Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 59 (2018) 437–443

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Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cnsns

Research paper

Group analysis of dynamics equations of self-gravitating

polytropic gas
I. Klebanov a,d, A. Panov b, S. Ivanov c,∗, O. Maslova a
a
Department of Physics and Mathematics, South Ural State Humanitarian-Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
b
Department of Mathematics, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
c
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Ural State University (national research university), Chelyabinsk 454080,
Russia
d
Institute of Natural Sciences, South Ural State University (national research university), Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Lie algebras admitted by the dynamics equations of self-gravitating gas for an arbitrary
Received 3 May 2017 equation of state and a polytropic gas are calculated. A spherically symmetric submodel
Revised 24 November 2017
is constructed for the case of a polytropic gas. The Lie algebras and the optimal system
Accepted 3 December 2017
of subalgebras for a spherically symmetric submodel are computed. An invariant solution
Available online 6 December 2017
describing the steady motion is obtained.
Keywords: © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Polytropic self-gravitating gas
Dynamics equations
Lie point symmetries
Invariant solutions

1. Introduction

In papers [1,2] a group analysis was carried out invariant and particular invariant solutions of the Newtonian cosmology
model were found, which is the basis for modeling the large-scale structure of the Universe [3]. The model is a system
of equations for the dynamics of a nonrelativistic self-gravitating gas with zero pressure. The region of applicability of the
model can be extended if we take into account the true equation of state of the gas. In this case, the model can be used
in the theory of the formation of stars from interstellar gas [4]. In the present paper we will carry out a group analysis of
the system of equations of a nonrelativistic self-gravitating polytropic gas. The assumption of a polytropic equation of state
is adopted in most studies and agrees well with experimental data [4,5]. The paper is structured as follows. In the first
section, the Lie algebra admissible by the system of the dynamics equations of a self-gravitating nonrelativistic gas with the
equation of state of a general form (the basic Lie algebra). In the second section, an admissible Lie algebra for a polytropic
gas is calculated. In the third section we construct a spherically symmetric submodel generated by the rotation group SO (3).
To do this, we calculate an admissible Lie algebra, optimal systems of subalgebras, and an invariant solution describing the
steady-state spherically symmetric motion of a polytropic gas. In conclusion, the tasks for further research are formulated.

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: klebanov.igor2010@yandex.ru (I. Klebanov), gjd@bk.ru (A. Panov), saivanov@susu.ru (S. Ivanov).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2017.12.004
1007-5704/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
438 I. Klebanov et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 59 (2018) 437–443

2. Lie point symmetries

2.1. Self-gravitating gas with an arbitrary equation of state

We consider a system of equations for the dynamics of a nonrelativistic self-gravitating gas with equation of state of
general form. The system of equations has the form
⎧
⎪ ∂ρ −
→
⎪
⎪ + ∇ ( ρ v ) = 0,
⎪
⎪ ∂ t
⎪
⎪ ∂−
→
⎨ v −
→ − →
+ ( v ∇ ) v + ∇  + ∇ p/ρ = 0,
∂t (1)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ = 4π Gρ ,
⎪
⎪
⎪∂p −
⎩ → −
→
+ v ∇ p + A ( ρ , p )∇ v = 0,
∂t
−
→
where ρ is the gas density, p – pressure,  – gravitational potential, v – velocity, G – gravitational constant, ∇ – Hamilton
operator,  – Laplace operator. An arbitrary function A(ρ , p) = ρ c2 , where c is the velocity of sound, is assumed to be given
and is determined by the equation of state [5].
Our aim is the calculation of the Lie algebra admitted by the system (1). Rewrite the system of equations (1) (in dimen-
sionless variables) in Cartesian coordinates:
⎧
⎪ρt + ρ (ux + vy + ωz ) + upx + v py + ω pz = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎨ut + uux + vuy + ωuz + x + px /ρ = 0,
⎪
vt + uvx + vvy + ωvz + y + py /ρ = 0,
(2)
⎪
⎪ωt + uωx + vωy + ωωz + z + pz /ρ = 0,
⎪
⎩xx + yy + zz − ρ = 0,
⎪
pt + upx + v py + ω pz + A( p, ρ )(ux + vy + ωz ) = 0,

where x, y, z are Cartesian coordinates, t time, u, v, ω the velocity components. Generator of the group will be sought in the
form

X = ξ (x ) ∂x + ξ (y ) ∂y + ξ (z ) ∂z + ξ (t ) ∂t + η () ∂ + η (ρ ) ∂ρ + η ( p) ∂ p + η (u ) ∂u + η (v ) ∂v + η (ω ) ∂ω , (3)

where the components of the tangential vector field ξ and η are functions of all dependent and independent variables [6].
Calculation according to standard algorithm Lie-Ovsyannikov [6] with using of package GeM [7] in the case of an arbitrary
function A(p, ρ ) leads to the determining equations

