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SHIT

 TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

Auto-­‐Antibodies   Hypersensitivity  Types  “ACID”  


ANA   SLE,  Nonspecific   Type  1   Anaphylaxis  
Anti-­‐Smith  (↑specific)   SLE     Allergic  rhinitis  
Anti-­‐dsDNA   Hay  fever  
Anti-­‐histone   Drug  Lupus   Food  allergy  
Anti-­‐  CCP   Rheumatoid  Arthritis   Hives  
RF  (IgM  vs  Fc  of  IgG)   Asthma  
Anti-­‐centromere   Scleroderma  (CREST)   Atopic  dermatitis  (eczema)    
Anti-­‐  DNA  Topoisomerase  I   Scleroderma  (diffuse)   Type  2   Acute  hemolytic  transfusion  rxn  
(Scl70)     Autoimmune  hemolytic  anemia  
Anti-­‐  mitochondrial   Primary  Biliary  Cirrhosis   Erythroblastis  fetalis  
Anti-­‐  microsomal   Hashimoto’s  Thyroiditis   ITP,  TTP,  HIT  
Anti-­‐  endomysial   Celiac  Disease   Pernicious  anemia  
Anti-­‐  Transglutimidase   Good  Pastures  
Anti-­‐gliadin   Graves  
Guillian  Barre  
Anti-­‐  desmoglein   Pemphigus  Vulgaris    
Myasthenia  Gravis    
Anti-­‐thyroglobin   Hashimoto’s  Thyroiditis  
Bullous  pemphigoid  
Anti-­‐microsomal  
Pemphigoid  vulgaris  
Anti  -­‐TSH  receptor   Graves  disease  
Rheumatic  Fever  
Anti-­‐  Jo1   Polymyositis,  Dermatomyositis  
Addisons  disease  
Anti-­‐Mi  
Type  3   Serum  sickness  
Anti-­‐SRP  
Arthus  reaction  
Anti-­‐  SSA/Ro   Sjogren’s  Syndrome  
SLE  
Anti-­‐  SSB/La  
Polyarteritis  nodosa  
Anti-­‐  Smooth  Muscle   Autoimmune  Hepatitis  
Post-­‐Streptococcal  glomerulonephritis  
Anti-­‐Glutamate  decarboxy   Diabetes  Type  1   Occupational  pneumonitis  
(GAD65)   Type  4   Contact  dermatitis  
C-­‐ANCA   Granulomatois  polyangitis   Tuberculin  rxn  
(wegners)   Granuloma  rxn  
P-­‐ANCA   Microscopic  polyangitis,     Graft-­‐vs-­‐Host  
Churg  Strauss   Sarcoidosis  
Anti-­‐ACH   Myasthenia  gravis   Berylliosis  
Anti-­‐BM     Good  pastures   Crohn’s  disease  
Anti-­‐cardiolipin,     Antiphospholipid  antibody   Rheumatoid  arthritis  
Lupus  anticoagulant   syndrome   Type  I  Diabetes  Mellitus  
Anti-­‐hemidesmosome   Bullous  pemphigoid   Hashimoto  thyroiditis  
Anti-­‐parietal   Pernicious  anemia   Multiple  sclerosis  
Anti-­‐U1  RNP   Mixed  CT  disease  (RA  +  SLE)   Sjogrens  
Anti-­‐platelet  factor  4   TTP,  ITP    
   
   
HLA  Subtypes   Transplant  rejections  
A3   Hemochromatosis   Hyperacute   HSR  II  (abo  mediated)  
B27   PAIR  Psoriasis,  Akylosing  Spondy,  IBD,  Reiter   =  vessel  occlusion  
DQ2/DQ8   Celiac   Acute   Cell  mediated  against  MHC  
DR2   MS,  SLE,  Goodpasture   =  Vasculitis  of  graft  
DR3   DM,  Graves  Disease   Chronic   MHC  nonself  seen  as  self  
DR4   DM,  Rheumatoid  Arthritis   =  IRREVERSIBLE  vasc  necrosis  
DR5   Hashimoto’s,  Pernicious  anemia   Graft  v  Host   T  cell  prolif  against  foreign    
A,  B,  C   MHC-­‐I  (chromo  6)   =  M/P  rash,  jaundice,  diarrhea  
DR,  DP,  DQ   MHC-­‐II  (chromo  6)    
   
   
   
   
   
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

Neurotransmitters  in  Diseases   Immunology  Markers  


Alzheimers   ↓ACH,  ↑glutamate   C3b   Binds  Bacteria  
Huntingtons   ↓ACH,  ↓GABA,  ↑Dopa   C3a,  C5a   Anaphlaxis  
Parkinsons   ↓Dopa,  ↑ACH   C5a   Neurtophil  chemotaxis  
Anxiety   ↓GABA,  ↓5HT,  ↑NE   T  cells   CD3  (w/  TCR)  
Depression   ↓Dopa,  ↓5HT,  ↓NE   CD28  (w/  B7  on  APC)  
Schizophrenia   ↑Dopa   B  cells   CD  19,  20,  21  
Dopamine   Ventral  tegmentum/Substantia  nigra   (CD21  a/w  EBV  –  and  BCellL0)  
↑Huntingtons   Helper  T   CD4  (to  MHC  II)  ,  CD40  L  (to  M0)  
↓Parkinson,  ↓Dementia   [makes  INF-­‐alpha]    
ACH   Basal  nucleus  of  Meynert   Cytotoxic  T   CD8  (to  MHC  II)  
↑Parkinsons   Regulatory  T   CD3,  CD4,  CD25  [makes  IL-­‐10,  THGb]  
…ANTI-­‐INFLAMMATORY…  
↓Huntingtons,  ↓Alzheimers  
Macrophages   C3b  Receptor,  B7,  CD40  
NE   Locus  Cereuleus  
CD14,  CD40,  TLR  and  act  by  ↑NF-­‐kB  
↑Anxiety  
NK  cells   CD16,  CD56.  Activated  by  IL2,  IL12,TNFα.  If  
↓Depression  
cell  ≠express  KIR  then  activate  KAR  to  kill  cell.  
5-­‐HT  (Serotonin)   Raphe  nucleus  
Gram  (-­‐)   Endotoxin/LPS  
↓Depression,  ↓Anxiety  
Mast  cells   Activated:  (1)  Tissue  trauma.  (2)  Complement  
GABA   Nucleus  accumbens  
C3a  &  C5a.  (3)  Crosslink  of  IgE  w/  Ag  
↓Anxiety,  ↓Huntingtons  
 
 
 
 
Shock  
Tumor  Markers  
  CVP   CO   SVR  
PSA   Prostate  CA  
(preload)   (afterload)  
CEA   Non-­‐specific    
Hypovolemic   ↓↓   ↓   ↑  
Colorectal/Panc/gastric/breast/thyr  
Cardiogenic  &  
AFP   Hebatocellular  Carcinoma   ↑   ↓↓   ↑  
Obstructive    
Non-­‐seminoma  germ  cell  tumors  
Septic  distributive   ↓   ↑   ↓↓  
βhCG   Hydatiform  moles  
Neuro  distributive   ↓   ↓   ↓↓  
Choriocarcinoma  
CA-­‐125   Ovarian  cancer    
CA19-­‐9   Pancreatic  Adenocarcinoma    
S100   Melanoma,  Schwannoma   Conditions  a/w  neoplasms  
Alk  Phos   Pagests  of  bone,  Boney  mets   Down  Syndrome   ALL,  AML  
Bombesin   Neuroblastona,  lung’/gastric  CA   Xeroderma  pigm.   Melanoma,  Basal/SqCCA  
TRAP   Hairy  cell  leukoplakia   Tuberous  sclerosis   Renal  angiomyolipoma  
Cacitonin   Medullary  Thyroid  CA   Cardiac  rhabdomyoma  
  Actinic  Keratosis   Squamous  CCA  of  skin  
  Plummer  –Vinson   Squamous  CCA  of  esophagus  
Oncogenic  Bugs   Cirrhosis   HCCA  
HTLV-­‐1  (RNA)   Adult  T  –cell  Leukemia/lymphoma   Ulcerative  colitis   Colonic  Adenocarcinoma  
nd
HPV  (DNA)   Genital,  Upper  respiratory  SqCCa   Paget  of  bone   2  Osteosarcoma,  Fibrosarcoma  
H.  pylori   Gastric  adenocarcinoma/lymphoma   Autoimmune  Dx   Lymphomas  
Schistosoma   Bladder  cell  CA  (SqC)   Acanthois  nigricans   Visceral  CA  (stomach,  lung)  
Liver  fluke   Cholangioarcinoma   Radiation  exposure   Leukemia,  Papillary  thyroid,  Breast  
EBV  (DNA)   Endemic  Burkitt’s  lymphoma,   CA  
Nasopharyngeal  carcinoma,  Hodgkin’s    
lymphoma    
HHV8  (DNA)   Kaposi  Sarcoma   Notable  nuclei  
Hep  B  &  Hep  C   Hepatocellular  carcinoma   Nucleus  solitaries   X  -­‐  visceral  sensory  (medulla)  
  Nucleus  ambiguous   X  -­‐  motor  (medulla)  
  Dorsal  motor   X  -­‐  autonomic  motor  (medulla)  
  Spinal  nucleus   V  -­‐  pain  &  temp  face  (pons/medulla)  
  Main  sensory     V  -­‐  crude  touch  face  (pons)  
  Mesencephalic     V  -­‐  proprioception  (pons)  
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

