DRAFT – Not for Distribution or Use Except with Permission

Facts and Hunches about Jacob Hogshead and his Family1 2

Research Notes Prepared by Bob Williams

Facts:
During the 51 years between 1925 and 1976, 3073 men, women and children that once lived in
the District of Columbia were exiled for life3 to what was first known as the District Training
School for the Feeble Minded and later as Forest Haven in Laurel, Maryland adjacent to Fort
Meade about 20 miles away from the Capitol Building. Created by Congress spurn on by
District white businessmen, reformers, the press, woman’s groups and other city elites the place
was founded upon the worst prejudices and arrogances of the Progressive/Eugenics/Jim Crow
Era and it never shed these original sins. Throughout its history about 390 or approximately one
in 10 of all individuals committed to DTSFH came to be buried in its cemetery. Jacob Hogshead
was one of these souls. We know this because – taking inspiration from the Vietnam War
Veterans Memorial4 -- a stone wall was erected there in 1987 to honor and list the names of all or
most of the inmates/residents buried there from 1928-1982.5 Those interned are listed by the
Rows #1-24 and were previously presumed to have been buried in the order in which they died.
It seemed like a logical conclusion to draw. However, like many other presumably logical
assumptions to make about DTSFH those that were relegated there it was wrong. And, Jacob
Hogshead proved it wrong.
Above is a photograph of Jack Parrot of the Monument at the DTSFH cemetery posted on Flickr.com.

According to his inscription on the wall, Jacob was interned in Row 1, Plot 8 suggesting he was
among the first to have been buried there. Jacob’s life story, however, belies this and other more
fundamental stereotypes. It is widely assumed those consigned to institutions for those labelled
as feeble minded or the like were committed as children and for many this was true. But an
unknown number ended up at these places as adults. Jacob was among these adults. He was not
committed to until he was about 44 -- at what for most would have been the prime of their lives.6
The question, of course, is why. What possible factors and crises could have prompted the
commitment? What made it necessary? What was the nature and extent of his disability or
disabilities, illnesses or injuries and when did he acquire them – in childhood, as a youth, adult,
near the time of his commitment or some combination of the above. What edicts of government
and/or mores of society had he transgressed that led him to be sent here for life?7 It likely is
impossible to ever fully know for certain. This research note, however, attempts to shed light
on the possible answers to these questions and his life.
It is also an attempt to piece together fragments of one man’s history and that of the nation’s that
we never acknowledged, much less taken responsibility for.

Jacob Thomas Hogshead – His Life in Silhouette:

Early years:
Jacob Thomas Hogshead was born on August 13, 1906 in Virginia to Clifton and Bermuda
Hogshead.8 Six years earlier almost to the day, the couple were married on August 17, 1900 in
Staunton, Virginia in her parents’ home in Laurel Hill. At that time, Clifton was said to be “one
of the proprietors of the Southern Star, a Republican paper in (the) city.”9,10 When Jacob was
born, his father was 23 and his mother 19 years old.11 Two years later, his younger brother,
Richard Carlton Hogshead was born. 12 By 1910, however, his parents were living separately
with Jacob living with their father and Richard Carlton with their mother. The two brothers lived
with their paternal and maternal grandparents, respectively.13 By 1913 Clifton remarried a
woman named Juanita Rafalita from New Mexico, by which time he likely had business interests
there. Soon Jacob and Richard Carlton had two step brothers – Richard Dewey and Morgan
Clifton -- and a step sister – Juanita. All 3 were born between 1914 and 1922.14
Following Clifton and Bermuda’s separation and/or divorce,15 she and their younger son,
Richard Carlton Hogshead, moved in with her parents. It is impossible to know but it seems
Bermuda/Richard and Clifton/Jacob’s lives diverged for some years after this. That Clifton had
two sons named Richard seems strange and suggests estrangement. Census and other
information from 1910 to 40 show that Jacob lived with his family –first his father and later his
mother – at different junctures during his first 4 decades. 16

Life in Norfolk:
The Censuses provide mix clues regarding his education. The 1920 census indicates that he had
attended school and was able to speak, read and write, while the 1930 Census states that while he
had all three of these skills, he did not go to school.17 If he did not attend school this could have
been because he had a disability, had a record of having a disability or was “regarded as” having
one by school officials in the contemporary parlance of the Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA). While this three pronged statutory definition of applies to what it means to be an
“individual with disability” today, it sums up the multi-dimensional quandary those that
experience disability based discrimination have faced for all time. It, therefore, also offers a
crucial prism through which to analyze and interpret past lives and events.18, 19
There also is evidence that he was employed. Jacob was listed twice as living with his father in
Norfolk, Virginia in the city directory in 1924 and again in 1928. In the 1928 Norfolk directory,
he is listed as a laborer. At the time of the 1930 census, he was working as a clerk at a grocery
store. Throughout the 20’s and much of the 30’s, it appears Jacob lived with his father, step
