Constants and Formulae for Examinations

CONSTANTS

General
π = 3.141 592 654
c = 299 792 458 ms−1
ρcrust = 2 670 kg.m−3 [mean crustal density]
ρsea = 1 030 kg.m−3 [density of sea water]
G = 6.672 59 ×10−11 N.m2 .kg−2
1 knot = 1.852 km/h

GRS80
a = 6 378 137 m
GM = 3.986 005 × 1014 m3 s−2
ω = 7.292 115 × 10−5 s−1
J2 = 1.082 63 × 10−3
b = 6 356 752.314 m
f = 1 / 298.257 222 101
γa = 9.780 326 7715 ms−2
γb = 9.832 186 3685 ms−2
m = 0.003 449 786 003 08
R = 6 371 005 m [radius of spherical Earth]

FORMULAE

Ellipsoids:
b p E E
f = 1− E= a2 − b2 e= ε=
a a b
a a(1 − e2 ) √
ν=q ρ= R= ρν
1 − e2 sin2 φ (1 − e2 sin2 φ )3/2

Accelerations & potentials:

r = xî + yĵ + zk̂ x = r cos φ cos λ y = r cos φ sin λ z = r sin φ

GMm GM
F= r̂ b= r̂ z = ω 2p p = xî + yĵ
r2 r2
g = ∇W b = ∇V z = ∇Φ
GM 1
W =V +Φ V= Φ = ω2 p
r 2
g = b+z ∇2V = −4π Gρ ∇2V = 0

Teknik Geomatika - ITS 1

Constants and Formulae for Examinations

Heights:
C
H= ḡ = g + 0.042H
gravity
ZP ZP Z2
g − γ45 ḡ1 − γ45 ḡ2 − γ45
C = W0 −WP = − dW = g dn OC = dn + H1 − H2
γ45 γ45 γ45
P0 P0 1

Normal gravity & potential:

aγa cos2 φ + bγb sin2 φ h2
 
2 h
γ=q γ (h) = γ (0) 1 − 2(1 + f + m − 2 f sin φ ) + 3 2
a a
a2 cos2 φ + b2 sin2 φ
ω 2 a2 b 5m
m= f + f∗ =
GM 2
2f m f2 2fm k+1 2k
 
(−1) 3e 5kJ2
J2 = − − + J2k = 1−k+ 2
3 3 3 21 (2k + 1)(2k + 3) e
" #
∞  2k
GM a
U= 1− ∑ J2k P2k (cos θ ) + Φ
r k=1 r

Deflections of the vertical:

p
ζ = Φ−φ η = (Λ − λ ) cos φ θ= ζ 2 + η2

δ = ζ sin α + η cos α α = A − η tan φ h = H +N

Gravity anomalies:

T = W −U ∆g = g − γ ∆gF = g − γ + δ gF

δ gB = 2π G ρ H ∆gSB = g − γ + δ gF − δ gB ∆gCB = g − γ + δ gF − δ gB + δ gT

2γ 3γ ν2
δ gF = (1 + f + m − 2 f sin2 φ )H − 2 H 2 δ gE = 2ων cos φ sin α +
a a R

Geoids:
T 1 ∂N −1 ∂ N
H= ζ =− η=
γ r ∂φ r cos φ ∂ λ

Spherical Harmonics:
( )
GM nmax  a n n  
NGGM = ∑ r ∑ Pnm (cos θ )(δ C̄nm cos mλ + S̄nm sin mλ )
rγ n=2 m=0
( )
nmax
GM  a n n  
∆gGGM = 2 ∑ (n − 1) ∑ Pnm (cos θ )(δ C̄nm cos mλ + S̄nm sin mλ )
r n=2 r m=0

Teknik Geomatika - ITS 2