   
Chemical  carcinogens   “TORCHES”  Infections  
Aspergillus  Aflatoxins   Hepatocellualar  CA   Toxoplasmosis   Toxoplasma  gondii.  Parasite.  In  cats.  
Vinyl  Chloride   Angiosarcoma  of  liver   Tachyzoites  infect.  S/S:  hydrocephalic,  
Nitrosamines   Gastric  CA   cerebral  calcificaitons,  jaundice,  
Cigarette  smoke   Esophageal  SCC/Adenocarcinoma   hepatosplenomeg  
SCC  of  larynx  &  lung   Other   Treponema  pallidum.  Hydrops,  thick  
Small  cell  CA  of  lung   (syphilis)   placenta,  ascites.  If  stillbirth  >20wks,  send  
Renal  cell  CA   for  syphilis  testing.  Tx:  PENICILLIN.    
Transitional  bladder  CA   Rubella   Rubella.  RNA  togaviriade.  Vaccinate  before  
Pancreatic  Adenocarcinoma   preg.  S/S:  radiolucent  bones,  deaf,  
Cervical  carcinoma     “blueberry  muffin”  rash.    
Asbestos   Bronchogenic  carcinoma   Herpes  (CMV)   CMV  DNA  herpesviriade.  Vertical  
Mesothelioma  of  lung   transmission  in  first  ½  preg.  PCR  at  >20wk.    
Arsenic   Angiosarcoma  in  the  liver   Herpes  (HSV)   Herpes  DNA  herpesviriade.  ACYCLOVIR  to  
rd
Lung  cancer   (+)mom  in  3  trimester  to  prevent  lesions.  If  
SCC  of  skin   lesion,  then  do  C-­‐section  prior  to  ROM!    
Alkyating  agents   Leukemia/lymphoma   Herpes  (ZVZ)   Varicella  DNA  herpesviriade.  Congenital  
Aromatic  amines   Transitional  cell  CA  of  bladder   malforms  if  exposed  first  ½  preg.  If  contact  
Carbon  tetrachloride   Centrilobular  necrosis,  fatty  change   5d  pre/post  delivery,  Tx  w/  VZIG  w/in  72h.    
in  the  lung    
Ethanol   SCC  of  the  esophagus      
Hepatocellular  CA   Diseases  a/w  HIV(+)  
Ionizing  radiation   Papillary  thyroid  carcinoma   CD4   Oral  thrush  →  Candida  albicans  
nd <500  
Radon   Lung  cancer  (2  MCC  after  cigs)   Oral  hairy  leukoplakia  →  EBV  
      Bacillary  angiomatosis  →  Bartonella  (Nø)  
  Kaposi  sarcoma  →  HHV8  (Lø)  
Paraneoplastic  syndromes   Chronic  watery  poo  →  Cryptosporidium  
ACTH   SmCCA  of  lung   SCC→  HPV  
ADH   Small  Cell  CA  of  lung   CD4   Brain  abscesses  →  Toxoplasma  
Intracranial  neoplasms   <200   HIV  dementia  
PTHrP   SqCCA  of  lung   PML  →  JC  virus  
Renal  CCA,  Breast  CA   PCP  pneumonia  →  Pneumocystis  jirovecii  
1,25  OH  Vit  D3   Hodgkins  lymphoma   CD4   Fungal  pneumonia  →  Aspergillus  fumigatus  
Erythropoitin   Renal  CCA,  Hemangioblastoma   <100   Meningitis  →  Cryptococcus  neoformans  
HCCA,  Pheochromocytoma   Esophagitis  →  Candida  albicans  
L-­‐Eaton  Syndrome   Small  Cell  Lung  CA   Retinitis,  esophagitis,  pneumo,  encephal  →  CMV  
  B-­‐cell/Non-­‐hodgkin’s  lymphoma  →  EBV  
  Pneumonia/disseminated  →  Histoplasma    
Rescue  drugs   Nonspecific  →  Mycobacterium  avium  intracellulare  
Cisplatin  and  Carboplatin   Amifostine  and  ↑hydration      
Cyclophosphamide   Mesna    
Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin   Dexrazoxane    
Methotrexate   Leucovorin  (folinic  acid)    
   
   
Antibiotics  to  avoid  in  pregnancy    
“SAFe  Children  Take  Really  Good  Care”    
Sulfonamides   Kernicterus    
Aminoglycosides   Ototoxicity    
Flurorquinolones   Cartilage  damage    
Clarithromycin   Embryotoxic    
Tetracyclines   Discolored  teeth,  poor  bone  growth    
Ribavirin   Teratogenic    
Griseofulvin   Teratogenic    
 
Chloramphenicol   Gray  baby  syndrome  
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

SYSTOLIC  Heart  murmurs    


Aortic  Stenosis   @  A  -­‐  Systolic.  Crescendo-­‐ CONTINOUS  Heart  murmurs  
decrescendo  w/  Ejection  click.   PDA   @P  continuous  -­‐  Left  sternal  border  
Radiates  to  carotids/apex.  Pulsus   Loud  S2  Machine  like  murmur.  Can  
parvus  et  tardus  "Pulses  are  WEAK   radiate  to  the  back.  Seen  in  =  
with  a  DELAYED  PEAK"   Congenital  rubella,  Prematurity  
Seen  in  =  Age-­‐related  valve  
calcification,  bicuspid  aortic  valve.  
 