mother and family in a house on 49th Street in Norfolk, Virginia. While in Norfolk Clifton, his
father, headed a mining business. 20
By the early 30’s he was running businesses in Albuquerque, New Mexico: The Clifton
Hogshead Chemical Company, which made “Pyrrocal Tooth Powder” and developing a large
tract of housing called the Hogshead Manor.21 Presumably Clifton and his family lived there
during this time as well.22

Overall, therefore, it seems a true statement to say that even in the midst of
the Great Depression, the Hogshead clan seemed to be thriving. In 1934,
however, Clifton and Juanita divorced and he died in July, 1935.23

Life in DC:
It is not known where Jacob lived at the time of his father’s death. But at some point during the
next 5 years he began to live with his mother and moved to Washington, DC. It was there in the
fall of 1940, Jacob took part in the country’s first Registration or “R” Day of the World War II
era. On October 16, 1940, like all of the up to 20 million American men aged 21 to 36 at the
time, Jacob registered with Selective Service24. He was one of about 95,000 in DC to do so and
to have “take (n) the first step in the city part of the compulsory military training
program.”25 According to his draft card, he was living with his mother at 463 G Street, NW,
white, 34 years old, weighed 125 pounds, 5.3 feet, had blue eyes, brown hair, of ruddy
complexion and worked as a golf starter at the East Potomac Golf Course. In the space marked
“physical characteristics that will aid in identification” on the card, the notation “Speech defect =
Extremely high cheekbones” appeared. He registered at Local Board 14, 300 21st Street, NW. 26
Across town, Richard Carlton Hogshead, Jacob’s brother, registered for the draft that same day
and was described as white, 32 years old, weighed 165 pounds, 5.11 feet, gray eyes, brown hair,
a ruddy complexion, worked as an orderly at the Soldier’s Hospital and Home and he lived at
425 Shepherd Street, NW, Washington, DC. No identifying physical characteristics were listed.
He signed up at Local Board 5, 1624 H Street, NW.27
Between 1940 and 1946 when the World War II draft end, 10.1 million U.S. were inducted into
the armed services and an additional 6 million volunteered or otherwise served in the military. 28
A reported 37,000 also were classified as Conscientious Objectors (COs) to war and tasked with
performing other service of “national importance”. Among COs about two thirds carried out
noncombatant duties in the military and the remainder signed up for the Civilian Public Service
corps (CPS). The 11,996 COs in CPS worked on a range of public work, public health and other
essential areas where there were extreme workers shortages due to both the war itself and the war
production efforts that supported it. Of significance for this story, approximately 3,000 or about
one in every four of men in the CPS and one in ten of all CPS COs worked part of their tours in
what were then known as mental institutions and/or training school for the feeble minded.29
Yet another 10 million received deferments from the draft for various reasons. Of this10 million
exempted from the draft about 4 million received deferments because they were farmers,
employed in the burgeoning war productions industry or had other jobs essential to the home
front and winning the war. Most of the remaining estimated 6 million received a 4-F exemption
from the draft,30 which was entirely based on having what Selective Service officials determined
to be a “(r)egistrant not acceptable for military service due to physical, mental, or moral
defect.”31 More research would need to be done to determine whether having a “speech defect”
and an “extremely high cheekbone” would have been reason enough for Jacob to be have been
given a 4-F deferment but it seems plausible that it might have been. 32
Deferments from the draft contrary to what many believe seem to have been, fairly common.
Accord to History.com, of the men that registered for the draft in October of 1940, fully “50
percent were rejected the very first year, either for health reasons or illiteracy (20 percent of
those who registered were illiterate).”33

New Mexico
No other information was found on Jacob, Carlton or their mother during the most of the 40’s.
The one exception to this occurred in 1947, when a legal notice appeared in the Albuquerque
Journal regarding a suit brought against Clifton’s estate in New Mexico. Named in the lawsuit
with other members of the family were Jacob and Carlton who were both referred to as “named
defendants if living (or)… their unknown heirs” – suggesting their unknown whereabouts of and
estrangement from their step mother, brothers and sister.34

Lives Apart:
Sometime between 1940 and 1950, Jacob’s life and likely that of his mother and brother changed
in ways probably large and small that made his life as he had known it impossible to continue in
community with others. It likely will never be known what factors foreclosed this life. But what
is known is that Jacob Hogshead was committed to the District Training School on Friday, May
26, 1950. He was 44 years old. His DTS# was 1539, which means by the time he was
committed slightly more than one half of the 3,073 individuals sent there between 1925 and 1976
had already been committed.35 Two months before he arrived there, DTS marked its 25th year in
existence. Of the total number of men, women and children with real or perceived intellectual
and developmental disabilities who had ended up there to dates, 1,530 had been committed up to
that point.36 But, it is important to note that just about 650 lived there at this time.37 The rest had
died, been “paroled”, “escaped” or “absconded” as the terminology of the day put it to new lives.
