructose
intolerance
AR.
Defect
aldolase
B.
↑fructose-‐1-‐Phosphate,
↓↓available
phos.
Hypoglycemia
s/p
juice/honey.
Galactokinase
deficiency
AR.
Deficiency
galactokinase.
Infantile
cataracts.
Developmental
delays.
Classic
galactosemia
AR.
Deficiency
galactose-‐1-‐phosphate
uridyltransferase.
Infantile
cataracts.
Failure
to
thrive.
Ornithine
transcarb
def
XR.
Deficiency
ornithine
transcarb.
≠excrete
ammonia.
↑↑orotic
acid,
↓BUN.
NO
megalo
anemia
Phenylketonuria
(PKU)
AR.
Deficiency
phenylalanine
hydroxylase
or
tetrahydbioptrin.
Tyrosine
now
essential
AA.
Maple
syrup
urine
disease
AR.
Deficiency
α -‐ketoacid
dehydrogenase.
≠degrade
BRANCHED
FA
(Isoleucine,
Leucine,
Valine)
Alkaptonuria
(ochornosis)
AR.
Deficiency
homogenisate
oxidase.
≠degrade
tyrosine
to
fumarate.
Brown
sclera,
black
urine.
Cystinuria
AR.
Deficiency
PCT
reabsorption
“COLA”
=
Cystine,
Ornithine,
Lysine,
Arginine.
+CN-‐nitroprus
test
Homocystinuria
AR.
Def
cysthione
synthase
or
methaltrans.
↑↑Homocystine.
MR,
marfanoid,
lens
sublux.
Von-‐Gierke
disease
AR.
Def
Glucose-‐6-‐phosphatse.
Severe
hypoglycemia
if
fasting,
lactic
acidosis.
Pompe
disease
AR.
Def
lysosOMal-‐α1-‐4-‐glucosidase
(acid
maltase).
Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy.
Cori
disease
AR.
Def
(C→D)
Debranching
enzyme
(α1,4
glucosidase).
Normal
lactate.
Gluconeogenesis
intact.
Anderson
disease
AR.
Def
(A→B)
Branching
enzyme.
Infantile
hypotonia.
Cirrhosis.
McArdle
disease
AR.
Def
Muscle
glycogen
phosphorylase.
Myoglobinuria.
Muscle
cramps.
Tx:
Vit
B6.
Her’s
disease
AR.
Def
Hepatic
glycogen
phosphorylase.
Mild
fasting
hypoglycemia.
Fabry
disease
*XR*
Def
α -‐galactosidase
A
↑↑ceramide
trihexoside.
Peripheral
neuropathy,
angiokeratomas.
Gaucher
disease
AR.
Def
glucocerebrosidase.
↑↑Glucocerebroside.
Aseptic
necrosis
of
femur.
Gaucher
cells.
Neiman-‐Pick
disease
AR.
Def
sphingomyelinase.
↑↑sphingomyelin.
Cherry
red
macula.
Hepatomeg.
Foam
cells.
Tay-‐Sachs
disease
AR.
Def
hexoaminidase
A.
↑↑GM2
ganglioside.
Cherry
red
macula.
Onion
skinning.
NO
hepatomeg.
Krabbe
disease
AR.
Def
galactocerebrosidase.
↑↑galctocerebroside,
psychosine.
Optic
atrophy.
Globoid
cells.
Metachromatic
leukodys
AR.
Def
Arylsulfatase
A.
↑↑Cerebroside
sulfide.
Ataxia,
dementia.
Hurler
disease
AR.
Def
α -‐L-‐Iduronidase.
↑↑Hep
&
dermatin
sulfate.
Gargoylism.
Corneal
clouding.
Hunter
disease
*XR*
Def
Iduronate
sulfaTase.
↑↑Hep
&
dermatin
sulfate.
Aggressive
behavior.
NO
corneal
cloud.
Hyperchylomicronemia
AR.
Def
LPL
&
ApoC-‐II.
↑↑↑TAGs
and
↑↑Chylomicrons.
Pancreatitis.
NO
↑risk
atherosclerosis.
Familial
hypercholestem.
AD.
LDL
receptor
deficiency.
↑↑↑Cholesterol
and
↑↑LDL.
Xanthomas.
↑↑risk
atherosclerosis.
Hypertriglyceridemia
AD.
VLDL
overproduction.
↑↑↑TAGs
and
↑↑VLDL.
Pancreatitis.
TAGs
>1000.
SHIT
TO
KNOW
FOR
BOARDS
First
Aid
2015
Trisomies
Downs
syndrome
Trisomy
21.
**Meiotic
nondisjunction
>
Robertsonian
translocation**
↑risk
AML
<5yo,
ALL
>5yo.
st
1
tri
diagnosis
=
US
(↑nuchal
transparency,
hypoplastic
nasal),
↓PAPP-‐A,
↑ hCG.
nd
2
tri
diagnosis
=
Quad
screen,
↓AFP,
↑hCG,
↓estriol,
↑inhibin
A
Edwards
syndrome
Trisomy
18.