Innocent/Flow  murmur   @  A  -­‐  Systolic.  Any  ↑  pressure    
states.  Seen  in  =  HTN,  preggo   Splitting  of  Heart  Sounds  
Hypertrophic   @  P  -­‐  Systolic.  Hear  S4  heart  sound   S2  WIDE  splitting   Increase  split  w/  inspiration.    
cardiomyopathy     "A-­‐stiff-­‐heart.”  Harsh  crescendo-­‐ Seen  in  =  anything  decreasing  RV  
decrescendo  murmur.     emptying  -­‐  pulmonic  stenosis,  right  
↑  w/  VALSALVA/STANDING   bundle  branch  block.  
ASD  murmur   @  P  -­‐  Systolic.  Midsystolic  flow   S2  WIDE  FIXED  splitting   Increased  split  w/  inspiration  &  
murmur.  Loud  S1  +  WIDE  FIXED  S2   expiration.  Seen  in  =  shunting  of  
VSD  murmur   @  T  -­‐  Systolic.  Harsh  holosystolic   blood  from  left  to  right  increasing  
murmur.    ↑HAND  GRIP   blood  in  RV  &  delays  closing  -­‐  ASD.  
Still  murmur   @  T  -­‐  Systolic.  Musical  or  vibratory   S2  PARADOXIC  splitting   Increased  split  w/  expiration.  
murmur.  Normal  in  kids  2-­‐7yo   Seen  in  =  conditions  that  delay  LV  
Tricuspid  Regurgitation   @  T  -­‐  Systolic.  High  pitched  blowing   emptying  -­‐  aortic  stenosis,  left  
murmur.  Radiates  to  left  sternal   bundle  branch  block  
border.↑  w/  inspiration  and  leg    
raising  (all  R  heart  sounds)      
Seen  in  =  RV  DILATION   Maneuvers  of  Heart  Sounds  
Mitral  Regurgitation   @  M  -­‐  Systolic.  High  pitched   Valsalva/Standing   ↓  volume,  ↓ preload  
blowing  murmur.  Radiates  toward   ↑  Hypertrophic  cardiomyopathy    
axilla.  S3  indicates  severity  (↑ ↑  MVP  w/  EARLIER  click  
ventricular  filling/↑volume)   ↓  All  other  murmurs  
Seen  in  =  long  standing  MVP,  LV   Squatting   ↑  volume,  ↑  venous  return  to  R  
DILATION,  post-­‐MI,  EARLY  RF.  
heart,  ↑  arterial  press  
Mitral  Prolapse   @  M  -­‐  Systolic.  Late  systolic  
↑  AS  
crescendo  w/  midsystolic  click.  
Seen  in  =  IE,  CT  dz  (marfans),  
↓  MVP  w/  LATER  click  
CHORDAE  TENDONAE  RUPTURE.     ↓  HCM  
Inspiration/Leg  Raising   ↑  venous  return  to  R  heart  
  ↑  All  right  heart  sounds  (Tricuspid  
DIASTOLIC  Heart  murmurs  
especially)  
Aortic  regurgitation   @  P/T  -­‐  Diastolic.  High  pitched  
Handgrip   ↑  PVR,  ↑  afterload  
"blowing.”  Wide  pulse  pressure  
↑  Regurg  &  VSD  
when  chronic.  Bounding  
(Waterhammer)  pulses  &  head   ↓  MVP  w/  LATER  click  
bobbing.↑  if  leaning  forward.   Leaning  forward   ↑AR  
Seen  in  =  Bicuspid  valve,  Aortic  root   Left  lateral  recumbent   ↑  MS,↑  S3,  S4  
dilation  (syphilis),  IE,  RF    
Tricuspid  Stenosis   @  P/T  -­‐  Diastolic.  Diastolic  rumble      
Seen  in  =  CARCINOID  SYNDROME  
Mitral  stenosis   @  M  -­‐  Diastolic.  Opening  snap  w/  
late  diastolic  rumbling.  Loud  S1.  
S2  to  opening  snap  time  indicates  
severity.  Shorter  the  interval  the  
worse  the  stenosis.  ↑  w/  
expiration  &  left  lateral  recumbent  
Seen  in  =  Late  RF  
Cardiac  Myxoma     @  M-­‐  Diastolic.  Early  diastolic  
*PLOP*  Seen  in  =  myxoma  tumor  
MC  in  L  atrium.  
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

  Furosemide,  Niacin,  Cyclosporine  


CARDIAC   Myopathies   “Fish  N’  CHIPS”  =  Fibrates,  Niacin,  
Coronary  Vasospasm   Cocaine,  -­‐triptans,  ergots   Colchicine,  Hydroxychloroquine  
Flushing   “VANC”  =  Vancomy,  Adenosine,   INF-­‐a,  Penicillamine,  Statins.  
Niacin,  Ca  channel  blocker   Osteoporosis   Heparin,  Steroids  
Dilated  cardiomyopathy   Doxyrubicin  (Adriamyacin)   Photosensitivity   Sulfonamides,  Amio,  Tetracy  =  
Torsades  de  pointes   “ABCDE”  =     SAT  for  a  photo  
AntiArryth  =  Class  IA  and  III   Rash  (SJS)   "Seizure  sulfa  cillin"  =  PCN,  
AntiBiotic  =  Macrolides   Carbamazepine,  Sulfa,  
Anti  “C”sychotic  =  Haldol   Lamotrigine,  Allopurinol,  
AntiDepress  =  TCA   Phenytoin,  Phenoparbatol    
AntiEmetic  =  Ondansetron   SLE-­‐like     “SHIPP”  =  Sulfa  drugs,  
HEME   Hydralazine,  Isoniazide,  
Acranulocytosis   "Gangs  CCCrush  Myeloblasts  and   Procanamide,  Phenytoin  
Promyleocytes"  =  Clozapine,   Teeth  in  peds   Tetracyclines  
Carbamazepine,  Colchicine,   Tendonitis/rupture   Fluoroquinolones  
Methimazole,  PTU,  Dapsone   RENAL  
Aplastic  anemia   "Cant  Make  New  Blood  Cells   Diabetes  insipidus   Lithium  
Properly"  =  Chloramphenacol,   Fanconi’s     Expires  Tetracycline  
Methimazole,  NSAIDS,  Benzene,   Hemorrhagic  cystitis   Cyclophos,  isosfamide  
PTU   Intersticial  nephritis   Methicilin,  NSAIDs,  Lasix  
Hemolytic  anemia   Methyldopa,  PCN   SIADH   "Cant  Concentrate  Sodium"  =  
Hemolysis  G6PD  def   “hemolysis  IS  D  PAIN"  =  Isoniazid,   Carbamezapine,  
Sulfonamides,  Dapsone,   Cyclophosphamide,  SSRIs  
Primaquine,  Aspirin,  Ibuprofen,   NEURO  
Nitrofurantoin   Parkinson’s  like   “cogwheel  rigidity  of  the  ARM"  =  
Megaloblastic  anemia   “Have  a  blast  w/  PMS”  =   Antipsychotics,  Reserpine,  
Phenytoin,  MTX,  Sulfa   Metoclopramide  
RESPIRATORY   Seizures   “I  BITE  My  tongue”  =  Isoniaziede,  
Pulmonary  Fibrosis   “Breathing  Air  Badly  from  Meds”   Bupropion  ,Imipenem,  Tramadol,  
=  Bleomycin,  Amio,  Busulfan,  MTX   Enflurane,  Metoclopromide  
GI   MULTIORGAN  
Cholestatic  hepatitis   Erythromycin   Antimuscarinic   Atropine,  TCA,  H1  block  
Hepatic  Necrosis   "Liver  HAVAc"  =  Halothane,   Disulfram  rxn   Metronid,  Cephalo,  Procarbazine,  
Amanita  phalloides  (death  cap   st
1  gen  sulfony  
mushroom),  Valproic  Acid,   Nephro/Ototoxic   Aminoglycosides,  Vanc,  Loop  
Acetaminophen   diuretic,  Cisplatin  
C.  difficile   Clindamyin,  Ampicillin   Lactic  Acidosis   Metformin  
Pancreatitis     "Drugs  Causing  A  Violent   Sulfa  allergy   "Popular  FACTSSS"  =  Furosemide,  
Abdominal  Distress"  =   Acetazolamide,  Celecoxib,  
Didanosine,  Corticosteroids,   Thiazides,  Sulfonamide  Abx,  
Alcohol,  Valproate,  Azathioprine,   Sulfasalazine,  Sulfonylureas  
Diuretics   P450  Inhibitors  (-­‐)   "CRACK  AMIGOS"  =  Cimetidine,  
REPRODUCTIVE   Ritonavir,  Amiodarone,  
Gyenocomastia   “Some  Drugs  Cause  Awesome   Ciprofloxacin,  Ketoconazole,  
Knockers”  =  Spiro,  Dig,   Acute  Alcohol,  Macrolides,  
Cimetidine,  Alcohol,  Ketoconazol   Isoniazid,  Grapefruit,  
Hyperglycemia   "Taking  Pills  Necessitates  Having   Omeprazole,  Sulfonamides  
blood  Checked"  Tacrolimus,   P450  Inducers  (+)   "Corona  Guinness  and  PBR  induce  
Protease  inhibitors,  Niacin,  HCTZ,   Chronic  Alcoholism"  =  
Corticosteroids   Carbamazepine,  Grisofulvin,  
Hypothyroid   Lithium,  Amio,  Sulfonamide   Phenyoin,  Barbs  (Phenobarb),  
MSK/CT   Rifampin,  Chronic  alcohol…  Also  
Fat  redistribution   Protease  inhibitors   St.  Johns  wort,  Nevirapine    
Gingival  hyperplasia   Phenytoin,  Verapamil   P450  Substrates   "Always  Think  When  Outside"  =  
Gout   "Painful  Tophi  and  Feed  Need   Anti-­‐epileptics,  Theophylline,  
Care"  =  Pyrazinamide,  Thiazides,   Warfarin,  OCPs  
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

