Cultures of Politics

Politics of Cultures:
Re-visioning Latin American
Social Movements

Sonia E. Alvarez
Evelina Dagnino
Arturo Escobar
Editors

Westview Press
This page intentionally left blank
Cultures of Politics
Politics of Cultures
10 9 8 7
 Contents

PART O N E
T H E C U L T U R A L P O L I T I C S OF
C I T I Z E N S H I P , D E M O C R A C Y , AND T H E STATE

v
vi

145
 ix

145
X
PART F O U R
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS
ON T H E C U L T U R A L A N P T H E P O L I T I C A L
IN LATIN A M E R I C A N SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Preface and Acknowledgments
This page intentionally left blank
This page intentionally left blank
 Chapter One

Introduction:
The Cultural and the Political
in Latin American
Social Movements
SONIA E. ALVAREZ, EVELINA DAG N I N O ,
AND ARTURO ESCOBAR

I
4

• (see Fo; "l;<

One of the most useful aspects of the ;
tion, of meanings and practices, as simultancousand inextricably bound i
of social reality. In this vein, Kay Warren (in this volume)

the cultural issues (and political

: politics as well as the 1
; the analysis of "the
in the theory of <
; of the;
practices (see
1991 for an excellent example of this approach),
with what is perceived to be a central issue in the field, namely, what the
; of culture and textual ity both help to explain and fail to address. The
of the "linguistic t u r f ' in cultural studies. For Half the discovery of discursivity
and textuality brought forth the realization of "the crucial importance of lan-
to any study of culture" (1992, 283). It was thus that cultural studies
s "driven back to*
12
(particularly at the elite level) of
>of democracy" (12-13).
: political as a given and fail to j
I of the cha
. As Slater (1994a) notes, too often politics is referred to in a ^
a meaning that is consensua
with Norbert Lechner's assessment that "the analysis of political:
raises the question of why a given i ssue is poli tical. Thus, we can assume that politi-

counts as political and who—besides the "democratic < le the

rules of the political game, can be crucial, we maintain, to J
ical cultures and, pote dng democracy in Latin
(see also Avrit )agnino 1994). Rubin (in
political culture that enabled COCEI to secure its 8

; and the demobilization ofi

practices that:
of I
(Sales 1994; Telles 1994; Oliveira 1994;
of class, race, and gender that typify
vast majority of de jure <
to have rights. As we
Afro-Latin
tal in constructing a new conception of« that claims
rights in society and not just from the state, < the rigid social hi-
erarchies that dictate fixed social places for its (r on the basis of class,
race, an *
26
1994. i da Socicdade Civil c I
; do CJ5BRAP 38:38-52.
Carlos Nelson. 1980. A
ina. 1994a. "Os eai . de uma nova ncxjSo ,
In Anos 90: ed. E.
. 1994b. "On 1 The Story of D. Marlene." In
«Iina»ed, 1994..
, 1995.
1984. The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley:

1986. Pwblemas de la i
FLACSQ/CLAEH.
, Joe. 1995, Theorizing Social 1
i Fe, N.Mex.:
, Nancy. 1989. "What's Critical about Critical Theory? The Case of 1
Gender." to Unruly 1
ory, ed. N. 1
1993. "Rethinking the I e: A (
f," In The j
28

Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives, ed. J. Keane. London: Verso,
Mouffe, Chantal. 1993. The Return of the Political London: Verso.
Mu^oucah, Paulo Sergio. 1995, "As ONGs: dos Bastidores ao Ccntro do Palco." Revista
Brasileira de Ciincias Sociais 10 (28):35-37.
Mueller, Carol McCIurg. 1992. "Building Social Movement Theory." In Frontiers of Social

traduction.'' In Cultural Studies, ed. L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, and P, Treichler. London:

 ancisoo de. 1994. "Da Dadiva aos Direitos: A DiaMtica da
i de Citncias Socials 9 (25):42-~44.

1992. "Collective Identity in !

if In Frontiers of Social 1 Theory, ed. A,
:lles. Vera da Silva. 1994. "Cultura c
Citncias Sociais 9 (25):48-51.
Wzer, Michael 1992. "The Civil Society i
This page intentionally left blank
This page intentionally left blank
 Chapter Two

Culture, Citizenship,
and Democracy:
Changing Discourses and Practices
of the Latin American Left
EVELINA DAGN1NO

33
TABLE 2.1 'to be
City
Class Urban Social Council

12.5 14.3 5,8

25.0 10,0 11.1 20.0 14.3 15.4
50.0 60.0 66.7 70.0 42.9 57.7
10.0 22.2 14.3 9.6
12.5 10.0 10.0 14.3 9.6