That he was 44 years old when he was committed stood in sharp contrast with the major
demographic shift taking place throughout the country as well as DTS and other institutions like
because of the baby boom that began in 1946 and ended in 1964. By the late 1950’s, 45% of all
those then living at DTS were under age 12 or under.38
The last quarter century especially the years of the Great Depression, New Deal and the Second
World War also brought significant expansion, changes in its direction and purpose as well as
privation to the institution and the people that lived there. The Depression and the War like at
nearly all other places of its ilk first brought chronic, severe staffing shortages to DTS and then
soon led to large, persistent and frequently nightly attempts by DTS “inmates” to “abscond” or
“escape” from it. Press reports indicated that it was fairly common for over 300 persons to
literally walk away from the place each year. It is not known how many of these escapes were
permanent or fleeting; serious attempts at trying to flee and start life anew or pure mischief. But
all must be seen as genuine acts of resistance and rebellion.39
These “walk outs” combined with the fact that by the 50’s DTS had become a place of first resort
to send so called feeble minded juvenile delinquents and the changed reality and the public’s
perception of the place for the worse. Headlines like the following were common in the
Washington Star and other DC newspapers throughout this period:
Mariam Ottenberg, Lack of supervision of 4-4-47 Washington Post Dorothea Andrews ---- 1
delinquents held spur to DC crime”, Washington in 45 persons in DC held feeble minded, experts
Star, 3/5/40 – Page 1. say 2000 need institutional care.
11-9-42 ??? ---- 10 more youths escape training 8-8-47 Washington Post ---- DC training school
school. escapes are averaging 30 per month.
11-28-42 Washington Post -- Weak Minded 11-23-47 Times Herald... ---- Shadow over the
Home Seeks Employees. Capital … Sex Maniacs from Laurel Peril
Manny Clagett, “Escapes laid to low pay at District, Miller warns.
school”, Times Herald, ---- ---- 1942. 11-23-47 Harold B. Rogers ---- Easy DTS
Times Herald, 3/12/44 – Getting Personnel is escapes need halting, Miller warns. Mentions
Morris’s #1 Worry & Conshies Attend Mental someone who escaped from there "recently
Patients sentenced to the electric chair".
8-18-43 Star ---- Laurel school seeks internees as 7-29-49 Washington Post??? ---- 3 escapes from
attendants... they are "American citizens". Laurel still at large.
Washington Star, 8/20/43 – Staff shortage raises Baltimore Sun, 7/28/49 – Troopers Guard
urgent problems at training school (with great Reform School After 3 Flee
pics) Time Herald, 10/9/49 – 348 Inmates Flee
8-20-43 Star ---- staff shortage raises urgent Feebleminded School in Year
problems at training school -- requests for Jap Baltimore Post/Sun, 7/17/50 (?), Accidents
internes considered. claimed on boys shooting
11-27-43 Times Herald ---- Escapes laid to low DC Times Herald, 7/17/50 – District youth
pay at school. admits killing school inmate
6-23-44 Washington Daily News. Overcrowding, 40
courts help breed criminals.
Washington Daily Star, 6/23/44 – Training
School Head Says Overcrowding
Sensational headlines like these, of course, do not capture the totality of what life was like at
DTS in the early 1950’s. What they do illustrate, however, are some of the deep tensions and
contradictions that were inherent in its operations from start to finish. From 1925 to the mid-
50’s like other institutions in southern and border states, DTS was segregated racially41, by sex
as well as on the presupposition of each person’s level of intelligence, disability and, therefore,
”humanness”. DTS and other institutions like it were founded on the eugenic and now debunked
notion that their “inmates” must be ripped out of their family, community and society for their
own supposed good and the supposed good of others. That such individuals were made to “feel
inferior weak, blameworthy and guilty”42 was judged to be justifiable collateral damage.
De jure though not de facto segregation on the basis of race at the institution faded away after the
1954 Brown decision.43 But other forms of apartheid and cleavages clearly persisted. This was
most evident in how people were divided and assigned to buildings, units, wards, cribs and mats
on the floors based on real and perceived abilities and disabilities.
Still most of those who lived and/or worked there made the most of their lives and right by others
they knew and cared about. They shared the best and worse; laughed, and spent most of their
days and nights together. They liked and came to love each other. Fell in and out of love.