  Lead   EDTA,  Dimercaprol,  succimer,  


Antidotes   penicillamine  
Acetaminophen     N-­‐acetylcystine     Lithium   Thiazide  diuretics  (lithium  
(replenish  glutathione)   reabsorbed  at  PCT  with  Na)  
AchE  inhibitors,   1.  Atropine  (competitive  inhibit)   Mackrel,  Tuna   Scombroid  poisoning    
Organophosphates,   2.  Pralidoxime  (2-­‐Pam-­‐Cl;   (preformed  histamine  in  the  fish)  
Parathion,  Sarin  gas,   regenerates  ACHesterase)   Mercury   Dimercaperol  (BAL),  Succimer  
Amphetamines  (basic)   NH4Cl-­‐  (Acidify)   Methanol  (moonshine),   Fomepizole  >  Ethanol  +  Dialysis  
Antimusc,  Jimson  weed,   Physostigmine  salicylate,     ethylene  glycol  (antifreeze)  
Atropine   control  hyperthermia   Methemoglobin   Methylene  blue,  vitamin  C  
Arsenic,  gold   Penicillamine,  Dimercaperol   Niacin/Vitamin  B3   Aspirin  
Benzodiazepines   Flumazenil  (GABA  receptor   Opioids,  heroin,   Naloxone,  Naltrexon,  
antgonist)   prescription  drugs   Methadone  
Beta-­‐  Blockers   Glucagon  (increases  cAMP  in   Phenobarbital,   HCO3  Bicarbonate  (to  alkalize  
cardiac  tissue)   methotrexate,  ASA,  TCAs   urine,  increase  excretion)  
Carbon  monoxide  (CO)   100%  O2,  hyperbaric  oxygen   Poison  dart  frogs   Curare    
Cinchonism  (Quinidine)   IV  MgSO4   (block  nicotinic  ACh  receptors)  
Copper   Penicillamine   Reef  fish   Ciguatoxin    
Cyanide   Nitrite  +  thiosulfate  +   (Na+  channel  activator)  
hydroxocobalamin   Salicylates   NaHCO3  (alkalize),  Dialysis  
Digitalis,  digoxin   “KLAM”  =  check  K+,  Lido,  Anti-­‐ Serotonin  syndrome  (SSRI   Cyproheptadine  (Serotonin  
dig  FAb,  Mg+   +  another  drug)   receptor  antagonist)  
Fugu  puffer  fish   Tetrodotoxin   TCA   NaHCO3  (alkalinize)  
(Na  channel  blocker)   Theophylline   Beta  blocker  
Heparin   Protamine  sulfate   tPA,  Steptokinase   Aminocaproic  acid  
Iron   Deferoxamine,  Deferasirox   Warfarin   Vitamin  K,  FFP  
Isonizaid,  5-­‐FU   Pyridoxine  (Vitamin  B6)  
 
 
 
 
 
FLEAS  &  LICE  
Flea  (Rat  flea  Xenophylla,  Cat  flea  Ctenoceph)   Bubonic/Pneumonic  plague  →  Yersinia  pestis  
Endemic  murine  typhus  →  Rickettski  typhi  
Pumpkin  seed  tapeworm  (ingest  flea  from  dog  saliva)  →  Dipylidium  caninum  
Body  louse  (Pediculus  humanis  corporis)   Trench  fever  →  Bartonella  quintana    
Bacillary  angiomatosis  →  Bartonella  quintana  
Epidemic  typhus  →  Rickettsia  prowazkii  
Epidemic  relapsing  3  day  fever  →  Borrellia  recurrentis  
Pediculosis  “body  lice”  
TICKS  
Hard  Tick  (Ixodes  scapularis)   Lyme  disease  →  Borrelia  burgdefori    
“Deer  tick”   Human  granuolocytic  Anaplasmosis  →  Anaplasma  phagocytophilum  
Babesiosis  →  Babesia  microti  
Powassan  encephalitis  →  Powassan  virus  -­‐  Flaviviridae  
Hard  Tick  (Dermacentor  andersoni,  D.  variabilis)   Rocky  Mountain  spotted  fever  (RMSF)  →  Rickettsia  rickettsia  
“Wood  tick,  Dog  Tick”   Colorado  tick  fever  →  Colorado  tick  fever  virus  (CTFV)  -­‐  Reoviridae  
Hard  Tick  (Amblyomma  americanum)   STARI  variant  Lyme  Disease  →  Borrelia  lonestarii  
“Lone  star  tick”     Human  monocytic  Ehrlichiosis  →  Ehrlichia  chaffeensis  
Canine/Human  granulocytic  Ehrlichiosis  →  Ehrlichia  eqingii  
Tularemia  →  Francisella  tularemia    
Soft  Tick  (Ornithodoros  hermsi)   Relapsing  10  day  fever  →  Borrelia  hermsii  
 
 
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

 
 
 
 
 
Toxins  &  Virulence  factors  
Protein  A   Binds  Fc  region  of  IgG.  Prevents  opsonization  and  phagocytosis.   S.  aureus  
IgA  protease   Cleaves  IgA.   S.  pneumo,  H.influ,  
Virulence   Neisseria  
factors   M  protein   Prevent  phagocytosis.  Involved  in  molecular  mimicry.     S.  pyogenes  (GAS)  
Listerolysin  (LLO)   Cholesterol  dependent,  rupture  endosomem  release  bacti     Listeria  
ActA   Actin  polymerization  to  make  tail  to  move  INTERcellular   Listeria    
Diptheria  toxin   Inactivate  elongation  factor  2   Corynebacti  diphtheria  
≠  protein  
Exotoxin  A   Inactivate  elongation  factor  2   Pseudomonas  auerginosa  
synthesis  
Shiga  toxin   Inactivate  60s  ribosome  by  removing  adenine  from  rRNA   Shigella  spp.  
 
Shiga-­‐like  toxin   Inactivate  60s  ribosome  by  removing  adenine  from  rRNA   E.  coli  (EHEC)  
Heat  labile  toxin   ↑↑adenylate  cyclase,  ↑cAMP,  ↑Cl,  ↑H2O  secretion  into  GI     E.  coli  (ETEC)  
Increase   Heat  stable  toxin   ↑↑guanylate  cyclase,  ↑cGMP,  ↓resorb  of  NaCl  &  H2O  in  GI     E.  coli  (ETEC)  
fluid   Edema  toxin   Mimics  acetylate  cyclase  to  ↑cAMP   Bacillus  anthracis  
secretion   Cholera  toxin   ↑↑adenylate  cyclase  (↑cAMP)  by  permanently  activates  Gs  to  ↑Cl  &   Vibrio  cholera  
H2O  secretion  into  GI  
≠   Pertussis  toxin   ↑↑adenylate  cyclase  (↑cAMP)  by  disabling  Gi,  impairing   Bordetella  pertussis  
phagocytosis   phagocytosis  to  permit  survival  of  microbe.    
Tetanospasmin   Cleave  SNARE  to  prevent  release  of  inhibitory  (GABA  &  Glycine)  NT   Clostridium  tetani  
from  Renshaw  cells  in  spinal  cord  (acts  in  CNS)  
≠  NT  release  
Botulinum  toxin   Cleave  SNARE  to  prevent  release  of  stimulatory  (ACh)  NT  at   Clostridium  botulinum  
neuromuscular  junction  (acts  in  PNS).    
Alpha  toxin   Phospholipase  (lecithinase)  that  degrades  tissue/memb.   Clostridium  perfringens  
Lyse  cell  
Streptolysin  O   Protein  that  degrades  cell  membranes  to  lyse  RBCs   Strep  pyogenes  (Group  A)  
membranes  
Enterotoxin  A  &  B   Disrupt  enterocyte  cytoskeleton,  kill  cell,  pseudomembrane   Clostridium  difficile    
Shock   TSST-­‐1   Binds  MHC-­‐II  &  TCR  =↑↑IL1,  IL2,  IFNγ,  and  TNFα  =  shock.     Staph  aureus  
Superantigen     Exotoxin  A   Binds  MHC-­‐II  &  TCR  =↑↑IL1,  IL2,  IFNγ,  and  TNFα  =  shock.     Strep  pyogenes  (Group  A)  
Endotoxin   Lipopolysaccharide   Activates  Mø  =  IL1,  TNFα,  NO;  activates  complement  =  C3a,  C5a;   Outer  memb  all  Gram  (-­‐)  
(LPS)   activates  tissue  factor  =  DIC.   and  Listeria  
monocytogenes  

