QUIZ II - Open Book CE603 1. Avwall is composed of the following elements starting from the inside of the building and working to the outside. Calculate the thermal resistances of the individual components. a. Inside air film (still air) o7 b. 5/8 inch gyp-board 0.58 ©. 2x4 stud space filled with fiberglass (k=0.024 _), 12.15 | 4.17 d. ¥ inch thick plywood 0.60 ©. 2x4 stud space filled with polystyrene (k=0.02) 14.58 / 4.17 f. 5/8 inch plywood 0.74 5 g. Outside air film (7.5 mph) What is the heat loss per square foot of wall if indoor and outdoor air temperatures are 72°F and -28°F? Rinsul = 29.6 hr-ft’-F/BTU q = 3.38 BTU/hr-ft® What is the temperature on the warm side of the 1/2-inch thick plywood panel? T= 26.6°F If 80% of the wall is insulation and 20% of the wall is framing members, what is the equivalent R-value of the wall? (Replace insulation with wood) SRframe = 11.2 hr-ft®-F/BTU Reqv = 22.3 hr-ft-F/BTU.Week No. 1 Homework Answer the following questions: Definition of seasonal frost and permafrost i. Permafrost is soil that has remained frozen for two or more years ii, Seasonal frost is the layer of soil that is frozen in the winter and thaws during the summer. \n of active layer i. A layer that undergoes an annual freeze thaw cycle Maximum depth of permafrost in Alaska and Russia i. 1,000 to 1,200 feet in Alaska and 5,000 feet in Russia MASST for seasonal and permafrost sites i, Permafrost sites typically would have an MASST less than 32 F and seasonal frost sites would have an MASST greater than 32F. In those areas where the MASST is close to 32 F further investigation is required, Define pingo i. A-small hill create by the expansion of water when freezing. A closed pingo forms over the area of an old lake bed Define talik i. A thawed zone surrounded by frozen soil. Define freezing and thawing degree days and indices i. Freezing degree days (32 F — Tavg)*1 day if Tavg< 32 F ii, Thawing degree days (Tavg — 32 F)"1 day if Tave> 32 F ii, Freezing index is summation of freezing degree days iv. Thawing index is the summation of thawing degree days Define thaw bulb i. A thawed zone in permafrost that occurs beneath a heated building or a lake or river. Define discontinuous and continuous permafrost i. Continuous permafrost means it occurs in all directions ii. Discontinuous permafrost means it is found for example in valleys and north facing hillsides while south facing slopes would have seasonal frost Where is continuous and discontinuous permafrost found in Alaska i. North of the Brooks Mountains is the area of continuous permafrost. South of the Brooks Mountains is the area of discontinuous permafrost. Little permafrost is south-central Alaska or southeast Alaska or the Aleutian chain. When would you measure the depth of the active layer in a permafrost location? A seasonal frost location? i. Fall of the year for permafrost locations ii. Spring of the year for seasonal frost locations DetWhiplash curve for a seasonal frost location Surface Temperature, deg.F yas UfAe1s DE Bore b& Jiao Pes Acre LAye2 Lae. | | = 8 = 3 S 2 £ 5 ° ee £ 2 2 & 3 | & 8 | = Sg sornepriac. | | (Geary | | Ly = | | 3 legless ee Shown are winter, summer and spring whiplash curves. The MASST is 42 °F for this seasonal frost location. Design freezing and thawing indices are defined as the average coldest and warmest three years of 30 years of record for freezing and thawing, respectively. If 30 years of data are not available, then the coldest and warmest of the most recent 10 years of record would define the design freezing and thawing indices. Using the Fl and TI from the notes for Fairbanks yields the following design indices. For the Fairbanks example, Fl = 5,154 F°-days and TI = 3,574 F°-days AFlc = 1.05 AFlu + 1026 = 6,459 F°-daysAFlw = AFlu — 1145 = 4,009 F°-days. ATI = 1.02 ATIy + 385 = 4,030 F°-days where AFly and AThy are the mean air freezing and thawing indices, respectively. Fairbanks Mean Annual Tem perature Tm =0,037Y - 75.208 I | I jee leile 1960 = 19601870 1980 = 1980» 2000 2010 Fairbanks