12.5 11.1 14.3 7.7

37.5 10.0 22.2 40.0 28.6 26.9
12,5 10.0 11.1 20.0 14.3 15.4
12,5 30.0 11.1 14.3 17.3
37.5 60.0 22.2 10.0 14.3 28.8
Total 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
SOURCE: Research Cultura Democrdtica e Cidadania.
 57

along with other political actors j

fori
; of both Inj
as public and collective what is con-
the political arena to enlarge its
It is my contention that the cultural ef-
pon the social imaginary must be rec-
62

i e afcmergCnciade uma Nova No0o de <

, ed. E. 1
. 1995. "On Becoming a Citizen: The Story of D, I
of Oral History and Life Stories, ed. R. ]
sity Press.
1995. "A Vet e a Voz do !
i no Brasil P6s-70." Rio de ]
1971.,
1 Geoffrey Noeli
milio de, and Juan Carlos Portantiero. 1984. "Crisis Social y Pacto J
i de Vista 21:13-20.
1985.,

Utopias del Sur 4 (summer): 12-14.

 Chapter Three

Social Rights:
Conflicts and Negotiations
in Contemporary Brazil
MARIA CELIA PAOLI AND
VERA DA SILVA TELLES
 Chapter Four

New Subjects of Rights?

Women's Movements and
the Construction of Citizenship
in the "New Democracies'?
VERONICA SCHILD

93
112 Verdnica Schild
114 Verdnka Schild
117
 Chapter Five

The Explosion of Experience:

The Emergence of
a New Ethical-Political Principle
in Popular Movements in
Porto Alegre, Brazil
SfiRGIO GREGORIO BAIERLE

118
130

Region Need* Affected* Priorit Total Asphalt

3 4 2 3 12 (4,3%) 1,004
(This region was not cor ;ory in 1995)
3 6 3 6 18 (6.5%) 1,505
9 2 1 12 24 (8.7%) 2,007
3 4 2 12 21 (7.6%) 1,756
6 4 1 9 20 (7.2%) 1,673
3 4 3 12 22 (8.0%) 1,840
3 2 1 6 12 (4.3%) 1,004
6 2 1 12 21 (7.6%) 1,756
3 4 2 6 15 (5.4%) 1,255
11 3 2 1 9 15 (5.4%) 1,255
12 6 2 3 12 23 (8.3%) 1,924
13 12 2 1 12 27 (9.8%) 2,258
14 3 2 3 6 14 (5.0%) 1,171
15 3 2 2 12 19 (6.9%) 1,589
16 3 2 4 3 12 (4.3%) 1,004
Total 275 (100.0%) 23,001

lack of
This page intentionally left blank
 Chapter Six

Ambiguity and Contradiction in

a Radical Popular Movement
JEFFREY RUBIN

141
 147

(Ldpez Nelio 1993,235,233).»

In, this culture, COCE1 ]
the 1970s, <
needs (ES, October 6, 1974). In the COCEI
> Critico 1977; Martinez Lopez 1985). Duringthe
and 1983, COCEI i

1983, 87-92). COCEI opposed the

; of COCEI for no
• < ]

1 COCEI in office. According to Howard Camr I]

in i
S " b y i 'tth ti alltt
' (Campbell 1990, 350).
 163

. 1984,:
de la Cruz, Victor. 1984.'
el Istmo." Guchachi' Reza 21:18-24.
1993. "Social. I
x" In,
.H.Campbell et al.1

i." In The Making of Social Movement5 in 1

1992b, "Culture, Practice, and Politics: Anthropology and the Study of Social
s." Critique of Anthropology 12 (4);395-432,
1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third 1
164
 Chapter Seven

Indigenous Movements as a
Challenge to the Unified Social
Movement Paradigm
for Guatemala
KAY B. WARREN

political work for this

i for wider!
, this is a post-Marxist project The dra-
oliapse o f ; tiaustion of its appeal in
i of the world s the limits of ideologies that construct a po-
subject focused primarily the politics of class conflict or on •

165
176 KayB.'
184 KayB,
Indigenous Movements in Guatemala 187
Indigenous Movements in Guatemala 189
190 KayB, Warren

21. For Ma; , D.'

lock 1985. On
22. For • 1992; t
ren 1993.
1992, 1993; CECMA 1992; CEM-G 1994;
Keej Maya' Ajtz'ilb' 1993; ai 1990.
24. See Sam Colop 1991
25. See Ajquijay On and Rodriguez 1992 and DAvila 1992, among man
26. See COCADI 1992a, 1992b and CECMA 1994.
27. See CECMA 1994; COMG 1991; and Cojtl Cuxil 1991,1994,1996.
, NORAD, FAFO, and APN;
. as UNESCO and USAID,