Celebrated and mourned. Lived not apart but together. Because this is what all people,
including those thrown together do. And, the most portent sources we have for knowing this -
- like the Slave Narratives written in the 19th and 20th Centuries44 – is through the voices, witness
writings, experiences and oral histories of those that lived much of their lives institutionalizing
kept separate, apart and unequal.45 This include the voices and life stories of those committed to
and who spent much of their lives at DTS/Forest Haven.46
All Else Known and Unknown:
By 1956, Richard Carlton Hogshead, appears to have been using his middle name as his first. He
lived at 216 E Street in Baltimore and worked at the Glenn L. Martin Company, a leading
American aircraft and aerospace manufacturing company, which played a large role in the
nation’s air defense World War II when it had more than 50 thousand workers.47
Bermuda died in 1973 and Richard Hogshead died in 1981. 48 It is not known whether Jacob died
before or after either of them. And, it also is not known if Jacob had any communication with
his step mother, brothers or sister after he left Norfolk. Moreover, despite various search
attempts, no further information on the mother or her two sons appears to be available on
Ancestry.com regarding Bermuda or her two sons after the 1950’s.
No facts are known about the circumstances or reasons surrounding Jacob’s commitment, what
his life at the institution specifically was like or when or why he died. All that is further known
is he was buried in its cemetery.

Hunches:
It is impossible to know for certain, however, the available facts plausibly suggest that:
 Jacob Hogshead in 1940 was of slender build and had a “speech defect” according to
his draft board. He could have had a speech impairment and other real or perceived
disabilities since his childhood. Given that he was raised by and lived his family, if he
had any conditions they likely were not significantly limiting.
 Census records state he was able to speak, read and write lending more credence to this.
 Jacob worked as a laborer, grocery clerk and a golf starter. Today, these jobs seem
menial especially for the oldest son of a mining executive49, suggesting he might have
been limited in the type of work he did. But, this might be 20/20 hindsight.
 The fact he lived with and as part of his family from the time he was a boy until he was
in his 30’s and perhaps up to just before he was committed to DTS suggest strongly and
clearly that he was well loved, respected and seen as a contributing member of his home
as well as community.
 Perhaps most telling and poignant is that he was listed in the Norfolk directories twice
in the 20’s under Clifton’s name and mining businesses indicating that they were father
and son living in the same home and members of their community deserving of respect,
reputation and recognition. A certain mutual pride seems expressed by this.
 All this indicates that if Jacob had real or perceived disabilities or limitations growing
up that Clifton Hogshead for the most part accepted, adjusted to and made
accommodations for them and taught his son and others to do the same.
 Life with his father likely was fairly typical and good.
 His father’s death in 1935 likely was jarring. Moving in with his mom hopefully took
place quickly following it.
 Nothing is known of the amount/quality of time Jacob, his mother and brother spent
together before Clifton died or when their move(s) to Washington, DC took place. The
distance from Augusta, Virginia where Richard and Bermuda lived to Norfolk, Virginia
to where Jacob lived growing up is about 212 miles, which requires a 3 and a half hour
drive on Highways I-64 E and US-460 E today.50 Thus, visits might have been sparse.
 What is known is that Bermuda was there when Jacob probably needed her most, that
they lived in the same home and that they together with Richard lived in Washington,
DC and this might have been one of few times they lived in the same city.
 The fact that he was working at the East Potomac Golf Course as a golf starter, which is
someone who as the title implies welcomes and assists golfers to tee off at the first hole,
suggests he had a life and enjoyable vocation. Haines Point where the public course has
been since the 20’s presumably then as now offered impressive views of the river, DC
and Virginia as well as welcomed summer breezes.
 Again little is known about what happened in all 3 of their lives after October, 1940.
Further research might be able to shed light on it but it is doubtful.
 As stated, it is not known and likely never will be known as to why Jacob was
committed to DTS in the spring of 1950. But, given what we know of his life up until
then the reasons likely were jarring and inescapable. Perhaps his mother could no
longer live with him. Perhaps his real or perceived disabilities became “too much” for
him, his mother and brother or society to “manage”. And/or, he might have acquired an
 illness that might have been lifelong or a transitory one. Either way he would remain
there for the rest of his life.
 Regardless of the reason, the commitment changed his life in ways large and small that
Jacob, Richard or their mother probably could have foreseen. By 1950, the daily
population of those that lived at DTS hovered around 650.51 Like similar institutions in
post-World War II America, those being committed to spend their lives there were
increasingly under 15 years old and many were toddlers.52
 Still since its beginning and up to the 1960’s at least many of its inmates worked on its
farm or in other capacities to help maintain its operations and many continued to do
so.53 Provided he was able to do so, Jacob undoubtedly would have joined the ranks of
these workers and hopefully would have derive some sense of purpose and
accomplishment.
 At some point probably following the war, Bermuda and Richard each moved to the
Baltimore area,54 a relatively short drive even in those days to DTS in Laurel. It is not
known if they ever visited Jacob there but the fact that they could have, hopefully means
they did so.
