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A. A. Birajdar
A. A. Birajdar
Birajdar
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
before the words were coined. For example, many of the beautiful colors
of stained glass windows are result of the presence of small metal oxide
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different colors to the glass. Small colloidal particles of silver are a part of
to be nanoparticles.
have been known for several centuries ago. The loadstone (magnetite,
Fe3O4), a natural non-metallic solid, may attract iron was first described
in known Greek writings about 800 B.C. Much later, the first application
after the first technical magnetic material because it formed the first
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appearance and very hard and brittle. Ferrites may be defined as magnetic
constituent (the word ferrite comes from the Latin “ferrum” for iron) and
hydrothermal technique.
the constituent raw materials to obtain the required shape and then
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the oxide. In the commercial ferrites, they can be divided into three
namely:
1. Soft ferrite with the garnet structure such as the microwave ferrites
(e.g: YIG).
2. Soft ferrites with the cubic spinel structure such as NiZn-, MnZn-,
Much of the ferrite-related research took place after the 1950s, thanks to a
following types.
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where M stands for divalent metal ions. The crystal structure of spinel
ferrite possess two interstitial sites namely tetrahedral (A) and octahedral
can be replaced by other divalent metal ions and we can have number of
spinel ferrites. Fe3+ ions can be replaced by other trivalent ions like Al3+,
Cr3+, Ga3+ etc. Fe3+ ions can also be replaced by combination of divalent
1.2.2 Garnet
Me is a trivalent ion such as rare earth or yttrium. The unit cell is cubic
and contains eight molecules of Me3Fe5O12 i.e. (160 atoms). The metal ions
are distributed over three types of sites. The Me ions occupy the
oxygen ions, the Fe3+ ions distributed over the tetrahedral and octahedral
sites in the ratio 3:2. Thus, the cation distribution of Me3Fe5O12 can be
written as M e c3 F e a2 F e d3 O 1 2 .
super exchange interaction via the intervening oxygen ions, and the
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
and closer the Me-O-Me angle is to 1800. On this basis it is concluded that
the interaction between the d and a cations are relatively strong (both
c a d
Me
uur 3 Fe
r 2 Fe
s 3 O12 for magnetic Me ion
Mec3 Fe a
ur 2 sFe
d
u 3O12 for non-magnetic Me ion
The total magnetic moments on ‘a’ and ‘d’ ions are aligned
arrangement is 6Fed, 4Fed, 6Mc. The net magnetic moment m (in Bohr
where,
1.2.3 Ortho-ferrites
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lattices. The canting angle is of the order of 10-2 radian but is sufficient to
temperature the spin axis rotates, and at 1.25K the direction is (001) for
HOFeO3 and (110) for ErFeO3. The spin moment on the rare earth ion gets
for ErFeO3].
ferrite, the well known hard ferrites, belongs to this class. These
ion of a large ionic radius, such as Ba2+, Sr2+, or Pb2+. Some compounds
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
with trivalent Me (e.g. La3+, Al, Ga, Cr, Fe) are also known. In these, one
iron per formula unit is present as Fe2+ to allow for the charge
compensation.
cell made up of two unit formulae. The structure is related to the spinel
General
Type Structure Examples
Formula
Π AΠ=Cd,Co,Mg, Zn
Spinel Ferrites Cubic A Fe2O4
etc.
LnIII=Y,Sm,Eu,
Garnet Cubic Ln3IIIFe5O12 Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm
and Lu
Magneto-
Hexagonal AΠFe12O19 AΠ=BaF12O19
plumbite
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
ferrite and second is the hard ferrite. Soft ferrite is class of magnetic
system. Hard ferrites are used for permanent magnets mainly in loud
for the low and high frequency applications, the most important
varying the preparation technique, one can, to a large extent control most
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
from the starting ferrite film, making the readout process possible
[4].
Magnetic sensors
These are used for temperature control and these can be made
Magnetic Shielding
Pollution Control
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
Ferrite electrodes
Entertainment ferrites
balasts
fluorescent tags
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
distributions, etc., are some of the phenomena which have been observed
study for a long time. Studies shown that the physical properties of
commercially both long and high temperature treatments for the oxides
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
known to have very strong preferences for the tetrahedral and octahedral
ferrite a model normal ferrite [11]. Ni–Zn ferrite is thus expected to have a
issues.
for preparing ferrites for so decades. Mohan et al., [17] studied the
NiZn ferrites. They found the dielectric constant and loss tangent
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
mixed nickel–zinc ferrites was explained by the fact the electron exchange
resistivity that the lower loss exhibited higher resistivity and vice versa. In
the values of the dielectric constant for all the samples were found to
conductivity of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) which were
conductivity and higher activation energy for x=0.3 in nickel zinc ferrite.
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
xZnxFe2O4 system and checked the effect on the physical properties. They
and loss factor. It was observed that dielectric constant increased with the
highest values for x =0.3 /0.4 in Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 [13, 14, 21-23]. So it was
compound.
and introduction of some impurities during milling. Thus, the coarser and
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
reproducible powder [25-29]. In the recent past, the sol-gel method has
processing. The final goal is to fabricate the ferrites with better physical
applications.
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References
Berlin (1990)
[6] P. J. van der Zaag, P. J. van der Valk, M. T. Rekveldt, Appl. Phys.
56.
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(2003) 269.
[17] Mohan, G.R., D. Ravinder, A.V. Reddy, B.S. Boyanov, Mater. Lett.,
40 (1999) 39.
2007) 164.
(1996) 853.
[23] Wang Li, Li Fa-Shen, Zhou Qing-Guo, Chin. Phys. 9 (2000) 685
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[CHAPTER 1] A. A. Birajdar
[25] Kashinath C. Patil, S.T. Aruna, Tanu Mimani, Curr. Opi. Solid State
5 (2003) 251.
[28] Sagar E. Shirsath, B.G. Toksha, R.H. Kadam, S.M. Patange, D.R.
(2010) 1669.
10.1007/s10971-010-2357-8
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