See Cojti Cuxil 1996 on

in the na-
Indigenous Movements in Guatemala 193
194 KayB, Warren
Indigenous Movements in Guatemala 195
 Chapter Eight

The Process of Black Community

Organizing in the Southern Pacific
Coast Region of Colombia
LIBIA GRUESO, C A R L O S ROSERO,
AND ARTURO ESCOBAR

196
 Chapter Nine

Black Movements and the

aPolitics of Identity™ in Brazil

OLIVIA MARIA GOMES DA CUNHA

under the rubric of the "black j

a tributary of that movemer
own ideology and projects. The group's founders came to
within the recreational and activist circles of Rio de Janeiro's 1
nongovernmental organizations jNGOs). The principal objective of this chapter
2

' of the black population. I will argue that, to their different contexts, intel-
^ scholarly activities in race and race relations in Brazil, served as crucial

220
 229

I to the!
political discussions privileged by black activists
that
•of]
I of the 1970s i
.The proximity of the black J
litical parties was very close and intense. In i

need to develop practices that would result in the creation of "counter-hege-

lar culture. The move reified "pure" black cultural practices as opposed tothose
 237
In the following section I will describe the experience of Grupo Cultural Afro
Reggae in Rio de Janeiro with regard to these issues. I will try to explain how these
movements become delinked from specific places (Gray 1993; Clifford 1988; Hall
239
244 Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha

; that both
the "official
„ i the
corporal'
* per-
of the:
'or"black" in-
fs. If the former privileged the superiority of objectivity
,if they did not agree, qualified the value of objectivity
: it was mediated by a kind of "guilt*
ticity." The weight of always being "native," more or less "black," "whitened," "con-

They were always present, although not alwlys explicitly, in the •

raents of debate about "race" and racism, and many times their presence resulted
Oliveira (1977) believed that a double insertion conferred'legitimacy and power
: the object/subject, Beatrix Nascimento (1976) questioned whether it was
• to take a critical stance on this position. Gonzalez (1980) positioned
r from a more esscntialist vision and argued for a "black point of view."
246 Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha
248 Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha
 249

i C&ar. 1989,
capes do ISER 8 (33):36-42.

ANPOCS.
250 Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha
251
 Chapter Ten

Beyond the Domestic and

the Public: Colonas
Participation in Urban
Movements in Mexico City
MIGUEL D l A Z - B A R R I G A
260
. be an aspect c
In this sense, Dona Jovita's testimony centers on, to use Carolyn Moser's phrase,
the "practical needs" to maintain the household. Indeed, participation in land
;the lack of basic services such as water, electricity,
, Dona Jovita, however, simultaneously identifies "strategic needs"
icized her for engaging^ politics. Sh/is criticafof her husband and of J e n in
I o n of the childrenland the procurement of a home and land (MRP n.d., 31).
In Campamento 2 de Octubre, as in Lomas de Padierna and Ajusco, there were
» the :
1 the police. Pilar, in 1
tory of participation in the UM in Campamento 2 de Octubre, •
provided basic services for the community, such as a school In I n e case, a

They [the police] had changes oft ; one change we said, "let's do
ger had a guard station and we had a
this [the j
is here so 1
1992,253)
ds the itoa
with or co-opted by the state. In histories of UMs, activists often refer to the 1970s
as the age of the caudillo. During this period, UMs were noted for their reformist
lack of democratic structure. They were led by political
powers were almost incontestable. In
up the tendencies of UMs in the early 1970s, Javier Farrera Araujo and
*o ended up becoming caudillos because of their lac^of political con-

co-opted by components of the state" (Farrera Araujo et al. 1982, 30). Activists
in the southern part of Mexico City,
Colonas Movements in Mexico City 273
 in Mexico City 275

18. The PSUM joined the PMT (Mexica

Party). The PMS was part of the PDN
part of the PRO (Party

In The Making of Social 1

, 1992. The Mating of Social! • in Latin

276

17 (11):1799-1825.
). n.d."Dofta Jovita; un
lexico City,
 Chapter Eleven

Defrocking the Vatican:

Feminism's Secular Project
JEAN F R A N C O

278
281
 287

INOicS
1. See the essay by Soaia E. Alvarez in this volume; see also Virginia Vargas Valente, "Dis-
jing," Nueva Sociedad 141 (January-February 1996): 43-53.
2. "Draft Platform for Action" (Fourth Conference on Women, United Nations, New
York, May 24,1995),
The Reinvention ofNature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 130,
restricted by it" (6).

vereidad Catdlica del Pert, 1996), 105-143,

23. Delia Zamora, Pill de mujer(Lima: Fomento de la Vida, 1995). Delia Zamora is a
24. Proceso (Mexico City), October 2,1995, p. 32.
(October 1995).
26. Valente, "Disputando."
27. Ibid., 141.
This page intentionally left blank
This page intentionally left blank
 Chapter Twelve