 
Specific  genetics/enzymes  
Fredrich  Ataxia   AR.  GAA  repeat  on  Chromo  9.  Frataxin  gene  (mitochondrial  iron  regulatory  protein)    
Sturge  Weber  syndrome   Somatic.  GNAQ  gene.  Port  wine,  tram  track  calcifications.  
Tuberous  sclerosis   AD.  TSC1  -­‐  harmatin  &  TSC2  -­‐  tuberin  (tumor  suppressor  genes).  Ash  leaf  spots,  Shagreen  patches.    
Neurofibromatosis  I   AD.  Mutated  NF1  gene  on  Chromo  17.  (RAS  GTPase  activating  protein).  Lisch  nodules.  Café  au  Lait.    
Neurofibromatosis  II   AD.  Mutated  NF2  gene  on  Chromo  22.  (Merlin  protein).    
Von  Hipple  Lindaeu   AD.  Mutation  in  VHL  gene  on  Chromo  3.  (≠hypoxia  inducible  factor  1).  Hemangioblastoma,  RCC.    
+3
Methemoglobemia   ≠NADH  cytochrome  reductase,  oxidized  to  Fe  cannot  bind  O2.    
Pulmonary  HTN   Inactivating  mutation  BMPR2.  Young  female  w/  Exertional  dysnea.  Plexiform  lesions.    
Huntington’s   AD.  CAG  repeat  on  chromo  4.  Huntin  gene.  ↓ACH,  ↓GABA,  ↑Dopa.    
Parkinson’s   ↓Dopa,  ↑ACH.  Loss  of  Dopa  neurons  in  substantia  nigra  pars  compacta.  Lewy  bodies  of  α -­‐synuclein.  
Alzheimer’s   ↓ACH,  ↓Glutamate.  Aβ-­‐amyloid  plaques  &  tau  protein  tangles.  Risk:  ↓ApoE2,  ↑ApoE4,  presenilin.  
Rett  syndrome   XR.  mutation  in  MECP2  gene  (methyl  CpG  binding  protein  2).  Stereotyped  hand  wringing  
α  thalassemia   Chromo  16.  Deletion  of  α.  1  or  2  delete  -­‐asyx.  3  deletions  HbH  β 4.  4  deletions  Barts  γ 4.  
β  thalassemia   Chromo  11.  Point  mutation  of  β.  Major  ↑ HbF,  ≠HbA.  Minor  ↑ HbA2,  ↓ HbA.    
Sickle  cell  anemia   Chromo  11.  Glutamic  acid  (hydrophilic)  replaced  with  Valine  (hydrophobic).    
HbC  defect   Chromo  11.  Glutamic  acid  replaced  with  Lysine  (“lycine  =  C  for  HbC”)  
Sideroblastic  anemia   ≠∂-­‐ALA  synthase  w/  cofactor  B6.  
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

