Reinforced Concrete Lecture 7 Special Structures

Building in seismic areas
Practical examples
D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 1/60

Table of content
1. Seismic area Romania

2. Slender structures in seismic areas
3. Practical examples:
office building – RC - ag = 0,3g
office building – steel - ag = 0,24g
stadium - ag = 0,24g
cultural building - ag = 2,0g
6. Conclusions
Seismic area Romania
ag 0,4 g (Germany: agR 0,08 g)

Tc 1,6 s (Germany: Tc 0,5 s)

Tc 1,6 s (Germany Tc 0,5 s)
T1 similar to Tc resonance effects
damage to slender structures

Table of content

6. Conclusions
slender structures
 25 levels
 living area, office building
 flexible living area
 stiffness for horizontal loads
 core-type buildings
 internal core (stairs, elevator)
 external core (walls or frames with openings
for windows / doors)
 frames between them (flexible)

Overview

slender structures
 only external core (high stiffness / resistance) takes

over the horizontal loads
 reduction of openings influence
 inside: flexible frames take over vertical loads
 hollow profile
Slender structures
 external core (high stiffness / bending resistance)

 fassade interaction coupling high lever arm
 high axial forces in the lateral elements because of the
frame interaction

slender structures
(1) (2) (3)
stiffness

slender structures
 exterior and interior core

 core interaction coupling

slender structures
 interior and exterior core form the stiffening substructure
 without coupling, the interior core takes over the hole
horizontal force cantilever behavior

slender structures
 coulping by strong beams in the upper stories
 external core is activated for horizontal forces
 reduced bending
 axial forces in the external core due to bending

schlanke Bauten
 coupling for:
- reduced core rotation (last story)

- coupling stiffness (axial stiffness of columns under
the coupling level)
 contradictory demands
 example 30-stories building with different coupling
levels
 comparison of displacements at top level

slender strutures
 best coupling on level 19

 higher structures two coupling levels: top story +
another level
 ex: coupling level 30 + 17 15% lower displacement
due to second coupling
slender structures
 foundation bending and axial force
 foundation slab : distributed loads

low seismic input;
greater surface than the structure
 underground level + foundation slab = stiff box
 pile foundation in week soil
 single foundation: columns at bracings; good soil

slender structures
 example force equilibrium at

foundation level
 Q: passive soil pressure

friction foundation slab
 N: compression on foundation
slab, piles
friction piles
 M: walls underground levels

piles – lever arm
slender structures
 example single foundation at

bracing
 pressure: on foundation
 tension: prestressed
anchorage in stiff soil

slender structures
 example fassade composition
(1) (2) (3)

slender structures
90
D eformate
 ex. Fassade composition 80
70
 greatest stiffness: (3) 60
in altime m
50
 mean stiffness: (1) 40
30
B irouri
 low stiffness: (2) 20
L oc uinte 2
10 L oc uinte 1
0 de plas are m m
0 100 200

slender structures
 high coupling by strong beams above and below
the slab
 beams with diagonal reinforcement

slender structures

 coupling beams with stirrup reinforcement

Table of content

6. Conclusions
Examples – office building – ag=0,3g
 37 stories (3,5m)
 Htotal = 130 m
 plan layout 37 x 51 m
 5 underground levels
 reinforced concrete (steel only part of the 4th story
 spacing 8,0 x 8,0 m (maximum)

current plan layout

current vertical section

 Concrete C35/40 and C40/50
 Reinforcement: S 500 C and OB37
 Stiffening: interior core 18 x 18 m, bw = 1,0 m

coupling beam 100 x 120 cm
 columns 100 x 100 cm 70 x 70 cm

 fassade beams 50 x 50 cm
 slabs: 25 cm OG
 ductility class H (q = 5)
underground level

 soil: loess
 ground water at -7,0 m ab ± 0,00 m
 Bentonit walls over 40 m (anchored in the stiff soil)
 foundation: foundation slab 200 cm + barettes (25 m)
 slabs: 35 cm UG; 100 cm 1OG