Latin American Feminisms

aGo GlobalTrends of the 1990s
and Challenges for
the New Millennium
SON1A E. ALVAREZ

293
 301

at the Mar del Plata NGO

participating in a 1
"[had helped to] redeem my :
, to struggle for my rights, to make my <
[ser dona de mim]," she had also seen "rich woi
! and violences lived by poor' en, and I thought to
o matter how hard they tried to be they were far :
t we in the [urban] periphery, from the:
312

the cost of this

oout process . . . the :
[in Beijing) . . . I don't think we !

been particularly controversial within the larger femi

process exacerbated existing tensions between the "ongistm" and the "o
el Movimiento de Mujeres" (Metaforura: World Summits and the Women's
the implications of feminist participation in the UN j ^ ^
that "this "Summits' thing caught us very < lized; this has to do
t the genesis of NGOs in Latin.
318
 319

Latina y el Caribe.
1995-2001.
iofthe
; to Latin
• 16-18,1994, Section 1C, p. 7.
27. Sifckmk 1995; Friedman 1995; Jelin 1996.
28. Naciones Unidas, Section 7, para, 124a, p. 33.
29. Ibid., para. 126, p. 34.
30. Nilza Iraci, "A Confertocia de Beijing e o Mito da Racial" Fimm 3, no.
32 (September !995):9.
31. See Franco, in this
32. For farther ition of the

35. On the proliferation of NGOs in «

1994; Oliveira and Tandon 1995; MacDonald 1992.
36. Iind 1995,145; see also Lebon 1996; ]
Vrohmann and Valdfe 1995; Alvarez 1995.
37. See Schild, to this volume; Barrig 1994,1995.
38. See esp. Tarrfe 1995; Lind 1995; Frohmann and Valdfe 1995; ]
39. The USAID-defined subregions were Mexico, Central,
322
324

, 1995. "O Oratradittirio e AmWguo Caminho a Beijing." Revista Bstudos Feminists

3 (1):180—191.

. 1995. "Una Mirada del Proceso Hacia Beijing." Revista Bstudos Feminisms 3
(1): 172-179.
 Chapter Thirteen

Cybercultural Politics:
Political Activism at a Distance
in a Transnational World
GUSTAVO LINS RIBEIRO

325
337
 341

play a. central role in users' evaluations. One environmentalist said that hours be-
fore a preparatory meeting of the UNCED in New York, he could retrieve vital of-
ficial UN information at the last minute that gave him political leverage vis-^-vis
of Brazil's Foreign Ministry. The use of the
 351

The 1992 Rio

3(2).
91-99,

i A. De Souz
Novo Mapa do Munch: him de Simla e
[1931] 1956. "The Function of an
, 45-64.
1991. The Global City: New York, Uni-
 Chapter Fourteen

The Globalization of Culture

and the New Civil Society
GEORGE YUDICE

353
 The New Civil Society 373
r political leverage to 1 : PAN? Will the -
1 X 5 ^ o extend their reach.? And does not. the effervescence of
at the same time making it possible for the state to steer clear of what was once
ment that hasto date waged its most effective battles in the realm of publicity. To
what degree does such activity depart from the;
of publicity in. a capitalist societv? Of course, there is no
: be wielded against itself. The production of a CD-ROM, an-
1 in July 1996, will allow interested parties to walk through the ]
: to know the Indians and their plight. But will such a i
on the <

society.
8 oncept points out the limits to action. Even if the PRI were to be
; be altered enough for true democratization to take place in Mexico?
Can i ction in the terrain of civil:
374 George YMke
The New Civil Society 375

of Under-
The New Civil Society 377
378 George YMke
 Chapter Fifteen

Rethinking the Spatialities

of
Social Movements: Questions of
(B)orders, Culture, and Politics
in Global Times
DAVID SLATER
393
398 David Slater
399
This page intentionally left blank
This page intentionally left blank
 Chapter Sixteen

Toward a Culture of Participation

and Citizenship: Challenges
for a More Equitable World
ELIZABETH JELIN
 Chapter Seventeen

Final Comments:
Challenges to Cultural Studies
in Latin America
PAULO J. KRISCHKE

,397
421
 Chapter Eighteen

Third World or
Planetary Conflicts?
ALBERTO MELUCCI

,397
 Chapter Nineteen

Where To? What Next?