Lead  poisoning   ≠ALA  dehydratase;  ≠ferrochelatase  


Orotic  aciduria   ≠UMP  synthase.  Tx  w/  uridine  monophosphate  to  bypass.  
AML  M3  Promyelocytic   +Auer  rods,  >20%  blasts,  +Myeloperoxidase.  T(15;17)  PML-­‐RARA.    
ALL   +PAS,  +TdT,  +CD10,CD34.  t(12;21)  in  kids  good  prognosis.  t(9;22)  in  adults  poor  prognosis.  
CML   ↓LAP.  t(9;22)  BCR-­‐ABL    
Hodgkin’s  lymphoma   +CD15,  +CD30,  -­‐CD20,  Reed-­‐Sternberg  cells.    
CLL   +CD20,  +CD5,  +CD23.  Smudge  cells.  Warm  AIHIA.  
Mantle  cell  lymphoma   +CD20,  +CD5,  -­‐CD23,  +Cyclin  D.  t(11;14).    
Burkitt’s  lymphoma   +CD20,  +CD10,  Starry  sky  bx.  +EBV.  t(8;14)  C-­‐MYC.    
Follicular  lympohoma   +CD20,  +CD10,t(14;18)  BCL-­‐2  
Hairy  cell  leukemia   +CD20,  -­‐CD10,  +CD25,  +CD125.  +TRAP.  Hairy  Cells.    
AIP   ≠Porphobili  deaminase.  ↑ ↑Porphobilinogen  
PCT   ≠uroporphyrinogen  decarboxylase.  ↑ ↑uroporphyrinogen.    
Li-­‐Fraumeni  syndrome   AD.  Abnormal  TP53.  “SBLA”  -­‐  Sarcoma,  breast,  leukemia,  adrenal  cancers.    
Agammaglobulinemia   XR.  Defect  BTK  gene  (tyrosine  kinase).  No  CD19  cells.    
Hyper  IgE/Job  Syndrome   AD.  Mutation  STAT3  gene  ↓Th17  and  ↓INFγ.    
th
Digeorge  syndrome   22q11.2  deletion.  No  3/4  paryngeal  pouches.  No  thymus,  parathyroids.  
Hyper  IgM  syndrome   XR.  Defect  CD40L.  ≠class  switch.  
SCID   XR  -­‐  defect  IL2  receptor.  AR  -­‐  ADA  deficiency.    
Wiskott-­‐Aldrich  syndrome   XR.  Mutated  WAS  gene  ≠reorganize  cytoskeleton.    
Ataxia-­‐Telangitasia   XR.  Mutated  ATM  gene.  ≠repair  DNA.  t(7;14).  
Chronic  granulomatous  dz   XR.  Defect  GP91ox  for  NADPH  oxidase.  Infx  w/  catalase  bugs.  Colorless  NBT  test.  
Chediak-­‐Higashi     AR.  Defect  LYST  gene.  ≠Lysosomal  trafficking  protein.  Giant  granules  in  WBCs.  
LAD   AR.  Defect  in  LFA-­‐1  integrin  (CD18).  ≠chemotaxis.  
Sonic  hedgehog  gene   Produced  at  base  of  limbs  involved  in  patterning  along  AP  axis.  Holoprosencephaly.  
Wnt-­‐7  gene   Apical  ectodermal  ridge  (thickened  ectoderm  at  distal  end  of  each  developing  limb).  Pattern  DV  axis.  
FGF  gene   Produced  at  apical  ectodermal  ridge.  Stimulates  mitosis  of  underlying  mesoderm.  Lengthen  of  limbs  
Homeobox  (Hox)  gene   Patterning  of  embryo  in  craniocaudal.    Transcription  factors.  Appendages  in  wrong  direction.    
SRY  gene   On  Y  chromo,  produes  testis  determining  factor  to  secrete  muellerian  inhibitory  factor.  
Papillary  thyroid  CA   RET  and  BRAF  mutations.  Orphan  annie  eye  cells.  Psammoma  bodies.  Pap  >  Foll  >  Med  >  Ana  >  Lø  
Medullary  thyroid  CA   RET  mutations.  A/w  MEN2A  and  MEN2B.  Sheets  of  C-­‐cells  in  amyloid  stroma.    
CAH  17hydroxylase  def   ↓cortisol,  ↓ sex,  ↑ BP,  ↓K,  ↓ androstenedione.  XY  pseudohermaphrodism.  XX  lack  of  2˚  sex  signs.    
CAH  21hydroxylase  def   ↓cortisol,  ↓mineralocorticoids,  ↑ sex,  ↓ BP,  ↑ K,  ↑renin,  ↑ 17hydroxy.  Salt  wasting,  early  puberty.  
CAH  11hydroxylase  def   ↓cortisol,  ↑ sex,  ↑ BP,  ↓K,  ↓ aldosterone  &  renin.  XX  virilization.  CAH  w/o  salt  wasting.    
Achondroplasia   AD.  Activating  mutation  in  FGFR3  cannot  make  cartilaginous  model.    
Pagets  disease  of  bone   ↑both  osteoclast  and  osteoblast  activity.  ↑ ALP  only.  
Osteopetrosis   Defect  in  carbonic  anhydrase  II.  Osteoclasts  ≠make  acidic  environment  for  bone  b/d.    
Osteogenesis  imperfect   AD.  Deficiency  type  I  collagen.  ≠gylcosylate  the  triple  helix,  ≠collagen,  ≠  bone.  ↑#  of  fx.  Blue  sclera  
Langerhans  histiocytosis   +CD1a,  +s100.  Lytic  bone  lesions.  
Giant  cell  tumor   Defect  osteoclasts.  Only  one  in  EPIPHYSISES.  “Soap  bubble”  on  Xray.  
Osteoid  osteoma   Osteoblasts.  Diayphsis.  Bone  pain  @  night  better  w/  aspirin.  
Ewig  sarcoma   t(11;22)  EWS-­‐FLI1.  Small  blue  cell  tumor.  “Onion  skinning”  on  Xray.  
Osteogenic  sarcoma   “Codman  triangle”  or  “Sunburst  pattern”  on  Xray.  @  Metaphysis.    
Osteochondroma   EXOPHYTIC  bone  mass  @  metaphysis.  
Ménétrier’s  disease   Hypertrophied  rugae,  ↓acid,  ↓pepsin  (protein  loss).  ↑ TGFα,  ↑ EFGR.    
Polyps   Pre-­‐malignant  =  Serrated  (a/w  BRAF).  Malignant  =  Adenomatous  (a/w  APC/KRAS).    
Sporadic  Colorectal  CA   Normal→loss  of  APC→KRAS  mutation  (GTPase,  ↑cell  signal)  →  loss  of  p53  &  DCC  (tumor  suppress)  
Lynch  syndrome  (HNPCC)   AD.  ≠  DNA  mismatch  repair  (MSH1  &  MLH)  w/  microsat.  instable.  Endometrial,  Ovarian,  skin,  CRC.    
FAP   AD.  APC  tumor  suppressor,  chromo  5.    
Gardner  syndrome   AD  FAP  variant.  Hypertrophic  retina,  supernumery  teeth,  soft  tissue/osseous  tumor.  
Turcot  syndrome   AD  FAP  variant.  Malignant  CNS  tumor.    
Puetz-­‐Jegers  syndrome   AD.  Harmatomus  GI,  hyperpig  mouth,  hands,  genitals.  CRC,  breast,  stomach,  GI,  pancreas,  lung  CA.  
Cowden  syndrome   AD.  Mutuated  PTEN  tumor  suppressor.  Gi  harmatomas,  hemangiomas,  lipomas.  
Bannaya-­‐Revalaba-­‐Reiv   Vairant  Cowden  +  MR.  
Juvenile  polyposis  synd.   AD.  Kids  <5yo.  Harmatomous  polys  +  CRC,  stomach,  small  GI  cancers.    
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