 It might never be known when he died but following his death, Jacob Hogshead was laid
to rest in the institution’s cemetery with some he probably knew and hopefully loved
and was loved by.

Selected Notes:

1
This research note will be used in preparing Lives Apart, a social history of the District Training School for the
Feeble Minded later known as Forest Haven (DTSFH) and most importantly, the story of the >3,000 men, women
and children exiled there between 1925-1991. Although it was in Laurel, Maryland adjacent to the U.S. Army Base
Fort Meade and the NSA, it housed those from the District of Columbia. Like other “peculiar institutions” of the
20th Century, DTSFH was the product of a virulent mix of the Progressive Era, eugenics, ableism, racism sexism,
other forms of bias and plain arrogance. Lives Apart -- a work in progress -- is the story of why Congress,
Presidents, DC elites created DTSFH as well as that of the lives, times, sacrifices, fears, hopes and triumphs of those
who lived, died and sometimes were buried there. As part of this, an effort is being made to recover as many and as
much of the life stories of those consigned and as possible. The Lives Apart project is directed by and based on the
research of Bob Williams. Attribution is requested and inquiries welcomed. Contact information: Ancestry.com
member: Bob Williams790 or rrw1957@gmail.com.
2
Ancestry.com, The Hogshead Family Tree created and curated by David Hogshead. Much of the genealogical
information and cues drawn on in preparing this note can be found on this site and I am deeply indebted to David for
researching his family roots and making it publicly available via Ancestry.com. Sharing open source information
has a rich and vital tradition in genealogy. I am thankful that I stumbled on to the Hogshead Family Tree and that I
reached out to David who quickly responded that to my e mail about obscure long lost “a distant relative (5th cousin
2x removed)” in his words who I had contacted to say might have been buried in an equally obscure institution
cemetery. Most of all I am humbled that he acknowledged Jacob’s fate of having been institutionalized and buried
in the DTSFH cemetery, including by posting a photograph of Jack Parrot of the Monument first posted on
Flickr.com. Including it on Jacob’s page represents a simple act of recognition, reunification and justice done and
something we all can learn from and emulate.
3
The DTSFH Roster is a list of the names, commitment dates and other demographics information on all of the
3073 persons who were ever committed to DTS/Forest Haven. I made and took a copy of it when I left the Pratt
Monitoring Team in 1990 to work on the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. I did so not knowing what
I would do with it but knew the power of the lost history, humanity and stories to be told each of page contained.
Doing so violated laws and official norms of confidentiality. Supposed ethos of confidentiality and privacy that I
was convinced then and even more three decade later veiled and protected the actions and inactions of others far
more than those confined DTSFH. I still grapple with my decision to purloin a copy of the roster. But even more I
think about would have been lost if I had not made the choice I made. All these years later, therefore, I am clear my
conscious led me right and history’s silences must be broken.
4
I know the DTSFH Cemetery Memorial took its inspiration from the Vietnam War Wall because as a member of a
court monitoring team charged with overseeing conditions and the closing of the institution in the 1980’s, I made the
recommendation included in a ---- --, 198 ? Report to DC Federal District Court Judge John H. Pratt that it be
erected. Prior to this like at other institutions’ cemeteries in the U.S. and elsewhere, the graves of those buried were
marked with only with numbers, which as best as I can recall were on metal markers.
5
See a photograph of Jack Parrot of the Monument at the DTSFH cemetery and first posted on Flickr.com. The
inscription on it that I wrote reads: “THIS MONUMENT HONORS THE MEMORY OF THE MEN, WOMEN
AND CHILDREN WHO CAME TO BE REST IN THIS CEMETERY, INCLUDING. . . “ followed by the over
380 names of the men, women and children whose names appear on the wall but all the names of the interned are on
the wall. It is known at least several were mistakenly left off when it was created. Forest Haven closed in 1991.
The land where it was located is now occupied by the New Beginnings Youth Development Center, a juvenile
detention facility operated by the DC Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services (DYRS). The cemetery is
located nearby what was the Infirmary and the Mary Ziegler School on Center Avenue in what was a fairly remote
area of the institution. Some including William, Ricardo and Donna Thornton, who lived much of their lives there
and whose sister, Earline, is buried there still visit to remember and pay their respects. Access to the cemetery,
however, is now limited.
6
DTS Roster – Jacob was committed on Friday, May 26, 1950. He was 44 years old and his DTS# was 1539.
7
The narratives of institutionalized persons, including those at DTSFH like Mattie Hoge, Virginia Gunnoe, Jacob
Hogshead and others proves how arbitrary and capricious the commitment process was.
8
Ancestry.com, Facts on Jacob Thomas Hogshead: 1906-
9
Library of Virginia’s Virginia Chronical, Staunton Spectator and Vindicator, Local Briefs, Friday August 17, 1900,
page 3.