MARY LOUISE PRATT

,397
About the Editors and Contributors

,397
440 About the Editors and Contributors
George Yudice is professor of American studies and Spanish and Portuguese at New York
University, He is the author of the forthcoming We Are Not the World; Identity and Repre-
sentation in an Age of Global Restructuring (Duke University Press); coeditor with Jean
Franco and Juan Flores of On Edge: The Crisis of Contemporary Latin American Culture;
and author of numerous essays on U.S. and Latin American culture and intellectual dis-
course. He is director of the Inter-American Cultural Studies Network.
 Index

,310
,56,99,119,150,180,313,412 ! of social
ACTION, ( ; (APSAs), 22-23
List, 347(nl5) ,16-17
Argentina, 58(nn 6,8), 96,281,285,299,
Africa, 221,224,231,247(n20), 387, 302,304
398(n5) Ailed, }o$6,38
? Noticms, 237-238,241-242 Aristotle, 430-431
ARN.;
,355
,296-297
Art, 157,158,159,161,221,232,361
> Povo, 60(n29)
(APC), 326,
.Louis, 35,43 337-339,348(nn 18,19)
,143,158,272,390,415,420 loritarianism, 10,12,17,19,49,
s of, 418-419 59(n24), 60(n28), 68,81,109,222,
285,364,408
,412
,333
social, 47-48,50,52,53,55,56
,81,89(nl9)
,42,99,107,122,134,136,
151,154,158,159,161,184,202,
203,206,210,211,213,238,263,
272,297,367-368,387,393,395,
425
,104
,397
442

6,8), 187,297,298, Adminls ,s, 88(nl2)

,309,384,413(111), : in, 118,121
NGOs in, 307,339, 340
Party) (PT), 49,51,67,73,74,
88(nl4), 124,136,433
Party of the Brazilian Democratic
: (PMDB), 127-128
,234
 443

,221,237,248(1132), 337,

247(nn 18,20}
,75-76,119,124

idel
,334,343,347(nl3)
Change, 98,99,336,354,415,423.

,9,44,396,431
231
, 147,157

114(n39)
224,229,233
7, 10,58(nl0), 97,98, 119, 136,
151,166,197-198,209,216(iil4},
244,279,284,287,296,326,327,333,
364,374(n3), 424,425,433

Social, (FOSIS), 22,

444

de la Mujer (PRODEMU),

110,lH{n5)
itiago, 94,100,106,108
acional de la Mujer
101-102,104> 105> 106>
107,109,110,113(nn 27,28), 283,

,1-2,10,12,22,23,33,35,47,
48,49, 65,68, 74,78,99,105,107,
120-121,125,136,241,315,326,430

rw, 49-50,50-51,52,55, 71,79-80,

85, 121-124,126, 135,150,155,
418—419
id political culture, 118
, 94, 95,109,111(114), 127
,81-86
,13,206
Civil society, 1,16-18,39,40-41,42,44,52,
53,55-56,71,72,85,86,119,287,
342,363,364,372,373,409 , 141, 151, 196-214,243,387,:
caveats concerning, 17-18 i in, 283
310,317,325,336
,353-374
,412
.(ANCN), 201-202, 215(n7)
> issues, 12,35, 44,47,65,122,135, AT 55 in, 199,200,201,215(nn 6,8)
143,145,155,161,180,184,187,227, Choc6 1
327,355,357,385,386,396,426 214(n4)
.36,42
179 ; (DNP), 217(n25)
•8,111 ,196,197-201,207
 445
ciousness raising, 220,222,223,224,
(CNCN), 227,228,231,232,237,238,241,244,
i in, 204,209
Ley 70 in, 197,200-201,203-204,2
207,209, 21 l,215(nn 7, 9)
Liberal Party, 200,201,215(n8)

(PCN), 200,203,204, ,223,226,232,256,265,266,

211,212,213,215{n7), 217(n25) ,270,304,305,313
ciocultural regi.

97,111(112)
173,256,265,269
,326,327, 51,81,87(nn 4,5), 89(nl9), j
328-332,337,342,344,346(nn 6, 7), 123,127,128,130-131,134
city councils, 132-133

: (Cairo), 281-282
Conflict, 43,52,66,72,73,74,75-76,79,
85,120,161,210,217(n22), 233,254, ,2,5-10,18,43,50,52,
258,261,295,327,; 213,415,416
393,396,408,423,425, < ,197

,381
,2,3,4-5,35,43,175,353
354-357,359,396,415-420
,417-418
, (Garcia Canclini), 360
446