Rockerbottom
feet,
low
set
ears,
overlapping
fingers,
VSD.
st
1
tri
diagnosis
=
US,
↓PAPP-‐A,
↓ hCG
nd
2
tri
diagnosis
=
Quad
screen,
↓AFP,
↓ hCG,
↓estriol,
normal/↓
inhibin
A
Patau
syndrome
Trisomy
13.
Rockerbottom
feet,
palate
issues,
holoProsencepahly,
Polydactyl.
st
1
tri
diagnosis
=
US
(↑nuchal
transparency),
↓PAPP-‐A,
↓ hCG
BRAIN
Cancers
Glioblastoma
Cross
corpus
callosum
“Butterfly
glioma”
+GFAP.
Pseudopalisading
around
areas
of
necrosis.
Meningioma
Dura
on
convex/parasagittal
region.
Dural
tail.
Spindle
shaped
whorled
cells.
Psammoma
bodies.
Hemangioblastoma
Cerebellar
location.
Produce
erythropoietin.
Close
thin
walled
capillaries
w/
minimal
parenchyma.
Schwannoma
Cerebellopontine
angle.
+s100.
Oligodendroma
Frontal
lobes
in
white
matter.
Chicken
wire
capillaries
&
Fried
egg
(clear)
oligodendro
+/-‐
calcificy.
Pilocytic
astrocytoma
Cerebellum
kids.
+GFAP.
Rosenthal
fibers
(corkscrew
eosinophilic
processes
of
astrocytes).
Mural
tumor
(cystic
w/
solid
mass
within).
th
Medulloblastoma
4
ventricle
kids.
Drop
mets.
Solid
w/
small
blue
cells.
Homer-‐Wright
rosettes.
th
Ependyoma
4
ventricle
kids.
Perivascular
rosettes.
Rod-‐shapaed
basal
cilliary
bodies
called
blepharoplasts.
Craniopharyngioma
Near
pituitary
(often
confused).
Remnant
of
Rathke
pouch.
+/-‐calcifications
(dentin
like
material).
LUNG
Cancers
Small
cell
carcinoma
MYC
oncogenes.
Makes
↑ACTH,
↑ADH,
Lambert-‐Eaton
Synd.
+Chromogranin
A.
+Kulchitsky
Cells.
Adenocarcinoma
KRAS,
EGFR,
ALK
genes.
+mucin.
Hypertrophic
osteoarthropathy
(clubbing)
Bronchioalveolar
subtype
AdenoCA
in
situ.
Grow
along
septae.
+mucin.
Think
in
pneumonia
resistant
to
tx.
Squamous
cell
carcinoma
Hilar
cavitation.
↑PTHrP,
↑ Ca.
Kertain
pearls.
Large
cell
carcinoma
Pleomorphic
giant
cells.
β -‐hCG.
Bronchial
carcinoma
Polyp
like
mass
in
bronchi
-‐
stridor.
+hChromogranin
A.
LADY
Neoplasms
&
Cancers
Stromal
hyperthecosis
Post-‐menopausal.
↑ LH=
↑theca
hyperplasia
↑androgen=
virilization.
Homogenous
white
ovary.
Endometrioma
Endometriosis
of
the
ovary.
“Chocolate
cyst
of
ovary”
Serous
cystadenoma
B/L.
Filled
w/
serous
fluid.
Psammoma
bodies,
expressances.
A/w
BRCA1
-‐
CA
of
ovary
&
fallopian.
Mucous
cystadenoma
U/L
but
multilocular.
Filled
w/
mucus.
A/w
pseudomyxoma
peritonei
-‐
“jelly
belly”
-‐
mucus
ascites.
Brenner
tumor
Solid
tan
w/
Transitional
epi.
“Coffee-‐bean”
nuclei.
A/w
coexisting
mucinous
cystadenoma.
Demoid
cyst/Teratoma
MC
benign
germ
tumor.
All
3
germ
layers.
↑ AFP
+/-‐
↑ hCG.
Dysgerminioma
MC
malignant
germ-‐
teens.
↑ LDH,
↑ β-‐hCG.
U/L
multicolor,
Lø
cuffing
&
clear
polygonal
cells.
Endoderm/Yolk
Sac
tumor
Glomerulus
like
Schiller-‐Duval
body.
Secretes
↑ AFP,
↑ α1AT.
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant
trophoblast
(no
villi)
s/p
molar
preg.
↑ ↑hCG.
Thetca-‐leutin
cysts.
Hemoptysis,
lung
mets.
Granulosa
cell
tumor
Small
blue,
rosette
pattern
Call-‐Exner
bodies.
Early
puberty
or
post-‐menopause
bleed.
↑ ↑estrogen.
Thecoma
tumor
Like
granulosa
w/
↑ ↑estrogen
but
benign.
Bleed
in
post-‐menopausal.
Fibroma
tumor
B/L.
Spindle
cells
w/
lipid.
A/w
Meig’s
syndrome
=
pelvic
pain,
ascites,
R-‐side
hydrothorax.
BOY
Neoplasms
&
Cancers
Seminoma
“Fried
egg”
cells
w/o
necrosis.
↑ AFP,
↑ hCG,
↑ placental
ALP.