10
Google Books, American Newspaper Directory, Volume 32, Issue 1, 1900. “DOMINION SUN -- Fridays;
republican; four pages 15x22; subscription $1; established 1899: M Clifton Hogshead and E. P. Stover, editors; Old
Dominion Sun Publishing Co., publishers.” By 1902, Clifton was no longer an editor of the Sun.
11
Ancestry.com, Facts on Jacob Thomas Hogshead: 1906-
12
Ibid.
13
See 1910 Census information at Facts on Jacob Thomas Hogshead: 1906- and Facts on Richard Carlton
Hogshead: 1908-1981 on Ancestry.com.
11 Ancestry.com, Facts on Clifton M. Hogshead: 1877–1935
15
No record could be found of Clifton and Bermuda’s actual divorce. There is no question that the couple
separated, however. Interestingly, Bermuda kept the name Hogshead throughout for the rest of her life. This might
have been customary at the time. The separation must have occurred between 1908 when Richard Carlton, their
youngest son, was born and the time of the 1910 Census. It also is probable that Clifton went to New Mexico during
or shortly after this period and met Rafaelita Sanchez, who he married in 1913. See: Ancestry.com, Facts on
Clifton M. Hogshead: 1877–1935 and Facts on Rafaelita J. Sanchez.
16
Ancestry.com, Facts on Jacob Thomas Hogshead: 1906-…See information on him in 1910, 1920 and 1930 U.S.
Censuses as well as regarding his 1940 registration with selective services. See a facsimile of his draft card.
17
Ancestry.Com, 1924 Norfolk Virginia Directory, page 288.
18
U.S. Government Printing, The ADA Amendment Act of 2008. Public Law 110-325. See definitions.
19
Further research is warranted to try to determine if either were true.
20
Ancestry.Com, 1924 Norfolk Virginia Directory, page 288.
21
Albuquerque and Bernalillo Counties’ Public Library, A Sense of Place – A History of Hogshead Manor. Also
see: Newspapers.com, Albuquerque Journal, “Follow the Crowd to the Hogshead Manor” (advertisement) January
28, 1931, Page 8.
22
Further research needed to confirm whether this was the case.
23
Ancestry.com, Facts on Clifton M. Hogshead: 1877–1935
24
History.com, This Day in History – September 16, 1940: United States imposes the draft
25
DC Library/newsbank.com/Washington Star Online Archives. Thomas C. Hardman, “Officials Complete
Preparations for DC Draft Registration” -- Evening Star (Published as The Sunday Star.) October 13, 1940, Page 8.
26
Ancestry.com, Facts on Jacob Thomas Hogshead: 1906- . Fold.com, See information on his 1940 registration
with selective services. See a facsimile of his draft card.
27
Ancestry.com, Facts on Richard Carlton Hogshead: 1908-1981 … Fold.com, See information on his 1940
registration with selective services. See a facsimile of his draft card. Also see: Washington, District of Columbia,
City Directory, 1939, page 304, which lists him as an orderly at the Soldiers Home Hospital in DC.
28
World War II Foundation, World War II Facts and Figures – WWII by the Numbers.
29
Steven Taylor, Acts of Conscience: World War II, Mental Institutions, and Religious Objectors Syracuse
University Press, 2009. Pages: 1-2 and 22.
30
U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, World War II and the American Home Front, Page 21.
31
Anne Yoder, Archivist, Military Classifications for Draftees, Swarthmore College Peace Collection.
32
In fact, more use widespread comparative reviews of Selective Service records of draft age males known to have
been at DTS as of the 1940 Census could yield valuable insights.
33
History.com, This Day in History – September 16, 1940: United States imposes the draft
34
Ancestry.com, Albuquerque Journal, Legal Notice September 19, 1947, page 17.
35
DTS Roster, Friday, May 26, 1950.
36
DTS Roster, January 27, 1950 ---- 1,530 consigned to DTS since 1925.
37
DC Commissioners, Annual report to White House – 1950. Google books. Page 89.
38
Evening Star, The Sunday Star; “Training School to Ease Entry Rule” 02-01-1959; Page: 15. 6
39
Michael D'Antonio, The State Boys Rebellion, Simon and Schuster, 2005; and, Susan Burch, Signs of Resistance
– American Deaf Cultural History, 1900 to World War II, New York University Press, 2004. For a fictional
rendering, see: Rachael Simon, The Story of Beautiful Girl – A Novel, Grand Central Publishing, 2011. Google
Books
40
District of Columbia Martin Luther King Public Library, Washingtonia Division – Forest Haven Clippings folder
and Mary Groman Ziegler (MGZ) Papers. Cites need cleaning up. Need to make copies of many!