, 112(nl6), 188,226,245,; ng, 80,81,83,212, 305,313,

314,366,426
Degler, Carl, 246(nl0)
de la Cruz, 1

,10,11,12,14,34,39,40,44,
45,69,84,119,143,165,186,297,
331,357,388,394,413,422,426,
ICOCEI, 149-151,1
> of, 353-374 149,296
,43,178
,213,214 ,80-81
,361-364 ,2,7,13,17,19,33,
,33,34,35,36,37,38,40,42, 45-57,96,142,286,317,336,342,
43,44,45,46,48,50,57,84,178, 364,366,373,381,382,387,405,409,
221-237,359 412,417,419,420,422,426
jpular culture, 3,35,43-44,175,228, imposition of, 391-392
229,237,328,331,360,361,427 institutional issues concerning, 56-57,
69,81,85,120,126,418,433,434
,223,225-226,227,230,

52-56,
,327,346(nn5,9)
tion of, 347(nl 1)
Thirty

Daily life, 44,59(n24), 66,70,95,96,98,99,

142,143,144,145,147,154,157,158,
160,161,180,200,202,222,254,
261-264,274(n9), 287,296,360,413,
,2,74,94,104,124, 143,173,
176,181,197, i
210,211,212-213,214,2
110 306,313,315
184,188,297,361,362,
381,: al/cognitive, 417,418,419
, 181,182,209
 447

political, 417
Dialectics of Sex, '.
, Larry, 11-12,19
,273,312,333,416,431
,45,48,50,86,142,160,179, ,304,307
183,206,207,209,224,226,227,230, , 135,169,170,172,173-174,
236,240,241,245,278,358,387,390, 178,181-182,186,188,225,353,368
393,419,423,430,431
.Seel
214(n4)
J J,24(rt3), 109, 231,
245,397,417-418
T.S.,374(nl)
, 9,12,19,49,146,148,180,185,205,
208,223,287,301,314,329,334,342,
357,360,374(n2), 408,426
327
171
144,145,162(n6)
 , 22,24(n3), 40,41,
EZLN, See 59(nl5), 97,373,384,389

60(n29), 70,221,257,357. 19-20,316

,7,8,15,16,93,95,99-111,157,
187,254,293-317,382,407,410,434 305
t of, 297,299,316,317
i in, 100,295,311,312,316,410
Fry, Peter, 225
,312
19,313,314
it ligation of, 312-313, 315
7,8,279,281,287,354
314,315,316
in 1990s 304—306
s

iin, 298-302,316,317(n4)

, M. P., 382
143,360,361 ,:
GCAR, See
171
12,47,65,67,70,71,143,155,
157-158,207,227,278,288(n6), 315,

311,314,317
(FWCW), 293,294,304, 309,
311. See c
 ,1,21,23,72,78,79,197, 19,40,69,417,418
212,284,325,342,380,381,393,394,
397,397(nl), 398(n5), 423 167
Hall, Stuart, 4,24(n3), 206,231,245,416
,415 247{nl3)
279
Harris, David, 416,417-418,420(nl)
Harvey, N„ 393
101,110,122,123,131,135,

12,47-48,53,66,85,143,179,
183,241,297,331
Daniel, 274(n9)
331
issues, 173-174,178,191(nn 38,
43), 205,206,210,270,366,384,
397(nl),407,424
171

: in, 167-169,175,
183,184,185,186,187,191(n43)
70,71,76,121,124,125,182,:
(1994), 191 (n39)
Ide
,13,64,68,70,71,:
,316,353,3!
,155
,53,85
,397

5-6,66,97,98,99,110,175,176,
180,183,196,197,202,212,232,253,
261,264,368,369,370,374(n2), 385,
387,395,407,413
241,243
incyb 347(nll)
i of identity, 230,231,244,245
, 35,36,43, 57(n2), 147, 148,149,
183,253,253,273,326,355
, 152,153,169,171-173,177,
179,183,222,225,248(n25), 358,
359,373-374,424,432,433
ack, 226-227,228,244
,19,20,37,41,42,52,69,81,1
120,133,178,210,426
..ethnic, 212
,74,75,76

net, 326,327,1
11), 356,357,365,372,374,393
, 141-142 sues, 385-389,397,423,431
uple, 86(n2), 146, .363, 375(n4)
> de, 58(nl4), 59(nl9)

, 363, 375(n4)
, 134,150,156,179,181,237,
306,313,314,326,328,329,330,331,
332,336,340,341,342,343,345,423,
Keck,

(IGC), 337,338,343,348(nl7)
stitutional engineering, 119
,327 82-83
55,67,70,71,74, 77-86,
i levels, 327-328.342,346(n3) 127,221,234,:
 451
3), 112(nl3), 165,

69,72-73,81,107,410.
in
,4,146,150,155,158,159,160,
166,169,173,174,175,178,183,184,
186-187,230,233,239,278,328,
330-331,355,368,370,393
-in English, 341-342
,9
,6,8,9,11,14,19,176,:
285,405,422
vilian governments in, 99
Internet in, 331
Left in, 33,35,36,41,44,45,49,
112(n8), 141,150,189(n3),353,355,
371,372,