η() = η ()
p = ηρ() = ηu() = ηv() = ηω
()
= 0, η ( ρ ) = η ( p ) = 0,
ηx(u) = ηy(u) = ηz(u) = η (pu) = ηρ(u) = η(u) = ηu(u) = 0,
ηx(v) = ηy(v) = ηz(v) = η (pv) = ηρ(v) = η(v) = ηv(v) = 0,
ηx(ω ) = ηy(ω ) = ηz(ω ) = η (pω ) = ηρ(ω ) = η(ω ) = ηω(ω ) = 0,
ξx(t ) = ξy(t ) = ξz(t ) = ξt(t ) = ξu(t ) = ξv(t ) = ξω(t ) = ξ p(t ) = ξρ(t ) = ξ(t ) = 0,
ξx(x) = ξu(x) = ξv(x) = ξω(x) = ξ p(x) = ξρ(x) = ξ(x) = 0,
ξy(y) = ξu(y) = ξv(y) = ξω(y) = ξ p(y) = ξρ(y) = ξ(y) = 0,
ξz(z) = ξu(z) = ξv(z) = ξω(z) = ξ p(z) = ξρ(z) = ξ(z) = 0,
(ω )
ηt(vu) = ηt(ωu) = ηt(ωv) = ηvv
(u )
= ηv(uω) = ηωω
(u )
= ηωω = 0,
ξx(y) = −ηv(u) , ξx(z) = −ηω(u) , ηx() = −ηt(u) , ξy(x) = ηv(u) ,
ξy(z) = −ηω(v) , ηy() = −ηt(x) , ξz(x) = ηω(u) , ξz(y) = ηω(v) ,
ηt() = −ηt(ω ) , ηu(v) = −ηv(u) , ηu(ω ) = −ηω(u) , ηv(ω ) = −ηω(v) ,
ξt(x) = −vηv(u) − ωηω(u) + η (u) , ξt(y) = uηv(u) − ωηω(v) + η (v) ,
ξt(z) = uηω(u) + vηω(v) + η (ω ) ,

which solution gives an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra with generators

 I. Klebanov et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 59 (2018) 437–443 439

X1 = ∂x , X2 = ∂y , X3 = ∂z , X4 = ∂t , X5 = y∂z − z∂y + v∂ω − ω∂v ,

X6 = z∂x − x∂z + ω∂u − u∂ω , X7 = x∂y − y∂x + u∂v − v∂u ,
(1 ) (2 )
X∞ = −F1,tt x∂ + F1,t ∂u + F1 (t )∂x , X∞ = −F2,tt y∂ + F2,t ∂v + F2 (t )∂y , (4)
(3 ) (4 )
X∞ = −F3,tt z∂ + F3,t ∂ω + F3 (t )∂z , X∞ = F4 (t )∂ ,
where Fi (t) (1 ≤ i ≤ 4) are arbitrary functions of time. Generators X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 correspond to translations, X5 , X6 , X7 are
(1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 )
rotations, X∞ , X∞ , X∞ are generalized Galilean transformations, X∞ means gauge invariance. In the case F1 (t ) = F2 (t ) =
F3 (t ) = t, F4 (t ) = 0 the Lie algebra (4) goes over into the Lie algebra of the Galilean group, which is a necessary condition
for the mechanical validity of the model.