41
Steven Noll, “From Far Different Angles: Institutions for the Mentally Retarded in the South, 1900-1940”,
University of Florida, 1991. Also cite: Congressional testimony and DC Commissioners on the need for DTS as
well as DC Board of Charities, Annual Report for Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1924. Kenneth B Jones MD
Superintendent Annual Report on the District Training School 1925 (covering the period September, 1924 to
spring/summer, 1925), page 115.
42
Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other lnmates---- Essay on the
Characteristics of Total Institutions. Page 7. First Anchor Books Edition, 1961. Available as an e book on Amazon
and Google Books.
43
Oyez.org, U.S. Supreme Court, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954.
44
Slave narratives are first person accounts by those that escaped or were freed from bondage before, during or
following the American Civil War. Thousands were written or recorded up to at least the 1930‘s. The most
transformative of these included: Fredrick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American
Slave (1845), My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881). Douglass’
writings and the writings/recorded histories of fugitive and ex slaves fueled the struggle and ultimately the Civil War
over slavery in two diametrically opposing ways. In the south, such narratives were seen as farcical – something
that according to the of human bondage ethos no black slave could ever be intellectually capable to do and more
importantly should never be taught to do. To abolitionists, however, narratives became living proof of why human
bondage was morally intolerable and must end. See ……. …….
45
The writings and experiences of institutionalized persons can be seen in the same light. See, for example, the
following memoirs and autobiographies of those that spent some and often much of their lives institutionalized:
Mary Lake: New York Times, Detained 15 years as “feeble minded” – Girl … pronounced … of sound mind,
October 26, 1901. Page 1; Clifford Beers, A Mind that Found Itself, University of Pittsburgh Press/Doubleday,
Originally: 1906; Kenneth Donaldson, Insanity Inside Out, Crown, 1976; Roland Johnson as told to Karl Williams,
Lost in a Desert World: An Autobiography, Speaking for Ourselves, Philadelphia, 1994; Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer
and Steven B. Kaplan, I Raise My Eyes to Say Yes. Whole Health Books, 1996; Annie's coming out - Lindfield,
NSW : Film Australia, 1989; Rosemary Crossley and Anne McDonald, Annie's Coming Out, DEAL Books, 2010;
Susan Burch and Hannah Joyner, Unspeakable: The Story of Junius Wilson. University of North Carolina Press,
2007; Michael Joseph Kennedy with Sue Lehr, Janet M. Duncan and Sherry Foehr, My Life in Institutions and My
Way Out, Friesen Press, 2014; and Michael D'Antonio, The State Boys Rebellion, Simon and Schuster, 2005.
46
The following are like works by or about individuals once committed to DTS/Forest Haven: Re: John Doe:
Haiti Trust, United States Congress. House Committee on the District of Columbia. Forest Haven … oversight
hearings (1976). Testimony of John Doe – My Struggle for Life. Pages 22–25. Re: Mattie Hoge: Saundra
Saperstein Deaf Woman Confined Wrongly, Suit Claims, Washington Post September 14, 1985. Patrice Gaines-
Carter, Deaf Woman Ordered Freed From Institution, Washington Post -- June 11, 1987. UPI Archives ,
Misdiagnosed woman gets new start on life, June 11, 1987. Associated Press, “A 2nd Chance, But 57 Years Are
Gone”, New York Times, June 14, 1987. Associated Press, Faulty IQ Test Put Her in Institution: 'Mildly Retarded'
Woman Held 57 Years, L.A. Times, June 11, 1987. Michael York, Deaf Woman’s Estates Awarded $80,000.