Hirschsprung  disease   Loss  of  fx  RET  oncogene.  Must  dz  w/  rectal  suction  bx.    
Wilson’s  disease   AR.  ATP7B  gene  chromo  13.  (Canalicular  copper  transport  membrane  ATPase).  ↑ceruloplasmin.    
Hemochromotosis   AR.  C282Y  or  H63D  mutation  HFE  gene  chromo  6.  Build  up  of  Iron.  A/w  HLA-­‐A3.  
Hepatocellular  carcinoma   HBV>HCV,  alcohol,  aspergilllus  alfatoxin,  genetic  (αA1AT,  Wilsons,  Hemochromtosis).  ↑ AFP  marker.  
α1-­‐Antitrypsin  deficiency   **Codominant**  ≠SERPINA1  (protease  inhibitor)  via  Pi  gene  on  chromo  14.  Misfold  +PAS  globules.    
Primary  biliary  cirrhosis   +anti-­‐mitochondrial  antibody.  ↑↑HDL.  Xanthelasma.  
1˚  Sclerosing  cholangitis   +p-­‐ANCA(MPO).  ↑IgM.  +HLA-­‐DR52.  
Romano-­‐ward  syndrome   AD.  Congenital  ↑QT  .  
Jervell-­‐Lange-­‐Neilsen  Syn   AR.  Congenital  ↑QT  +  senioneural  deafness.    
Brugada  syndrome   AD.  Asian  male  w/  Pseudo-­‐RBBB  (“M”)  and  ST  elevation  in  V1-­‐V3.  
Hartnup  disease   AR.  No  neutral  AA  transporters  in  PCT.  Deficient  of  tryptophan.  Pellagra  like  symptoms.  
Lesch-­‐Nyhan  syndrome   XR.  Deficiency  of  HGPRT  so  no  purine  salvage.  “HGPRT”  hyperuric,  gout,  pissed,  retard,  dysTonia.  
McCune-­‐Albright  Synd.   **Mosaicism**  Mutation  G-­‐protein  signaling.  “4P”  Precocious  Puberty,  Pigment,  Polyost.  Dysplasia  
Prader-­‐Willi  syndrome   **Imprinting**  Hyperphagia,  hypotonia,  obese.  PATERNAL  deletion  chromo  15.  
Angleman  syndrome   **Imprinting**  MR  w/  inappropriate  laughter.  MATERNAL  deletion  chromo  15.  
Kartageners  syndrome   AR.  Defect  dynein  arm  cause  immotile  cilia.    
Ehlers-­‐Danlos  syndrome   AD/AR.  Defect  collagen  crosslinking.  If  marfan-­‐like  ≠type  V  coll.  If  vascular  dz,  ≠type  III  coll.    
Marfan  syndrome   AD.  Defect  in  fibrillin  (scaffold  for  elastin).  FBN1  mutation  chromo  15.  Archnodactyl.  Sublux  lens.  
Menke  disease   XR.  Defect  in  ATP7A  copper  transport  ≠crosslink  collagen.  ↓lysyl  oxidase.  Kinky  brittle  hair.    
Cystic  fibrosis   AR.  Defect  CFTR  gene  on  Chromo  7.  ≠ATP-­‐gated  Cl-­‐  channel.  Dx  w/  Cl-­‐sweat  test  >60.  
Duchenne  MD   XR.  Defect  dystophin  gene  **Frameshift**  Cannot  connect  cytoskeleton,  necrosis.  Seen  before  5yo  
Becker  MD   XR.  Defect  dystophin  gene  **NONframeshift**  Seen  in  adolescence.    
Myotonic  MD   AD.  Defect  myotonin  protein  kinase  via  CTG  repeat  in  DMPK  gene.  Frontal  balding,  Hatchet  faced.  
Fragile  X  syndrome   XR.  Defect  methylation/expression  of  FMR1  gene  via  CGG  repeat.  Xtra  large  testis,  jaw,  ears.    
Cri-­‐du-­‐chat   Microdeletion  of  short  arm  chromo  5.  Cry  like  a  cat,  epicanthal  folds.  
Williams  syndrome   Microdeletion  of  long  arm  chromo  7  (includes  elastin  gene).  Elfin  faces,  very  friendly.    
Essential  fructosuria   AR.  Defect  fructokinase.  ↑fructose  blood  &  urine.  Asyx.  
Fructose  intolerance   AR.  Defect  aldolase  B.  ↑fructose-­‐1-­‐Phosphate,  ↓↓available  phos.  Hypoglycemia  s/p  juice/honey.  
Galactokinase  deficiency   AR.  Deficiency  galactokinase.  Infantile  cataracts.  Developmental  delays.  
Classic  galactosemia   AR.  Deficiency  galactose-­‐1-­‐phosphate  uridyltransferase.  Infantile  cataracts.  Failure  to  thrive.    
Ornithine  transcarb  def   XR.  Deficiency  ornithine  transcarb.  ≠excrete  ammonia.  ↑↑orotic  acid,  ↓BUN.  NO  megalo  anemia  
Phenylketonuria  (PKU)   AR.  Deficiency  phenylalanine  hydroxylase  or  tetrahydbioptrin.    Tyrosine  now  essential  AA.  
Maple  syrup  urine  disease   AR.  Deficiency  α -­‐ketoacid  dehydrogenase.  ≠degrade  BRANCHED  FA  (Isoleucine,  Leucine,  Valine)  
Alkaptonuria  (ochornosis)   AR.  Deficiency  homogenisate  oxidase.  ≠degrade  tyrosine  to  fumarate.  Brown  sclera,  black  urine.    
Cystinuria   AR.  Deficiency  PCT  reabsorption  “COLA”  =  Cystine,  Ornithine,  Lysine,  Arginine.  +CN-­‐nitroprus  test  
Homocystinuria   AR.  Def  cysthione  synthase  or  methaltrans.  ↑↑Homocystine.  MR,  marfanoid,  lens  sublux.  
Von-­‐Gierke  disease   AR.  Def  Glucose-­‐6-­‐phosphatse.  Severe  hypoglycemia  if  fasting,  lactic  acidosis.  
Pompe  disease   AR.  Def  lysosOMal-­‐α1-­‐4-­‐glucosidase  (acid  maltase).  Hypertrophic  cardiomyopathy.    
Cori  disease   AR.  Def  (C→D)  Debranching  enzyme  (α1,4  glucosidase).  Normal  lactate.  Gluconeogenesis  intact.  
Anderson  disease           AR.  Def  (A→B)  Branching  enzyme.  Infantile  hypotonia.  Cirrhosis.  
McArdle  disease   AR.  Def  Muscle  glycogen  phosphorylase.  Myoglobinuria.  Muscle  cramps.  Tx:  Vit  B6.  
Her’s  disease   AR.  Def  Hepatic  glycogen  phosphorylase.  Mild  fasting  hypoglycemia.    
Fabry  disease   *XR*  Def  α -­‐galactosidase  A  ↑↑ceramide  trihexoside.  Peripheral  neuropathy,  angiokeratomas.  
Gaucher  disease   AR.  Def  glucocerebrosidase.  ↑↑Glucocerebroside.  Aseptic  necrosis  of  femur.  Gaucher  cells.    
Neiman-­‐Pick  disease   AR.  Def  sphingomyelinase.  ↑↑sphingomyelin.  Cherry  red  macula.  Hepatomeg.  Foam  cells.  
Tay-­‐Sachs  disease   AR.  Def  hexoaminidase  A.  ↑↑GM2  ganglioside.  Cherry  red  macula.  Onion  skinning.  NO  hepatomeg.  
Krabbe  disease   AR.  Def  galactocerebrosidase.  ↑↑galctocerebroside,  psychosine.  Optic  atrophy.  Globoid  cells.  
Metachromatic  leukodys   AR.  Def  Arylsulfatase  A.  ↑↑Cerebroside  sulfide.  Ataxia,  dementia.    
Hurler  disease   AR.  Def  α -­‐L-­‐Iduronidase.  ↑↑Hep  &  dermatin  sulfate.  Gargoylism.  Corneal  clouding.    
Hunter  disease   *XR*  Def  Iduronate  sulfaTase.  ↑↑Hep  &  dermatin  sulfate.  Aggressive  behavior.  NO  corneal  cloud.  
Hyperchylomicronemia   AR.  Def  LPL  &  ApoC-­‐II.  ↑↑↑TAGs  and  ↑↑Chylomicrons.  Pancreatitis.  NO  ↑risk  atherosclerosis.  
Familial  hypercholestem.   AD.  LDL  receptor  deficiency.  ↑↑↑Cholesterol  and  ↑↑LDL.  Xanthomas.  ↑↑risk  atherosclerosis.  
Hypertriglyceridemia   AD.  VLDL  overproduction.  ↑↑↑TAGs  and  ↑↑VLDL.  Pancreatitis.  TAGs  >1000.    
 