Mean Annual Temperature Tm =008057 -202 I | Temperature, ¢ 20 19580 4970 1900 1990 200 2010Beginning of thaw season (Fairbanks has a Tm = 27.75°F, Ao = 36 F®, and 6 = 12.5 days 1,=2Beos Qn J+g 4)=110.6 End of thaw season 365 a —{29r-cos oe ¢ t= 279.4 Air thawing index 3654 ATI= (1, -T ty —1) 4s ATI = 3,340 F°-days Air freezing index 365A, 2ar(t, — 654, sin 2 =O) Fa 365 AFI T,, Mt, - 9) + AFI = 4,987 F°-daysCE 603-Aretic Water Resources Engineering Page 11 rt 5- Summary of useful web sites Precipitation and climate- Western Regional Climate Center- www.wree.dri.edu Alaska climate- Alaska Climate Research Center- climate.gi.alaska.edu National climate data center - www.nede.noaa.gov/oa/nede. html Alaska snow data- www.ak.ntes.usda.gov/snow and www.ambes.org Alaska water resources data- Alaska.usgs.gov/science/water/index.php (46 Ice jam data- www.crrel.usace.army.mil/icejams/ Part 6- Some questions for a quiz 1, What is a factor that dominates the reliability of precipitation data i Alaska? (MouAfai- ) be / eneod, Be > phicn 5 Zpmae acta 2. Why do Alaskan rivers apparently flood at the “100 year” level more often than ‘ indicated by the streamflow record? Jie ver Le lod (sia asta. 2 ) epetel 3. Describe how the water supply ofa North Slope reservoir, with increased snow accumulation, £u09 fees? 4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of obtaining a water supply from groundwater, a small stream or a lake-> v could fra y office? a 5. How could fiazl ice accumulation ata water supply office? sce staee , nodose 6. List two primary sources of Alaskan water resource data. U S615, 1“ R Cons Seevice , Se 7. Deseribe an important factor n evaluating water resource data in Abaska.~ WLS Aff doa S— side, 8. What is an important effect of ice-cover on northem rivers? Many feature of the Arctic water resource environment are strongly influenced by snow and ice. We will discuss selected features of snow hydrology, watershed runoff, ice cover effects on stream channels, thermal discharge effects, lake dynamics effects, and groundwater movement 7- Snow Hydrology 1, In much of the Arctic, snow accumulates 4 to 9 months,[in high glaciated at accumulation is continuous. | T/F 2. Snow accumulation is strongly influenced by wi 3. Density of snow varies with region and age. (Usually considered specific gravity) In Alaska’s interior- New snow about 0.1 After several weeks about 0.2 With wind and mechanical sorting about 0.5 ioe OF 6 gh -f enews > wbten Ze cteBant te OF around‘e CE 603-Aretic Water Resources Engineering ae ate Part 14- More questions for a quiz yok yoo 1. Why does snow pack density increase as it ages? Agoit O° 5. od 2. What is the practical maximunt density of snow? Theoretical maximum? a cutehnrty oad rdbseiol vegustttt 3. How is snow good? bad? Senses sscedio wrethtemance Ceeue Aor reefs ge dnainoge’, La <4, List three values that can be interpreted on a streamflow hydrograph? wortex gaakan, ~ brreaSe gap ale, apes fe 5. Briefly describe the frazil to ice cover sequence. cpenge Frade pading boats © es 6. How could frazil mess things up? What are some remedies fash a he Blideing Bercowrd a ces } Aaa a as 7. Why istiver ice cover sensitive to heat atop? gs ce ae “ho hack ee 4+ 8. How can ice coyer increase flood potential? pievendeie k camte ico forming, invented £Deox Wettecs : * 9, What are some dangers in drilling a well in permafrost regions? Y= Ba poor , reff ip mse (tert pilehon Rete kus prce adore 10, What fraction of normal snow melt will runoff from dry frozen ground? Oth 4 11. On the north ype, heres the best place to drill a well near @ large lake? $n ‘2-2 Vurddber op kee dole » 12. Why is overflow icing especially dangerous on a side slope roadway embankment? No Jantlton: n> wel Ie de ‘Water is an essential component of every Arctic Engineering project. Find it, use it, understand it, and stay out of its way! eee Good luck in your Arctic Engineering carcer! (The next two pages are added as an illustrated computation of the dramatic effect of an ice jam on