Studies A* dark) ,1,45,49,71,72,78,82,94,96,

) 105,107,110,123,156,176,196,212,
143,144,147,148,149,150-151, 224,234,285,304,358,362,363,364,
152,153,154,157,160,161,168,171, 398(nl2), 413
172,173,174,175,184,207,233, ,231
, 175,185,187

i,217(n22)
, 33,34, 35,36,37,38,112(nl3),
146,147,216(nl4),281,387
,417-418

Letter to Women (John Paul II), 282 ,7,14,24(n3), 43,47,66, 71,

L6vy, Pierre, 344 76,98,99,112(nl6), 120,143,154,
, 178 160,210,223, 253,254,306,311,315,
,9,10,13,50,78,80,84,121 355,384,413,415,424,425,435
,98,113(n 19)
ia, 122,124,126,174,176,178,179,
180,189(n 17), 202,228,234,278,
284,286,297,313,345,355,356,357,
359-360,362,364,365,366,372,374,
375(n6)
•int media, 176,328
(PSUM), 271,272,274(nl5), 275(n)
,167,198,199,231 (FZT.N), 344,348(n24). 365,394
,273(n2), 418
, 58(ll6), 96,141-161,171,252-273,
284 lexico City, 252-273
xirtion in, 283 >5, 256,261,262,268
ont (FAO), 367
398(nl3), 399(nl7)
r, 147,148,274(nl7)
111,393,399(1116) 254,255,256,261
Tont (FPI), 255,
1 (E7.I.N), 344, 365,367,371,
372,392,394, 399(nl6),408
ections in, 148,149,150,153,272, ,271,272,274(nl7)
274(nl5), 275(n) ,49,53,55,56,111,146,148,
180,181,182,183,285,329,356,357,
393 427
ustitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), , 149,157
145,147,149,151,155,159,; ,10,68,98,122,127,166,
267,274(nn 5,15), 360,364,365,367, 220,221,222,223,229,235,405,408
372,373 l to, 124, 125, 126

, 145,146,153,154,156,176,
197,209,214(n4), 220,223,224,225,
231,245,247(nl4), 344,372,427
,9,24(n5), 65,71,78,81,84,98,
99,112(n8), 119,142,143,197,198,
,213,235,329,361
, 64,65,70,71,94,96-99,
135,136,283,285,286,35
372,375(114)
, 107
 , 176. See c

,284
,24(11113, 5), 112(nn 13,
,171,187,358,364,386
al i tiom(NGOs),
I 25(B) 17,22,49,70,71,94,99,101,103,
-370,372 104,110,112(08), 128,170,235,241,
,221,234,246(n4), 357,360 242,287,325,326,353,358,363,364,
373,375(nn 5,7)
,231,235,236,237
412
181,182,184
104, 105,4I4(n)
1,335-339,347(n 14)
244,247(nl5)
354
>2,209,210,211,212 ,131,;
211,212,213,214,217(n23), 427 310,312-313,315
. See Needs (NAFTA), 362,365,366,373,
,110,254,257-261, 375(n6), 392
265,267,271,274(n5), 353 Nun, Josl, 35,44,94
practical/strategic, 257-258,260
,65,66,70,73,74,75,76,77, 228, 238,243, 244,246(nl0)
79,80,81-82,83,85,87(n3), 89(nl9), OP. See Budget processes
125,146,153,160,201,; Ortner, S. B„ 383,396
124-125,126,

, 1,14,17,21-23,45,49,
60(n35)> 71 j 93^94 95> 96~99j 104>
5

105,123,182,184,201,279,284,285,
287,304,305,353,357,366,372,391,
397,405,426 i of, 183-184
,367,394 > of, 174-177,216(nl5)
; in,170-171
, 184,185,187
. 174, i90(n28)
454
alitics, 71, 85,120,417
birth of modern, 83

337
i. the political, 386-389,391,398(n7)
,18-21
, 10-14,45,47,51,57,
66,71,72,73,77,80,109,135
atist view of, 36,39

(COP), 129,131-132,134,135
; labor Party (POT), 127

124-134,136
: in, 128,133,136
sin, 121-122
,171,236,329,336
sub| cots j 41-42,45, 57) 66) 67> 75j ,2,4,24(n3), 417,419
122,326,335,336,345,359 Poverty, 21,47,48,53,64,71,102,123,126,
184,284,285,3 362> 4G7» 408,426,
de Hoy (Cojti Cuxil), 170 427
220,223,234,235 dco, 399(nl7)
: of, 178
 455
6,7,8,11,18,36,37,42,43,65,69, ism, 22,70,71,169,172,175,180,
81,83,85,120,135,160,183,333, 182,184,185,186,188,222,;
381,390,397 239,240,301,408