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

 
Trisomies  
Downs  syndrome   Trisomy  21.  **Meiotic  nondisjunction  >  Robertsonian  translocation**  ↑risk  AML  <5yo,  ALL  >5yo.  
st
1  tri  diagnosis  =  US  (↑nuchal  transparency,  hypoplastic  nasal),  ↓PAPP-­‐A,  ↑ hCG.  
nd
2  tri  diagnosis  =  Quad  screen,  ↓AFP,  ↑hCG,  ↓estriol,  ↑inhibin  A  
Edwards  syndrome   Trisomy  18.  Rockerbottom  feet,  low  set  ears,  overlapping  fingers,  VSD.  
st
1  tri  diagnosis  =  US,  ↓PAPP-­‐A,  ↓ hCG  
nd
2  tri  diagnosis  =  Quad  screen,  ↓AFP,  ↓ hCG,  ↓estriol,  normal/↓  inhibin  A  
Patau  syndrome   Trisomy  13.  Rockerbottom  feet,  palate  issues,  holoProsencepahly,  Polydactyl.    
st
1  tri  diagnosis  =  US  (↑nuchal  transparency),  ↓PAPP-­‐A,  ↓ hCG  
BRAIN  Cancers  
Glioblastoma     Cross  corpus  callosum  “Butterfly  glioma”  +GFAP.  Pseudopalisading  around  areas  of  necrosis.  
Meningioma   Dura  on  convex/parasagittal  region.  Dural  tail.  Spindle  shaped  whorled  cells.  Psammoma  bodies.  
Hemangioblastoma   Cerebellar  location.  Produce  erythropoietin.  Close  thin  walled  capillaries  w/  minimal  parenchyma.  
Schwannoma   Cerebellopontine  angle.  +s100.    
Oligodendroma   Frontal  lobes  in  white  matter.  Chicken  wire  capillaries  &  Fried  egg  (clear)  oligodendro  +/-­‐  calcificy.    
Pilocytic  astrocytoma   Cerebellum  kids.  +GFAP.  Rosenthal  fibers  (corkscrew  eosinophilic  processes  of  astrocytes).  Mural  tumor  
(cystic  w/  solid  mass  within).    
th
Medulloblastoma   4  ventricle  kids.  Drop  mets.  Solid  w/  small  blue  cells.  Homer-­‐Wright  rosettes.  
th
Ependyoma   4  ventricle  kids.  Perivascular  rosettes.  Rod-­‐shapaed  basal  cilliary  bodies  called  blepharoplasts.    
Craniopharyngioma   Near  pituitary  (often  confused).  Remnant  of  Rathke  pouch.  +/-­‐calcifications  (dentin  like  material).  
LUNG  Cancers  
Small  cell  carcinoma   MYC  oncogenes.  Makes  ↑ACTH,  ↑ADH,  Lambert-­‐Eaton  Synd.  +Chromogranin  A.  +Kulchitsky  Cells.  
Adenocarcinoma   KRAS,  EGFR,  ALK  genes.  +mucin.  Hypertrophic  osteoarthropathy  (clubbing)  
Bronchioalveolar  subtype   AdenoCA  in  situ.  Grow  along  septae.  +mucin.  Think  in  pneumonia  resistant  to  tx.    
Squamous  cell  carcinoma   Hilar  cavitation.  ↑PTHrP,  ↑ Ca.  Kertain  pearls.  
Large  cell  carcinoma   Pleomorphic  giant  cells.  β -­‐hCG.    
Bronchial  carcinoma   Polyp  like  mass  in  bronchi  -­‐  stridor.  +hChromogranin  A.  
LADY  Neoplasms  &  Cancers  
Stromal  hyperthecosis   Post-­‐menopausal.  ↑ LH=  ↑theca  hyperplasia  ↑androgen=  virilization.  Homogenous  white  ovary.    
Endometrioma   Endometriosis  of  the  ovary.  “Chocolate  cyst  of  ovary”  
Serous  cystadenoma   B/L.  Filled  w/  serous  fluid.  Psammoma  bodies,  expressances.  A/w  BRCA1  -­‐  CA  of  ovary  &  fallopian.  
Mucous  cystadenoma   U/L  but  multilocular.  Filled  w/  mucus.  A/w  pseudomyxoma  peritonei  -­‐  “jelly  belly”  -­‐  mucus  ascites.    
Brenner  tumor   Solid  tan  w/  Transitional  epi.  “Coffee-­‐bean”  nuclei.  A/w  coexisting  mucinous  cystadenoma.    
Demoid  cyst/Teratoma     MC  benign  germ  tumor.  All  3  germ  layers.  ↑ AFP  +/-­‐  ↑ hCG.  
Dysgerminioma   MC  malignant  germ-­‐  teens.  ↑ LDH,  ↑ β-­‐hCG.  U/L  multicolor,  Lø  cuffing  &  clear  polygonal  cells.    
Endoderm/Yolk  Sac  tumor   Glomerulus  like  Schiller-­‐Duval  body.  Secretes  ↑ AFP,  ↑ α1AT.    
Choriocarcinoma   Malignant  trophoblast  (no  villi)  s/p  molar  preg.  ↑ ↑hCG.  Thetca-­‐leutin  cysts.  Hemoptysis,  lung  mets.    
Granulosa  cell  tumor   Small  blue,  rosette  pattern  Call-­‐Exner  bodies.  Early  puberty  or  post-­‐menopause  bleed.  ↑ ↑estrogen.  
Thecoma  tumor   Like  granulosa  w/  ↑ ↑estrogen  but  benign.  Bleed  in  post-­‐menopausal.    
Fibroma  tumor   B/L.  Spindle  cells  w/  lipid.  A/w  Meig’s  syndrome  =  pelvic  pain,  ascites,  R-­‐side  hydrothorax.    
BOY  Neoplasms  &  Cancers  
Seminoma   “Fried  egg”  cells  w/o  necrosis.  ↑ AFP,  ↑ hCG,  ↑ placental  ALP.  
Yolk  sac  tumor   <3yo.  Glomerulus  like  Schiller-­‐Duval  body.  Secretes  ↑ AFP,  ↑ α1AT.  
Choriocarcinoma   Small  testis  mass  w/  LARGE  mets.  Gynecomastia,  hyperthyroid.  ↑ ↑hCG.    
Teratoma   All  three  germ  cell  layers.  More  likely  malignant  in  men.  ↑ AFP  +/-­‐  ↑ hCG.    
Embryonal  carcinoma   Painful  hemorrhagic  mass.  ↑ AFP  or  ↑ hCG.  
Leydig  cell  tumor   Golden  brown  tumor  w/  reinke  crystals.  
Sertoli  cell  tumor   Androblastoma.  
Testicular  lymphoma   MC  in  men  >60.  Met  from  lymphoma  -­‐  usually  diffuse  large  B  cell.    

 
 
 
 
SHIT  TO  KNOW  FOR  BOARDS     First  Aid  2015  

 
ONCOGENES  
Gain  of  function  increases  cancer  risk  when  defective.  Need  to  damage  only  one  allele.  
BCR-­‐ABL   Tyrosine  kinase.     CML,  ALL  
BCL2   Inhibit  apoptosis.       Follicular  &  Undiff  lymphoma  
BRAF   Serine/Threonine  kinase.     Melanoma,  Non-­‐Hodgkins  
c-­‐KIT   Cytokine  receptor.     GIST  tumor.  
c-­‐MYC   Transcription  factor.   Burkitt  lymphoma.  
HER2/Neu   Tyrosine  kinase.     Breast,  ovarian,  gastric  CA.  
L-­‐MYC   Transcription  factor.     Lung  tumor.  
n-­‐MYC   Transcription  factor.     Neuroblastoma.  
RAS   GTPase.     Colon,  lung,  pancreatic  CA.  
RET   Tyrosine  kinase.     MEN  2A  &  2B.  Medullary  thyroid  CA.  
TUMOR  SUPPRESSOR  GENES  
Loss  of  function  increases  cancer  risk  both  alleles  must  be  lost  for  expression  of  the  disorder  
APC   ↓cell  adhesion  and  ↑proliferation   Colorectal  cancer  (associated  with  FAP)  
BRCA1/2   DNA  repair  protein   Breast  and  ovarian  cancer  
BCL   "Deleted  gene  in  colon  cancer"   Colon  cancer  
DPCH/SMAb4   "Deleted  gene  in  pancreatic  cancer"   Pancreatic  cancer    
MEN1   Menin  gene   MEN  1  
NF1   Ras  GTPase  protein  (neurofibromin)   Neurofibromatosis  type  1  
NF2   Merlin  (schannomin)  protein   Neurofibromatosis  type  2  
P16   CDK  inhibitor  2A   Melanoma  
P53   Tx  factor  for  p21,  blocks  G1  to  S  phase   Most  human  cancers;  Le-­‐Fraumeni  syndrome,  E6  gene  in  cervical  cancer  
PTEN   -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐   Breast  cancer,  prostate  cancer,  endometrial  cancer  
Rb   Inhibits  E2F;  blocks  G1  to  S   Retinoblastoma,  Osteosarcoma,  E7  gene  of  cervical  cancer  
TSC1   TSC1:  Hamartin  protein   Tuberous  sclerosis    
TSC2   TSC2:  Tuberin  protein   Tuberous  sclerosis    
VHL   Inhibits  hypoxia  inducible  factor  1a   Von  Hippel-­‐Lindau  disease,  Renal  cell  carcinoma  
WTL1/WTL2   -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐     Wilms  tumor  (nephroblastoma)    
 
 
Chromosomal  abnormalities    
3   von-­‐Hippel-­‐Lindau  disease,  Renal  cell  carcinoma   Chromosomal  Translocations  
4   ADPKD  w/PKD2  defect,  huntington  disease   CML   t(9;22)  
5   Cri-­‐du-­‐chat  syndrome,  familial  adenomatous  polyposis   APL  (AML3)   t15;17  
6   HLA,  Hemochromotosis   Burkitts  Lymphoma   t(8;14)  
7   Williams  syndrome,  cystic  fibrosis   Anaplastic  Large  Cell  Lymphoma   t(2;5)  
9   Friedreich  ataxia   Follicular  lymphoma   t(14;18)  
11   Wilms  tumor,  β-­‐thalassemia,  Sickle  Cell   Ewing  Sarcoma   t(11;22)  
13   Patau  syndrome,  Wilson  disease   Mantle  Cell  Lymphoma   t(11;14)  
14   α1-­‐Antitrypsin  deficiency,  Heavy  Ig  for  Non-­‐Hodgkins   Hairy  Cell  Leukemia   TRAP+  
15   Prader-­‐Willi  Syndrome,  Angelman  syndrome,  Marfans   ALL  (kids)   t(12;21)    
16   ADPKD  with  PKD1  defect,  α-­‐thalassemia   ALL  (adults)     t(9;22)  
17   Neurofibromatosis  type  1,  
18   Edwards  syndrome  
21   Down  Syndrome  
22   Neurofibromatosis  type  2,  Di  George  Syndrome  
X   Fragile  X  Syndrome,  X-­‐linked  agammaglobulinemia,  
Klinefelter  Syndrome  (XXY)  
 
 

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