2.2. Polytropic gas

In the case of a polytropic gas [5] A( p, ρ ) = γ p, where γ is the polytropic index. In this case the system of the deter-
mining equations has the form
⎧
⎪
⎪ηt,(uv) = ηt,w
(u )
= ηt,w(v )
= ηv(u,v) = ηv(u,w) = ηw,w
(u ) (v )
= ηw,w = ξx(t ) = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −2η (ρ ) p + η ( p) ρ
⎪
⎪ξx(x) = , ξx(y ) = −ηv(u ) , ξx(z ) = −ηw (u )
, ηx(F ) = −ηt(u ) ,
⎪
⎪ ρp
⎪
⎪
2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ηx(ρ ) = ηx( p) = ηx(u) = ηx(v) = ηx(w) = ξy(t ) = 0, ξy(x) = ηv(u) , ξy(z) = −ηw(v) ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −2η (ρ ) p + η ( p) ρ
⎪
⎪ξy(y) = , ηy(F ) = −ηt(v ) , ξz(x ) = ηw (u )
, ξz(y ) = ηw (v )
,
⎪
⎪ ρ
⎪
⎪
2 p
⎪
⎪
⎪ (ρ )
⎪ 1 −2η (ρ ) p + η ( p) ρ
⎪
⎪ηy = ηy( p) = ηy(u) = ηy(v) = ηy(w) = ξz(t ) = 0, ξz(z) = ,
⎪
⎪ 2 mρ
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 η (ρ )
⎪
⎪ηz(F ) = −ηt(w) , ηz(ρ ) = ηz( p) = ηz(u) = ηz(v) = ηz(w) = 0, ξt(t ) = − ,
⎪
⎪ 2 ρ
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (x) 1 −2ηw(u) ρ wp − 2ηv(u) ρv p + η (ρ ) up − η ( p) ρ u + 2η (u) ρ p
⎪
⎪ξt = ,
⎪
⎪ ρp
⎪
⎪
2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (y ) 1 2ηv(u ) ρ up − 2ηw (v )
ρ wp + η (ρ ) v p − η ( p) ρv + 2η (v) ρ p
⎪
⎨ξt = 2 ,
ρp
(u ) (5)
⎪
⎪ (z ) 1 2 ηw ρ up + 2ηw(v) ρv p + η (ρ ) wp − η ( p) ρ w + 2η (w) ρ p
⎪
⎪ξ = ,
⎪
⎪
t
2 ρp
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η (ρ )
⎪
⎪ηt(ρ ) = ηt( p) = ξρ(t ) = ξρ(x) = ξρ(y) = ξρ(z) = ηρ(F ) = 0, ηρ(ρ ) = ,
⎪
⎪ ρ
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ηρ( p) = ηρ(u) = ηρ(v) = ηρ(w) = ξu(t ) = ξu(x) = ξu(y) = ξu(z) = ηu(F ) = ηu(ρ ) = ηu( p) = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −η (ρ ) p + η ( p) ρ
⎪
⎪ηu(u) = , ηu(v ) = −ηv(u ) , ηu(w ) = −ηw (u )
,
⎪
⎪ 2 ρ p
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −η (ρ ) p + η ( p) ρ
⎪
⎪ξw(t ) = ξw(x) = ξw(y) = ξw(z) = ηw(F ) = ηw(ρ ) = 0, ηw(w) = ,
⎪
⎪ ρp
⎪
⎪
2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −η (ρ ) p + η ( p) ρ
⎪
⎪ξF(t ) = ξF(x) = ξF(y) = ξF(z) = 0, ηF(F ) = ,
⎪
⎪ ρp
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ηF(ρ ) = ηF( p) = ηF(u) = ηF(v) = ηF(w) = ξ p(t ) = ξ p(x) = ξ p(y) = ξ p(z) = η (pF ) = η (pρ ) = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( p) η ( p)
⎪
⎩η p = , η (pu ) = η (pv ) = η (pw ) = 0.
p

The solution of system (5) gives for any non zero γ an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra with generators
X1 = ∂x , X2 = ∂y , X3 = ∂z , X4 = ∂t , X5 = y∂z − z∂y + v∂ω − ω∂v ,
X6 = z∂x − x∂z + ω∂u − u∂ω , X7 = x∂y − y∂x + u∂v − v∂u ,
X8 = 2∂ − 2ρ∂ρ + u∂u + v∂v + u∂ω + t ∂t + 2x∂x + 2y∂y + 2z∂z ,
X9 = 2ρ∂ρ + 2 p∂ p − t ∂t − x∂x − y∂y − z∂z ,
(1 ) (2 )
X∞ = −F1,tt x∂ + F1,t ∂u + F1 (t )∂x , X∞ = −F2,tt y∂ + F2,t ∂v + F2 (t )∂y ,
(3 ) (4 )
X∞ = −F3,tt z∂ + F3,t ∂ω + F3 (t )∂z , X∞ = F4 (t )∂ ,
440 I. Klebanov et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 59 (2018) 437–443

Table 1
Commutator table for 13-dimensional subalgebra admissible by (2).