Washington Post, February 6, 1988. Re: Virginia Gunnoe: Washington Post Service, “Home At Last After 45
Years”, Milwaukee Journal, October 24, 1978, page 6. Associated Press, Mom Reunited with Family, Lakeland
Ledger Page 4A, October 25, 1978. Joann, Robert Meyer and Washington Post Staff Writers, Ex-Patient at Forest
Haven Meets Her Family in Florida. Washington Post October 31, 1978. U.S. District of Columbia for the District
of Columbia, Gunnoe vs. District of Columbia, C.A. No 81-1152 (D.D.C. May 31, 1984). Re: Ricardo and
Donna Thornton and Family: U.S. Senate HELP Committee. Hearing on the enforcement the ADA and the
Olmstead decision on Community Integration, June 21, 2012. Statement of Ricardo Thornton. Patrice Gaines-
Carter, Life at Forest Haven Leads Couple to the Altar, Washington Post. July 5, 1984. Patrice Gaines-Carter, Tiny
Boy Is Born To Retarded Couple Seen on '60 Minutes’, Washington Post, December 8, 1986. Patrice Gaines-Carter,
'We try to give him a lot of love', Washington Post, November 7, 2011 – originally in the Washington Post
Magazine, September 29, 1991. CBS News, The Unusual Parents, 1999. Vimeo.com, Monarch Films’ Profoundly
Normal, 2003. DeNeen Brown, Play by Actors with Intellectual Disabilities Challenges What it Means to be
“Normal”, Washington Post, November 11, 2011. Mary Dempsey, Donna and Ricardo Thornton plan for retirement
Apostrophe Magazine, August 19, 2013. Re: Steve Sellow: High Beam, Courtland Milloy, Killing A Messenger Of
Hope Series: steve sellows; michael purnell Series Number: forest haven, May 21, 1995, Washington Post; High
Beam, Washington Post, D.C. Activist Eulogized, May 25, 1995; Albrette "Gigi" Ransom, "Let there be Light"
posted by author ---- Addition: Ward 5 Heroes-Steve Sellows, DC Ward 5 Google Group, February 7, 2012
(includes archives of clippings); and, DC Code: § 47–1271. ICF/IDD [ICF/IID] -- Stevie Sellows Quality
Improvement Fund. Re: Joy Evans: Karlyn Barker, Parents Continue Forest Haven Crusade, Washington Post,
March 23, 2006; Murray Waas, Jesse Drucker and Jason Serman Bleak House: As patients died one by one, a
Washington D.C. home for the mentally retarded became one of the nation's most deadly institutions. LA Times,
April 3, 1994; Martin Austermuhle, From Institution to Inclusion, 1. Fighting Forest Haven. WAMU 88.5 News,
March, 2016. Guy Housewright, Beyond Forest Haven, YouTube.com, 2014. Google Search ---- Joy, Betty
Harold Evans. Re: Viola Washington: Bob Williams, 50 Years of No Special Reason, In A Struggling Voice,
Institute on Disabilities, 1989. Also available: In A Struggling Voice -- Writings by Bob Williams: 2010
Also see: Noor Tagouri,, The Trouble They've Seen: The Forest Haven Story, YouTube.com, 2015. Martin
Austermuhle, From Institution to Inclusion, 1. Fighting Forest Haven. WAMU 88.5 News, March, 2016.
47
Ancestry.com, , Carlton Hogshead –1956 Baltimore City Directory, page 372. See also: Glenn L. Martin
Maryland Aviation Museum, The Martin Company and the Middle River Community.
48
See also: Glenn L. Martin Maryland Aviation Museum, Glenn L. Martin – The Man and His Company.
49
Ancestry.Com, 1924 Norfolk Virginia Directory, page 288. Clifton Hogshead was the secretary of Gilliam
Brothers, a securities investment firm, and the president of the Pilot Mining Syndicate Inc., oil producers. Frank
Hogshead, Clifton’s youngest brother was the treasurer and secretary/ treasurer for the respective ventures. See
pages 259 and 384 of the Directory for information on each firm. The 1924 Directory lists Jacob and his father as
each living at 830 W 49th Street but lists no vocation for the son. Four years later in the 1928 Norfolk Directory
Clifton, Juanita and Jacob are listed as living at 828 W 49 th, two doors down from where they had lived. Clifton and
Frank, are listed as salesmen and Jacob, a laborer. (page 188) In 1928, there is not a listing for Gilliam Brothers but
nor one for Pilot Mining but a Pilot Life insurance company did appear in the Norfolk Virginia Directory (page
260).
50
Google Maps, The distance and driving time between Augusta, Virginia and Norfolk, Virginia, 2018.
51
DC Commissioners, Annual report to White House – 1950. Google books. Page 89.
52
K. Charlie Lakin, Demographic studies of residential facilities for the mentally retarded, University of Minnesota,
1979. Pages 67-69. Because of baby boom following World War II, children were more at risk than those in any
age groups from the 1950’s to late 60’s, page 69. In the period 1947-67, roughly two thirds of those institutionalized
in such facilities were under 15 years old, page 82.
53
See, for example: DC Board of Charities, Annual Report for Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1924. Kenneth B Jones
MD Superintendent Annual Report on the District Training School 1925 (covering the period September, 1924 to
spring/summer, 1925), page 115. Circa 11-23-47 Harold B. Rogers ---- Easy DTS escapes need halting, Miller
warns. Mentions someone who escaped from there "recently sentenced to the electric chair"... of the 650 there, about
65 pay for some or all of their costs and "about 300 of them work on the farm". Evening Star, The Sunday Star;
“Training School to Ease Entry Rule” 02-01-1959; Page: 15 ---- Noone: “Residents work on the 86 head dairy farm,
which provides milk for DTS and one other Children’s Center institution; in the laundry, and in other areas where
they make contributions.”
54
See Ancestry.com, Facts on Jacob Thomas Hogshead: 1906 for the Social Security Death Records of Bermuda
and Carlton Hogshead.