Foundation slab

Underground levels - section

Underground levels - section
Mo = 4000 MNm
Q = 130 MN
driftmax = 0,41 %

Overview

Table of content

6. Conclusions
 19 stories (3,5m)
 Htotal = 73 m
 4 underground levels
 steel building (frames and bracings)
 spacing 8,0 x 3,0 m (maximum)

current plan layout

 columns HEM 600

 main beams HEA 500
 secondary beams IPE 330
 RC slabs
 composite slab - beam solution
 stiffening: bracings with short links
 welded connection on columns
 high resistance bolt connection column – beam and
bracing

current vertical section
changeable dissipative regions

Examples– office building – ag=0,24g
 stiff underground box
 foundation slab 1,8m (pzul = 500 kPa )
 Bentonit walls down to – 21,0 m
 plan layout UG > plan layout OG because of

foundation for 2 neighbored buildings
 along the building width, the foundation slab rises
from the foundation soil due to horizontal loads
later coupling of the underground levels and the
Bentonit walls
Bracing position

 high axial forces in the columns:

2500 MN pressure
1700 MN tension
 composite structure of the underground levels

force transmission from the steel to the RC

Overview

Table of content

6. Conclusions
Examples – Sportarena – ag=0,24g
 55 000 viewers
 RC for the massive construction
 steel – cable structure for the roof
 partially 3 UG and 3 OG
 else 3 OG on an earth hill

Roof loads for seismic load case [kN]
wind is secondary
Stiffening in tangential direction
Tangentialkrafte
aus dem Dach
aussteifende
schrage Scheibe
(h=25cm)
Zahndträger
(b/h=60/150cm)
15.3m
17.0m
Randträger
(b/h=100x50cm)
Außenstützen
(b/h=60x220cm)
Lagerung durch
Tangentialwände
(b=30cm)
Lagerung durch
Radialwände
(b=30cm)

Stiffening in radial direction

Foundation

Joint

Overview

Table of content

6. Conclusions
Examples – cultural building – ag=2,0g
 the minaret, a very slender structure
 plan layout 26,5 x 26,5 m
 total height 265 m, story height 5,85m / 11,7m
 composite RC structure and steel bracings
 2UG with plan layout of 50x50m + barettes

RC structure of a current floor

Fassade view
 RC cores 1m 45 cm
 fassade steel bracings, spatial truss

Vierendeel beam
 combined stiffening system: cores +

coupling beams (75% ) and steel truss
(25%) from the horizontal force in the
elastic range of behavior

RC walls within the basement

Foundation system (barettes)

Overview

Table of content

6. Conclusions
Conclusions
 in high seismic areas is deformation better than

resistance
 slender structures are damaged in seismic areas with

long corner periods and deep earthquakes
 stiff structures are damaged in seismic areas with

short corner periods and surface earthquakes

Reinforced Concrete Lecture 7 Special Structures

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Building in seismic areas

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 1/60

1. Seismic area Romania

ag 0,4 g (Germany: agR 0,08 g)

Tc 1,6 s (Germany: Tc 0,5 s)

Tc 1,6 s (Germany Tc 0,5 s)

T1 similar to Tc resonance effects

damage to slender structures

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 5/60

1. Seismic area Romania

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 7/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 8/60

 only external core (high stiffness / resistance) takes

 external core (high stiffness / bending resistance)

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 10/60

(1) (2) (3)

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 11/60

 exterior and interior core

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 12/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 13/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 14/60

- reduced core rotation (last story)

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 15/60

 best coupling on level 19

 foundation slab : distributed loads

 underground level + foundation slab = stiff box

 pile foundation in week soil

 single foundation: columns at bracings; good soil

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 17/60

 example force equilibrium at

 Q: passive soil pressure

 M: walls underground levels

 example single foundation at

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 19/60

(1) (2) (3)

 greatest stiffness: (3) 60

 mean stiffness: (1) 40

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 21/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 22/60

 example fassade composition

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 23/60

1. Seismic area Romania

 reinforced concrete (steel only part of the 4th story

 spacing 8,0 x 8,0 m (maximum)

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 25/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 26/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 27/60

 Reinforcement: S 500 C and OB37

 Stiffening: interior core 18 x 18 m, bw = 1,0 m

 columns 100 x 100 cm 70 x 70 cm

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 29/60

 ground water at -7,0 m ab ± 0,00 m

 Bentonit walls over 40 m (anchored in the stiff soil)

 foundation: foundation slab 200 cm + barettes (25 m)

 slabs: 35 cm UG; 100 cm 1OG

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 30/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 31/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 32/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 33/60

D. Köber - Special Reinforced Concrete Structures – Lecture 7 34/60

1. Seismic area Romania

 steel building (frames and bracings)