Xˆ1 Xˆ2 Xˆ3 Xˆ4 Xˆ5 Xˆ6 Xˆ7 Xˆ8 Xˆ9 Xˆ10 Xˆ11 Xˆ12 Xˆ13

Xˆ1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −Xˆ3 Xˆ2 2Xˆ1 −Xˆ1

Xˆ2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Xˆ3 0 −Xˆ1 2Xˆ2 −Xˆ2
Xˆ3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −Xˆ2 Xˆ1 0 2Xˆ3 −Xˆ3
Xˆ4 0 0 0 0 0 Xˆ1 Xˆ2 Xˆ3 0 0 0 Xˆ4 −Xˆ4
Xˆ5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2Xˆ5 0
Xˆ6 0 0 0 −Xˆ1 0 0 0 0 0 −Xˆ8 Xˆ7 Xˆ6 0
Xˆ7 0 0 0 −Xˆ2 0 0 0 0 Xˆ8 0 −Xˆ6 Xˆ7 0
Xˆ8 0 0 0 −Xˆ3 0 0 0 0 −Xˆ7 Xˆ6 0 Xˆ8 0
Xˆ9 0 −Xˆ3 Xˆ2 0 0 0 −Xˆ8 Xˆ7 0 −Xˆ11 Xˆ10 0 0
Xˆ10 Xˆ3 0 −Xˆ1 0 0 Xˆ8 0 −Xˆ6 Xˆ11 0 −Xˆ9 0 0
Xˆ11 −Xˆ2 Xˆ1 0 0 0 −Xˆ7 Xˆ6 0 −Xˆ10 Xˆ9 0 0 0
Xˆ12 −2Xˆ1 −2Xˆ2 −2Xˆ3 −Xˆ4 −2Xˆ5 −Xˆ6 −Xˆ7 −Xˆ8 0 0 0 0 0
Xˆ13 Xˆ1 Xˆ2 Xˆ3 Xˆ4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

where Fi (t) (1 ≤ i ≤ 4) are arbitrary functions of time. Thus, in the case of a polytropic gas, the Lie algebra expands as com-
pared with an arbitrary equation of state, admitting inhomogeneous dilatations X8 , X9 . Further, a 13-dimensional subalgebra
with F1 (t ) = F2 (t ) = F3 (t ) = t, F4 (t ) = 1 is used to construct the submodels

Xˆ1 = ∂x , Xˆ2 = ∂y , Xˆ3 = ∂z , Xˆ4 = ∂t , Xˆ5 = ∂ , Xˆ6 = t ∂x + ∂u ,

Xˆ7 = t ∂y + ∂v , Xˆ8 = t ∂z + ∂ω , Xˆ9 = y∂z − z∂y + v∂ω − ω∂v ,
Xˆ10 = z∂x − x∂z + ω∂u − u∂ω , Xˆ11 = x∂y − y∂x + u∂v − v∂u ,
Xˆ12 = 2∂ − 2ρ∂ρ + u∂u + v∂v + ω∂ω + t ∂t + 2x∂x + 2y∂y + 2z∂z ,
Xˆ13 = 2ρ∂ρ + 2 p∂ p − 2t ∂t − x∂x − y∂y − z∂z .

The commutator table has the form presented in Table 1.

3. Spherically symmetric submodel

Let us consider in detail a spherically symmetric submodel invariant with respect to the rotation group (X9 , X10 , X11 ).
Invariants of the group SO(3) are

 
, ρ , p, t, r = x2 + y2 + z 2 , |−
→
v|= u2 + v2 + ω2 ≡ U,
→ −
− →
s= r · v.

−
→ −
→
In view of v = U rr (see [5]), invariant solution should be sought in the form

−
→
−
→ r
v = U (t, r ), ρ = ρ (t, r ),  = (t, r ), p = p(t, r ). (6)
r

Substituting (6) in (2) one can obtain a factorsystem

⎧ pr
⎪
⎪Ut + UUr + r + ρ = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪  2U 
⎪
⎪
⎨ρt + U ρr + ρ + Ur = 0,
r
 2U  (7)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ pt + U p r + γ p + Ur = 0,
⎪
⎪ r
⎪
⎪
⎩ 2r +  = ρ .
rr
r
 I. Klebanov et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 59 (2018) 437–443 441

Table 2
Commutator table for 4-dimensional subalgebra admissible by (7).

X1 X2 X3 X4

X1 0 0 0 −2X4
X2 0 0 X3 0
X3 0 −X3 0 0
X4 2X4 0 0 0

Table 3
Subalgebras of L.