Yolk
sac
tumor
<3yo.
Glomerulus
like
Schiller-‐Duval
body.
Secretes
↑ AFP,
↑ α1AT.
Choriocarcinoma
Small
testis
mass
w/
LARGE
mets.
Gynecomastia,
hyperthyroid.
↑ ↑hCG.
Teratoma
All
three
germ
cell
layers.
More
likely
malignant
in
men.
↑ AFP
+/-‐
↑ hCG.
Embryonal
carcinoma
Painful
hemorrhagic
mass.
↑ AFP
or
↑ hCG.
Leydig
cell
tumor
Golden
brown
tumor
w/
reinke
crystals.
Sertoli
cell
tumor
Androblastoma.
Testicular
lymphoma
MC
in
men
>60.
Met
from
lymphoma
-‐
usually
diffuse
large
B
cell.
SHIT
TO
KNOW
FOR
BOARDS
First
Aid
2015
ONCOGENES
Gain
of
function
increases
cancer
risk
when
defective.
Need
to
damage
only
one
allele.
BCR-‐ABL
Tyrosine
kinase.
CML,
ALL
BCL2
Inhibit
apoptosis.
Follicular
&
Undiff
lymphoma
BRAF
Serine/Threonine
kinase.
Melanoma,
Non-‐Hodgkins
c-‐KIT
Cytokine
receptor.
GIST
tumor.
c-‐MYC
Transcription
factor.
Burkitt
lymphoma.
HER2/Neu
Tyrosine
kinase.
Breast,
ovarian,
gastric
CA.
L-‐MYC
Transcription
factor.
Lung
tumor.
n-‐MYC
Transcription
factor.
Neuroblastoma.
RAS
GTPase.
Colon,
lung,
pancreatic
CA.
RET
Tyrosine
kinase.
MEN
2A
&
2B.
Medullary
thyroid
CA.
TUMOR
SUPPRESSOR
GENES
Loss
of
function
increases
cancer
risk
both
alleles
must
be
lost
for
expression
of
the
disorder
APC
↓cell
adhesion
and
↑proliferation
Colorectal
cancer
(associated
with
FAP)
BRCA1/2
DNA
repair
protein
Breast
and
ovarian
cancer
BCL
"Deleted
gene
in
colon
cancer"
Colon
cancer
DPCH/SMAb4
"Deleted
gene
in
pancreatic
cancer"
Pancreatic
cancer
MEN1
Menin
gene
MEN
1
NF1
Ras
GTPase
protein
(neurofibromin)
Neurofibromatosis
type
1
NF2
Merlin
(schannomin)
protein
Neurofibromatosis
type
2
P16
CDK
inhibitor
2A
Melanoma
P53
Tx
factor
for
p21,
blocks
G1
to
S
phase
Most
human
cancers;
Le-‐Fraumeni
syndrome,
E6
gene
in
cervical
cancer
PTEN
-‐-‐-‐-‐
Breast
cancer,
prostate
cancer,
endometrial
cancer
Rb
Inhibits
E2F;
blocks
G1
to
S
Retinoblastoma,
Osteosarcoma,
E7
gene
of
cervical
cancer
TSC1
TSC1:
Hamartin
protein
Tuberous
sclerosis
TSC2
TSC2:
Tuberin
protein
Tuberous
sclerosis
VHL
Inhibits
hypoxia
inducible
factor
1a
Von
Hippel-‐Lindau
disease,
Renal
cell
carcinoma
WTL1/WTL2
-‐-‐-‐-‐
Wilms
tumor
(nephroblastoma)
Chromosomal
abnormalities
3
von-‐Hippel-‐Lindau
disease,
Renal
cell
carcinoma
Chromosomal
Translocations
4
ADPKD
w/PKD2
defect,
huntington
disease
CML
t(9;22)
5
Cri-‐du-‐chat
syndrome,
familial
adenomatous
polyposis
APL
(AML3)
t15;17
6
HLA,
Hemochromotosis
Burkitts
Lymphoma
t(8;14)
7
Williams
syndrome,
cystic
fibrosis
Anaplastic
Large
Cell
Lymphoma
t(2;5)
9
Friedreich
ataxia
Follicular
lymphoma
t(14;18)
11
Wilms
tumor,
β-‐thalassemia,
Sickle
Cell
Ewing
Sarcoma
t(11;22)
13
Patau
syndrome,
Wilson
disease
Mantle
Cell
Lymphoma
t(11;14)
14
α1-‐Antitrypsin
deficiency,
Heavy
Ig
for
Non-‐Hodgkins
Hairy
Cell
Leukemia
TRAP+
15
Prader-‐Willi
Syndrome,
Angelman
syndrome,
Marfans
ALL
(kids)
t(12;21)
16
ADPKD
with
PKD1
defect,
α-‐thalassemia
ALL
(adults)
t(9;22)
17
Neurofibromatosis
type
1,
18
Edwards
syndrome
21
Down
Syndrome
22
Neurofibromatosis
type
2,
Di
George
Syndrome
X
Fragile
X
Syndrome,
X-‐linked
agammaglobulinemia,
Klinefelter
Syndrome
(XXY)