upstream water levels. Time may not allow a full explanation.) a flo \eausgres. —> 7) temp i yetal (oe aa aaa ) se fot Actas a blockage a or dhach LovName:_NITECH CHAUHAN CE 603 Arctic Engineering Closed Book Jee dams on hot roofs may cause water to pond on the rain control surface. » Inreasing he amount of insulation ina ot root inereses he amount ofice damming, | Rain control surfaces on cold roofs are not in thermal conductive contact with the warm v interior of the building. R-value for conduction is defined as K/X. Ice rich soils sometimes do not have visible ice. Fiberglass type insulations typically have higher “R” values per inch than extruded polystyrene type insulations. peyton) FelT=R ~wY Advertised “R” values of windows include thermal resistances of inside and outside air films. Mean annual surface temperatures are generally warmer than mean annual air temperatures Kersten’s soil thermal conductivities are only applicable to ice rich soils. — Ice ice-rich soils have a volume of water exceeding the volume of void space when thawed. Clays have more unfrozen moisture than sands and gravels Rate of frost heave is highest in soils that have a balance between high hydraulic permeability and high capillary rise. Adfreeze bond is related to shear strength between a frozen soil and a solid surface Volumetric latent heat of a soil is not a function of its moisture content, Creep rate of frozen soils decrease as their temperature approaches 32°F. - Saline soils freeze at a discrete (single) temperature, Yerevan SALINITY ‘The permafrost table can be warmer than 32°F. Total thawing degree days occurring during the thawing season is the thawing index, 7) . © Paved surfaces generally have a thawing n-factor greater than 1.0. Don'y 74 Active layer thickness in dry sands and gravels exceeds active layer thickness in moist silts Insulation by itself is an adequate solution to prevent thawing beneath a heated building built on-grade on permafrost. Thermosyphons (heat pipes) transfer heat from the ground when the air temperature is colder than soil temperatureNam Nites CHAUHAN CE 603 Arctic Engineering Closed Book 23.) FA general rule is: “If the foundation soils are thawed, keep them thawed” \f Non frost susceptible materials typically has more than 6% fines (i.¢. more than 6% passing a number 200 sieve). 25. F Placing a building on a pile foundation is one of the approaches commonly used for construction on permafrost. 26.9 P Air duct cooling systems for arctic foundations on permafrost operate on a seasonal basis, 27.9 F Breaking the bond between active layer and pile surface is one approach to reducing frost jacking, 28.9% File design for permafrost conditions generally requires two steps: the use of adfreeze strength and then an estimate of the creep rate. 29. F Snow accumulation below a pile supported building in a permafrost location can be we detrimental to long term performance. 30, « ‘K Whiplash curves are the envelopes or asymptotes of all trumpet curves. 31. KF Toe-of-slope failure (thaw settlement) is common to embankments built on warm ice rich permafrost. ee 32.7 x ‘The geothermal gradient is the average rate that ground temperature decreases with depth 33. Kf Uthe average air temperature is 42°F for two days, a total of 20 thawing F>-days have si cued HL = 32 = 10 thawing fdas erm 34. KF A two pane low-e window has a U-value of abou 0.33 BTUs i 35. TX Interior Alaska is underlain with continuous permafrost ae 36. TK Active layers in seasonal ost locations are defined by the mawimum depth of haw. 37. TX Permafrost occurs when the ground has remained frozen for at least one year 7 38. x F Insulating materials have low thermal conductivities. 39. T 3K U-values do no include indoor and outdoor air film resistances. a 40. KX Most surfaces have a high emissivity in the infrared region.) 