49,52,70,123,129,184,186,336,
372,387. See at
172,175
of Latin i
NGOs,294
s> 390,392,393,394,395
76,81,82,97,122,136
81,84,314,344 160,172,173,224,227,229,233,
114(n30) , 284,344,384
ices, 86,121-122,123, 10,41, lll(n5), 153,168,179,
128,131,257,261,263,353
18-21,51,65,76,77,78,79, s, 104,110,181,
81,286,361,362,366,373,387-388,
407,413,417,418,420
265,270
tl 19,133
,9,10,18,75,121,135,
333,;
72,73,74,75 ,5,10,12,20,47,49,50,51,52,
64-65,66,69, 70,75, 86,96,107,110,
344 111,124,136, 150, 166, 173,174,186,
298,316,408,417,422,426,427
ace, 2,12,47,67,205,220,224,278,370 ,51,300,412
vs. class, 178
classification of, 227,246(nl0) institutic i of, 83, 119
racial exceptionalism, 247(nl3) 9,261-262
456

281,284,410, See also

,210-211,213
,123
,77-78,81,83,84-85,
88(nl5), 122, 123,285,353
.See also Civil i
, 155,161,183
liana de, 58(nl4), 59(nl9)
,R.,397(nl)

lange/transformation, 2,6,10,17,
21,35,37,39,42,299,356,373,
375(n8), 412-413. See also Change;

,361,392 10,58(1113), 112(nl3), 147,165,

,221,222-223,224,237,
1-23,34-35,41,53,55,
57,64,66,75,84,85,96-99,135-136,
141,160,162(n5), 178,197,244,270,

; of, 14-16,20,46-47,68,
,103-110,119,211. See also
sin
;w, 6,316,380,385,397(n2). 405,
410-411,424-425,431,435
 457
of, 326,332,336,362,382,

,272,410
i of, 380-397
id the state, 51,120,410,413
udies of, 13-14,385,396,416,417,
419,431-432,434
iccess of, 16

: of (1968), 255,271,361
,19-20,316,419
, 5,37,44,50,59(n24), 109,
357,372,387, 110,167,212,213, i
396

113(n21)

,327,363
jian,346(n9)
,1,36,51,52,55,65,83,113(1118),
122,123,124-125,133,222,266,305,
306,334,373,389,395,397(n4), 413,
,362,364,374
, 39,40,41,44,75,241 s, Vera da Si!va,48,60(n34)
' of, 10,94,96-97,97-98,409, tonality, 211-212,214,381,387,391,
415 395,397(nn 3,4), See also Rights,
,412
,18, 38,41,57,70,72,
73,75,76,77,81,82,85,93,94,
96-99,lll,112(n8), 120,286,361,
383-384,388,416,417
5 of, 167
:on, 258,4I3(nl)
.in, 306,312
L neighborhood associations, 126
t MGOs, 307
 Urban (popular) movements (UMs), 48,
53,56,60(n29), 118-121,124,126,
127,136,222,252-273,413(nl)
i, 21,244,325,326-332, > City, 255-257
335,342,358,359,362,370,373,381 iof, 119-120,128,270-271
Seed:
327-328 URNG. See (
ansnational brokering, 375(n7) 1 de

UAMPA. See

UCP. See Mexico City,

UMs, See Urban (popular) ]
UNJ
UNCED. ^

,71,79,88(nl4), 284,362,
363,375(n4)
Ungovernability, 363,364
UNICEF. ^

i (UN), 175,182,287,294, ,10,22,53,64,65,67,70,71,84,

303,308,311,340,341,342 85,125,142,143,144,154,186,222,
d (UNICEF), 170 259,286,345,357,390,427,428
(UNCED), 281,337, 102,158,161,410
347(nl4),< 145,146
; in 1990s, 319(n40), 409-410 300,302,303
(UNIFEM), 299,309 Virtuality, 330,346(nn 6,7). See i
285,331-332,343,354,355, 361,367,
396
(U.SAID), 174,308,310,314,
320(1149)
Left in, 175
,8,9,383
,70,99,104,182,221,287
 459
, 105,106,107,108,
110, H4(n31), 131,252-273,296,301

65,69, 11 l(n4), 113(n 19),

99,105,113(n21), 284,285,
3,355 287,340,342,348(n23), 362
174
,344-345
,16,22,48,77,84,221,235, .159,183,231,232,235,237,
433 241,283,356,357
,301
,267
id COCEI, 143,144,155,156, 361
157-158,159,160,162(nl5) 364-372,373-374,391,
ite, 287,301,314 392-394. See al.
,168,182
,107,108,283 177,190(n34)
in Mexico City, 252-273,409 , S., 393