Dimension Subalgebras

4 X1 , X2 , X3 , X4
3 X1 , X2 , X3 , X1 , X2 , X4 , X1 + α X2 , X3 , X4 , X2 , X3 , X4
2 X1 , X2 , X2 , X4 , X2 , X3 , X2 + X4 , X3 ,
X1 + α X2 , X3 , X1 + α X2 , X4 , X1 − 2X2 , X3 + X4 ,
X1 − 2X2 , X3 + X4 , X1 + X3 , X4 , X3 , X4
1 X1 + bX2 , X2 , X1 + X3 , X2 + X4 , X3 ,
X4 , X3 + X4

Generator of the group, admitted by the factor system, will be sought in the form X = ξ (t ) ∂t + ξ (r ) ∂r + η (ρ ) ∂ρ + η ( p) ∂ p +
η () ∂ + η (U ) ∂U . Solving the system of the determining equations
⎧ (t )
⎪
⎪ξr = ηr(F ) = ηr( p) = ηr(U ) = ηt( p) = ηt(U ) = ξU(t ) = ηU(F ) = ηU( p) = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −η ( p)U + 2η (U ) p η (U )
⎪
⎪ξ (t )
= , ηU(U ) = ,
⎪
⎪
t
2 pU U
⎪
⎨ (t )
ξρ = ηρ(F ) = ηρ( p) = ηρ(U ) = ξ p(t ) = η (pU ) = ξF(t ) = ηF( p) = ηF(U ) = 0, (8)
⎪
⎪ η ( p) 2η (U )
⎪
⎪η (pp) = , ηF(F ) = ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ p U
⎪
⎪
⎩ξ (r ) = − 1 r (η U − 4η p) , η (ρ ) = − −η ρU + 2η ρ p ,
⎪ ( p) (U ) ( p) (U )

2 pU pU
we come to the conclusion that the factorsystem admits an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra with basis
X1 = 2∂ + 2 p∂ p + U ∂U + r∂r , X2 = 2ρ∂ρ + 2 p∂ p − r∂r − t ∂t , X3 = ∂t , X4 = f (t )∂ ,
where f(t) is arbitrary function of time.
To construct the submodels, let us consider a four-dimensional subalgebra with f (t ) = 1. The commutator table has the
form presented in Table 2.
In Table 3 we show the optimal system of subalgebras which replacement basis can lead to a well-known sight 2A2
presented in [9]. The calculation algorithm of optimal systems of subalgebras is described in [10].
As an illustrative example, let us consider the case of steady motion Ut = ρt = pt = 0. This submodel corresponds to 1-
dimensional subalgebra X3 . This is an example we cite because of its relative simplicity and importance for astrophysical
applications [4].
The integration of the second and third equations (7) gives
a b
ρ (r ) = , p( r ) = , (9)
r 2U (r ) (r2U (r ))γ
where a and b are the integration constants. From the first equation we express (r):
ρr
(r ) = −UUr − . (10)
ρ
Substituting (9) and (10) into the fourth equation of system (7), we obtain the differential equation for velocity U(r):
aγ r 2 b 2UUr 6raγ Ur + 6aγ U − 4aγ 2Ur r − 4aγ 2U aγ 2Ur2 r 2
Urr (U − )+ 2 + − + Ur2 + = 0. (11)
(Ur ) b
2 γ Ur r (Ur ) b
2 γ (Ur2 )γ bU
Eq. (11) does not integrate in quadratures, so a numerical solution is necessary. The results of numerical integration are
shown in Fig. 1. We solved the Cauchy problem (in conventional dimensionless units) for the Eq. (11) with conditions
U (0.01 ) = 0.01, Ur (0.01 ) = 2 when the values of the constants are γ = 53 , a = 3 · 10−6 , b = 10−9 . The obtained solution de-
scribes the steady-state spherically symmetric extension of a self-gravitating polytropic gas, in which the radial speed,
density, and pressure decrease monotonically, and the gravitational potential monotonically increases with increasing po-
lar radius.
Physical applications of the result are the subject of a separate publication.
442 I. Klebanov et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 59 (2018) 437–443

Fig. 1. Gravitational potential F(r). Radial velocity U(r). Density of matter ρ (r). Pressure p(r).

4. Conclusion

The present paper, as well as [1], initiates a series of articles devoted to the study of invariant and partially invariant
solutions of (2). The main subjects for subsequent research are the following problems: construction and study of all in-
variant solutions of a spherically symmetric submodel generated by 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional (“simple solutions”
[2]) subalgebras; construction of a partially invariant solution describing the non-stationary “Ovsyannikov vortex” [8]; group
classification of the system (2) by an arbitrary element A(t, ρ ) in (2), that is, the search for all possible types of the equation
of state admitting an extension of the basic Lie algebra for (2).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful M.M. Kipnis and L.M. Svirskaya for useful discussions. The work was carried out according to the state
task of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project 1.8630.2017 / BC “Group analysis of the
dynamics equations of self-gravitating gas”, project 1.6462.2017/BC). The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the
Russian Federation, contract 02.03.21.0011.
 I. Klebanov et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 59 (2018) 437–443 443

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