1S 0.4 : 41. YF The most economic thickness of insulation for a building component depends upon the sum of the annual cost of heat and the annualized cost of materials and labor to build it. 42. F My name is on each sheet and I have placed an X through my correct answers.Name: AITESH CHAUHAN _ 4 or (E603 Mid-Term Exam via” 1. A prefabricated wall is composed of 5/8-inch thick plywood sheets laminated to both Kypood > 9-07 sides of a 5.5 inch thick rigid plastic foam insulation (k = 0.02 BTU/hr'ft*F°). Assume stil air at 68°F on one side of the wall and a 15 mph wind at -22°F on the other side of the wall ‘a. Whatis the total R-value for this wall? wt Rips 2M 2 Fag dy7 om 5/8 inch thick plywood coe = Sn LS aaa nee Brom = i * 50 * oe Rigid foam plastic insulation Rist = 0-7 Wrttt*/bre (venical Har plate) Loge = o-tt HIER TbEY (15 mph) 68F ‘ 22°F : aleviated sil innee —Rrlyoond = 0. TM Content ee aiy AS enph Rbotat > Rroadht Rag t Rone + ovter Rery + ide bt WRG 2268 bre” by b. What is the U-value of the wall? eat 5 0. 0395 Reotat c. What is the heat loss through the wall? ye 68 - (-22) f° _ fe be 47 8m 36.18 be yer” cob aE one d, What is the temperature on the plywood in contact with the insulation on the warm side of the wall? fue tale of heat lox Yemains as? Constant: cee | -2te : 68- 1% ° es oe @x_¢ 2) Gpyot > “orev neces” Se Be he we we 2 be HB OTH 3B. 5b 66-35 %Name:_NITéSH CHAUHAN CE603 Mid-Term Exam 2. If the wall in Problem 1 has a U-value of 0.04 BTU/hr*ft’*F° and located in Nome, what is the annual energy loss through the wall on a per square foot basis? = vA(Ht) =< UK WH) = 0.04 blu/hveetee K (S674 FP days (yy Kk 24 bs TIDF.OW day ESHEAL — bea/ ‘yea b._ Ifheating oil cost $5.85 per gallon in Nome with a heating valye of 128,000 BTU/gallon and heating system efficiency of 78%, what is the annual cost of gt for this wall on a per square foot basis? igrt0y be ts Fe eet 2 gear © Gatton) : 3 0.764 0.18 X (2B 00 btw FO Yaar gauion ©. Ifthe cost of the wall (labor and materials) is $37 per square foot, the life of the project is 30 years, and the expected return on investment is 6%, what is the annualized cost of the wall (labor and materials)? Cee erceieease oro, pore a eh deem "S$ 0.0726 frrnuadised coat Of He ati ( abo £ materiak ) g a ee cs Heys 0.0726 fe aoe IGE fp. yr 4d. What is the total annualized cost of this wall? Total Omvwualited wes heating: vost + ee 2 ber qotet 0.167 + WeROF fe yy Buse = RAbSHT } firvearName:NU(T@SH CHAUHAN CE603 Mid-Term Exam 3. Determine the thermal properties of silt with a dry density of 90 Ib/ft? and a moisture content OF15% 4) AgsuMinG FINE GLAINED SILT a. Frozen and unfrozen thermal conductivities SSS IDERING «THE st ig ICE RICH SILT 1S NON (ee Ke Woortt, to74 5-262 buhay” iar . 27S Ze . 2 Oo btm fruyt F Vioitys @-o1H = 0-164 ben[ha yt et ie se ae wnt b. Unfiozen and frozen volumetric specific heats Ge fos (017 Whoo) = ae (ovr4 Shoo) = 2g bby Pr” ae Ce = Pas (ort# OF Wie) = 90 (ort oseis,) ees bef pe Volumetric latent heat 2 Mf Woy luuxdoy bh 3 by “9 le joo eo WNy btu] §e3 4d. What would be the depth of freeze in this soil if lambda is 0.7, air freezing index is 4,009 F°*days and the n-factor for freezing is 0.9? om tee Vick tok nee OE koe bythe = a Heese =. 04 04K say noen tq) a ray et es = O-bIS bty [nyt a doe \e ie poh ko 2 vatanl ff fou k \.49 78 Re (oss bee myeName:_Ni TES __ CAA VHAN CE603 Mid-Term Exam see ON LS Yowo dogg 4. An 18-inch diameter pile supporting a 70,000 pound load is to be installed in ice rich silty permafiost at a temperature of -I°C, What is the depth of embedment below the bottom of qe yi the active layer? bee GALAN . esx TCO noh2 wishes om) Wot \ HX [Bin 1S ap Th t The Haicknss Of cowie aye — wuld be added fo the 106-2 woke — Lungty of mnbtdmumk Mm they peemaf pot y : be Cee ee ao = psi Creep vate cam exka: tk = A YAR in YX 206 Zin i Coloulated using ae he b. If the depth of embedment of the above pile was 25 feet into permafrost at -5°C with the same load, what would be the creep settlement rate (inches per year)? You can assume summer conditions and no down drag of the active layer. It | ooo Hin pat 10 th” 2 40din Ce Considering SC AO pre \ Up 0. 00l3 yer! ye e00d% a0, 1B In year a year L Q. oT oe lee: